Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-26335-1 - The Cambridge Ancient History: Second Edition: Volume XI: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192 Edited by Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey and Dominic Rathbone Index More information
INDEX
References in italics are to maps (by map number) and illustrations (by page number). Arrangement of material within entries is primarily alphabetical, though some entries begin with a chronologically ordered section. Footnotes are referred to only where the subject is not mentioned in the corresponding page of text.
a bibliothecis, a censibus etc., see under officials places); period of tenure ; personal ties Aachen (Aquae Granni) , n –, ; proliferation of offices , , Abascantus , , , –; public and private styles , ; and Abgar, king of Edessa religion ; res privata –; salaries –; Abila , , social mobility –; sources , , , abortion , , ; specialist knowledge –, ; staffs Abretteni –, , –, , (see also under Abruzzo; animal husbandry –, governors); titles –, ; see also Academy , –; New , , , ; see governors; officials; and under cities; also Platonism communications; countryside; customs Acarnania a Ba, duties; documentation; emperors; equestrian acclamations see under individual emperors order; finance; freedmen (imperial); literacy; accommodation, provision of see billeting provinces; roads; Rome; Senate; slaves Achaea, province of Fc, –, , , , (imperial); taxation; and individual emperors, , ; administration , , , , regions and provinces ; Costoboci attack –, ; free cities adoption , , , , ; imperial family –, , ; special legates –, , , , , , , , ; see also Greece Adraha Achilles Tatius , Adrastus of Aphrodisias Acilius Attianus, P. , , –, adultery , , , Acilius Diodotus, M. adventus, imperial –, , , , , Acilius Glabrio, M’. (cos. ) n, , , advisers, emperors’ –; continuity , , ; exercise patronage ; freedmen , Acmonia –; judicial consilia –, –; Juvenal Acta Pauli et Antonini on , –, , ; occasional –; Acts of the Christian Martyrs, The n specialist knowledge –; women ; see actuarial tables also amici; comites Augusti; and under individual Adamklissi n, , , , , emperors and equestrian order; praetorian Adiabene Bb, prefects; Senate (and emperor) administration –, –; appointments advocati fisci , –; areas existing in .. –;army’s aediles , –, , , – role , , , , , , , –, Aedui , –, ; Augustus’ reforms , , ; Aelia Capitolina, Colony of see Jerusalem continuity , ; contractors , –; Aelian (Claudius Aelianus) , , and culture ; emperor’s role , , ; Aelii of Italica , general development –; Hadrian’s Aelius Aristides, P. , , , , , ; supposed reforms –, , ; hierarchy and Asclepius , , , , ; of posts –; inefficiency –; local and exempt from public service , ; hymns provincial –,(see also under cities; Italy; , ; Roman Oration –, , , , mining; provinces; and individual provinces and , , , ; Sacred Tales ; and
© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-26335-1 - The Cambridge Ancient History: Second Edition: Volume XI: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192 Edited by Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey and Dominic Rathbone Index More information
Smyrna earthquake , ; as source , mines and quarries , ; native culture , n, ; nomads , , , , , , Aelius Caesar, L. –, , , –, –, (symbiosis with farmers) , Aelius Dionysius , ; olive oil , , –, , , Aelius Hadrianus Afer n, , ; Ostian offices ; Aelius Lamia Plautus Aelianus, L. (cos. suff. ) population , , ; ports ; pottery n , , n, ; religion , –, Aelius Onesimus, P. – –, , , , ; roads , , Aelius Promotus –; romanization , –, ; senators Aelius Seianus, L. – from , , , –, , ; Aemilius Laetus, Q. , – settlement pattern , ; slaves , ; Aemilius Papinianus , taxation –, , , , , , ; Aenesidemus – tribes , , , –, –, aerarium militare – (federations) –, (land) –, –, aerarium Saturni , , n, , , , (leaders) , , , ; upper classes Aeso (Isona) Da, , , , , , ; water-mills ; Aestii see also individual cities and provinces and under Aetius (philosopher) n Greek culture Aetrius Ferox Africa, East , Aezani b Db, , , afterlife, beliefs in , , – Afranius Dexter n age structure of population –, –, Africa Dc, , –; under Nero , ; year ageing, perception of – of four emperors ; under Vespasian –, ager publicus –, , , – , , , , ; under Domitian , agitation, popular , , ; under Trajan , , , , , Aglibol (Palmyrene deity) , (land) –, , ; under Hadrian agones, see games (Greek style) , , , , , , , (land law) agoranomoi , –, – , ; under Marcus Aurelius , , agri decumates , , , , –, , , , –; under Commodus , Agricola see under Calpurnius; Iulius , , agriculture –; animal husbandry administration , , , , , ; integrated , , –, ; army as agriculture –, , , , , ,(see stimulus , , , , , , ; also corn; olive oil below); army , , , crop choice , , , ; economic –, (auxiliaries) , , , , , importance , , –, ; expansion ; art and architecture , , –; and innovation , –; and frontiers boundaries –, , , –, ; census –; management , –, , –; Christians –, , ; cities , –, ; output , –; productivity , , –, , , (buildings) , –, –; rotation systems , –, –, , , , , –, ,(coloniae) ; sources on –, –, , ; , –, , , , (and romanization) sowing times –; specialization , , , , ; citizenship grants , , ; ; technology , , , , –, civitates –; corn , , –, , , , (and yields) , , (see also vallus); ; customs duties , ; demography water management , , , ; see also –, , –, ; economy , , individual crops, climate; estates; land; peasants; –, , , ; emperors and –, soils; tenants; villas; and under individual areas ; epitaphs –, , –, , ; and provinces and cities; labour; slaves equestrians from –, ; estates –, agrimensores , , , , , (imperial) , , , , , , , Agrippa (sceptic philosopher) , , , (private) , , , , Agrippa II, see Herod Agrippa II –, ; fleet , ; fossa regia ; Agrippina the Younger , frontier –, (advance) , , , , Aila a Ac, , (and agriculture) ,(fossatum) , –, Aïn el-Djemala – (protectorate beyond) –, ,(see also Aïn Temouchent (Albulae) clausurae); governors’ status , , ; land Aïn Wassel , , –, , , –, , , , Ain Zana (law) , ,(see also boundaries; estates Aix-en-Provence , above); languages ; literary culture , ; Aizi , n
© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-26335-1 - The Cambridge Ancient History: Second Edition: Volume XI: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192 Edited by Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey and Dominic Rathbone Index More information
Akiba, Rabbi , Alps Db–Eb, , –, , , , ; Alaba stone pots , ; transport , Alani , , Alsace; terra sigillata Alba and Alban villa , , , , altars , , ; Adamklissi n; Arae Alba Julia Flaviae, Rottweil , ; Great Antonine, Albegna valley Ephesus Albertini tablets Altenburg, Deutsch see Carnuntum Albing Aa, Altinum Albinus, emperor see Clodius Albinus, D. amber Albinus (Platonist philosopher) n, , amici principis , , , –, ; and Albulae (Aïn Temouchent) imperial patronage –, album; of Canusium: , , n, , Amiens , , , , ; at Irni n Amisus b Ha, , , – Alburnus Maior see Ros¸ia Montana Ammaedara (Haidra) Da, , , , , Alcantara Bb, , ; legion , , , Alcinous; Didaskalikos , , , ; on Ammianus Marcellinus , , deity , , Ammonitis, plateau of , Alciphron; Letters Ammonius (philosopher) , , Aldborough (Isurium) Bb, Ammonius Saccas Alemanni Amphictyony , Aleppo , , Amphilochia a Ba, Alesia amphitheatres: Africa , ; Christians in Alexander III the Great of Macedon , , ; emperor’s presence ; Gaul , , –, , , , , , , ; Greek world Alexander of Abonuteichus –, , n, , , ; Italy , , ; seating , precedence , –, ; Spain , ; Alexander of Aphrodisias , , , ; Syria and Arabia –; violence in ; see commentaries on Aristotle , , ; on also Rome (Colosseum) deity , –; On Fate , , ; amphorae: African , , –, ; writings , distribution –, , n; garum , Alexander of Cotiaeum , ; ‘Gaulish’ ; labels , ;oil Alexander of Damascus , , , –, , , n; Spanish Alexandria, Egypt Gc; Avidius Cassius and ; , , , n; stamps , , ; citizenship , n; coinage –; wine , , , ; see also Rome (Monte economy , , , –; emperors and Testaccio) –, , –, ; fleets ; garrison , Amsivarii ; geographers ; Jews , , , , amulets ; lectisternia ; library ; medicine , Amyntianus , , , , ; Museum , , Anaglypha Traiani n, n, n, , , , ; offices overseas ; philology ; philosophy , , , , Anagnia Bb, , n, , ; population ; punishments ; Anan valley, Scotland sculptural relief ; sophists ; taxation Anatolia, central , , ; population , ; technology , , ; trade , , , , , , , anatomy , , , , , Alexandria Troas b Cb, Anauni Alfenus Ancona , , , alimentary schemes –, , , –, Ancyra Gc, b Fa, , , , , , , –; administration –, ; Andautonia Ba, demographic effect ; inception , , Andromachus (didactic poet) ; and monetization , –; recipients Andronicus of Rhodes , , , , , , ; tables , ; see also angareia see vehiculatio under Ligures Baebiani Angers Alise-Ste-Reine Anglesey , Aljustrel see Vipasca Angmering Allat (Arabic deity) Anicetus, slave of Polemo alphabet Anicius Maximus
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animal husbandry –; fodder –, ; antiquarianism , , integration with agriculture , , –, Antistii Burri , , ; larger breeds –, ; for Roman Antistius Adventus, Q. , market –; in Syria ; see also Antistius Rusticus, L. , , transhumance and under Britain; Gaul; Italy; Antium , , Spain Antius A. Iulius Quadratus, C. , , Aninius Sextius Florentinus, T. Antonia Caenis , –, , , Anio, R. , Antonine Itinerary Annaba see Hippo Regius Antonine Wall Ba, , , , –, , Annaeus Cornutus, L. , n, ; fluidity of frontier , , , , Annaeus Florus, L. , , – ; construction , ; forts , ; Annaeus Seneca, L., the Elder , , manpower Annaeus Seneca, L., the Younger , , Antoninus Pius, emperor (T. Aurelius Fulvus n, , ; on finance , , ; Antoninus); career before accession , , and Nero , ; and patronage , ; , , , (consulships) , , ; philosophy , , , , , principate –, ; death , Annales school acclamations –, ; advisers Annia Aurelia Galeria Lucilla , , , , , , ; and Aelius Aristides –, –, , ; appointments , ; biographies ; Annia Faustina (Marcus’ daughter) character , ; and client kings , , Annia Fundania Faustina , , ; coinage , –; death , Annia Galeria Faustina the Elder , , ; family ; finance , –, Annia Galeria Faustina the Younger , , n, ; frontier policy , , , , , , ; on campaign with Marcus ,(see also Antonine Wall); and Greek world Aurelius , , , ; death and , ; Italian focus , , , , , deification , ; portraits , –; and Marcus Aurelius , –, , Annia Regilla , , ; marriages , ; name ‘Pius’ ; plot Annii Veri , , , against ; portraits ; and provinces , Annius Camars, A. , , , –, (building) , –, Annius Florus , –; and religion , ; sources on ; Annius Libo, M. (cos. ) succession to , , ; vicennalia ; see Annius Verus Caesar, M. (cos. , , ) also under Britain; Dacia; Germany; Greece; –, , , , Quadi; Rome (columns) annona, see corn (distribution) Antonius, M. (Mark Antony) annuities Antonius Alba, L. (cos. suff. ) Anteius Antiochus, P. Antonius Flamma Antinoupolis , Antonius Iulianus Antinous , , , Antonius Polemo, M. , , , , ; Antioch, Syria Gc, Ab, Ca, , , , performances , , , ; canals , n, , , ; Antonius Primus , , , earthquake , , ; emperors visit , Antonius Saturninus, L. –; revolt , –, , , ; industries , , ; koinon , , , , (suppression) , , , of Syria ; military base , , , , , (aftermath) –, , , , ; mosaicists ; population ; Antyllus sophists ; trade , ; urban Apamea, Bithynia b Da, , , , , , environment –, Antioch in Pisidia b Eb, , , , , Apamea, Syria Cb, , n, , ; civic Antioch of Chrysorrhoas see Gerasa life , , , , Antioch on the Euphrates Aper, M. (Gallic orator) Antiochus, king of Armenia Minor Aphrodisias Fc, b Dc, –, , , , Antiochus IV, king of Commagene , , ; architecture , ; inscriptions Antiochus IV Epiphanes, king of Syria , , , Apion (sailor) Antiochus of Ascalon , , , , , Apollo, cult of , , ; see also Clarus; Delphi; Didyma Antipater (sophist) Apollodorus of Damascus , , , , Antiphon (Athenian poet and actor)
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Apollonia, Cyrenaica Ca, , , , , archaeomagnetism Archar (Ratiaria) Bb, , , Apollonius of Tyana , , , , , , Archelais Colonia b Fb, ; as ‘holy man’ n, arches, monumental , , , , , ; apotheosis see deification Trajanic , , –, ; see also under Appian , , , , – Beneventum; Domitian; Rome Appianus estate, Fayum , , , archiereus, Egyptian , , Apuleius –; background , , ; Archigenes declamations , –; medical knowledge Archimedean screw , ; Metamorphoses , n, , , architecture –, –; Antonine –; ; philosophy , , n, , , Flavian –; Greek tradition ; interplay ; as source , n, , , ; trial of traditions –, , , ; Jewish ; for sorcery , –, ; wife, Pudentilla orders , , , , , ;as , propaganda ; Punic ; regional Apulia Cb, , variations –; technology –, –; Apulum Ca, , , vaulting , , ; see also brick; building; Aqraba concrete; and under individual emperors and places Aquae (Baden in Baden) archives see documentation Aquae Albulae (Tibur) arcifinius Aquae Granni (Aachen) , n Ardea n, Aquae Helveticae (Baden in Aargau) Arelate see Arles Aquae S(...), Bosna Valley Bb, Aretaeus of Cappadocia – Aquae Sulis see Bath aretalogy aqueducts , , ; Africa , ; Asia Arethusa Cb, Minor –, , , , , ; Danube argentarii (bankers) , –, , lands , ; Gaul , , –; Greece Argentomagus , , , , ; in mines ; Spain Argentorate see Strasbourg –; Syria ; see also under Rome Argos Fc, a Cb, , Aquileia Eb, Aa, , , , , , Ariminum (Rimini) Eb, n; plague , n Ariogaesus, king of Quadi Aquillius Regulus, M. , n, , , , Aristeas (sculptor) Aquincum (Budapest) Ba, , , , , Aristides, Aelius see under Aelius n; urban development , –, Aristobulus, king of Armenia Minor Aquitania Db, , , , , ; Aristobulus, king of Chalcis procurators , ; small towns , Aristocles of Messene Arabia, province of Gc, a Ab, ; Ariston of Alexandria administration , , , , ; Aristoteles of Mytilene agriculture , , , , ; and Aristotelianism see Peripatetic philosophy Avidius Cassius ;army, ; census Aristotle, works of , ; Christianity ; cities , , , , Aristotle, Pseudo-; De Mundo n , ; creation , , , , , , Aristus of Ascalon , ; frontier , , , , ; Arius Didymus , Greek culture , , ; imperial cult , Arles (Arelate) Db, , , , ; civic ; imperial estates ; nomads , , buildings , , , ; Roman citizenship ; textiles , ; Armenia Gc–Hc, b Jb, Bb; under Nero –, trade , , , ; Trajan and , , , , ; Trajan’s annexation –, , –; upper classes –; Via Nova , , –, , , ; under Traiana , , ; see also Hauran Hadrian , ; under Marcus Aurelius Arabia Felix (Yemen) , –, , , –, , ; client Arabs –, , , , , ; see also kingdoms in area , –; frontier forts Nabataean kingdom Aradus Ab, Bb, Armenia Minor b Hb, Ab–Ba, , , , Arae Flaviae (Rottweil) , Arak army –; Aristides on –; arms and Aramaic culture , , equipment , –, , , , ; Arausio see Orange children of legionaries , , ; and Arca Cb, , civilians ; citizenship , , , ,
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(see also under auxiliary troops); commanders’ Arverni , experience , ; Constantine’s field army Ascalon Bd, Ac, , ; discipline , , , ; distribution Asclepiades , –, (becomes more static) , , Asclepiodotus , ; double legionary camps , , Asclepius , , , , , , ; and economy –, , , , asebeia (defamation) – (see also under agriculture; Danube region; and Asellius Aemilianus individual provinces); engineering and ash chests, marble construction , , n, , , , Asia, province of Fc, b; administration , ; equites singulares imperatoris ; finance , , , , , , ; bound –, ; honestiores ; immunes and labour ; Christianity ; corruption ; principales –, ; land , ; creation ; customs duties , , , legionary soldiers –; legions –,(see , , , ; and Domitian’s vine edict also separate entry); marriage rules , , , , n, ; governors’ status , ; , , , –, , ; military role senatorial order ; taxation , , , –; mortality ; numerical strength –, (see also pridiana); officers , , Asia, central; trade routes –, –, –, –, , ; Asia Minor b, –; Flavian period –; organization –, , –; patronage under Trajan –; under Hadrian , , n, , n, , ; pay and , –, –; under Antonines , , conditions , –, , –, , (pay , – rise under Domitian) , , –, , , agriculture , , ; army and , ; peacetime role –; and plague economy , , ; brigandage –; , ; soldiers’ property , , ; Christianity –, , , ; cities supply , , , , , , , , –, –, –, , ; civic (and location of frontiers) –,(see also buildings , , , , , , under agriculture); theatre seating ; see also (Antonine) , , ; coinage , , auxiliary troops; beneficiarii; cavalry; ; cultural renaissance ; customs duties centurions; deserters; diplomas; donatives; ; Domitian’s vine edict , n, ; fortresses; forts; frontiers; legions; praetorian earthquakes , , ; governors , guard; recruitment; urban cohort; veterans; ; imperial cult , ; Jews , ; and under individual provinces and administration; marble ; mining , ; outlaws –; agriculture; craftsmen; Danube region; and Panhellenion ; plague , , ; documentation; legates; literacy; medicine; provincial structure , , ; roads , provinces; religion; Rhine, R.; roads; ; sarcophagi ; senators from –; romanization; Rome; taxation siphons ; slavery , ; trade , ; Arrecinus Clemens, M. , , , see also individual cities and provinces Arrian (L. Flavius Arrianus) –, , ; Asiaticus (Iulius Priscus’ freedman) and Epictetus , , , ; public Asinius Rufus career , , , , , (governor of Aspasius of Tyre , Cappadocia) , , , , ;works Aspendus b Ec, , , , , , n, –, – assemblies , , , , Arrius Antoninus (cos. ) , , Asseria Arrius Varus associations, see collegia; religion Arruntius Claudianus, M., of Xanthus Assyria Bb, , Arsinoë, Egypt n, –, Astingi Arsou (Arabic deity) astrology –, , , ; bans on , art, visual –; local traditions –, , , , –, ; see also architecture; mosaics; astronomy painting; perspective; portraits; sculpture Asturia-Callaecia Ba, , , –, Artemidorus; Interpretation of Dreams Ateius pottery firm Artemidorus Capito atheism, charges of n, , – artillery, torsion – Athenaeus of Attaleia Arulenus Rusticus see under Iunius Athenaeus of Naucratis; Deipnosophistai , , Arupium Bb, , , Arval Brothers , , , , , ; Athenagoras (Christian apologist) inscriptions , , Athenagoras of Aphrodisias
© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-26335-1 - The Cambridge Ancient History: Second Edition: Volume XI: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192 Edited by Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey and Dominic Rathbone Index More information
Athens Fc, a Cb; Agora , ; aqueduct auctions , ; bankers and –, , , , , ; archonship , , , , , , ; of imperial property , , , , , ; Areopagus , , , , , ; Augusti ; civic buildings , , auditing of accounts – , , , ,(see also under Hadrian Aufidius Victorinus, C. , , , ; below); Claudius Hipparchus’ estates –; campaigns , , , climate , ; councils , , , , Augsburg Aa, , , , ,(see also Areopagus above); Augst , , development ; Dodecais ; emperors’ Augusta Trajana, Thrace Db, oversight , , , ; ephebes , Augusta Troas ; festivals , , , ; finances , Augusta Vindelicum see Augsburg ; food supply , , , ; Augustales , –, , , , , ; Graeco-Latin culture ; gymnasia , ; privileges , , Hadrian and , , , –, , , Augustine of Hippo, St , , (archonship) , , , , Augustus, emperor (C. Octavius): administrative (buildings) , , , , , reforms , , ; Arabia Felix expedition (Panhellenion) , –, , (price ; and annona ; art and architecture regulations) , , , , (and temple of under , , , ; breviarium totius Olympian Zeus see below), (visits) , , imperii , ; citizenship rules ; civilitas , , , ;laws–; libraries , ; and coloniae , ; as ‘dominus’ ; and , , (of Hadrian) , ; Lyceum ; druidism ; frontier policy –, –, and Megara , n; oil law , , , –, , , ; later emperors emulate ; olive exports ; Philopappus and , , , , , , , ; marriage laws , (Monument) , , ; philosophy, (chairs , , , ; Res Gestae , , , , of) , , , , , , (schools) , , ; salutations ; taxation n, , , , –, –, , , see also ; will , –, Academy; rhetoric , , , ; Roman Auranitis Cb, , influence –; sarcophagi ; senators Aurelia Calligenia of Ariminum ; sophists , , –; Stadium ; Aurelian, emperor Stoa ; Sulla’s recapture ; tax farming Aurelius, Marcus, emperor –, –; ; temple of Olympian Zeus , , career before accession , , –, , (completion) , , , , , , , , , ; joint rule with Verus –; , ; Trajan in ; Trebellius Rufus Parthian War see under Verus; Marcomannic inscription ; trigonia rule , ; water campaign () –; beginning of sole rule supply , , , ; see also Academy; –; Marcomannic campaigns (–) Laurion; Panhellenion; Peripatos; and under –, ; Avidius Cassius’ rebellion see Aurelius, Marcus; Claudius Atticus Herodes separate entry; eastern journey –; time in athletes, guild of travelling , Rome –; co-regency with Commodus athletic competitions , , , ; Macomannic campaign (–) –; ‘Atil death – Atilius Aebutianus acclamations , , , , , ; Atilius Crescens adlocutiones , ; administration –, Atilius Scaurus (victim of bandits) , , , , (of Italy) –, , , Atilius Titianus , ; advisers , –, , –, Atrebates Bb, , , , , , ; and Antoninus Attacum Pius , –, , ; and Athens , Attaleia b Ec, , , , , ,(see also Herodes Attalus (physician) Atticus below); auctoritas ; and barbarians Attambelus V, king of Mesena –; and birth registration ; character Attianus, P. Acilius , , , ; children , , , , Attica , , , , , (marriages) , , –, Atticist language , , (see also Annia Aurelia Galeria Lucilla; Atticus (philosopher) , , , Commodus, emperor); Christianity under Attidius Cornelianus, L. , ; civic buildings , –, ; Attius Suburanus, Sex. , civilitas ; coinage , , , , –, Attius Sura – , (of Marcomannic Wars) , , –; attributio – columns see under Rome; concubine ,
© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-26335-1 - The Cambridge Ancient History: Second Edition: Volume XI: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192 Edited by Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey and Dominic Rathbone Index More information
–; and consulship , , , ; Avidius Cassius, C. , , –, ;in debt cancellation ; deification of imperial Parthian War , , , ; rebellion women , ; donatives , n; –, , , , , , ethics ; expansionism , , , , Avidius Heliodorus , ; famine relief ; finance , , Avidius Nigrinus, C. (cos. ) n, , , , , ; frontier policy , ; and Fronto , , ; and Galen ; and Avidius Quietus, T. (cos. ) Greek culture ; and Hadrian , , Axidares, king of Armenia , ; and Herodes Atticus , , Azraq oasis , –, , ; and Jazyges –, , ; and justice –; laws and rescripts Ba’al (Punic deity) , , , ; legions created by –, , Baalbek Cb, , ; Marcomannic Wars see separate entry; Baalshamin (Aramaic deity) , , marriage , , , ; Meditations Babatha archive , , –, , , n, , , , , , , (on his Babylon Bb, teachers) , –; miracles ; and Bactria morality ; names ; philosophy , Bad Kreuznach, villa of , , , , , (on soul) , , Badalona (Baetulo) Da, (Stoicism) , , , ; portraits , Baden in Aargau (Aquae Helveticae) , , ; and Quadi , , , ; Baden in Baden (Aquae) and religion , , –, , –, Baebii of Saguntum , (initiation at Eleusis) , , ; and Baebius Macer scholarship , , , , ; and Baebius Massa , –, , Senate , , , , , , , ; Baelo (Bolonia) Bb, , and Septimius Severus ; sources Baetica Cc, Bb–Cb; administration , , –n; statue in Rome , ; , , , , succession –, ; taxation , , ; Baetulo (Badalona) Da, theriac treatment ; titles , , , Bagradas Valley , , , ; tribunician power , ; triumphs Bahrain (Tylos) , ; warfare under , , , ; Baitokeke, sanctuary of Zeus of see also Marcomannic Wars and under individual bakeries, animal-powered provinces Balagrae Ca, , Aurelius Cleander, M. –, –, , , Balaneia Bb, , ; fall , , Ballomarius, king of Marcomanni Aurelius Commodus, L. (son of Marcus Baltic amber trade Aurelius) Banasa Ab; see also Tabula Banasitana Aurelius Fulvus Antoninus, T. (son of Marcus Bandapus, chief of Jazyges Aurelius) , banditry , , –, , , ; Asia Aurelius Iulianus see Iulianus Zegrensis Minor –; Balkans , , ; Cyrene Aurelius Pactumeius Fronto, Q. ; fictional tales –; Near East , , Aurelius Papirius Dionysius, M. , ; western provinces , Aurelius Sancinus, T. banking , , –, , –, ; Aures Mountains , , , , decline , , ; regulation , aurum coronarium (tax) Baquates Ab–Bb, , Ausonius, Decimus Magnus , Bar Kochba revolt –, –, , , Autricum (Chartres) , –, ; captives enslaved , Autun , , , Bará auxiliary troops , , , –; citizenship barbarians –; appearance , ; grants , , –, –, –, , dichotomous image –, –; frontiers ; defeated tribes ; ethnic units , divide from civilized world , ; –, ; numerical strength , –, iconography –, , –; literary ; recruitment –, , , , ; see portraits ; minorities within empire viewed also army; Batavians; cavalry; diplomas; as –; settlement within empire , , Tungrians; and under Africa; Britain; ; as sub-human – citizenship; Danube region Barbegal mill complex, Arles , Auzia (Sour el Ghozlane) Ca, , Barcino (Barcelona) Da, , – Avenches (Aventicum) , Barea Soranus, Q. Marcius
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barley , , , Bible , , ; see also individual books barrels, wooden , , Bilbilis Ca, , barter billeting , , , n, Barton Court, Oxon biography –, , , , ; see also II Baruch individual authors Basilides (Gnostic) Birosaba Bassaeus Rufus, M. , , , , births n; registration Bassiana Cb, , – Biskra Bassus see under Iulius; Lucilius; Pomponius Bistue Nova and Vetus Bb, Batanea Bb–Ca, , , Bithynia-Pontus, province of Gb, b, , , Batavians , n; revolt , , , , , , , ; administration , , –, –, , , , ;army, ; Bath (Aquae Sulis) Bb, , , , , Arrian’s history –; Christianity –, baths and bath-houses ; Antioch , ; , ; cities’ rivalries , ; councils Antonine , , , ; Britain ; , ; extortion trials , , ; Carthage ; Flavian , ; Gaul , , imperial legates , –,(see also under , , –, , ; Greek world , Plinius Caecilius Secundus); law enforcement ; Hadrianic ; Ostia , ; Syria and , ; lex provinciae –, Arabia , ; Trajanic , ; see also Bittius Proculus n under Rome Bituriges Cubi Bathyra Bizye Batnae , Black Forest Battarius Black Sea Gb, , , , , , ; fleet Bavai , , beans , Blandina (Gallic Christian martyr) beards , , , boats , ; model, in graves Beirut see Berytus Boeotia Bejaia (Saldae) Da, n, , Boethus of Sidon , Belgae Bologna n Belgica Db, , , , , ; Bolonia (Baelo) Bb, , administration , ; agrarian economy bona vacantia , , , , , , ; technology bonds of surety , , , ; trouble in s , , Bonna (Bonn) Da, , , , , , books: burning of n, –, , ; Belgrade see Singidunum collecting –; trade , , ; see also belles lettres , libraries Bellicus Sollers, L., of Vicetia , , Bordeaux (Burdigala) Cb, , , , , benefactions: curatores rei publicae and , –; ; statuettes , and economy , ; Roman support- Bordj-Bou-Arreridj , , –; see also distributions; euergetism Borechath Sabaon beneficiarii ; consulares , Bosna Valley Beneventum Bb, –, , , ; Arch Bosphorus , of , –, , Bostra (Bosra) Ab, Cc; capital of Arabia , Berenice (Judaean princess) , , , , , , , ; Christianity ; craftsmen ; land , ; legionary base , ; plain Berenice, Cyrene Ca, n, , , ; of , ; Roman citizenship in , ; Sidi Khrebeish area , , , routes , , ; urban environment , Bergamo , , , , ; water cistern Beroea-Aleppo Ca, , Boudicca, queen of Iceni , , , Beryllus, bishop of Bostra Bouillé-Courtdault; ‘aristocratic’ tombs Berytus (Beirut) Ab, Bc, , , , ; Boukoloi of Nile Delta , urban environment , , ; Vespasian boundaries: disputes , , , ; marker at , , stones , , , , –; sacred –, Berzobis Ca, , n, ; see also frontiers and under Africa Beth Phouraia bourgeoisie, commercial , – Beth Shearim Bb, , Bourges area; sculptural workshops Bethar Bc, , , Bovianum, herders of
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Boxmoor –, , ; Tiridates exiled in –; Bracciano, Lake; sanctary of Apollo towns –, , (civic buildings) , , brass –, , , (and countryside) , , Braudel, Fernand (small) , , (see also civitates above and Brescia (Brixia) , individual names); trade , , –, brick: archaeomagnetic analysis ; architecture –, , ; villas , –, , ; , , , , ; concrete faced with wall-painting , , , , , ; , , , ; production , –, water-mills , ; waterways , ; see ; stamps , –, ; trade , also Antonine Wall; Brigantes; Hadrian’s Wall; bridges , , –, –, ; Danube and individual places , , Britannicus (Ti. Claudius Caesar) , –, Brigantes Bb, , , , , , Brittany , , , , Brigetio (Szöny) Ba, , Brixia (Brescia) , Brignon; wall paintings Brohl , Brindisi (Brundisium) Eb Cb, , , bronze , , , , ; inscriptions on Briseans , , , Britain Ca–Da, , –; Claudian invasion , brothels , , , , ; under Nero , , , , Brough (Petuaria) Bb, ; under Vespasian , , –, , ; Bructeri –, , Cerialis’ governorship , , , , ; Brundisium (Brindisi) Eb, Cb, , , Agricola’s governorship –, , , , Bruttia Crispina, empress –, (campaigns) –, , , –, , , Bruttius Praesens, C. (cos. ) , , , (civil policy) –, , ; under Nerva , Brutus, M. Iunius , ; under Trajan , , , , ; Bubon b Dc, , under Hadrian , –, , , –, Buccius Lappius Maximus, A. , ,(see also Hadrian’s Wall); under bucolic poetry Antoninus Pius –, , , , , Budapest see Aquincum ,(see also Antonine Wall); under Marcus building: by army , ; emperors’ role , Aurelius , , –; under Commodus , –, , (utilitarian buildings) , , –, , , , ; Septimius Severus , –, ; governors and , –; in , , materials , –,(see also marble; stone; administration , , , , , ; timber); methods –, ; regulation , agriculture –, , , , ; animal , , ; timber-framed , , , husbandry , , , ; aristocracies ; see also architecture; brick; concrete; , , , ;army, , , –, engineering; opus caementicium etc; and under (auxiliaries) , , , , (deployments) cities; provinces; Rome , , , , , , (and economy) Bulla Felix (bandit) , , , , –, , (mutiny) , , Bulla Regia Dc, ,(see also Vindolanda); Celtic art , ; bureaucracy –, –, census ; civitates –, –, , ; Burgundy , , , , , – Classis Britannica , , , , ; Buri coloniae , , , ; countryside , burial: associations for ; cart , ; –, ; cursus publicus ; economy , cremation –, , , , ; , , , –; fana –; frontier Cyrenaica ; Danubian , ; dissignatores , , , –, , , –, , ; Gaul , –; German regional style (see also Antonine Wall; Hadrian’s Wall); ; and individualism ; inhumation , governors , , ; hoards ; , , ; Marciana’s ; outside town inscriptions , , ; literacy –; boundaries , –, ; speeches , mining , , , , , , ; ; Thracian ; see also epitaphs; funerary mosaics , , ; population –; monuments; libitinarii; skeletal evidence pottery , , , –, ,(terra sigillata Burnum import) , , , , , , , , Byblos Bb, , ; religion , –, –, , , , Byzacium , ; roads , ; romanization , , Byzantium Fb, b Da, , , –, ; sculpture , ; settlement pattern , , –; shipping ; sources Cabanes , ,(see also Vindolanda tablets); temples Cabires
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cadastration see centuriation Calvenus Taurus, L. , –, , , , Caecilius Crescens Volusianus, Sex. Caecilius Iucundus, L., of Pompeii; archive , Calvia Crispinilla , , , Calvisius Statianus , Caecina Alienus, A. , , Cambodunum Aa, Caelestis, cult of , camels , –, , Caelius Aurelianus , Camerinum n Caen area Campania Bb, , , –, , Caenis, Antonia , –, , , Camulodunum (Colchester) Da, Cb, , , Caere Bb, n, –, , , , , ; pottery Caerleon Bb, , , canabae legionis , –, , Caerwent (Venta Silurum) , canabari (traders) Caesar, title of , , canals , , , , ; Antioch , n, Caesaraugusta (Zaragoza) Ca, , , ; Iron Gate Pass Bb, , Caesarea (Cherchel) Dc, Ca, , Canatha Cc, , , Caesarea (Stratonis Turris) Gc, Bc, Ab, Cancellaria Reliefs , n, , , , , , Candidus (infantry commander) Caesarea Maritima , cannibalism Caesarea Mazaca (Kayseri) b Gb, Canterbury (Durovernum) and Cantii Caesarea Philippi (Panias) Bc, Ba, Canusium (Canosa) Cb; album , , Caesarea Trocetta b Cb, n, , Caesarodunum (Tours) , Caparcotna Bc, Bb, , , , Caesaromagus see Chelmsford Càparra Caesennius Gallus Capena Caesennius Paetus, L. (Iunius Publius) , , Capitolias , , , Capitoline Base Caesennius P.f. Sospes, L. (cos. ) – Capitoline Games , , , , , , Caesernii brothers of Aquileia , , Caesius Primus, T. n Cappadocia, province of Gc, Ab, , , , Caesius Propertianus, Sex. , , ; administration , , , Caieta n , , , ; annexation , ;army Caistor-by-Norwich (Venta Icenorum) Cb, , , , , , , ; culture ; extent , , , ; famine measures Calagurris (Calahorra) Ca, ; governors , , , , , , , Calcidius (philosopher) , (Arrian) , , , ; see also Caledonii Ba, Cappadocia-Galatia calendars , , , , , ; Celtic Cappadocia-Galatia , , , , , –; ; Judaean governors , , , Callaecia Ba, , , –, Capsa Calleva (Silchester) Bb, , Capua Bb, n, , , , Callimorphus (doctor) Caracalla, emperor , , , , , Callistratus (jurist) Carales Callistus (Claudius’ freedman) caravans –, , , , Callistus (pope) , – Caria , , Calpurnia, wife of Pliny , Caristanius Fronto, C. (cos. suff. ) n, , Calpurnius Agricola, Sex. , , Calpurnius Crassus Frugi Licinianus, C. , , Carlisle Bb, , , , n, , n Carmarthen (Moridunum) Bb, Calpurnius Daphnus, L. Carnuntum Eb, Ba, , , , , ; Calpurnius Fabatus – military base , , , , Calpurnius Iulianus, Sex. Carnutes Calpurnius Piso, C. (cos. ); conspiracy , carpentum for Flavia Domitilla Calpurnius Piso, L. (cos. , ) –, Carpophorus (imperial freedman) , – Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus, L. (cos. ..) Carpow on the Tay Ba, Calpurnius Piso Frugi Licinianus, C. (cos. ) Carrhae, battle of , n Carsioli Calpurnius Piso Frugi Licinianus, L. , cart burials , Calpurnius Piso Galerianus (d. circa ) – Cartagena see Carthago Nova
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Cartennae (Tenes) Ca, , provincial , , , , –, , , Carthage Ec, Ea, , , , , , ; (see also under Britain; Egypt; Gaul; Italy; buildings , , ; cemeteries , Judaea; Spain); requirements for ordines n; Christians –; cult of Ba’al –, , , Hammon ; economy , –; pertica of centonarii , , , ; population ; port , , Centumcellae , , , ; UNESCO project , ; XIII centuriation (cadastration) , , , ; see urban cohort also under Africa; Gaul; Germany; Italy; Syria Carthago Nova (Cartagena) Cc, Cb, centurions –, –, , , , ; primi Cartimandua, queen of Brigantes , , pili , –, ; retired , , Carvetii Bb, , Cephalion Cascellius Aristoteles, D. Cephallenia Casinum Bb, ceremonial, imperial Casperius Aelianus n, , Ceres, rites of (ieiunium Cereris) Caspian Sea Cerialis see under Petillius Castelgandolfo, Domitian’s villa at Cervidius Scaevola, Q. castella, Spanish Cetis Castle Nick, Hadrian’s Wall Cetium Ba, Castra Regina see Regensburg Cévennes castration, law against , , Chaeronea Ca, , Castro de Santavér (Ercavica) Ca, Chalcis, Lebanon Bd, , , Castulo Cb, , Chalcis by Belus Cb, Catabathmos, Great, at Sollum Chaldaean Oracles , , , , catacombs, Roman , Chamavi catafractarii (heavy cavalry) Channel flotilla catapult (ballista) – Characene (Mesena) cataract surgery Charakmoba Catilius Severus, L. (cos. , ) , , , chariot racing , Chariton (novelist) , Cato, M. Porcius, the Elder , Charterhouse-on-Mendip Bb, Catsgore, Somerset charters, see municipia (laws) cattle , , , , , , Chartres (Autricum) , Catullus, governor of Cyrenaica chastity Catullus Messalinus , , Châteauneuf, Savoy Caucasus mountains , , Chatti Ea, –, , , , ; Domitian’s cavalry –, –, , ; alae milliariae , campaign , , , , , , (council ; equites singulares before) , , (triumph) , Ceionia Fabia , , – Chattuarii Ceionius Commodus, L. (L. Aelius Caesar) Chauci , , – Cheillé; ‘aristocratic’ tombs celibacy Chelif Valley , Celsus see under Iuventius Chelmsford (Caesaromagus) Cb, , Celts: art and architecture , , , ; Chemtou marble quarries citizenship and Latin rights –, ; civic cheques development –, , , ; language Cherusci Da–Ea, , , , , ; oppida –, ; Chester (Deva) Ca, Bb, , , , , religion , , , , , ; Chichester Bb, , settlement pattern , ; ship design , children: childlessness , , ; exposure of ; vehicles , ; weights and measures unwanted , , , , –, , , ; see also individual peoples and under Britain; ; girls less valued –; illegitimacy ; Gaul; Danube region outcast –; parents’ relationship with , Censorius Niger , , , , ; peculium ;as censorship (magistracy) , –, ; see also readers of novels ; slaves , , , under Claudius; Domitian; Titus; Vespasian , , ; of slaves , ; upbringing censorship, literary , ; book burnings , , ; see also alimentary schemes; n, –, mortality (infant); orphans census , ; administration , , , China , –, , , , ; and demography see under Egypt; Chios Fc, a Da–Ea, n
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Chisenbury Warren, Wilts intervention) , , , , –, , cholera , –, , (see also curatores rei publicae and Chosroes, king of Parthia under individual cities); foundation legends Chosrhoes (Parthian general) , –, ; free –, , , , , Chotts, North African , , –, , ; Hadrianic ; jurisdiction Christianity ; apologetics ; assimilation , , , ; links to central government ; and authority , ; citizenship , –; marginal groups –; medical ; doctrine , , ; literature , services , , ; metropoleis ; ; and official religion , , ; and non-autonomous ; non-citizen residents Panhellenion , ; persecution , , , ; policing –, ; population , , , (Lyons martyrs) , , n, ; rivalry amongst , , , –, ; scapegoating , , ; , , ; schools endowed by ; sexual mores , ; see also Bible and under sounds ; values ; see also civitates; Africa; Asia Minor; Aurelius, Marcus; coloniae; councils; decurions; Latin right; Bithynia; Commodus; family; Gaul; Jews; magistracies, civic; munera; municipia;town marriage; medicine; philosophy; Rome; Syria; planning; and under individual provinces and Trajan regions and embassies; governors; markets; Chryseros (historian) mobility, social; mortality; patronage; Chullu recruitment; religion; roads; status; trade; Cibalae Ba, Trajan; upper classes; vehiculatio Cibernodurum , citizenship, Roman: and attributio ; clothing Cibyra b Dc, –; honestiores/humiliores distinction Cicero see under Tullius replaces –; inscriptions on , , ; Cilicia Gc, Ab, , , , , , ;as and integration of elites , , , , independent province –, , , , –; ius adipiscendae civitatis per magistratuum ; in Triple Eparchy ; and kinship , –; legal protection Cilicia Campestris (Pedias) b Gc, Ba, , , , –, , , ; marriage –; practical effect on individual –, , , Cilicia Tracheia b Fc, , –; proof of –; spread –, –, Cilician Gates b Gc, –, ; symbolic function ; tributum Cillium (Kasserine) Db, , , , , exemption n; and urban culture ; Cinithii , , Vespasian and predecessors’ grants ; see also Circeii, temple of Circe at n under individual regions and provinces and army; circumcision –, , –, Christianity; emperors; family; inheritance tax; Cirencester (Corinium) Bb, , , Latin right; magistracies, civic; provinces Cirta Dc, Da, , , , , , , civil service see administration; officials cisterns, rain-water , , Civilis see under Iulius citharodia , civitates , , , , ; foederatae ; cities ; administration, (in Italy) –, (in liberae , , , , ; peregrinae –; provinces) , , –, , , , stipendiariae ; see also under Africa; Britain; , (tax) , , –, , , ; and Gaul agriculture , , , , , , , clarissimus, title of –, , , ; assemblies , , ; autonomy Clarus, oracle of , , –, , , , ; boundary disputes class analysis, Marxist –, , , , ; building management , Claudia Paula of Didyma –, , , , , , ; citizenship Claudiopolis , of , n, , ; coinage , , Claudius, emperor (Ti. Claudius Nero ; councils , , –, , , ; Germanicus): accessibility ; administration and countryside , , , , , (as , ; advisers –, , ; and athletes’ parasitic on) , , ; curatores , , guild ; birth ; censorship –, , (see also curatores rei publicae); cursus honorum, –; colonies ; and corn supply ; and local , , , ; customs duties , Cyrenaica ; Flavians claim continuity with , , , n, ; on Danubian , , , –, –, , , ; freedmen frontier –, –, –, –; and –, , , , , ; frontier policy emperors –, , , –, , , –, , ; intelligence service ; , (special legates) , , , –, monument in Rome ; name of Caesar ; , –, ; factions within , ; promotes provincials , –; public finance –, , , . –, (imperial works , –, , , ; salutations ;
© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-26335-1 - The Cambridge Ancient History: Second Edition: Volume XI: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192 Edited by Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey and Dominic Rathbone Index More information
and Secular Games –; settlement of state Clodius Macer, L. ; triumph ; see also under Britain; Germany Clodius Thrasea Paetus, P. , , n, –, Claudius Athenodorus , , Claudius Attalus Andragathus, Ti. clothing , , , , ; symbol of rank Claudius Atticus Herodes, Ti. (cos. suff. c. ) , –, , , , , , Clusium Bb, Claudius Atticus Herodes, Ti. (Herodes Atticus, Cluvius Rufus , cos. ) , , , , ; Athenians’ Clyde, R. dispute with , , , , –, , Cnossus Fc, a Dc, (trial) , , , , –, , ; coactores –, , education , ; euergetism –, , Cocceius Nerva, M. see Nerva, emperor , , ; and philosophy , , ; codicilli (letters of appointment) , senatorial career , , Coele Syria; imperial cult Claudius Charax, A. (cos. ) coercion, physical , , Claudius Demostratus, Ti. Cogidubnus, kingdom of – Claudius Etruscus, father of , , cognitio, judicial Claudius Fronto, M. –, , , , –, cohabitatio (informal marriage) – Coiedius Maximus Claudius Gordianus, Ti., of Tyana coinage: alloys , (silver content) , , , , Claudius Hipparchus, T., of Athens – , , –, , , ; British hoards Claudius Iason Magnus, Ti. ; Celtic ; Cyrenaica , ; Danubian Claudius Iulianus finds ; distribution –; and finance Claudius Lysiades, Ti. –; Greek world , , , , ; Claudius Maximus, Ti., of Aeclanum – imperial ideology ; and literacy , ; Claudius Maximus, Ti., of Philippi organization of minting , , ; Claudius Paulinus, Ti. propaganda ; testing , ; see also under Claudius Pompeianus, Ti. , , , , individual emperors and Asia Minor; Judaea; Claudius Ptolemaeus (Ptolemy) , n, ; Spain African geography , , , Colchester see Camulodunum Claudius Quartinus, Ti. , Colchis Claudius Sacerdos Iulianus, Ti. (cos. suff. ) Coleridge, Samuel – collegia (guilds): athletes’ , ; craftsmen’s, Claudius Saturninus, Ti. (Italian) n, , , (provincial) , Claudius Secundinus, Ti. n , , , , ; Dionysiac Artists’ , Claudius Secundus Philippianus, Ti. ; emperors and , , ; Ephesian Claudius Severus, C. , , – administrators’ ; funeraticia ; land Claudius Severus, Cn. , ownership ; merchants’ , , –; Claudius Severus, L. shippers’ , , , Claudius Subatianus Aquila, Ti. n Cologne Da, , , , , , ; Claudius Titianus merchants in , n clausurae , –, , , colonia Aelia Augusta (Italica) Cleander see under Aurelius colonia Aelia Capitolina (Jerusalem) , , , Clemens see under Cornelius; Pinarius –, , Clement of Alexandria colonia Agrippinensis, see Cologne Clement of Rome colonia Flavia felix Domitiana, see Scupi cliens, use of term –, colonia Ulpia Traiana, see Cibernodurum; Xanten client kingdoms , , , , , ; colonia Ulpia Traiana Dacica Sarmizegetusa Ca, , integration into empire , , , , , , , , , –; see also individual kings and coloniae , , , , , ;army kingdoms recruitment in , –; in former climate –; and agriculture , –, fortresses , ; land allotments , , –, ; and animal husbandry –; ; promotion to status of , , , microclimates , , –, ; Roman cults , ; tax Clitumnus, cult of n, exemption –; veteran , , , , Clodius Albinus, D., emperor , , , , ; see also under Africa; Augustus; Britain; Danube region (settlements); Gaul; Spain; Clodius Eprius Marcellus, T. , , , , ; Syria alleged plot , , Colophon n
© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-26335-1 - The Cambridge Ancient History: Second Edition: Volume XI: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192 Edited by Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey and Dominic Rathbone Index More information
Columella , , , , , ;on conductores (contractors), state , , , , livestock –, ; on yields , –; see also under mining; quarries; taxation columns: Jupiter, German and Gallic –, (farming); transport , –; see also under Rome congiaria –, , , comedy , Conimbriga , comites Augusti , –, ; Marcus Aurelius’ conquest, concept of –, , – , , , –, Consabura (Consuegra) Cb, Comitia Centuriata – consilia, consiliarii see advisers Commagene Ca–Da; annexation , , , consistorium, late antique , , ; provincialization , Constantine I, emperor , , , commendationes , –, , , Constantine, plain of , commerce –, –; bourgeoisie , Constantius II, emperor –; disrepute , ; documentation consular insignia , , –, , ; law and , ; see also consulars , –, –; four, governing banking; contracts; finance; leases; loans; Italy , , , ; Hadrian’s execution merchants; trade; and under upper classes of , commoda , , consulship: Flavian family tenure , , , , Commodia (festival) –; increasing number , ; provincials Commodus, L. Aurelius, emperor –; early in , ; repeated , , ; speed of career , , –, , , , , promotion to ; see also under individual ; accession , , , ; emperors Perennius’ ascendancy –; Cleander’s consumption, conspicuous , ascendancy –; last years –, ; contraception –, civil war over succession , , contractors see conductores acclamations , , ; administration contracts , , , , –, , ; under ; advisers , –, , –, auctoramentum ; formula baetica n; ; army discipline ; appointments , locatio–conductio , ; mining , –, , ; building , ; and calendar ; ; see also leases and under Egypt; labour; and Christians , ; coinage ; marriage; tenants consensus collapses –, ; consulships contubernium, conubium, see under marriage , , , ; corn supply –, , conventus , , , , , ; and doctors , –; economy under conveyancers , ; executions , , ; freedmen Copais, Lake a Ca, –, ; frontier policy ; gladiatorial copper: alloys , ; beaters’ guild ; performances , –; and Hadrian of mining , , , ; trade , Tyre ; and Hercules , –, , ; copronyms insecurity under , –, ; and M. Coptus Aurelius , , , ; marriage –; Corbridge Bb, megalomania ; names and titles , , Corbulo, Cn. Domitius , , , , , , , , , ; plots and resistance Corcyra Ec, a Aa, –, , ; portraits , ; provinces Corduba Cc, Cb, , , under , –,(see also under Africa; Britain; Cordus (epic poet) Danube region); and religion , , , Corellia Gallia Papiana , ; and Senate –, , , ; Corellius Rufus (cos. ) , , – sources n; villa Corinium see Cirencester competition, social , , , , , Corinth Fc, a Cb, , , , , , ; – buildings , , , , , , ; compulsion, constitution of (Zwangstaat) education , Comum, Aa, n; Pliny and , , , corn: army and , , , ; Black Sea ; , , , Britain , ; civic officials –; under concilia, see advisers; councils Commodus –, , ; cultivation , conciliabula (Gallic monumental centres) , , , , , ; dietary concrete , , , , ; brick-faced , contribution , , ; distribution , , , (in Italy) , , n, (in provinces) concubinage , –, ; emperors’ –, –, , n, , , (in Rome) , , , , – –, , , , (see also praefecti Condate; sanctuary of Tres Galliae n, , (annonae)); emperors’ concern with , , , , , , , n, ; Gaul ;
© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-26335-1 - The Cambridge Ancient History: Second Edition: Volume XI: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192 Edited by Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey and Dominic Rathbone Index More information
Germany , , ; local consumption crafts, domestic –, ; non-market transfer ; private craftsmen: in army , , , , , ; benefactors and –; Roman imports , associations , , , (see also collegia); , , , , , , , ; shippers’ itinerant , ; Phoenician –; privileges , ; shortages , , , tombstones ; see also under Cyrenaica; Gaul; , , ; Sicily ; Syria and Arabia , Germany; Syria , , ; trade –; see also wheat and Cramond on the Forth under Africa; Egypt cranes Cornelii Anullini of Italica , crank , Cornelius Balbus, L. Crassopolis Cornelius Clemens Crassus, P. Cornelius Dolabella Petronianus, Ser. (cos. ) Crassus Frugi n Cratippus; school at Athens Cornelius Fronto, M. (cos. ) , , , , Crau, Arles ; African origin , , , ; letters credit, availability of – , –, , , , , (to emperor) cremation –, , , , , , , , , ; Principia Historiae Cremna , Cremona Ba; battle of , , , Cornelius Fuscus , , , , – Crete Fc, a Cc–Ec, , , , ; Cornelius Nigrinus Curiatius Maternus, M. , architecture , , criers (praecones) , , Cornelius Palma Frontonianus, A. (cos. , ) crime, formal , –, , , Crimea Cornelius Priscianus , , Crispina, empress (Bruttia Crispina) –, Cornelius Pusio Annius Messalla, L. Criton of Pieria , Cornelius Repentinus, Sex. , –, Cronius (Platonist philosopher) Cornelius Scipio Salvidienus Orfitus, Ser. crucifixions n Ctesiphon Bb, , , , , , Cornelius Tacitus , , , , ; Agricola cubicularius principis , , , , –, , ; Annales , , Cuicul (Djemila) Da, , –, , , ; ; Dialogue on Orators –, , ;on buildings , , empire , , , ; Germania , , Culip IV, wreck n, n , ; Histories , , culture: high –; and politics , ; cornicularii (military clerks) – Roman , –, (provinces’ assimilation) Cornificia (Marcus Aurelius’ daughter) – , , –, –; see also Greek culture Cornutus see under Annaeus; Iulius and under individual areas and provinces Cornwall Bb, Cumae , n Corpus Iuris curatores: aedium sacrarum et operum locorumque correctores , , –, ; in Achaea , publicorum , ; annonae n; aquarum ; in Italy , , , , , ; civitatis , , ; Corsica , , , , , operum locorumque publicorum ; rei publicae see corvée labour –, n, , , separate entry; riparum et alvei Tiberis –; Cos Fc, b Cc, n, viarum –, –, – Cosa , –; see also Settefinestre curatores rei publicae (logistai) –, , , ; cosmetics , handbooks ; in Italy , , , , Costanza –, –, ; patronage –;in Costoboci –, , provinces , , , –, Cotini curiae (cult organizations) councils: civic and municipal , , –, curial class see decurions , , ; provincial , , , , Curiatius Cosanus n, – ; see also koina Curius Maternus – countryside: administration , ; literacy curse tablets , , , ; marginalized groups –; see also curse texts, Marcellus of Side’s , banditry and under Britain; cities; Danube cursus honorum –, , , region; Gaul; justice; mobility, social; cursus publicus , , , , patronage; religion; romanization; Syria Curtilius Mancia, T. courier system, state, see cursus publicus Curtius Montanus , Courion Cuspius Rufinus of Pergamum
© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-26335-1 - The Cambridge Ancient History: Second Edition: Volume XI: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192 Edited by Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey and Dominic Rathbone Index More information
customs duties , , , ; collection Mithraism ; population –; road from –, , , , ; Danube , , Danube to Mures ; tax and customs dues , ; local , , , , n, , , , ; urban development Cybele, cult of , , – Dacian Wars –, ; economic effect , Cyclades; tax administration , , , ; enslavement of captives , Cynic philosophy , , , , ; see also ; histories of , , ; manpower , Demonax , , , ; Trajan’s monuments to see Cyprus b Fd–Gd; administration , , ; under Rome (columns and fora); policy and agriculture , , ; architecture ; motivation –, , ; royal treasure economy , , , ; Jewish revolt , captured , , ; Senate and , , , , , ; Paul’s visit ; population , , daemons –, , – Cyrenaica Fc, Gg, , –;(–) –; Dales, Yorkshire (–) –; administration –; Dalmatia Eb, Ba–b; administration , , agriculture , , ; architecture , , , , , ;army, ;arts –, –, , , ;army, , ; Augustus’ campaigns ; brigands , , ; citizenship ; coinage , ; ; cities , ; conventus ; customs craftsmen ; cultural assimilation –, dues , , ; economy n; mining –; declamation ; economy , ; , , , , , , ; religion finance –; frontier ; funerary customs Dalton Parlours ; Greek influence , , –, , Damascus Ab, Cc, , , , ;status ; Hadrian and , –, –; Jewish , , unrest, (s) , ,(–) , , damnatio memoriae , , , , , –, –, –; land holdings –; Danaba language ; Libyan element , , ; Danebury and Panhellenion , ; pottery ; Danube, R. Db–Fb, ; bridges , , ; religion –, , ; roads , –; freezing over , ; flotilla , , , romanization –; sculpture , , , ; navigation , ; psychological barrier , ; sources ; trade ; Trajan and , , , , ; upper classes –, Danube region , –; under Augustus , –; Vespasian and , –; veterans ; under Claudius ; under Vespasian , , –, ; see also Cyrene , , ; under Domitian –, –, Cyrene Fc, Ca; ager publicus ; agriculture , , , –, ; under Nerva , , ; architecture –, , , –, –; under Trajan , –, , , , , ; cult of Apollo , ; ,(see also Dacian Wars); under Hadrian ephebes , , ; Greek connections , , , –, , –; under –, , ; Jewish unrest, (s) , , Marcus Aurelius , –, , , , (–) , , , –;laws; (plans to creat new provinces beyond) , militias ; upper classes –, –; , ,(see also Marcomannic Wars); under veterans ; water supply Commodus , , , Cyrrhus Ca, , –, administration –; agriculture ; Cyzicus Fb, b Ca, , , , , , ; animal husbandry ;army, , , temple of Hadrian , , (auxiliaries) , –, , , , (beneficiarii consulares) , , (economic role) Dacia Fb, Ca–b; Domitian’s wars , , , , , , , , (frontier bases) –, , –; Trajan’s wars see Dacian , , , –, (legionary deployments) Wars; annexation as province , , , –, –, , –, (recruitment) , , , , ; under Hadrian , , , , –, , , (supply) , ; , , (tripartite division) Ca–b, , , banking ; brigandage ; burials , , , –, , , ; Antoninus Pius’ , ; canabae –, , ; Celts , operations , , ; under Marcus , , , , ; cities see settlements Aurelius , , , (reunited as Tres below; citizenship ; client kingdoms ; Daciae) , , collegia ; countryside ; customs duties administration , , , , , , , , , ; economy , –; ;army, , , , ; banking ; frontier , , , , –, , mining , , , , , , , (communications) , –, , , , –, (records see Ros¸ia Montana), (culture) , (freezing of river) , , (specialists from Dalmatia) , , ; (limes) , (Marcus Aurelius’ plans to extend)
© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-26335-1 - The Cambridge Ancient History: Second Edition: Volume XI: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192 Edited by Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey and Dominic Rathbone Index More information
, , , (Roman control beyond) , Delos Fc, a Db, , , , ; Italian contacts , –, ; Delphi Fc, a Ca, , , , ; language –; migrations , ; mining Amphictyony , ; Hadrian and , , areas , , , –, –,(see also ; oracle , under Dacia; Noricum); police posts , ; Demetae population , ; pottery –; religion Demetrius the Cynic , , –, , , ; sculpture , ; Demetrius of Tarsus settlements –, –, (civic duties) democracy, demise of , – , , , , (colonies) , , –, demography –; Model South , ; , , , , (frontier cities) –, , Model West –, , , ; sources (mining towns) , , –, –, , , ,(see also under census; epitaphs; (native municipia) –, –, , –, see also fertility; household; migration; , , , (planning and buildings) –, mortality; population and under plague; Senate; –, , , , , , (in vicinity of upper classes legionary bases) –, , (see also canabae Demonax –, , , above); society and culture , , –; demons, see daemons sources on n; taxation , , , ; Dendera trade , , –, ; upper classes , dendrochronology –, ; veterans , , –, , , dendrophori, collegium of , ; see also individual provinces dependency relations , Daphne, near Antioch , Derna (Darnis) Da, Dardania , deserters, army , , , , Darial Pass Deultum Db, Darnis (Derna) Da, Deva see Chester Dasumii of Cordoba –, Diana Veteranorum Da, n Dasumius Tullius Tuscus Didius Iulianus , , dates, trade in – Didyma b Cc, , , , , , Dausara Didymus (Severan freedman) , Dean, Forest of Bb, Didymus, Arius (philosopher) , death , , , , –; dies imperii –, –, marginalization , –, ; see also burial; diet , , –, , , , ; ‘normal’ funerary monuments; mortality endemic malnutrition debt , , , , , ; Athenian law Digest, see under Justinian ; bondage , ; collectors (see also Dijon coactores); state intervention , –, , Dio Cassius ; biography of Arrian ; and , Commodus –; epitome , n, , Decapolis Bc–Cc, –, , , , , ; father of Decebalus, king of Dacia , , , , , Dio Chrysostom ; public career , , , , , , ; and Trajan ,(Orations on Decennalia Kingship on) , , , , –; Decimi Caecilii sophistic traits and philosophy , –, declamation , –, , , , – – decurions , , ; army careers –, Diocaesarea (Sepphoris) Bb, , –, ; criteria –, , ; dioceses, medieval Italian n Danubian ; Gallic , ; German ; Diocletian see under prices as honestiores ; land holdings , ; Diodorus (Stoic philosopher) negotiatores become , ; and oriental cults Diodorus of Agyrrion (Siculus) , ; promotion , –; Spain –, dioeceseis see conventus ; theatre seating ; wealth –, ; Diogenes of Oenoanda , see also cities (upper classes); magistrates, civic Diogenianus’ anthology of epigrams and municipal; munera diogmitae (police) , , deer dioiketes (Egyptian official) , defamation, charges of –, Dion Bd, , , deification: Antinous ; emperors , (see Dionysiac Artists, World Synod of , also under individual names); imperial family , Dionysias (Soada) Cc, , , , –; see also imperial cult Dionysius, M. Aurelius Papirius , Delmatae Bb, Dionysius (didactic poet); Bird-catching Delminium Bb, Dionysius (epic poet); Bassarica
© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-26335-1 - The Cambridge Ancient History: Second Edition: Volume XI: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192 Edited by Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey and Dominic Rathbone Index More information
Dionysius of Alexandria; Periegesis Rome) , , , , , , , –; Dionysius of Miletus campaigns , , , , –, ,(see also Dionysus, cult of , , under Britain; Chatti; Dacia; Danube region; Dioscorides , , , Germany); censorship –, (perpetual) , diplomas, army discharge –, –, –, –, –, ; chronology , ; – clemency , ; coinage , , , , , , diplomata, Trajan’s n , (metal content) , , , (portraits) disasters, natural , , , , ; Flavian –, ; and collegia ; conspiracy against relief measures , –, ; see also () ; and consulship , –; cruelty ; earthquakes; Vesuvius damnatio memoriae , , , , ; diseases, infectious , –, , ; see also donatives , –, n; finance –, epidemics; plague , ,(see also army (increases pay) above); dissection, anatomical , , , – and Flavian family –; freedmen , , distributions, public , –, , , , ; games –, , , , , ; , ; food ; see also congiaria; corn generosity –, , ; and Greek culture (distribution) ; inaccessibility , , ; informers dithyrambic competitions –, ; and Iulia, daughter of Titus , divination , –, ; and Jews –, ; justice , ; divorce –, , , , ; ease of and literature –, –, , ; marriage obtaining , , , , ; megalomania ; and morality , Djebel Amour Cb, –, –, –; Nasamones’ revolt , Djemila see Cuicul , , ; Nero compared with , –; Dmeir and philosophers and sophists , , , , Dobunni Bb, ; portraits –, , , (erasure) , Docimium marble quarries , ; propaganda ; and provinces dock at Aquileia n –, –, , , , , ,(see also Doclea Bb, , building above, and under Africa; Germany); documentation –; administrative –, rapacity , –; and religion , , , –, , ,(see also under Egypt , , , (cult of Minerva) , , ; (administration)); archives –, , ; and roads , , ; salutations ; army , ,(see also under Dura Europus; Saturninus’ revolt see under Antonius Vindolanda); commercial –, ,(see also Saturninus, L.; sculptures of , , , , Appianus estate; Caecilius Iucundus; La ; Senate under , , , –, , Graufesenque (tally lists); Magdalensberg; (Domitian’s attitude to) , , , , ; Murecine villa; Poppaea; Ros¸ia Montana sources on –, ; and Spanish municipia , Dogmatists, medical –, ; sportula prohibited ; style of rule Dolabella Metilianus of Corfinium –; succession plans –, ; terror under Doliche Ca, , , , , –, , –; titles and Domavia Bb, – address , , , –, ; and Titus , dominus (et deus) –, , –, –; Trajan continues policies , Domitia Longina, empress , –; triumphs , ; tyranny, causes of Domitia Lucilla , –; villa at Albanum ; vine edict , , Domitia Paulina n, , , Domitian, emperor (T. Flavius Domitianus): Domitilla – under Vespasian , , –, , , , , , Domitius Afer, Cn. (cos. ) (implements unpopular measures) , , ; Domitius Agathemerus, L. accession , –, ; principate –; Domitius Corbulo, Cn. , , , , , assassination , –, , , ; burial Domitius Lucanus administration –, , , ; Domitius Tullus, Cn. advisers , –, , , ; Domitius Ulpianus (Ulpian) , , , , appointments –; arches –, ; and , ; life table army , , , , , (increases pay) , , domus as social unit , , –; see also –, , , , ,(see also campaigns household below); art and architecture under –; donatives , , , , ; Domitian’s , autocracy , ; biographies ; building , –, n , –, , , , , (in Italy) –, Dora Bc, , (in provinces) , , , , , (in Dorchester (Durnovaria) Bb,
© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-26335-1 - The Cambridge Ancient History: Second Edition: Volume XI: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192 Edited by Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey and Dominic Rathbone Index More information
Doriscus Db, mobility –, ; in Sparta ; teachers’ Dorotheus of Sidon standing , –, –, , , ; Doryle written and spoken language in ; see also dowries , , , sophists drainage , , , , Egnatius Celer, P. , drama , – Egypt Gd; administration, (officials) , dreams , , –, , , (prefects, see below), (written Drevant records) , , –, , , –, Drina Valley Ba–b, , – ; agriculture , , , , , , Drobeta Bb, , (see also corn below); and Avidius Cassius , drove-roads, Italian –, , ; archives , ,(see also druidism , administration (written records) above and Drusus, Iulius Caesar (son of Tiberius) n Appianus estate); army , , , , , Duby, Georges , , (recruitment) , ; art and Dumnonii Ba, architecture n, , , ; banking IIviri iure dicundo –, , , ; Boukoloi , ; bound labour ; Dura Europus Bb; battle of () ; census , , (analysis, see demography buildings , , ; documents , , below); children, outcast , ; cities , , , ; Feriale Duranum ; garrison , , , ; contracts , , ; , ; militia ; religions , , ; copronyms ; corn , , , , , Roman acquisition , ; and routes , ; demography, (age structure) , , , , (fertility) , , –, , , Durnovaria (Dorchester) Bb, (household size and structure) , (marriage) Durobrivae (Water Newton) Bb, –, , , (mortality) , –, Durocortorum (Reims) , (perception of ageing) , (population) , Durostorum (Silistra) Db, , , , , ; Demotic language , ; emperors , and , , , , ; finance , , Durovernum (Canterbury) , ; fleet ; food supply , ; glass dyes and dyeing –, , ; governors, see prefects below; Dyrrhachium Eb, harbours ; Hermetic writings ; Hieratic script ; irrigation ;Jews, Earinus , , , , –, (Alexandrian) , earthquakes: Asia Minor () ; Corinth () , , , ; literacy levels –, ; ; Crete ; Rome () ; Smyrna () Marcus Aurelius and , –; metal , , , , ; Syria (/) , working n, ; mining ; ordines ; , , papyrus trade , ; plague , ; Ebora (Evora) Bb, prefects , , , , n, (length of Ebro, R. Cb–Db, Ca–Da, tenure) n, , (petitions to) , Eburacum see York n, (status) , , , , ; prices Eccles, Kent , ; prostitution n, –; rafts Echzell n ; religion , , –, ; Revenue Eclectus (chamberlain) Laws ; scribes , , –; senators economy: agrarian basis , , ; and from , ; settlement pattern ; slaves finance –, –; and frontiers –; ; taxation , , , n, –, ; ‘maximalist’ and ‘minimalist’ interpretations textiles , , , ; trade , ,(see ; roles of agriculture, domestic crafts and also corn; glass; textiles above); urbanization industry –; see also individual elements and , ; Vespasian in –, , under army Eifel-Ardennes area , , , Edessa Da, , , , eirenarchos , édifices-mixtes, Gaul , – El Djem (Thysdrus) Ea, , Edom , , El Khantara pass , education: beating of children ; in cultural Elagabalus, emperor , discrimination ; declamation ; extent Elbe, R. Da–Ea, , , , ; Flavian promotion –; funding elections , , ; municipal –, ; ; in Gaul , ; philosophers’ provision Senate , , , –, –; and poetry , ; Elegeia , , of political figures , –; and social elements, medical theory of ,
© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-26335-1 - The Cambridge Ancient History: Second Edition: Volume XI: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192 Edited by Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey and Dominic Rathbone Index More information
elephantiasis , Ennion (glass-maker) Eleusis a Ca; Antonines and , , , , Enns (Lauriacum) , , , , ; Costoboci burn Enns, R. sanctuary , ; epigram by T. Flavius Ensérune Glaucus ; Hadrian and , , , , Entellus (a libellis) ; inscriptions , entertainments , , –, –, –; Elginhaugh n see also games; mime; pantomime Eliezer b. Azariah, Rabbi entrepreneurship , Elisha b. Abuya Epaphroditus (a libellis) elites see upper classes ephebes , , , , Elogia Tarquiniensia n Ephesus Fc, b Cc; administration ; Elusa Bd, assembly ; baths , ; Christianity , embassies , , , ; from cities –, , ; coinage ; collegia ; commerce , , –, , , , , ; , , , , n; conventus ; rhetors and sophists in , , emperors and , , , , , , Emerita Augusta see Mérida (Hadrian) , , , , , , ; Emesa Ab, Cb, , , , , ; euergetism , –, , , ; Greek culture , ; incorporated into festivals , ; finances , , ; Syria , , , ; Roman citizens , Graeco-Latin culture ; Great Antonine Altar ; harbour ; inscriptions , Emmaus Ac, n, n; libraries, (of Celsus) , (of emperors: accessibility , , –, –, Polemaenus) , ; medical contests ; ; and administration , , , , Mysteries ; Nestor of Laranda honoured ; appointments , , –, , ; ; not in Panhellenion ; plague ; and army ,(see also donatives and under sarcophagus of Dionysius of Miletus ; individual emperors); and art and architecture senatorial families , ; silversmiths ; –, ; bequests to –, , , ; sophists , , , ; temples , , birthdays ; ceremonial , ; , ; unrest , ; water supply – citizenship as grant of , , , , ; Epictetus , , , , , –; and commercial interests , , ; Arrian , , ; ethics –; and correspondence , –, , , , monotheism –; on morality (with officials) , –, , , , Epicureanism , , , ; schools , (publication) , , –, , –,(see , –, , also officials, high-ranking (ab epistulis)); familia Epidaurum, Dalmatia , ,(see also freedmen, imperial; slaves Epidaurus (imperial)); flattery of ; and imperium ; epidemics , –, , , ; see also and Italian aristocracies –, ; and plague medicine , ; mime criticizes ; epigrams , –; see also Martial patronage, beneficia , , , , , , epilepsy , –, (Latin right) , , , Epirus Fb–c, a Ba, , , (mediation by others) , , n, epistemology , –, , –; personalized relationship epistrategoi, Egyptian , , with subjects ; property , , (sales of) epitaphs , , , , ; demographic , , , ,(see also estates (imperial); information , –, , –, , ; mining; patrimonium; quarries; res privata); of fictitious ; Jewish ; military , provincial origin , , , , , , Epitome de Caesaribus n, –; self-presentation ; see also Epona (Gallic deity) individual emperors, adventus; advisers; Eprius Marcellus see under Clodius donatives; imperial cult; succession; and under equestrian order: administrative careers , , cities; corn; finance; inscriptions; justice; , –, , , –, (double petitions; plebs; portraits; provinces; religion; appointments with freedmen) , –, roads; Rome; Senate; Stoicism (take over posts from freedmen) , , empire see provinces –, , , –, –, –, , Empiricists (medical sect) , ,(see also Egypt (prefects); praetorian Emporiae (Ampurias) Db, Da, , prefects); advisers to emperor , –, Engedi Bc, , , –, , –;army officers –, engineering see architecture; canals; hydraulics; –, , ; census requirement , , and under army ; clothing ; commercial interests –,
© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-26335-1 - The Cambridge Ancient History: Second Edition: Volume XI: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192 Edited by Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey and Dominic Rathbone Index More information
–; criteria for membership , , , evocatio , ; depletion after civil wars ; exchange systems , , , emperor’s accessibility to , –;as exclusion, cultures of , – honestiores ; land holdings ; executions , , , , money-lending –; patrons’ support , exercitor ; promotion to , , , , , Exeter (Isca) Bb, , , ,(see also freedmen (social mobility)); exorcism –, promotion to senatorial order , , exploitation, social , –, , –; provincial governors , –,(see expulsion of unwanted groups , –; see also Egypt (prefects)); theatre seating , , also under philosophy , ; titles –, ; Vespasian favours extortion –, , , , , ; wealth extra clusa equites singulares ; imperatoris IV Ezra Eratosthenes Eravisci Fabius Iustus, governor of Moesia Ercavica (Castro de Santavér) Ca, Fabius Quintilianus, M. (Quintilian) , , , Eros; statue from Thespiae , , , Erucius Clarus (cos. ) , Fabius Valens erudition fabri tignarii, collegium of n, Escolives Fabricius Veiento, L. , –, , , Esneh face, culture of public , , Es-Sanamen faculties, medical theory of Essenes Fadii of Narbo n estates Fadilla (Marcus Aurelius’ daughter) imperial , , , , ; conductores Famars , ; expansion , ; share-cropping familia (social unit) –, , , ; see also ; see also under Africa; Arabia; Judaea; under emperors mining; oil, olive; Phrygia; quarries; saltus family and household –; and appointments (Burunitanus); Syria –; in Christianity , , , ; and other large , , , –; citizenship , –; cognates and affines fragmentation –, –; Italy , , ; dislocation –; and elite status , , , ; extended households –; kin beyond Estioni –; language and ideals –, ; in law ethics – , –, ; limitation , , –, ‘Ethiopians, land of ’ – , , ; lineage and inheritance –; ethnarchs, Arab mortality and –, , , ; mothers’ ethnic groups –, , , –; see also position in , –; pietas , ; and barbarians and individual groups religion , , ; size ; slaves’ ethnography , presence affects , ; sources on –; Etruscan traditions –, , , – see also adoption; domus; familia; paterfamilias Euboea a Ca–Da, famine , , , , , ; and mortality Eudemus , , ; Rome () –, Eudorus of Alexandria , , Fannia (wife of Helvidius Priscus) euergetism , –, –, n; in east fanum (type of cult building) – , , , ; Greek world –, Fanum Fortunae –, –, –,(see also under Ephesus); Far East ; see also China and religion , –; see also benefactions; Fasti, local city ; Ostienses n, , , distributions; libraries; munera; patronage , eunuchs , , fate Euphrates, R. Ab–Bb, , –, , , fathers, see paterfamilias , Faustina see under Annia Euphrates frontier , , , , , ; Faustinianus (Fronto’s protégé) Roman control beyond , –, Faustinopolis (Halala) Eurycles Herculanus Favorinus of Arles , , –, , , Euryclids of Sparta ; and Hadrian , ; range of works Eusebius n, n; on Jews n, , – , , Fendoch Eutropius , n Fenni
© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-26335-1 - The Cambridge Ancient History: Second Edition: Volume XI: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192 Edited by Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey and Dominic Rathbone Index More information
Ferentinum Bb, n, n Flaviopolis b Hc, fertility , –; control of , , Flavius Arrianus, L. see Arrian –, –; gross reproduction rate –; Flavius Cerialis level of –, , –, –; and Flavius Claudius Sulpicianus, T. marriage –, , ; and mortality Flavius Clemens, T. , , –, n, –, , –, –, ; pattern of –; slaves’ , , Flavius Damianus of Ephesus festivals , , ; literary and musical Flavius Domitianus, T. (son of T. Flavius competitions , , , ; religious Clemens) n, , , , ; see also games and Flavius Glaucus, T.; epigram from Eleusis under Athens; Ephesus; Rome Flavius Macer, T. , Feurs Flavius Pergamus, T. fevers , Flavius Praxius, T., of Acmonia fiction, popular –; see also novels Flavius Sabinus, T. (Vespasian’s brother) fideicommissa Flavius Sabinus, T. (cos. ) , , , , figurines, votive , , Flavius Sulpicianus finance –; administrative officers , , Flavius Vespasianus, T. (son of T. Flavius , ,(see also procurators); and alimenta Clemens) –; from annexed kingdoms , , , fleets , , , , , ; Misenum and ; continuity , ; decline –; Ravenna prefectures , , ; see also developments during period –; and under Africa; Black Sea; Britain; Danube, R.; economy –, –; emperors’ veterans intervention , , –,(see also under floods , cities; provinces); freedmen’s activities , Florus see under Annaeus; Annius –; intermediaries –; political Fonteius Agrippa , concerns –; professional regulation ; Fonteius Frontinianus, D. social concerns –; techniques of payment foodstuffs: organization of supply , n; and lending –; upper classes’ activities preservation ; shortages , , , –, –, –, ; see also auctions; ; tainted ; trade , –, –, banking; coinage; credit; customs dues; loans; , , ; see also individual foodstuffs and monetization; res privata; taxation; and under distributions; famine individual emperors and army; cities; Egypt; Italy; forests , –, , , , , patronage; provinces; slaves; trade formula baetica (model contract) n fire brigades , , ; see also under Rome Forth, R. Ba, Firmum (Falerio) , fortresses, legionary: coloniae in former , ; fiscus , , –, –; see also taxation double , , fiscus Alexandrinus forts: auxiliary , –; Egyptian desert ; fiscus Iudaicus , , , , , , , in forward zone ; on limes , , fish , , , , , , , ; sauces Forum Hadriani (Vorboorg) – , , , , , fossa regia Fishbourne palace , , fossatum, African , – flaminates, provincial: African ;of fountains, monumental , , , , Narbonensis –, , , ; Spanish Frankfurt/Heddenheim (Nida) , –, , Franks – Flavia Domitilla (Vespasian’s wife) , freedmen , , ; commerce , –, Flavia Domitilla (Vespasian’s daughter) , , , , , –; epitaphs ; and Flavia Domitilla (Vespasian’s granddaughter) patrons , , , ; rank/status –, incongruities –, –; and religion , Flavia Joppa , ; social mobility –, , , , Flavia Neapolis, Samaria , , , (of descendants)) –, , , Flavia Sabina (Vespasian’s niece) , – (hostility incurred) , , , ; wealth Flaviales (priesthood) , ; see also Augustales Flavian gens –; appointments , , –; imperial –, ; career structure continuity , , –, ; cult of , ; –, –, ; children’s status , ; dynastic intermarriage ; see also individual curatores rei publicae –;influence over emperors emperors –, , , –, , ; Flaviobriga, Cantabria Ca, marriage ; posts remaining to –;
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power and wealth , –, , , ;in Gaius (Augustus’ grandson) provinces , , , , , ; salaries Gaius (jurist) , ; see also under individual emperors and Gaius (Platonist philosopher) n, equestrian order (administrative careers) Galatia Gc, , , , ; organization , freedom , , ; of speech , , ;of , –; see also Cappadocia-Galatia will , ; see also under cities Galba, emperor (Ser. Sulpicius Galba) , –, freedwomen , , , , ; adoption of heir , ; coinage ; and Fréjus , , Nero’s legacy , , , ; and praetorian French language, origins of guard , ; and provinces , , , ; Frisia , , – repute under Flavians –, ; and Senate frontiers –; and barbarian world , ; , , Chinese ; communications along , , Galen of Pergamum , , –, , ; crossing of ,(see also migration; ; on agriculture ; anatomy , , nomads; trade); cultural concept –, , , , –; character , ; , , –, ; eastern –; and empiricism , –; erudition , , imperialism , –; moving –, ; , , ; and Hippocratic medicine ‘natural’ , , –; reasons for –, , ; life , , –, –, stopping –; religious concept –, , , , (education) , , , ; Roman control beyond formal , , , (imperial doctor) , , –, (and –, , , , –, ; ‘scientific’ plague) , , , , ; medical work , ; social development on , ; –, , , –; philology , , sources on , –; supply –; , ; philosophy , , , , , transitional zones –; western –; , –, (studies) , ; terminology see also Danube region; Euphrates; limes; walls, ; on urban life , , , , –, frontier; and under individual provinces and , ; writings , , emperors and migration; recruitment; rivers; Galeria Lysistrate roads; trade Galilee Bc, Bb, , , , , –, Frontinus see under Iulius Gallia Comata Fronto see under Caristanius; Cornelius Gallienus, emperor Fronton of Emesa – Gamaliel II, Rabban , fruit , , , , games: Alban ; Capitoline , , , , frumentarii (secret police) , , , , , ; circus , ; emperor’s fullers , , accessibility at , , –; Greek-style Fulvius Plautianus, C. , , –, , , , , , , Fundanus Optatus, T. (literary and musical competitions) , , funerary monuments , , , , ; ,(see also Capitoline above); in Italy –; brick tombs, Rome , , , ; Olympic ; religious aspects , ; Danubian , , , ; shrines , Secular –, , , , ; tokens ; ; see also burial; epitaphs; and under Gaul; Taurian ; see also athletic competitions; sculpture gladiators; and under Domitian; Hadrian; Funisulanus Vettonianus – Trajan; Syria Furius Victorinus, T. , –, , Garamantes Ec–Fc, , –, furniture making , , Garden (Athenian school) , Furtius, king of Quadi garden, ornamental Fuscus see under Pedanius garum , , , , , gates , , , ; see also individual instances Gaballi Gaul –, ; administration , , , Gabes (Tacape) Db, , , , , , ,(curatores) , , Gabinia Canatha (procurators) , , ; agriculture , Gabinii of Thugga , , , , , , (farming units) Gadara Bc, Bb, , , , , , –, , , , (production) –, Gadebridge Park – (tools and machinery) , , , , , Gades (Cadiz) Cc, Bb, (see also under Belgica); animal husbandry , Gaetuli , , –, , , ; annona n; Gaius, emperor (Gaius Iulius Caesar architecture , , –, , –, , Germanicus, ‘Caligula’) , , , , , (civic) , , , , –, , , , ; and Jews , ; taxation , (domestic and rural) –, , , –,
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Gaul (cont.) Gemellae Db, , (Jupiter columns) –, (technical Geminius Marcianus vocabulary) –; army recruitment , Geminus (Stoic philosopher) , ;arts, –, –, ,(see also gems , architecture above); bandits , , ; Genainville , , Caesar’s wars ; Celtic culture –, , Genil (Singilis), R. , , , ; census , ; Christianity genii (gods) ; loci , , , , –, ; citizenship , ; Gennae civitas capitals , , –; climate , Genoa Db, , ; colonies , ; commerce , gentilitates (Spanish organizations) –, , ; countryside , –, geographical knowledge , , , , , –, , , , ; craft production ; Alexandrian , ; see also Claudius , , , ; customs duties , , Ptolemaeus ; debt-bondage ; druidism , ; geometry ; urban education , ; entertainments , Gerasa (Jerash) Bd, , , , , ; –, ; euergetism –; forests –, status and traditions , , ; textiles ; freedmen ; funerary practices , , ; urban environment , , , , , –, ;geography, –; , (Antonine building) , , imperial cult , , , –, , , Germanic-speaking peoples , , ; see , , ; industry , , –, , also individual peoples , , ; inscriptions , , –; Germanicus, Nero Claudius , , , land divisions , –, , –; Germany –; Augustus’ wars , ; languages, (Gaulish) , , , , (Latin) Claudius and Nero , ; Batavian revolt ; Latin right , ; literature ; , , , , –, ; under mining , , –, ; monetization Vespasian , , , ,(see also Chatti); ; mosaics , –, , ; olives and under Domitian , , , , , , oil , , , , , ; oppida –, (creates two provinces) , , , , ; plague ; population , , , ; –,(see also Antonius Saturninus (revolt)); quarries , ; religion , –, , under Nerva , ; under Trajan , , , , ,(see also druidism; imperial cult ; under Hadrian ; under Antoninus above); roads , , , ; romanization Pius , ; under Marcus Aurelius , , –, ; salt production ; , ,(see also Marcomannic Wars); under sculpture , –; senatorial families , Commodus , , , , , , , , ; settlement administration , ; agriculture and pattern , , ; slaves , ; social livestock , , , , ;army, mobility –; sources –; taxation , –, , , , , , , , , ; technology , , , , (dispositions) , , , –, (and ; textiles , , , , ; towns , economy) , , , , (recruitment) , , , , –, –, (small , –, , (supply) , , , , (agglomérations sécondaires)) –, , , ; arts , , , –, , –; , , , –; trade –, , , burials ; cadastration ; Caesar’s wars , , ; transport , , , , ; Celtic culture , ; census ; , ; upper classes –, ,(see also citizenship ; civic buildings , , , senatorial families above); under Vespasian , , ; communications , , , , , ; vici , , , ; villas , –, ; craftsmen , , ; customs –, , ; water-mills , ; wealth duties ; economy –, ; fleet ; , ; weights and measures ; wine , forests ; frontier , , , , , , , , , , ; year of four , , (Flavian strengthening) , , , emperors , ; see also Belgica; Gallia , (focus shifts from) –, , , , Comata; Narbonensis; Tres Galliae (Roman control beyond) , , , , Gavius Clarus , (see also limes); geographical knowledge of Gavius Maximus, M. , , , ; industry , ; languages –, , Gaza Ac, Bd, Bb, , , , , , ; literacy ; Mediterranean influences , , –, , ; mining and gearing ; saqiya – quarrying ; municipalization , –, Gebel Tarhuna , ; native culture , , , , ; Gellius, Aulus , , , , ; taught by negotiatores , ; plague ; population Taurus n, , ; pottery , , , , , ;
© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-26335-1 - The Cambridge Ancient History: Second Edition: Volume XI: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192 Edited by Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey and Dominic Rathbone Index More information
religion –, –, ; romanization n; rank see provinces (status); ; settlement pattern –; society –; restrictions on effectiveness –, ; taxation , ; textiles , ; trade , religious duties ; staffs , , , , –, –, , , , ; upper classes , , –, (army on) , , , ; , , –, ; vici ; villas , ; and taxation , ; trials for misconduct warfare –; water-mills , ; weights –, , , , , ; see also and measures ; see also agri decumates and procurators (praesidial) individual places graffiti , , , , , Gibbon, Edward grammar, Athenian chair of Gier, aqueduct of grammateus (official) gift exchange Granada see Iliberris Gigen see Oescus granaries , , Gigthis Eb, , n, , , Grand; cult of Apollo Grannius gladiators , ; administration of , , Grannus (Celtic deity) ; army recruitment , ; contracts ; grassland , , Galen as doctor to –, –; games , grave goods , , , , , , , (Commodus in) Greece –; Flavian period –, –, , –; prices –, , , –; ; under Trajan , –, , ; theatre seating , under Hadrian , –, ; under Glanum Antonines , –, –, glass , , , , , , ; inscribed agriculture , , ; army recruitment goblets from Vicarello ; art and architecture , , , , Glaucus; hymn for Olympia – , , ; cities –, , , , , Glevum see Gloucester , , (free) –, , –, , ; Glitius Agricola n climate , ; commerce , , ; Gloucester Bb, , , , Costoboci invade –, ; economy , Gnosticism , , , , ; koinon ; leases ; maps ; goats , migration to Rome ; mining , ; gods and divinity: abstract ; communication policing ; population , , ; with , , , , –; man’s religion , , ; senators from , , relation to –, , –, , ; ; trade , , ; see also individual cities moralization ; in novels ; Stoic and Achaea and under Hadrian conception , ; see also genii Greek culture , , , –; in Africa Golan Ba, , , –, , , , ; beards gold: artefacts , ; Dacian royal treasure ; in east , , , ,(see also under , , ; mining , , , , , Syria); emperors’ attitudes to , , , , (Danubian) , n, , , , , ,(see also under Hadrian); frontiers, ; trade , , concept of , ; Hellenistic , , , Gordians , , ; history of ; and Latin Gordyene culture –, , –, ; renaissance Gorhambury , ; in south Italy ; in Thrace , , Gornea, Armenia ; unifying influences –, –, Gorsium Ba, , –,(see also Panhellenion); see also Greek Gortyn a Dc, language; literature (Greek); medicine; Goths rhetoric government see administration Greek language ; Atticist , , ; governors –; aims –, , –; classical , , ; emperors’ knowledge appeals to –, , , ; and census of , ; geographical extent , , , , , ; centre of public life , , , , ; koiné ; Latin words in , ; and cities –, , –, popular speech ; literary Ionic , , –, ; Domitian and ; enforcement of decisions –, ; equestrian , Greek world: Flavian period –; under –,(see also Egypt (prefects)); hierarchy , Trajan –; under Hadrian –; under , –, , ; jurisdiction –, , Antonines , –; under Severi , ; , , , –; length of tenure –; see also individual regions mandata ; marriage restrictions ; Gregory, St. military experience , , –; number gromatici (surveyors) –; patronage –; petitions to , gross national product per capita
© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-26335-1 - The Cambridge Ancient History: Second Edition: Volume XI: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192 Edited by Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey and Dominic Rathbone Index More information
Guadalquivir, R. Bb–Cb, , , , , (see also under Africa; Britain; Judaea); and Guadiana, R. religion , , , , –, , Guernsey; shipwreck (benefactions) , ; and Rome , , guilds, see collegia , , ,(adventus) , , , Gyarus a Db, (mausoleum) , , , ; and gymnasia , , , scholarship , , , , ; and gymnastic competitions , , , Senate , , , , ; Sibylline Oracle gynaecology – on ; sources on n; and Spain , , , , ; statues of , ; tax arrears Hadria cancelled under ; and Titus’ memory –; Hadrian, emperor (P. Aelius Hadrianus) –, tomb , ; and Trajan –, , –, –; career before accession , , , ; tribunician power ; villa at , –, –, ; accession and Tibur , n, , establishment of authority –, , ; Hadrian of Tyre , , in Italy (–) –; first provincial tour Hadrianeia b Db, –; in Italy (–) –; second Hadriani-by-Olympus provincial tour –; succession crisis –, Hadrianopolis, Athens , ; death and deification –, Hadrianopolis, Bithynia b Fa, acclamations ; administration –, Hadrianopolis, Cyrenaica , , –, , , ; advisers –, , Hadrianopolis, Mysia (Stratoniceia) , –; and architecture , , –; and Hadrianopolis, Phrygia Paroreius b Eb, army , , , , , (career in) , Hadrianopolis, Thrace Db, –, ,(see also frontier policy below); and Hadrian’s Wall Bb, , , , , –, Augustus’ memory ; background , ; , ; fluidity of frontier , , ; biographies , ; circumcision ban , destruction deposits ; manning ; –, ; and client kingdoms , ; permeability , coinage –, , , , , ; Hadrianutherae, Mysia b Cb, , , communications system , ; and Hadrumentum Ea, n, , consulship , –, ; criticisms of , Hagendorn ; dies imperii ; entertainments and Haidra see Ammaedara festivals , , , , ; frontier hairstyles , , , , policy , , , (consolidation) –, Halala (Faustinopolis) , , ,(effects on army) , , , Halicarnassus , (withdrawal from Trajan’s conquests) harbours , , , ; see also individual ports , , , , , , in east, , , and under Italy , , ; games , , ; and Harlow Greece and Greek world , , , , Harmozica, near Tiflis –, , , (Hellenism) , , , harness, animal , –, , , , , , , (visits) , ,(see Harnouphis (Egyptian ‘magician’) also Panhellenion and under Athens); hunting Harpocras (Pliny’s doctor) , ; and imperial women , ; Harpocration of Argos n intelligence system , ; Italy under , harrow –, n, , –, ; and Jews harvesting machine (vallus) , , , , –, –, , , , ; justice Haterii, tomb of under –, –, ; and Marcus Aurelius Hatra Bb, , , , , , ; marriage ; and Nerva’s Hauran Cc, , , , , –, , memory ; and Panhellenion , –, Hayling Island ; and Parthia –, –, , ; pater healing: divine , , , –, , , patriae ; personality , –; and , ; see also medicine philosophy , –, ; and Plotina , Heathrow Airport , , ; poetry –, , ; Hebran Bc, portraits , ; and provinces , , Hebrew language , , , , , (benefactions) , , Hedjaz Ac, , , , , –, , (and cities) , , , Hegra Ac, , (governorships) –, , , , Heidelberg/Ladenburg (Lopodunum) (magistracies in) –, , , , (tours) Heidenheim n –, –, , , , , , , Heliodorus (father of Avidius Cassius)
© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-26335-1 - The Cambridge Ancient History: Second Edition: Volume XI: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192 Edited by Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey and Dominic Rathbone Index More information
Heliodorus (son of Avidius Cassius) Hierapolis, Phrygia b Dc, Heliodorus of Emesa , Hierapolis (Bambyke), Syria Ab, Ca, , Heliopolis, Bithynia , , Hellenism see Greek culture Hierapytna a Dc, Hellenistic era , ; art and architecture , Hierios, son of Ploutarchos (philosopher) ; Near East , , Hierocles , , Hellespontii Hilarion (Egyptian); letter to wife Hellusi Hillel, family of , , Helvetii , Hippo Regius Da, , , n Helvidius Priscus the elder , , , –, , Hippocratic Corpus , ; see also medicine ; Herennius Senecio’s biography n, (Hippocratic) –; and restoration of Capitol , , – Hippolytus, bishop of Rome n, , Helvidius Priscus the younger , , Hippos Bc, Bb, Helvii Hispalis (Seville) Bb, , Helvius Pertinax, P., emperor: early career , Hispania Citerior Ca–Da; administration , , ; commands under Marcus Aurelius , –, , , , , ; career under Historia Augusta n, , –nn–, Commodus , , ; and death of n, ; on frontiers , ; on Trajan Commodus , –; principate ; plans n, for Parilia n historiography –, ; bandit-tales –; Henchir Mettich – censorship ; Flavians and , ; Greek Heraclea, Caria language –, ; ktiseis , , ; Heraclea, Italy Cb; Tabula Heracleensis , Latin language ; local –, –; universal , ; see also individual authors Heraclea Pontica b Ea, Histria (Istros) Db, n, Heracleopolis, Egypt n Hodna basin Ca, , , , Heracles see Hercules holy men n, Heraclides of Lycia homosexuality , Heraclitus of Rhodiapolis , honestiores and humiliores , – Herculaneum , , , ; commercial Horatius Flaccus, Q. (Horace) , documents , ; demography , , horoscopy horothesia of Laberius Maximus n Herculanus, C. Iulius Eurycles horses , , , , , –; see also Hercules, cult of , , ; Commodus and harness; saddles , –, , horti , , Herennius Philo hospitium , , , n, Herennius Senecio n, –, –, , hostages, Parthian royal Hermes, cult of household: cults , , ; structure –, Hermetic writings , , , , , , –, ; see also domus; familia houses , , , , , –; Punic Herminus (philosopher) , ; status symbols –, , Hermogenes (sophist of Tarsus) humiliores and honestiores , – Hermogenes of Smyrna humoralism , , Hermon Hungarian plain , , Hermopolis Magna hunting , , , , Hermunduri hydraulics , , , , –; see also Hero; Pneumatika water supply and following entries Herod the Great, king of Judaea , hymns , –, ; prose Herod Agrippa II, king of Judaea , , , hypographeis , , ; kingdom incorporated , , Hyrcania , Herodes Atticus see Claudius Atticus Herodes, Iallius Bassus, M. (cos. c. ) , , Ti. Iamblichus Herodian (historian) n, , Ianuarius (imperial freedman) Herodium Bc, , Iarhibol (Palmyrene deity) Hesbous Iavolenus Priscus, L. n, hides , , Iberia (Caucasus) , , , ,
© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-26335-1 - The Cambridge Ancient History: Second Edition: Volume XI: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192 Edited by Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey and Dominic Rathbone Index More information
Ickham initiation, religious , , , ; see also iconography , , ; of barbarians –, under Dionysus; Eleusis; Isis; Mithraism , –; see also portraits inscriptions –; damnatio memoriae , ;of Ida, Mount (Troad) emperors’ pronouncements , , , idios logos (Egyptian official) , , –, , –; epigrams ; in frontier Idumaea Bd, Ac–Bc, , , , , areas , ; and imperial ideology ; and Igilgili (Jijel) Da, literacy ; religious , , ; on statue Iliberris (Granada) Cb, , – bases , , , ; survival –, ; Ilidzˇa symbolism , –; see also epitaphs and illegitimacy , under Britain; bronze; Gaul; laws; pottery; Illyrian peoples , , Syria; votive offerings Illyricum Eb–Fb, , , –, , insecurity, social and political , imperial cult: army and ; ceremonial ; and insiders and outsiders –; see also barbarians; Christians ; civitates marked by ; citizenship; ethnic groups; marginalization, collective cult , ; in east , , , social ; in Greek world , , , ; group institores (shopkeepers) , , – dedications ; in Italy ; in provinces , instruments: medical ; surveying , , , , , , , (Africa) , Insubrian area of north Italy , , (Danube) , ,(see also under insulae Gaul; Narbonensis; Spain); and romanization intelligence service , –, , , , –; at Rome , , –; see interdiction of fire and water also Augustales interest rates imperial family see individual members, Flavian gens, Ionic dialect, literary , , and under adoption; deification; women Irenaeus, bishop of Lyons imperialism , –, , irenarchs , imperium , , Irni Bb; Tabula Irnitana , –, , , incense trade , , (on building) n, (on incest, rules against decurions) –, –, , (on finance) Inchtuthil Ba, , –, , , (and governor) –, n, (on India , , , , , theatre seating) Indian Ocean, trade routes , iron: artefacts , , , , ; mining Indica , , , , , , , , ; individualism , –, , steel production , , ; smelting ; industry –; and agriculture –; labour trade , , force ; sources on –; structure and Iron Gate Pass Bb, , , organization –, –; technology ; irrigation , , , , water power ; see also individual industries, Iruna (Veleia) Ca, labour; mining; pottery; slaves; textiles; and Isaeus under individual provinces Isauria b Fc, , , , , , informers –, –, , , , ; Neronian Isca (Exeter) Bb, , , –, Isis, cult of , , , –, , , inheritance –; in army ; disinheritance ; emperors support , , ; , , ; emperors’ acceptance –, municipal cults ; priests , , , ; fideicommissa ; intestacy –, Isola delle Correnti wreck n , ; and kinship , ; and land Isona see Aeso holdings , , , ; laws , , , Istria Aa, , , ; legacy-hunting , ; partible Istros (Histria) Db, n, , , ; patronage and , ; Isurium (Aldborough) Bb, remarriage and –; social effect ; Italian right , –, , n women and , , Italica (Santiponce) Bb, , , , , , inheritance tax (vicesima hereditatium) n, , ; inscription on price of gladiators , ; administration , , , , , , –; senatorial families , , , , , , , (in provinces) , , , , , –, –, , ; citizens alone Italy , –; administration –, , , liable , , , , , n, ; –, –, (consular legates) , , exemptions –, ; growth , , , ,(curatores rei publicae) , , , – , –, (new types of official) –,
© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-26335-1 - The Cambridge Ancient History: Second Edition: Volume XI: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192 Edited by Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey and Dominic Rathbone Index More information
(non-senatorial posts) , , ,(see also governor of Britain –, , , , roads; taxation below); agriculture –, , (campaigns) –, , , –, , , , , –, –,(see also climate; corn; (civil policy) –, , land; olives; wine below); animal husbandry Iulius Alexander, Ti. , –, , , , , –, , ; Iulius Alexander of Emesa annonaria/suburbicaria division ; army and Iulius Antiochus Epiphanes Philopappus, C. (cos. society –, (recruitment) –, , , suff. ) , , , , , , –, ; art and architecture Iulius Bassus, C. n, , , , , –, , , , , , ; barbarian Iulius Caesar, C. –, , , ; Gallic Wars invaders , , ; calendars ; census , , , , ; citizenship ; climate , , Iulius Caesar Drusus (son of Tiberius) n ; commerce , , ; corn , , Iulius Candidus Marius Celsus, Ti. (cos. , ) , , ; cultural identity , , , –, –; economy , –, –; Iulius Celsus Polemaeanus, Ti. (cos. suff. ) emperors and –, ; entertainments n, , , –; ethnic groups , ; festivals ; Iulius Civilis, C., rebellion of –, ; see also finance –, –, –, ; food supply Batavians (revolt) , , ; Greek culture ; harbours Iulius Classicus , , , , ; jurisdiction ; Iulius Cornutus Tertullus, C. (cos. suff. ) , labour –; land , , –, , , , , , ; in Bithynia , , –, (large estates) , , , , Iulius Demosthenes, C., of Oenoanda (subseciva) , , ; laudes Italiae , , Iulius Donatus (villa-owner) ; loses privileged status , , , Iulius Eurycles Herculanus, C. n; marble exports , ; medieval Iulius Frontinus, Sex. (cos. /, , ) , , dioceses n; migration to –; , n, , ; De Aquis Urbis Romae , militarism –; mining , ; olives and , , , , ; governor of Britain , oil , , ; patronage , , , ; , ; Strategemata , plague , , , , ; plebs , Iulius Fronto, C., of Pergamum , , , ; population , , ; Iulius Frugi, Ti., of Phrygia rebuilding after civil wars , ; religion Iulius Genitor – , , , , , ; roads , , Iulius Graecinus of Fréjus ; and Rome , –, , ; Iulius Italus, C., of Segobriga senatorial adlections , , ; settlement Iulius Iulianus schemes , –, , ; slaves –, Iulius Longianus, C., of Aphrodisias ; social mobility , , , ; springs Iulius Maior, Sex. , , , , ; taxation , , , , , Iulius Maternus (bandit) , , ; tower tombs ; towns , , ; Iulius Maternus (explorer) – trade within –; urbica dioecesis ; upper Iulius Nabus, C. classes –, –, –; vehiculatio , Iulius Naso , , ; villages ; villas n, –, Iulius Paulus (jurist) , – ; violence in ; wine , , , , Iulius Piso of Amisus , , , ; wonders , ; see also Iulius Priscus individual places; alimenta; Italian right; and Iulius Quadratus, C. Antius A. under pottery Iulius Quadratus Bassus, C. (cos. II ) , , Ituraea Bc–Cc, , Iulia (Titus’ daughter) , , ; and Domitian Iulius Saturninus , , –, Iulius Servianus, Ser. (cos. III ) , , Iulia Balbilla –, , ; consulships n, , Iulia Paulina (Hadrian’s niece) Iulianus (Jewish martyr) Iulius Severus, C. , , , , Iulianus Zegrensis , , , , , , Iulius Severus, Sex. (cos. ) , , , , n, , Iuliobriga (Retortillo) Iulius Sohaemus, C., king of Armenia , Iulius (gentile name) Iulius Ursus, L. (cos. ) , , , , n, Iulius Africanus , Iulius Vehilius Gratus Iulianus, L. Iulius Agricola, Cn. ; background and public Iulius Verus, Cn. (cos. suff. ) , , , career , , , , , , ; ,
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Iunius Arulenus Rusticus, Q. , n, –, –, –; religious changes –; revolt , () , , , , –, , , (and Iunius Brutus, M. , diaspora) , , (captives enslaved) , Iunius Iuvenalis, D. (Juvenal) , , ;on , , (rebuilding after) –, (Titus’ Domitian , , (and consilium) , –, command) , , , , , , , , ; on family , ; on patronage (Vespasian’s command) , –,(see also , , ; on Quintilian n;on Jerusalem (Temple)); revolt of diaspora Roman life , , , (–) , , , –, –, –, Iunius Mauricius , , , –, – , (aftermath) , , , (chronology) Iunius Maximus , –; rich and poor ; stereotype ; Iunius Rusticus, Q. , , synagogues , ; taxation –, , Iunius Silanus, L. (transferred to cult of Jupiter) , , , , iura gentium , , , ; see also Judaea and under iuridici: in Italy –, , ; in provinces , Cyprus; Cyrenaica; Egypt; Gaius, emperor; , , , , , Hadrian; Nerva; Rome; Syria; Trajan ius, iures: adipiscendae civitatis per magistratuum ; Jijel (Igilgili) Da, ingenuitatis ; Italicum , –, , John, Gospel of n; Latii or Latinum, see Latin right; Jonathan the Weaver , (trium) liberorum n, , , Joppa Ab, , Iuventius Celsus, P. (cos. II ) , –, , Josephus, Flavius , ; life , , ; value as source , , , , , , n, iuventus (youth organizations) Juda I, Rabbi ivory trade , Judaea Ab, , –; administration , , , , , , –, , (Vespasian’s) Jamnia (Yavneh) Bd, Ac, , , , , , ; arms manufacture n; Japodes Bb, , army in , , , , , , , ; Jardes, Forest of and Avidius Cassius ; calendar ; census Jason, grandson of Posidonius of Apamea ; civic buildings , , , , , Jason of Argos ; coinage –, , , (Bar Kochba Jauf, oasis of , rebels’) , ; economy , ; Hadrian Jazirah Bb, visits –, , , ; imperial estates Jazyges Ba, , , –, , , ; , ; land holdings ; languages ; Marcus Aurelius’ campaigns –, , law and order , ;laws, n, ; Jebel Druze , , , priesthoods , ; revolts see Bar Kochba Jerash see Gerasa revolt and under Jews and Judaism; scribes Jericho Bc, –; settlement (–) –; social Jerusalem Gc, Ab, Bd, Bc; Aelia structure , –; sources ; taxation see Capitolina founded on site of , , , under Jews; see also Jerusalem; Jews and –, , ; amphitheatre ; legionary Judaism; Syria Palaestina base , , , , ; siege and fall , Judah ha Nasi, Rabbi , , ; Temple, (burning) , , judicial consilia –, – (Jewish reaction) , , , , , , Julia see Iulia , (relics brought to Italy) , , (Roman Julian; Caesars, satire temple built on site) , , (tax transferred Julian the Theurgist n to Jupiter Capitolinus) , , , , , , Juliopolis , , Julius, Junius see Iulius, Iunius jet working Junian Latin status , , , jewellers and jewellery , Jupiter , ; columns –, –; see Jews and Judaism –; art and architecture also under Rome (temples) ; in Asia Minor , ; attitudes to , Jura , , , ; and Christianity , ; jurisprudence – circumcision , –, ; customs jurists –, , ; writings , n, , adopted by Romans , –, ; diaspora ; see also individual names , , , ; Judaism , –, –, justice: city prefect and ; cognitio ; consilia ; jurisdiction , n;law, , ; in countryside ; druids and ; , –; Mesopotamian ; persecution emperors and , , , , –, –, ; philosophy , ; rabbis , –, , –, , ; fiscal cases ; in iure
© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-26335-1 - The Cambridge Ancient History: Second Edition: Volume XI: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192 Edited by Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey and Dominic Rathbone Index More information
proceedings ; Jews’s status , n; Lacringes oratory , ; and patronage , –; Laetus, Q. Aemilius , – praetorian prefects and ; procurators’ Lagis jurisdiction , ; in provinces , ,(see Lahn valley also under cities; governors); Senate exercises Lambaesis Dc, Da, , , , , , , –, , , ; testimony against ; Hadrian’s visit , , relatives ; women’s rights –; see also Lambafundi n extortion; iuridici;law;maiestas Laminium (Alhambra) Cb, Justin Martyr , , , , , lamps , , n, Justinian, Digest of n; on administration land –; administered and unadministered , ; on agriculture , , ;on ; clearance ; climate and crop –; finance , , ; Hadrianic legislation in corporate ownership ; decurions’ holdings ; on kin ; on municipal jurisdiction ; , ; divisions , –, , , , on property and status n; on patronage (see also centuriation); drainage , ; , –; on plague ; on slaves , economies of scale –; expansion of Juvenal see Iunius Iuvenalis, D. cultivated area , –, , ; fragmentation and concentration of holdings Kadirli, Cilicia –, , –, ; inheritance of , Kaine Polis, Armenia , , , , ; Jewish sikarikon law , , kalendaria (financial foundations) ; Vegetianum ; landlord–tenant relationships , , , , , , –, , ; landlords’ Karanis, Egypt responsibilities , –; law on –, , Kasserine see Cillium –, ; management and labour , , Kentchester –, , ; marginal –, , , Kerch peninsula ; military , ; mortgaging for alimenta Kerkyra Ec, a Aa, n, ; Nerva’s distribution , ; Khamissa see Thubursicu Numidarum new patterns of use ; peasant holdings , Kharg island , , –; productivity –; public Khirbet Samra and civic –, , , –; registers kilns , , , –, , , ; sacred ; shortage of kinship , –, –, , –; see also arable ; small owner–occupiers , ; under marriage social and geographical distribution –; King’s Road taxation , –, , , ; unallocated koina (provincial councils) , , , , , , , –, (see also subseciva); , uncultivated , –, –; veterans’ koiné, Greek linguistic allotments , , ; wealth based on , Kos ; yields –; see also agriculture; Krefeld agrimensores; animal husbandry; centuriation; ktiseis (literary genre) , , estates; saltus; subseciva; surveying; Kunzing n transhumance; and under individual areas and provinces La Bussière-Etable Langobardi La Graufesenque , , , ; tally lists Langres; sculptural workshop , , , language: barbarian , , ; of high La Madrague de Giens, wreck at culture –; non-Graeco-Roman , , La Tène culture –, , , –, (symbolic use) –, –;of Laberius Maximus, M’. n, n, , Stoicism –; written/spoken relationship n , , , , , , ; see also labour –, –; agricultural , –, literacy; orality; and individual languages , ; attitudes to manual , , , Languedoc , , ; bound , ; contracts , , lanistae , –, ; industrial ; in Italy –, Lanuvium n –, ; mining –, , –, ; Laodicea on Lycus b Dc, , , , , nomads as seasonal , , ; social Laodicea, Syria Ab, Bb, , , , , conditions –, –; social relations of ; wine production , , , , , –, , ; see also lapis specularis corvée labour; slaves Lappa a Dc,
© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-26335-1 - The Cambridge Ancient History: Second Edition: Volume XI: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192 Edited by Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey and Dominic Rathbone Index More information
Lappius Maximus, A. Buccius , iuridici , , ; legionary , , ; see Larcius Memor also under provinces (finance) lares leges, see under laws Las Médulas Ba, Legio (León) Cb, Ba, , , , Lasamices (possibly Slonta) legions –;I–, –; I Adiutrix , laterculi – , , ; I Italica , , ;I latifundia Minervia , , –, , ; II Adiutrix Latin language in provinces , –, , , , , –, , , , , , (in –, Britain) , , ; II Augusta , , , , Latin right (ius Latii or Latinum) , , –, , , ; II Gemina ; II Italica , ; and citizenship , , n, , , , , , , (creation) , , –, ; in Gaul , ; greater , , , ; II Parthica , ; II Traiana , , ; Junian , , , ; in Spain , , , , ; III Augusta , , , , , , , , , –, , , n, ; III Cyrenaica , , latrocinium, see banditry , , , , ; III Gallica , , laudes Italiae , , , ; III Italica , , , , , Lauriacum (Lorch) Aa, , , (creation) , , –, ; IV Flavia Laurion a Cb, Felix , , ; IV Macedonica –, lava millstones –; IV Scythica , , ; V Alaudae Lavinium Bb, n , , , , n, ; V Macedonica law: archives of –; Athenian , , , , –, , , ; VI Ferrata , , –; citizens and , –; civil ; ; VI Victrix –, , , , ; VII commercial , ; Egyptian Revenue ; Claudia , , ; VII Gemina , , and family , , –, ; in Greek , , , , , ; VIII Augusta world , ; honestiores/humiliores , , , ; VIII Gemina ;IX distinction –; imperial orationes as basis Hispana , , , , , n, , ; inscriptions , , , , ; Isis , , ; X Fretensis , , , , as source of ; iura gentium ; and legal ; X Gemina , , ; XI Claudia , culture ; on marginal groups –; on , ; XII Fulminata , , , , ; patronage –; property ; sacred ; on XIII Gemina , , , ; XIV Gemina slavery , ; symbolic power of written , , –, , –; XV Apollinaris , , , , ; XV Primigenia , –; leges: Aelia Sentia ; annales , ; XVI Flavia Firma , –, , , , coloniae Genetivae Iuliae ; de flamonio ; XVI Gallica , –; XX Valeria provinciae Narbonensis –, , , ; de Victrix , , , , ; XXI Rapax , Imperio Vespasiani , –, , –, ; , , n; XXII Deiotariana , Hadriana de rudis agris –; Irnitana see under n, ; XXII Primigena , , , Irni; Manciana n, , , , , ; XXX Ulpia Victrix , , , ; see ; Metalli Vipascensis , , , , also army ; Metallis Dicta ; Municipii Salpensani legumes , , , , , ; Pompeia ; portoria provinciae Asiae ; Leicester (Ratae) Bb, , , Scantinia ; Voconia Lemovices , see also castration; justice and under lenones (pimps) , – inheritance; Jews; Judaea; land; marriage; León (Legio) Cb, Ba, , , , municipia; provinces Leonides of Alexandria lead , , , , , ; curse tablets Leontopolis , , , ; mining , , , , Lepcis Magna Ec, Eb, –, , , , , , ; poisoning , ; buildings , , leases , , , , Leptiminus leather , , , Les Bouchards Lebadeia; oracle of Trophonius Lesera (Forcall) Ca, Lebanon Bb–c, , , , ; see also letters , , ; of appointment , ; individual cities as literature , ; of recommendation lectisternia (religious ceremonies) , , –, , , ; see also emperors Lefkas (correspondence); signatures legates, legati: Augusti pro praetore , ; Leucas, Syria consular, governing Italy , , , ; Leugaricio (Trencˇin) Ba, ,
© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-26335-1 - The Cambridge Ancient History: Second Edition: Volume XI: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192 Edited by Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey and Dominic Rathbone Index More information
Leuke Kome Ac, religion –, , , ; and resistance lexicography –, –; and social class and status , Lezoux pottery , , , , –; symbolic and pragmatic aspects Lezuza (Libisosa) Cb, , , , –, , , ; and libelli, see petitions urbanization –, , ; uses of writing Libertus (Gaulish potter) –; see also documentation; inscriptions; Libisosa (Lezuza) Cb, language (written/spoken); letters; orality; libitinarii (undertakers) , , writing materials Libo Frugi (cos. ) n literature –; Christian ; competitions libraries, private , , –, , , , ; Gallic ; Greek –; libraries, public , , ; euergetism , Jewish sacred ; Latin –, –; oral , , , , , (emperors’) , , nature –, ; papyri , , ; , –, , ; see also under Alexandria; patronage , , , , ; provincial Athens; Ephesus; Rome writers ; reading, works intended for Liburnia, Liburni Ab–Bb, , –; and religion ; scientific –; see Libya , , , , , also individual genres Libyans in Cyrenaica , , liturgies, see munera Licinius Crassus Scribonianus – Livius Larensis, M. – Licinius Mucianus, C. (cos. suff. , , ) , loans –, , –, ; documentation –, , , ; in Rome (–) –, , , ; and economy –; interest-free , , , , and low-interest, state –, ; maritime Licinius Secundus, L. , , , –, ; in potestate , ; Licinius Sura, L. (cos. III ) –, , , by upper classes , , –, ; versurae , lictors , , , , locality, spirit of (Genius Loci) , Liégaud locatio–conductio contracts , life expectancy – locks, canal lifting equipment logic , , –, , lighthouse, Ostia logistai see curatores (civitatis); curatores rei publicae lighting, domestic , Logos , , Ligures Baebiani; alimentary tables n, Loire region Cb–Db, , , , , , –, Lollia Paulina Liguria Db, , , n, Lollius Urbicus, Q. , –, , limes: Danubian ; German , , , , London Da, Bb, , , , –, , , , , , (extension) , , , ; buildings , , –, , ,(Odenwaldlimes), , ; Syrian Longus; Daphnis and Chloe , , –, , Lopodunum (Heidelberg/Ladenburg) limitation, concept of , –, Lorch (Lauriacum) Aa, , , Limoges and Limousin , , Lorraine , , Limyra Lowbury Hill, Oxon Lincoln (Lindum) Bb, , , Lucian of Samosata , , , , , lineage and inheritance – ; and sophistic , , ; as source linen , n, Lingones , : Demonax –, , ; Dream Lippe–Ruhr valley ; epigrams ; Gout ; How to Write Lisieux , History , ; Metamorphoses , ; literacy and writing , –; administrative Nigrinus ; ‘On Salaried Posts in Great use –; in army –, –, , , Houses’ ; Twice Accused , (see also Vindolanda tablets); and censorship Lucilius Bassus, Sex. , ; commercial use –, ;in Lucilla see Annia Aurelia Galeria Lucilla countryside ; and cultures of exclusion Lucillius –; and dependency ; extent and Lugdunensis Db, , , , significance –; and high culture –; Lugdunum see Lyons languages other than Latin and Greek –; Lukuas (Jewish leader in Cyrene) performative texts , ; philosophical Lullingstone Villa texts ; and politics ; private/public Lupiae n similarity ; in provinces , –; and Lurius Lucullus
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Lusitania Cb–c, Aa–b, , , , , ; Mâlain administration , , , , , , Malakbel (Palmyrene deity) ; economy n, ; Flavian civic malaria , buildings , Malatya see Melitene Lusius Quietus , , , , , Malê Agrippa of Palmyra Lutecia see Paris Malikho II, king of Nabataeans Luxor Malorix, Frisian king – luxury goods , –, , , , , Mancetter Bb, Lycaonia b Fb–c, , , , , mandata , Lycia-Pamphylia Gc, , , , ; Mandeure administration , , –, , , ; Manetho creation of province , , , Manlia Gnome (Roman freedwoman) Lydia b Cb, , Mannus, king of Osrhoene , Lyons (Lugdunum) Db, –, , , , manpower –, , ; see also army , ; book trade , ; buildings , (recruitment) , , ; Christians , (martyrs) , mansiones of cursus publicus , –, ; commerce , , , Mantennius Sabinus –; imperial cult , ; mosaicists Mantinea a Cb, –; potters –; seviri Augustales ; Ma’nu VIII, king of Edessa water supply , , manumission see under slaves Mappalia Siga; Villa Magna Macedonia Fb, , , , , , –; maps , , ; Agrippa’s, in Rome , , administration , , , , ; –, economy , , Mapsis Machaerus Bc, marble , , , , ; production , Macrinius Axitus , , , , ; trade , , , Macrinius Vindex, M. (cos. suff. ) , , – Madaba Bd, Marcellus of Side , Madauros Da, , , Marcia Aurelia Ceionia Demetrias , , madness, treatment for –, Maeatae Marciana see Ulpia Marciana Augusta Maecenas, C. n Marcianopolis Db, , , , Maecianus, son of Avidius Cassius Marcius Barea Soranus, Q. Maefenas Basilius, L. Tiberius Marcius Turbo, Q. , , , , , Magdalensberg ;graffiti , Marcomanni Eb, Aa–Ba, n, , , magic , –, , –; papyri , , , Marcomannic Wars –, , , , , magistracies, Roman –, , , –; ; background and preparations –; see also individual magistracies and cursus campaign () ; plague, and death of honorum Verus –; campaigns (–) –; magistracies, civic and municipal , –, diplomacy , ; campaigns (–) –; , , , ; career structure , , peace , ; triumph ; campaigns , ; election , –; Hadrian’s (–) –; death of Marcus Aurelius –, , , ; new bourgeoisie ; –, , ; peace reluctance to undertake , , ; Roman commemoration at Rome –; citizenship , , , , , , ;in evacuation of Dacian mines ; finance , Spain , , ; in Syria , , ; Greek volunteers ; literature on ; magistri vicorum, Roman opposition to –; possible plans for new Magnesia, Thessalian provinces , , , , , ; troop Magnesia by Sipylus b Cc, , deployments , , magnetism, archaeological exploitation of Marcus of Byzantium , , n maiestas trials , , , , marginalization, social –; and death , Mainz (Moguntiacum) Db, , , , , –, ; legal definition –; , ; and Saturninus’ revolt , , ; occupations –, ; rural –; legion , theatre seating –; urban –; see also Maktar Da, , , ; harvester , bandits; children (exposure; outcast); Malaca (Malaga) Cb; municipal law expulsion
© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-26335-1 - The Cambridge Ancient History: Second Edition: Volume XI: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192 Edited by Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey and Dominic Rathbone Index More information
Mariccus boundary regulations ; Caesariensis Marinus (Alexandrian anatomist) Cc–Dc, Bb–Cb, , , , , , ; Marinus of Tyre cities , ; economy , ; epitaphs Marisus (Mures¸), R. Ca, , , n; rebellions , , –, , Marius, C. ; Tingitana Cb, Ab–Bb, , , , Marius, Trophies of (sculptural relief) , ; unrest and wars , –; Marius Eventius, C. , Zegrenses , , , , , , Marius Maximus, L. (cos. ord. ) n, n, Mauri; attacks on Spain , , , , Mauricius see under Iunius Marius Priscus mausolea: imperial , , , ;of markets , , , , ; periodic Secundini – (nundinae) , ; on private land , ; Maxentius, Marcus Aurelius Valerius regulation –; see also under Rome Maximius Gaetulicus, L. (primus pilus) – Markouna Maximus of Tyre , Marmarica, Cyrenaica Eb–Fb, Maximus see also under Gavius; Quinctilius marriage –; age at –, , –, , Mayen millstones ; age-gap , –; changes during Mayence sculptural workshop period –; Christian view , ; meals, communal , cohabitatio –; contracts ; contubernium meat , , , , , , , , , , –; conubium Mecca –, ; and death –, ; dynastic Medamud, near Luxor , , ; effectio maritalis ; exogamy ; Media family influence ; of freedmen ; of medicine –; aetiology , –, ; freedwomen , , , ; in manu , anatomy –; Arab ; in army , ; ; kinship rules , , n, ; laws Christian attitudes to , ; diagnosis , , , –, , , ; laxity ; –; doctors’ privileges , –, ; matrimonium iustum –; as norm ; Dogmatists ; dynasties of doctors ; philosophers’ moral precepts –; property emperors’ physicians , , , ; in –, , ; prostitutes banned from Empiricists , ; experiments on living ; remarriage , , , –, ; sine ; Hippocratic , , –, , –, manu , –, ; of slaves –, , , ; lay interest , , –, ; , ; see also concubinage; divorce; and koinotetes ; local remedies , ; magical under army; citizenship; fertility; upper classes cures , ; Methodists –, ; and Mars , , mortality ; payment for ; and Marsacans philosophy , , –, –, ; Marseilles see Massilia physiology , ; pneumatism –; marshes, drainage of psychological , ; public doctors , Martial see Valerius Martialis, M. , ; qualities ; Rationalists ; Martius Verus, P. , , , , ; in religious healing , , –, , , Parthian War , , , , , ; social mobility of doctors Martorell , ;surgery, , –, –; martyrs, Christian , , –, , writings , , , ; see also Aretaeus Marullus of Cappadocia; Galen; pharmacology; Rufus Marxist class analysis – of Ephesus; Soranus of Ephesus; surgery Masada Bd, Bc, , , , , Medicine, Introduction to (anon). Masculala (Khenchela) Da, n Medina Massilia Db, –, , Medinaceli materia medica Mediomatrices Maternus see under Iulius Medjerda valley mathematics , Megalopolis a Cb, Matidia Augusta, Salonia –, , , , Megara a Ca, , , , n , ; honours , , Megillat Taanit matrimonium iustum – Melancomas (boxer) Matronae (mother goddesses) – meletai, see declamation matronae (married women) Melissa, Phrygia Mauretania Cc–Dc, ; administration , , Melitene (Malatya) Gc, b Jb, , , ; , , –, ; army , –, ; legionary base , , ,
© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-26335-1 - The Cambridge Ancient History: Second Edition: Volume XI: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192 Edited by Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey and Dominic Rathbone Index More information
Melito, bishop of Sardis Milev Melqarth (Punic deity) militarism –, Memnon, singing statue of militias , , , memory, abolition of, see damnatio memoriae millenarianism , Men (Anatolian deity) , mills , , ; water- , Menander rhetor millstones , , Menapii , Miltenberg-Altstadt Mendip hills mimus, mime , merchants and businessmen –, ; canabari mind and soul ; in China ; freedmen , –, ; Minerva , , , , in Germany , ; Greek ; guilds , Minicii Natales of Barcino , –; migration westwards ; Minicius Macrinus of Brixia money-lending , , , ; and Minicius Natalis, L. (cos. suff. ) n, , oriental cults ; partnerships ;in provisions –; slaves as , –; social mining –; administration , , , mobility , , ; women , –, , , , (procurators) , Mercury (god) , , , –, , , , ;army Mérida (Emerita Augusta) Cb, Bb, , , prospecting ; contractors , , , , , , , ; documents , –, , Mesena (Characene) (see also Ros¸ia Montana); emperors’ control Mesene, Mesopotamia Bb, , , , , , , ; hydraulics , Mesomedes (citharode) , ; organization –; sources , Mesopotamia , –; Trajan annexes , ; taxation , ; techniques , , , , –, , , ; Hadrian , –; and urbanization , –; see withdraws , , , ; Verus’ also individual metals and under individual areas and campaigns , –, ; Severus’ labour campaigns , , Minturnae art and architecture ; Jewish revolt , Minucius Fundanus , , ; Palmyrene contacts , ; miracles , , , religion , ; trade routes Mirebeau , Messene a Bb, n, Misenum , , n messianic aspirations , , Mishnah n, , , , , metals , –; metallurgy n, , Mismiyeh –, , ; stamped ingots , ; missiones agrariae trade , , –, , , ; see also Mistra n individual metals and mining Mithraism , , , , –, ;on metaphysics , ‒ Danube –, , ; temples , , métayage –, , Methodists (medical sect) –, , Mithridates, king of Iberians Mettius Carus Moab , , , Mettius Modestus n mobility, physical , –, –, – Mettius Pompusianus mobility, social –, , ; in cities , Mettius Rufus , ; in commerce –, ;in Metz; sculptural workshops countryside –; education and –, , Meuse valley; sculptural workshop –, ; promotions see under equestrian Middle Ages n, order; Senate; see also under administration; midrashim, tannaitic Gaul; Italy; wealth midwifery Moderatus of Gades n migration , , –, , ; across Modius Asiaticus, Marcus frontiers , , , –, –, ; Moesia Fb, Cb–Db, , ;army, , Germanic , ; within empire , , , , , , , ; division , – , ; Germans settled in , ; Mihailovgrad (Montana) Bb, Inferior Fb, Cb–Db, , , , , Milan , , (army) , , , , , , milestones , , , , ; in provinces , (customs dues) , , , (governors) , , , , , , ; mining , ; Miletus b Cc, , , , , Superior Fb, Cb, , , , , –,
© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-26335-1 - The Cambridge Ancient History: Second Edition: Volume XI: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192 Edited by Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey and Dominic Rathbone Index More information
(army) , , , (creation) , , , and charters , , , –, , (customs dues) , , –, , (in Spain) , , , see also Mogetiana Ba, under Irni; see also under Danube (settlements); Moguntiacum see Mainz Germany; Spain Molise Municipium Aelianum Cb, Mommeius Persicus , Municipium Aelium (Vorboorg) – moneta (official) Municipium Tropaeum Traiani Db, , monetization , , , , –, Munigua (Mulva) Bb, , , , money supply , – Münster-Sarmsheim, villa of money-changers – Murcia money-lending see loans murder, slaves executed after master’s monopolies , Murecine villa, near Pompeii; archive of Sulpicii Mons Claudianus, Egypt , , , n, ; on finance , Mons Graupius, battle of , , , , , Mons Porphyrites, Egypt , Mure¸s (Marisus), R. , , Montana (Mihailovgrad) Bb, murex Montans Mursa Ba, Moors see Mauri Mursella morality –, , , , –, ; see music , , ; Gallic also adultery Muslubium (Souk el Tenine) Moravia Musonius Rufus, C. , , , , , ; Moridunum (Carmarthen) Bb, writings , , , mortality , –; African epitaphs on Musulamii , , , , ; land , , –, ; age structure and –; ageing, perception of –; causes –; in cities Musunii Regiani , , , , , ; and class , Mylasa b Cc, , –; in Egyptian census , –; and Myra b Dc, gender –; and generational overlap , Mysia Fc, b Ca, –, ; infant , , , , ; and mystery cults see Eleusis; religion (oriental cults) marriage –, ; medicine and ; mythography , Model South , ; Model West –, , , ; probable life tables –; Nabataean kingdom Ac, , , , , seasonal pattern ; skeletal evidence ; , ; population –; provincialization upper classes , –, ; see also under , , , ; see also Arabia; Babatha family; fertility; slaves; women Nabu (Mesopotamian deity) mosaics ; black and white , , , ; Nacolea b Eb, , – Greek style ; in Italy , , , , Nahe valley , , ; polychrome figured , , , Naintré ; in provinces , , , , , , Najran (see also under Britain; Gaul); Rhône valley Nalliers school –, ; stone for names: adoption of Latin , , , ; Moschianus family of Thyatira Celtic , ; copronyms ; extended ; Moselle valley , , , in inscriptions ; and migration ; slaves’ mother goddesses , –, , , , mothers; place in family , – Nantes mountains , , –, , – Naples Eb, , , , , Mucianus see under Licinius Napoca Ca, Muduciuvii Narbo Db, , , –, , , Mulva see Munigua Narbonensis , , , , n; Mummius Sisenna Rutilianus, P. administration , , , ; imperial mummy portraits cult , , –, , , , ; munera –, , , , ; avoidance , senators from , ; towns , ; wine , , , , ; immunity , , production , ; see also under flaminates , ; tax collection as –, , ; see Narcissus (athlete) also benefactions; euergetism Narcissus (Claudius’ secretary) – municipia , –, , , ; assemblies Naristae , , , ; grants of status of –, ;laws Nasamones Fb, , , , , , ,
© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-26335-1 - The Cambridge Ancient History: Second Edition: Volume XI: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192 Edited by Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey and Dominic Rathbone Index More information
nasi, rabbinic state after Domitian , –, ; sources on Nature , , n; succession to –, , , , ; nautae, navicularii , , , ; see also and Trajan –, , , , , ; and shipping vehiculatio , , navigation , , , , , Nervii , navy see fleets Nestor of Laranda Neapolis, Palestine Bc, Bb, , Neuss (Novaesium) , Neckar region , , Neviodunum Ba, Neeila Newcastle (Pons Aelius) , Negev , , Newstead Ba, negotiatores, see merchants N’Gaous (Nicivibus) Nehallenia, sanctuary of , Nicaea Fb, b Da, , , , , , , Nemausus see Nîmes Nemean festival Nicephorium Nemenchas area Db, , Nicetas Nemesius of Emesa Nicives , Nemi, Lake; wreck Nicivibus (N’Gaous) Neoclassicism Nicolaus of Damascus , , Neoplatonism n; see also Platonism Nicomachus of Gadara Nepos see under Platorius Nicomedes (imperial freedman) Neratii n, Nicomedia Fb, b Da, , , , , , Neratius Priscus –, ; aqueduct –, ; factions , Neratius Proculus Nicopolis, Egypt , , –, n Nero, emperor (Nero Claudius Caesar) , , Nicopolis, Epirus a Ba, , , , , , ; advisers , ; and Nicopolis ad Istrum Db, , –, , , Cyrenaica , ; Domitian compared with , –; eastern policies , , , , Nicopolis ad Nestum Cb, , ; and Greece , –, , ; Nicostratus (philosopher) n public works , ; and senatorial order Nida (Frankfurt/Heddenheim) , –, , ; and Stoics –, , ; Nigrinus see under Avidius Vespasian and , , , , ; see also under Nijmegen (Noviomagus) , , Africa; Britain; Germany; Rome (Golden Nile, R. Gc–d, ; Boukoloi , House) Nîmes (Nemausus) Db, , , , ; Neros, false , , , , buildings , , , , ; society , Nerva, emperor (M. Cocceius Nerva) –; , , , career before accession , –, ; Ninus (novel) accession –, ; principate –, ; Nisibis Bb, , , , , death and deification , , , , nomads , ; cross frontiers –, , as administrator , ; advisers , ; ; and sedentary populations , , and army , , , , , ; and Augustus –; see also under Africa; labour; Syria ; building works , , ; Crassus Frugi Nonius Datus (retired legionary) n Licinianus’ conspiracy , ; Casperius Nonnus of Panopolis Aelianus’ mutiny , ; coinage n, , , Norbanus, C. , , , , (and fiscus Iudaicus) , , (on noria public transport system) , , (‘tutela Noricum Eb, , , , ; Italiae’ forgery) n; Danube campaign administration , , –, ;army –, ; dies imperii –; diplomacy ; and , , , , , ; barbarian attacks Domitian’s memory , , ; donatives , ; customs duties , , ; , ; finance , –; and freedom ; governor , , , , , ; mining generosity and frugality –, –, , and metals , , , , , , , , ; Hadrian and memory ; and Jews , (steel) , , ,(see also , , , ; land distribution , , ; Magdalensberg); urban development , , and plebs –, , , , ; and Pliny ; poetry ; portraits , ; and Normandy , , praetorian guard , , ; and provinces , North Sea , , , , ; sale of possessions , ; notices, public , , salutations ; and Senate , , –; settles nous/psyche distinction
© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-26335-1 - The Cambridge Ancient History: Second Edition: Volume XI: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192 Edited by Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey and Dominic Rathbone Index More information
Novae (Svishtov) Db, , , –, , occupants) , , , , , , , , ; new city near (Latinis and Graecis) , , ; ad legationes Novaesium (Neuss) , et responsa Graeca novels: Greek , –, , ; Latin ; see Ogelos, son of Makkaios, of Palmyra also individual authors Oinomaus of Gadara Noviomagus (Nijmegen) , , Oise, Val d’; sculptural workshops Numantia Cb, Ca, olives and olive oil –, , –; climate Numenius of Apamea , , , , , needed , , ; imperial estates ; , organization of production ; presses , numeri (semi-irregular units) , , , , ; for Rome , –; Numidae , –, , , state intervention –, , ; transport Numidia Dc, Da–b, , , , ; , ; uses , ; see also under Africa; administration , , ;army, , amphorae; Athens (oil law); Gaul; Italy; Spain; ; frontiers , –, , , ; Syria senators , ; towns , ; see also Olympia Fc, a Bb, , , –, ; Nasamones games , Numisianus (medical teacher) omens , , nummularii (bankers) , – omphalos as centre of world nundinae (markets) , onager (artillery weapon) nurses, slave Opitergium Nussloch, Wiesloch ‘Oppian’ (Cilician didactic poet) nutrition oppida culture, Celtic –, Nybgenii , Oppius Sabinus , , , – nymphaea , , , , Opramoas of Rhodiapolis Nymphidius Lupus opus caementicum – Nysa b Dc, , opus reticulatum , opus sectile , oaths , opus signinum Obii oracles –, , , , –, , Obulco (Porcuna) Cb, –; Sibylline n, ; see also under occupations, degrading –, Clarus; Delphi; Didyma; Lebadeia Oceanus , , , orality –, ; of literary composition Octavii of Segobriga –, ; philosophy –; see also Octavius Ap. Suetrius Sabinus, C. language (written/spoken) Octavius Novatus, Manius , Orange (Arausio) Db, , , ; land Octavius Titinius Capito, Cn. , , , –, , , n oratory see rhetoric oculists’ instruments Orcistus , Odenwaldlimes , , ordines –, , ; distinctions within , Odessus ; geographical distribution –; Oea (Tripoli) Eb, , , , , , hierarchy –; status/rank incongruities Oenoanda –, , , , –; see also decurions; equestrian order; Oescus (Gigen) Bb, , , , , plebs; senatorial order officials, high-ranking , –; advisers to Oretum Cb, emperor , , –, –, , , organ, Aquincum ; career patterns –, –; patronage Orodes, king of Parthia ; social mobility , –; titles Orosius a bibliothecis , , ; a censibus , ; orphans , , , a cognitionibus ; a commentariis ; a consiliis Osii –; a libellis , , , , , , Osrhoene Ab, , , , (equestrians) , ; a memoria ; a Osterbrucken n rationibus , , , , , , , (as Ostia Bb; administration , , , ; adviser) , , (Claudius Etruscus’ father) amphorae , , , n, ;army , , , (equestrians) , , , ; a recruitment ; baths , ; collegia ; studiis , , ; ab epistulis , , , ‘colonies’, foreign ; commercial centre , , , (and appointments) , , ; finance , , ; fire brigade ; (equestrians) , , , , (individual harbours , , , , ; houses
© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-26335-1 - The Cambridge Ancient History: Second Edition: Volume XI: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192 Edited by Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey and Dominic Rathbone Index More information
–, ; inscriptions , , –; , , , , , , , , ; lighthouse ; Nestor of Laranda honoured Aelius Caesar in , , ;army, , ; shippers’ records ; religious cults –, –, , , , , (auxiliaries) –, ; settlement scheme n; , , ; banking , ; burials , urban development , , , , , ; cities , ; Commodus’ policy ; ; wall-paintings division Ba, , , , ; land ostraka, inscribed , , , , , allotments ; Marcomannic attack ; Otho, emperor (M. Salvius Otho) , , , , mining , , ; pottery imports ; , ; repute under Vespasian , ; and religion , –; and Suebi , ; Senate , Trajan visits ; villas Ouled Naïl Cb, Pantainos (Athenian architect) outsiders see banditry; barbarians; exclusion; Panthea (Verus’ mistress) marginalization, socials; outcasts; outlaws pantomime , , Ouvèze, R. Paphlagonia b Fa–Ga, – Ovilava Aa, Paphos oxen –, , Papias (sculptor) Oxiones Papinian (Aemilius Papinianus) , Oxyrhynchus , , n, , ; grain Papinius Statius, P.: on Abascantus , , ; dole , Achilleis ; and Domitian –, , , , , ; Juvenal parodies ; on Nero ; Paconius Agrippinus, Q. and patronage , , ; Silvae paedagogi Papirii Aeliani of Italica Paestum Bb, Papirius Dionysius – pagani (country dwellers) Pappus (Jewish martyr) pagi (rural districts) , , papyri: administrative , , , –;of paideia (education) , Appianus estate , , , ; painting: Antonine , ; in Britain , , commercial , , , ; on Jews , , , , ; in Danube provinces , ; legal ; see also under literature; magic ; in Egypt ; Flavian , ; in Gaul papyrus, supply of , , , , , ; Greek idealized realism ; parchment documents Hadrianic ; mummy portraits ; Ostia Parilia (festival) , , ; Parthian style ; Pompeiian styles , Paris, Parisii , , , ; Pillar of Nautae ; at Rome Parisiaci palaces , ; see also Rome (Palatium) Parma Palfurius Sura, M. Parthamasiris, king of Armenia Palladium Parthamaspates, king of Parthia Pallas (Claudius’ freedman) Parthenius (cubicularius) , , , Palmyra Gc, Ab, Db; annexation , ; Parthia Hc; Caesar plans campaign ; benefactors ; customs duties , ; Augustus and , , ; Neronian inscriptions ; militia ; old-fashioned settlement –, , , ; Flavians and styles ; Roman indirect control ; routes , –, , ; Trajan’s campaigns , , , , , ; temples , , , –, n, , , , (chronology) ; Tomb of the Three Brothers ; trade –, (honours for) , , (and Jewish , , , , –, ; urban revolt) , , , (motivation) –, ; development , , , , , Hadrian’s dealings –, –, , ; Pamphilus defeat of Severianus –, , , ; Pamphylia Gc, b Ec, , , , , , , Verus’ campaign –, , , , , ; joined to Galatia , ; see also , , , (literature on) , , Lycia-Pamphylia (manpower) –, , , , (plague Pamplona (Pompaelo) Ca, spread by) , , (triumph) , , Pancrates (Egyptian epic poet) art ; false Neros , ; frontier policy panegyric –, –, ; hostages in Rome ; religion Panhellenion , , –, , , ; , Cyrenaican cities , , –; particeps imperii inauguration , , partnerships, commercial , , Panias (Caesarea Philippi) Bc, Ba, pastio villatica Pannonia Eb–Fb, Ba; administration , pastoral poetry
© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-26335-1 - The Cambridge Ancient History: Second Edition: Volume XI: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192 Edited by Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey and Dominic Rathbone Index More information
pasture, military (prata legionis) , Perennis see under Tigidius Patara b Dc, , , performance, writing for –, , , Patavium Ba, , –, – pater patriae , , perfumes , , paterfamilias, patria potestas , , , , Pergamum Fc, b Cb, , n, , , –, ; and loans , –; culture , ; Hadrian and , Paternus see under Taruttienus , , , ; ‘Kizil Aulu’ (Red Hall) ; Patrai (Patras) a Ba, , , medicine , , , ,(see also Galen); patria potestas see paterfamilias senatorial families , , ; temples , patriarch of Jews , , , (Asclepieion) , , , patriciate –, , , –; old Republican , , , nobility –, , Perge b Ec, , , , , , patrimonium , , , , ; see also Pericles of Mylasa n estates (imperial); procurators (patrimonial) Périgueux , patronage –; and administration –, Perinthus Db, , –, ; and appointments , , , Peripatetic philosophy , , –, ; –, , , , –, ; aristocratic Athenian chair , , ; schools , –, –, ; civic , , , , –, –; and Stoicism , ; tenets , , , ; in countryside , , , , –, , , , –; of cult associations ; curatores Periplus Maris Erythraei , , , rei publicae –; dinner invitations , , Persian cultural influence , ; favour , ; financing of client , Persian Gulf , , , , , , , ; of freedmen , , , perspective, vertical , ; by freedwoman ; humiliating , Pertinax see under Helvius , –; and kinship ; law on –; Pescennius Niger Iustus, C. , , , , political –; provincial , ; , reciprocity , , ; as status symbol Pessinus b Eb, –, ; upper-class protégés , , Petavonium (Rosinos de Vidriales) Ba, –, , ; urban , –; Petillius Cerialis, Q. , , , , , vocabulary of –, ; see also salutationes; Petillius Rufus, Q. (cos. ) sportula; and under army; emperors; governors; petit appareil – justice; literature; Senate petitions , n, –; to emperors Paul of Tarsus, apostle , , , ; –, , , (communities)’ –, citizenship , , ; travels , , , –, , , (individuals)’ –, , , , –,(see also under provinces (emperors’ Paul of Tyre , role)); to prefect of Egypt , n Paulus, Iulius (jurist) , – Petra Gc, Ab, Bd, , , , , , Pausanias (sophist) , , ; decline , , –; urban Pausanias (traveller) –, , , n, , environment , Petrocori pearls Petronius Arbiter , , –, , ;on peasants –, , , , , –, trade , –; land holdings , –, ; Petronius Priscus, T., of Ephesus n poverty , , , Petronius Secundus , , peculium , Petronius Sura Mamertinus –, Pedanius Fuscus, Cn. (cos. ) , Petuaria (Brough) Bb, Pedanius Fuscus, Cn. (son of above) – Peutinger Table Pedanius Secundus, L. (cos. ) n Phaedimus (Trajan’s freedman) Pedo Vergilianus, M. (cos. ord. ) Phaina in Trachon Cc, , Pegasus (cos. c. ) , , Pharasmanes, king of Iberia , , Peisander, son of Nestor of Laranda – Pharisaism , – Peisistratus of Athens pharmacology , , , , –, ; Pella, Transjordan Bc, Bb, , Dioscorides , ; Galen , , – Pelops (medical teacher in Smyrna) Phaselis Pelusium Philadelphia, Arabia Bd, Cc, , , , Pen Llystyn, North Wales n , , Pennine hills Philadelphia, Egypt
© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-26335-1 - The Cambridge Ancient History: Second Edition: Volume XI: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192 Edited by Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey and Dominic Rathbone Index More information
Philae pimps (lenones) , – Philip; anthology of epigrams Pinarius Clemens, Cn. Philippeia Pella , piracy , – Philippi Piraeus Philippopolis, Thrace , Pisa Bb, Philo of Alexandria , , Pisidia b Ec, Philo of Byblos Piso see under Calpurnius Philo of Larissa , plague, Antonine –, , , , , Philodemus (Epicurean philosopher) ; and demography , , , , philology , , , , ; on medical , –; nature of , ; recurrences texts , , , , ; religious ceremonies , –, Philopappus see under Iulius ; spread , , , , ; see also Philopator (Stoic philosopher) n under Galen; Italy; Rome philosophy and philosophers –; and Plancia Magna Christianity –, ; commentaries ; plant products, exotic – court and house philosophers , ; deity, Plataea a Ca, , , man’s relation to –; demiourgos , , Platonism , –, , ; and , ; doctrines and tendencies –; Pythagoreanism , ; schools –; and dualism ; eclecticism ; eisagogai ; Stoicism , , , ; tenets , , ethics –; expulsions from Rome and Italy –, , –, –; see also Academy; , , , , , , ; on fate, free Neoplatonism; and individual philosophers will and providence ; forms –, ; Platorius Nepos, A. (cos. ) , –, and Gnosticism ; as journey through life Plautia (mother of L. Ceionius Commodus) ; lectures ; metaphysics , –; Plautianus, C. Fulvius under Nerva –; orality –; oriental ; Plautius Quintillus , on passions , ; philosopher-king ; Plautius Silvanus Aelianus, Ti. , , privileges , ; and public life , , plebs , , , , –; and emperors , –; and religion , , , ;in –, , , , , , , , ; Republic and early Principate –; schools frumentaria , , ; patronage , ; – (see also Epicureanism; Peripatetic theatre seating , –, ; see also poor, philosophy; Platonism; Pythagoreanism; the Scepticism; Stoicism); social role , –; Plinius Secundus, C. (Pliny the Elder) , , sophistic traits –; sources n, ; ; on agriculture , , ; and standing and abilities of teachers –; barbarism ; and emperors , –, , , statues , –; writings , , –, , ; on Gaul –, ; on Greek world , ; see also individual philosophers and schools n; laudes Italiae , , ; on luxury and under Aurelius, Marcus; Alexandria; ; on map of Agrippa , –;on Athens; daemons; education; Domitian; medicine , ; and religion , ; Galen; holy men; Jews; Logos; marriage; on resources of empire –; on trade with Rhodes; Rome; salvation; soul; Titus; east ; on water-mills Vespasian Plinius Caecilius Secundus, C. (Pliny the Philostratus , , , , n, , Younger) ; adviser to Trajan –, , Phocis , –; in Bithynia , , –, Phoenicia Bb–c, –, , , –, , , , , –, –, , , ; urban environment , (correspondence with Trajan) , , photography, aerial , , –, , –, , , , ; career Phrygia b Db–Eb, , , , , , ; under Flavians , –, , ; and exports , ; imperial estates , Christians –, , ; commercial physics interests , ; and Comum , , , physiology , , , , ; on emperor and Senate physiotherapists – –, ; on entertainers –; estates Picardy , , , , , , , , , , , ;on Pictones , , family , –; forensic work , , , pidgins, Latin-based ; on freedmen ; and Gaul ;on pietas –, , , , , Greek world n; on Isaeus ; laudes pigs , , , , , , Italiae ; letters , n, , , , pillars and stacks, Gallic , , (asking favours of emperor) , n, ,
© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-26335-1 - The Cambridge Ancient History: Second Edition: Volume XI: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192 Edited by Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey and Dominic Rathbone Index More information
, , , (on provincial matters) , frieze ; houses ; inscriptions ; metal –, , –, , , (of artefacts ; posters ; trade , n, recommendation) –, , , ; , –; Villa of the Papyri , ; marriage , ; on metals and mining , wall-painting , ; and nutrix ; oral composition ; Pompeiopolis – oratory ; Panegyricus n, n, , Pompeius Capito, Q., of Pergamum , , (on Trajan) , , , , , Pompeius Falco, Q. , , n –, , ; political patron –; Pompeius Homullus, Cn. protégés and clients –, , , Pompeius Longinus n n, , , , , , , (appoints Pompeius Magnus, Cn. (Pompey) , , ; to own staff) , ,(financial support) , in east , , , , (kinswoman) ; Trajan’s patronage , Pompeius Trogus n, , , , Pomponius Bassus, T. n, Plotina see Pompeia Plotina Pomponius Capito, Tullius Plotinopolis Db, Pomponius Mela , Plotinus , , Pons Aelius (Newcastle) , Plotius Grypus , Pont du Gard , ploughs , – pontifex maximus , , , , plumbing Pontius Laelianus, M. (cos. ) , , , Plutarch , ; career n, , , , , ; on finance , , ;on Pontius Sabinus, T. marriage ; papyri ; philosophical tenets Pontus-Bithynia see Bithynia-Pontus , , , , , , ; and religion Pontus Galaticus , ; on ‘sophists’ , Pontus Polemoniacus b Ha–Ia, , , : n, , , , , , poor, the , , , , , ; diet , ; De vitando aere alieno ; Ktiseis ; Lives ; relief , , , , ; theatre seating , ; see also debt; peasants; plebs Plutarch, Pseudo-; On Fate , Popillius Carus Pedo, C. Pneumatists – Popillius Theotimos Po valley Db–Eb, , Poppaea; archive from Herculaneum n Poetovio Ba, , , , , , population –; density –; growth and poetry , , , –; Gallic ; Greek decline , –; regions and cities –; Latin ; patronage of ; n, –; ‘stable’ and ‘stationary’ performative nature –; popular ; see – also individual poets and genres Porcius Cato, M., the Elder , Pogla, Pisidia b Ec, Porcuna (Obulco) Cb, Pola Ab, porphyry quarries, Egypt , Poland portents Polanyi, Karl portoria, see customs duties poleis (native towns) portraits: emperors’ , , , , , , Polemaenus (cos. ) n, –, (Egyptian) , , (as gods) , , (see Polemo see under Antonius also under individual emperors); Flavian , , Polemon, king of Pontus , ; imperial types , , , , police , –, –, , ; beneficiarii , , ; on mummies ; see also under consulares , ; frumentarii as secret , individual emperors , Portugal see Lusitania pollen analysis , Portus n, , , Pollux of Naucratis Port-Vendres II (wreck) Polycarp, bishop of Smyrna Posidonius , –, n, , , , Pompaelo (Pamplona) Ca, Pompeia Plotina, empress , , , , , possessores , ; and Epicurean school , ; and postal service, see cursus publicus; vehiculatio Hadrian , , , Potaissa (Turda) Ca, Pompeianus see under Claudius Potamon of Mytilene Pompeii: banking , ; destruction , ; potestas see paterfamilias documents (see also Caecilius Iucundus, L.; Pothinus, bishop of Lyons Murecine villa); foodstuffs , nn–; pots, lathe-turned stone ,
© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-26335-1 - The Cambridge Ancient History: Second Edition: Volume XI: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192 Edited by Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey and Dominic Rathbone Index More information
pottery –, –, –, ; African , prefects, see praefecti (red-slip ware) , n, , ;army presses , , ; see also under olives; wine and , , ; branch workshops , prices , , , ; Diocletian’s Edict , –; British , , , –, ; , , n, , chemical analysis n; Cyrenaican ; pridiana ; Hunt’s , Danubian –, ; Egyptian leases ; Priene b Cc, Gallic –, , n, , (see also priesthoods: Asian high –; connection with under terra sigillata below); German , , sanctuary ; in Cyrenaica –, ; , , , , ;graffiti and Flaviales ; in Judaea , ; local, in inscriptions , , , , , , ; provinces , ; mediate communication Italian , –, , , (Pompeian red with divine ; of oriental cults , , ware) n; La Tène ; lamps , ; ; senatorial , –, ; sodales Antoniniani local coarse wares ; production –, Veriani ; Titiales ; see also Augustales; –; quality as economic indicator ; and flaminates romanization , ; Spanish , , , Primus see under Antonius ; stamps , –, , ; Syrian , principes: castelli ; civitatis , , ; gentis ; tallies , , , , ; terra sigillata , ; iuventutis , ; officiorum, see officials, –, –, –, (arretine) –, , high-ranking; see also emperors (Danubian) –, (Gaulish) , , , Priscianus see under Cornelius , , n, –, , , central , Priscus see under Statius , , (see also Lezoux), eastern , Proclus , , , southern , , , , , Proculus (jurist) , (see also La Graufesenque), (German) Proculus of Naucratis , , (Hispanic) , (Syrian) , (trade) procurators , , , , –; –, n, , –; trade –, Egyptian ; financial, in provinces , , , , –, , n, , –, , , , , ; customs duty –, , , ; transport , ; vaulting, North ; hereditatium , , , ; African earthenware ; votive objects ; jurisdiction , ; kalendarium Vegetianum ; see also amphorae ludi magni/matutini ; for mines , , poverty see poor, the –, , , , ; at Ostia , ; praecones (criers) , , patrimonial , , , , , (and tax) praefecti: aerarii militaris ; alimentorum –; , , ;pay; praesidial , , annonae –, , , , , , , , , –; provincials promoted to , , (establishment) , , (staff) ; , , –; quattuor publicorum Africae , castrorum –; fabrum ; gentis , ; ; in Rome ; social mobility –; military –, , ; orae Ponticae ; summarum rationum ; and tax , , , praetorio, see praetorian prefects; urbi , , , , (specialized) , , , , , , , –, ; vehiculorum , ; ; title ‘egregius’ ; vicesimae hereditatium vigilum , , , , , – , , , , , , , ; vicesimae Praeneste Bb libertatis , , , praepositi (native chiefs) production: and consumption ; social praetentura Italiae et Alpium , relations of , –, praetor tutelaris profectiones, imperial , , praetorian guard , –, , , , , pronunciation ; see also praetorian prefects and under propaganda, imperial , , , , Galba; Nerva; Vespasian property: concentration and fragmentation praetorian prefects , ; advisers to –, , –, , ; contracts ; emperors –, , , , , ; emperors’ sale of , , , ; in familia under Commodus ; Domitian and ; , , –, ;law; see also census equestrian rank ; importance , , , (requirements); land; and under marriage; , , –; jurisdiction ; length of Senate; women tenure n, ; patronage , , ; prostitution n, , –, pay ; popular attitude to –; and provinces –, –; administration , senators , –; staff; Titus as , , –, , , –, –, ; Vespasian’s –, , (development) –, (hierarchy in Egypt) prata ; legionis , , –,(see also army below, and under cities; precarium freedmen (imperial); governors (staffs); slaves
© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-26335-1 - The Cambridge Ancient History: Second Edition: Volume XI: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192 Edited by Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey and Dominic Rathbone Index More information
(imperial); Trajan); army in –, punishments , , , , , (administrative role) , , , , Pupienus –, , (policing) , , , purification, ceremonies of , (recruitment) –, , –, (and status of Pusio and Secundilla (giants) province) , –, –; appeals to Puteoli (Pozzuoli) Bb, , , , , governors and emperor –, , , ; n, , ; Tyrians n, ; see also assemblies , ; Augustan system ; Murecine villa boundary disputes , , ; building Pyrenees Cb–Db, , management , –, , , , ; Pyrrho of Elis citizenship , , –, , , , Pythagoreanism , , –,(see also Latin right and under individual provinces); contact between Romans and Quadi Eb, n, , , , ; provincials –; creation of new , , Antoninus Pius assigns king to , , (see also individual provinces); division , –, , ; Marcus Aurelius’ war against –, –, ; emperor’s role –, , , , , , , (correspondence with officials) , –, Quadratus see under Iulius , , , , (and petitions) , quadrigesima Galliarum (tax) , –, , –, , –, , ,(see quaestors , , , , , also finance below); extortion trials –, , quarries , , –; imperial ownership ; finance , , –, –, , , , , , ; see also marble; (special imperial legates) , , , , porphyry; and under individual areas –, , –, , –; justice , quarta militia , –, , ; laws, (local) , , , quattuor publica Africae (tax) , , , –, –, (Roman) , , , –; querns patrons , ; policing , –, ; Quinctilius Valerius Maximus, Sex. – principalities ; Roman control beyond Quinctilius Varus, P. , , , , –; status , , , , , , Quinquatria, festival of Minerva –, –; taxation –, , , –, Quintianus’ plot against Commodus , , , , (inheritance) , , , Quintilian see Fabius Quintilianus, M. –, –, , ; tribal Quintilii brothers –, –, , , self-administration ; upper classes , n, ; correctores of Achaea , , , , , ,(see also decurions, and Quintus of Smyrna under individual cities and provinces and Senate Qumran sect (promotion)); urbanization ; wealth transfers to Italy –, , , ; see also Rabat (Sala) Ab, , cities; civitates; conventus; correctores; councils; Rabbamoba Bd, frontiers; governors; koina; magistracies, civic; Rabbel II, king of Nabataeans , , , municipia; and under census; curatores rei publicae; , , frontiers; Hadrian; imperial cult; literacy; rabbis –, , , , –, –; literature; procurators; romanization; Senate schools , –, , proxenetae (brokers) n Rabirius (architect) Prusa b Da, , , , , , Raecius Gallus of Tarraco Ptolemais (Akko) Bc, Bb, , Raetia Eb, , , , , , ;army Ptolemais (Barca) Ca, , , , , , , , , , , ; customs Ptolemy see Claudius Ptolemaeus dues , , ; governor , , , publicani , , , , ; status of province , Publicius Certus , , , , , , , , – Publicius Marcellus , , rainfall , –, Publilius Celsus (cos. II ) Raphaneae , Pudentilla (wife of Apuleius) , Rapidum Ca, , , Puglia, herdsmen of –, Rasova pullati (poor rabble) , Ratae (Leicester) Bb, , , pulleys Ratiaria (Archar) Bb, , , pulses, dried , Rationalists (medical sect) pumps, water , , –, , Ravenna Bb, , ; fleet , , Punic culture , reading aloud –, , , Punic language , reaping machine , , ,
© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-26335-1 - The Cambridge Ancient History: Second Edition: Volume XI: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192 Edited by Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey and Dominic Rathbone Index More information
Reate Judaism; mystery cults; oracles; priesthoods; reciprocity , , , , purification; sacrifice; salvation; temples; recitations, literary –, , , votive offerings; Zoroastrianism; and under recruitment, military , –, , , individual emperors and provinces and Celts; –; by cities , , , ; on frontier frontiers; healing; literacy; philosophy; plague; ; hereditary pattern , , , –; provinces; Rome; slaves local , , –, –, , ; Remi provincialization –, , –; widening rentiers , , ; see also under auxiliary troops; rents , , , Danube region; Gaul; Germany; Italy; slaves; reproduction rate –, –, – Spain requisitions ; see also hospitium; vehiculatio Red Sea Gd, Ac, , , , ; see also res (or ratio) privata , – Periplus Maris Erythraei rescripts, imperial , Regensburg (Castra Regina) Aa, , , resistance, cultural –, –, – Regilla see under Annia resources, natural; literary catalogues – Regillus (praetorian prefect) Revelation, Book of n, Regionary Catalogues Rézé Reims (Durocortorum) , Rhegium Cc, n relegation , Rheinzabern pottery centre relief: emergency , –, , –; poor , rhetoric n, , , , –; chairs of , , , , , , , , ; diplomatic ; religion –; abstraction ; ancient Gallo-Roman ; Greek –; Latin , cults –, , ; army and , , ; legal , ; philosophical –; , , , ; associations , , , political , , , ; public support ; , , , ; calendars , ; and social mobility , ; sophistic , cities’ expenditure , –; –; spoken and written , ; teachers communication with divine , , , , , ,(see also declamation; sophists; , –; continuity , –; country and under Athens) sanctuaries , , –, , ; and Rhine, R. Da–b, , , , ; boats death , , –; in east , found in , ; flotilla –,(see also oriental cults below); Rhineland: fana –; sculpture and emperors and , –, , ,(see also monuments , , , –; trade , deification and under individual emperors); , ; wine production , , euergetism , –; evil, problem of Rhodes Fc, a Eb–Fb, b Cc–Dc, , , , –; evocatio ; foreign cults , –, ; freedom , , ; philosophy –, –, –,(see also native and oriental , , cults below); Germanic , –; gods’ Rhodiapolis, Lycia b Ec, relation to man –, , –, , Rhomaia (festival) ; household cults , ; individualism Rhône, R. Db, , , , , , ; , –; and magic ; monotheism mosaicists –, –; and morality –, ; native Rhosus b Gc, cults , , –, , , , , Rider Bb, (hellenization) , , (romanization) , rider gods , –, –, , , , , , ; Riotinto Bb, new mood , –, ; oriental cults Rivenhall , , , , , , –, , (in rivers , ; as boundaries –, , , west) , , –, , , ,(see also , , , –, ; lines of Cybele; initiation; Isis; Mithraism; and under communication , ; transport by , Egypt; Syria); and politics ; public –; , , , , , , (in Gaul) , (in social role , , , ; sources on , Germany) , , , ; syncretism ; transcendence roads: administration –, –, –, , ; watery places, cults in ; in west , , , (cities and) , , ; army and –, –, (oriental cults) , , –, –, , ; as benefactions , ; , , ; see also individual deities and cities’ responsibilities , , ; afterlife; altars; burial; Christianity; daemons; commercial transport –, –, , deification; festivals; genii; Gnosticism; gods , ; construction –, ; emperors’ and divinity; imperial cult; initiation; Jews and projects , , , , , ; in frontier
© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-26335-1 - The Cambridge Ancient History: Second Edition: Volume XI: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192 Edited by Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey and Dominic Rathbone Index More information
zones , –, , , , , , –, , –; medicine , –; ; mapping ; settlements along , ; monetization ; naumachia, Trajan’s ; vehicles , , ; way-stations philosophers , , , , ; plague viae: Aemilia , ; Appia , , , –, , , , , , ; –, , , , ; Aurelia ; policing ; pomerium –, , ; Domitiana , , , ; Egnatia ; population n, ; power , , , Flaminia , ; Hadrumentina ;Nova ; and provinces , , –; religion Traiana (Arabia) , , , (Italy) , –, –, , , , , , ; n; Salaria ; Severiana ; Tiburtina settlement schemes n; slaves , ; ; Traiana , n, ; see also under tombs , , ; town planning ; individual provinces upper classes –, , , ,(see also Rogatica Bb, equestrian order; patriciate; senatorial order); romances see novels urbica dioecesis ; violence –; water romanization –, , , , , ; supply , –, , , , , , , army and , ; Celts ; countryside ; Wonders –, , ; see also plebs; –, –, ; pottery and ; secondary Tiber, R. phase , ; voluntary , , , , : ; see also under Africa; Britain; Cyrenaica; amphitheatre see Colosseum below; aqueducts Gaul; Germany; imperial cult; religion (native , , , (Aqua Claudia) –, (Aqua cults); Spain; upper classes Traiana) ; arches, (of Commodus) , (of Romatius Firmus Constantine) , , , , (of Marcus Rome Eb, Bb; administration , , , Aurelius) , , (di Portogallo) –, (of , , , ; agriculture stimulated by Titus) , , , , , –; Athenaeum demand , , , , ; anniversary ; basilicas , (Ulpia) , , , , of foundation ; architectural style , , ; baths , (of L. Licinius Sura) , , , ; army in –,(see also (of Nero) , (of Titus) , , , , (of praetorian guard; urban cohort); and Athens Trajan) –, , , ; Caelian, camp –; bakeries ; banking , ; on ; Campus Martius , –, , , boundary –, , ; buildings , , ; Capitol , , , , , ,(see also , , –, , , (commercial and temples (Jupiter Capitolinus) below); domestic) , , , (Flavian) , –, catacombs , (of SS Peter and Marcellinus) , –, , (Trajan’s) –, –, ; cemetery of equites singulares ; Circus , (Hadrian’s) –, (Antonine) , , Agonalis ; Circus Maximus , , , –; Christians , –, ; cultural –, ; Colosseum (Flavian centre , , ; cultural identity , , amphitheatre) , , , –, , , , , –, –, ; disease , , , , ; columns, (of Antoninus Pius) , ,(see also plague below); distributions , (Aurelian) , , –, , –, –, , ,(see also under corn); , (of Trajan) , , , , , , earthquake ; emperors and , , , image of Trajan , , –, scenes –, –, , (see also adventus; on , , , , , , –, profectus); ethnic groups , –; Trajan’s grave , ; Conservatori Palace euergetism –; expulsions from , , ; Domus August(i)ana see Palatium below; , , , , ; festivals , , , fora, (boarium , , –, (of Caesar) , ; finances –; fire service , , , (of Nerva (Transitorium)) , , , , , , (see also praefecti (vigilum)); fires , (of Trajan) , , , , , –, , , , , ; floods ; food supply , , , ,(see also columns (of –, , , , , , –, Trajan) above), (Romanum) , (Suarium) –, (famines) , –,(see also under , (Vinarium) , ; fountains ; corn); foreign residents’ organizations , Golden House –, , –, , , n; games see games (Alban; Capitoline; , ; Great Trajanic Frieze ; Hadrian’s; Secular); and Greek culture , Hadrianeum ; Horti Sallustiani ; –, ; harbours see Ostia and Portus; Ianiculum, water-mill on ; libraries , horti , , ; imperial cult , , , , (of Trajan) , , (of Vespasian) –; imports ; and Italy , –, –; Macellum Magnum n, ; , ;Jews, , ; landlords ; Marcus Aurelius, equestrian statue of , learning , , , , , , ; ; Market of Trajan –; mausolea, marble plan, Severan ; markets , , imperial, (of Augustus) , , (Flavian) ,
© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-26335-1 - The Cambridge Ancient History: Second Edition: Volume XI: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192 Edited by Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey and Dominic Rathbone Index More information
Rome (cont.) Sababazios, worship of (of Hadrian (Castel S. Angelo)) , , , Sabina, empress , , , , , ; Monte Testaccio , , , ; Sabina, Vibia Aurelia Odeon , ; Palatium (Domus Sabora August(i)ana) , , , , ; Piazza Sabratha Eb, , , , , Navona –; Pons Aelius ; porta sacrifice , , , , , ; druidic argentariorum –; Porticus, (Divorum) , ; Isiac (Vipsania) ; portus olearius n; portus saddle, military , vinarius n, ; Quirinal n;St Sadducees John Lateran, Basilica of ; stadium, Saepinum Bb, n, , , , Domitian’s new – Safaites temples of: Bellona , ; Divorum ; Sagalassus n, Divus Antoninus Pius and Faustina , ; Saguntum Cc, Cb, , Divus Claudius , n, , ; Divus Sahel – Hadrianus , ; Divus Traianus ; Sahr in the Trachon Divus Vespasianus and Titus , , , , St Béat ; Gens Flavia , , , , ; hilltop St Bertrand-de-Comminges locations , ; Honos and Virtus ; Isis Saint-Gervais wreck ; Janus ; Jupiter Capitolinus, (fiscus Iudaicus St Malo funds) , , , , (restoration by St-Médard-des-Prés Vespasian) , , , –, , –, , St Peter Port, Guernsey, wreck , , (Titus’ and Domitian’s restoration) St Rémy-de-Provence , , , , , , ; Jupiter Saint-Tropez wreck n Conservator ; Minerva , , ; Saintes , Pantheon, (of Agrippa) , (Hadrianic) , Sala (Rabat) Ab, , , , , , ; Pax , , , , Salamis, Cyprus Gc, b Fd, , , , –, ; Quirinus ; Solis n; Saldae (Bejaia) Da, n, , Venus, in Caesar’s Forum ; Venus and Salernum (Salerno) Bb, Rome , , , , , , ; sales: contracts ; tax Venus Genetrix ; Vesta , ; Victory salii of Saguntum (priests) ; to women of imperial family Sallustius Blaesus, P. (cos. suff. ) n Terminus stone , ; Thermae Sallustius Lucullus , , n Alexandrinae ; Vestal Virgins, house of Sallustius Rufus of Aphrodisias ; Vigna Barberini n; Villa Publica ; Salona Bb, , villas of Quintilii and Sette Bassi n Salpensa (Facialcazar) Bb, , Ros¸ia Montana (Alburnus Maior) Ca; writing salt , , tablets n, , –, n, , saltus , , , ; Beguensis , ; Rosianus Geminus Burunitanus , , , , , ; Rosinos de Vidriales (Petavonium) Ba, Neronianus Rosmerta (Gallic goddess) salutationes; emperors’ daily , , ; Rostovtzeff,M.I., , , patrons’ –, –, , , Rottenburg (Sumelocenna) salutations, military see under individual emperors Rottweil (Arae Flaviae) , salvation, personal –, Roxolani Da–b, , , , , ; and Salvius Iulianus, P. (cos. ) , , –, Jazyges , , n Rubellius Blandus Salvius Iulianus (son of above) Rubellius Plautus , Salvius Otho Cocceianus, L. n, Rubrius Gallus , Samaria Bc, Bb, Rudston Samnium Bb–Cb, , Rufinus Samos a Eb, b Cc, , , Rufus of Ephesus –, –, Samosata Gc, b Jc, Ab, Da, , , , Rufus of Samaria ; legionary base , , rumours, culture of , – Samothrace Rusicade Sampsigerami (Arab dynasty of Emesa) , Russia, south Sanatruq, prince of Hatra Rutilius Gallicus, C. , , , , Sanhedrin Ruwwafa, Hedjaz Ac, , sanitation , , , ,
© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-26335-1 - The Cambridge Ancient History: Second Edition: Volume XI: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192 Edited by Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey and Dominic Rathbone Index More information
Santon sculptural workshop sea transport see shipping Santones secretariat, imperial see officials Saône, R. , Secundilla (giant) Saoterus (imperial freedman) , , , Secundini, mausoleum of –, sarcophagi n, , –, –; Sedatius Severianus, M. –, , Antonine –, , ; Attic , seed crops , , Sardes b Db, , , , , , seeds , , , Sardinia Db–c, , , , , ; Segedunum (Wallsend) administration , , , ; mining , Segobriga Cb, , , Segovia, aqueduct of – Sarmatians Gb, , , , , ; Flavian Seine, R. , campaigns , , , n, , –; Sejanus, L. Aelius – Trajan’s subsidy ; Hadrian neutralizes , Sele valley , ; Marcus Aurelius’ campaigns –, Seleucia (Abila) , , , , ; settlement , –, Seleucia in Pieria , , , ; see also: Jazyges; Roxolani Seleucia on Tigris Bb, – Sarmizegetusa Ca, , , , , Selinus, Cilicia Satala , ; legionary base –, , , Semnones , , Senate and senatorial order –; adlectio satire n, –, , , ; see also Iunius –, ; administrative posts , –, Iuvenalis, D.; Lucian of Samosata –, , , , –, (career Saturn , structure) , –, , –, (consular) Saturnalia , – , , –, , , (in provinces) , Saturnia –, –, (salaries) –, ,(see also Saturninus see under Antonius; Iulius governors; legates); adoption , ; career Satyrus (doctor) structure , –, , –, –, Sbeitla see Sufetula –; census requirement , , ; Scaevola, Q. Cervidius clothing ; commercial interests , , Scandinavia , –, –; composition –, –, scapegoats , –, , , , , –, ,(see also provincials Scarbantia Ba, below); continuity , ; demography , Scardona Bb, , –, , –, , –; elections Scepticism –, , –, ; and emperor , , –, , scholae ; Christian –, (advisers to) , –, –, sciences , –; see also technology –, –, –, (emperor controls Scipio Orfitus admissions) –, –, , (mediates Scopelianus , n, , , , , imperial patronage) , –, –,(see also scribes –, , , , – under individual emperors); executions , , Scribonius Largus –, ; finances –; high esteem ; sculpture: Antonine –; ash chests ;of integration of new members ; jurisdiction barbarians , –; Celtic influence , ; military posts , , ; and ; colossal –, , ; and damnatio Mucianus –, ; numbers in –;official memoriae , , , ; eye, sculpting of position unchanged –; old families , ; funerary , , , , , ; ; ornamenta ; patronage , , , Greek idealized realism ; Hadrianic –, –, , –; and praetorian prefects ; Hellenistic free-standing ; illusionistic , –; promotion to order –, –, style ; Libyan influence ; mass , , ; promotion of provincials to production ; military honours , , ; Senate , –, , , –, , perspective, vertical , ; of philosophers –, –, (areas of origin) –, , and sophists , , –; vehicles on , (effect on home communities) –, , , ; votive statuettes , , ; see , –, , , (and transfer of capital also portraits; sarcophagi; and under individual to Italy) –, , , ,(see also under emperors and provinces and inscriptions individual areas and provinces); property in Italy Scupi (Skopje) Bb, , , , –, , , ; prosecutions before , scythes , –, , , ; refusals to join ; Scythopolis Bc, Bb, , , Roman residential requirement –; secret sea-level ballot ; sententiae ; Stoic withdrawals
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Senate and senatorial order (cont.) Sextus Empiricus , –, from ; theatre seating , , ; title Seyssel clarissimus –, ; turnover of families Shakka –; vendettas within –; and war and shale artefacts peace , , , , ; wealth , , Shammal, house of , , , ; see also consulars; share-cropping –, consulship and under individual emperors and sheep , , , –, provinces Shefar’am Bb, senatus consulta –, , , ; shepherds –, , , – Claudianum, on cohabitation with slaves ; shields, military Macedonianum, on loans , ; shipping , , , , –, ; Orphitianum ; Tertullianum ; Atlantic ; British ; collegia , , ; Velleianum, on debts in marriage corn , , ; privileges , , ; Seneca see under Annaeus ship design , , –, ; timber for Senlis building ; and trade , –, , , Senones , ; see also fleets; loans (maritime); Sens nautae; rivers (transport); wrecks Sentius Caecilianus, S. , shops , , – Sepphoris (Diocaesarea) Bb, , Si’an Septicius Clarus, C. , – Sibylline Oracles n, Septimii of Lepcis Magna – Sicily Ec, Bc; agriculture , ; art and Septimius Geta, P. , architecture ; Hadrian visits , ; Septimius Serenus patrimonial procurator , ; population Septimius Severus, L., emperor: accession , , , , , ; adventus ; advisers , Sicinius Aemilianus ; and Bulla Felix ; and Britain , ; Side , consulship ; donatives and distributions Sidon Ab, Bc, , , , n, , ; finance –; frontier Siduni policy ; governorship of Pannonia siege warfare , , Superior ; Ludi Saeculares ; marble plan Sierra Morena , of Rome ; and Marcus Aurelius ; signatures , , , medical treatment , ; Mesopotamian sikarikon law , , campaign , , , ; motives for Silchester (Calleva) Bb, , conquests ; and people ; presence in Silistra see Durostorum and absence from Rome Silius Italicus , –, Sequani silk –, , Serapion (Athenian doctor) Sillyum, Pamphylia b Ec, Serapion (dithyrambic poet) silphium trade Serapis, cult of , , , , , ; Silures Bb, , , invocation by series of names , Silvanus, cult of Seras (philosopher) silver , , ; mining , , , , Serdica , , , Servianus see under Iulius silversmiths of Ephesus Sestii, villa of , , Simeon Bar Kochba see Bar Kochba revolt Sestius Pollio, P. Simon b. Gamaliel Sétif , , , , , Singidunum (Belgrade) Bb, , , Settefinestre, Etruria , , Singilia Barba (Antequera) Cb, , Severans , , , ; see also Septimius Singilis (Genil), R. , Severus, L. Sinope Gb, Severianus see under Sedatius siphons , Severn, R. Sirmium Eb, Ba, , , ; Marcus Severus see under Iulius; Septimius Aurelius based at , , –, , Seville (Hispalis) Bb, , n, (Herodes Atticus’ trial) , , , seviri Augustales, see Augustales , , seviri equitum Romanorum Sirona (Gallic goddess) sewerage , , , , Sirtica Sextus of Chaeronea Siscia Ba, , ,
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Sitifis Da, , , , , n, ; static quality –, ; symbols sitonae (civic officials) , n of rank –; and technology ; values Sitones based in ; see also barbarians; class, social; skeletal evidence on demography , competition, social; mobility, social; ordines; Skopje see Scupi outsiders; patronage; status; and under religion slaves: agricultural , –, –, , , Socnopaiou Nesos –, ; captives , , , , ; sodales Antoniniani Veriani clothing for ; convicts ; declining Sohaemus, C. Iulius, king of Armenia , numbers , , ; entertainers ; and soils , , , , , ethnic diversity , ; in finance , , Sol, cult of –; free/slave distinction ; in Germany solder , ; household , , , , , , Soli, Cyprus b Fd, , ; illnesses ; imperial, (administrative Sollum Eb; Great Catabathmos careers) , , –, –, , Solva, Noricum Ba, , (children’s status) , , (and emperor) Solway, R. , , –, , , , (marriage) –, (numbers) , (in song (citharodia) provinces) , , , , (salaries) ; sophists , , , –, –; industrial , , , ; Jews as born antiquarianism –, ; careers , , ; leasing ; manumission , , –; centres , , , –; , ,(see also taxation below); master–slave commercial interests ; declamation ; relationship , –; mortality –; and emperors , ; fees ; and Latin numbers , , ; prostitutes , ; literature –; oratory , , , ; public , , ; punishments , , philosophers and –; Philostratus’ ; and religion , , ; run-away , biographies of , ; political role , ; sale records ; self-sale into ; ,, , ; in Rome , ; standing servi communes , ; social conditions ; and abilities –; status, pursuit of and social values ; taxation, (on –; in Syria –; writings , manumission) , , , , , , , Soranus of Ephesus , , , , , , (on sale) , , , , ; ‘temple – slaves’ ; trade in , , , –, , sorcery , , –, ,(see also under taxation above); Sosigenes women cohabiting with –; see also under Sosius Falco (cos. ) children; fertility; Gaul; law; marriage; Sosius Senecio, Q. (cos. , ) n merchants; names; recruitment Sotion of Alexandria n Slonta Souk el-Khemis – Slovakia , Souk el Tenine (Muslubium) smallpox , , , soul , , , ; World Soul , , Smyrna Fc, b Cb, , , ; architecture , , , ; earthquake () , , Soummam Valley , , , ; and emperors , , , sounds in cities , ; medicine , , ; permission Sousse see Hadrumentum refused for fire-brigade , ; space, concepts of –, , , , –, philosophers , , ; sophists , , , Spain –; administration , , , Soada, Jebel Druze see Dionysias –, , –,(kalendarium Vegetianum) soap , , , , , (local government) , Socˇanica , ,(see also under Baetica; Hispania societas danistariae n Citerior; Tarraconensis); agriculture , , society –; change during period –; –, , , (and climate) , ; conditions –; development, and frontier animals ; architecture , , , , –, ; and finance –; horizontal –, ;army, , , –, and vertical links , ; mime as threat to –, , (recruitment) , , , ; order ; multiplicity –; Near Eastern art , , , ; Augustus’ problems indigenous –; philosophers’ role , ; census , , , ; cities, see –; social relations of production , municipia below; citizenship , , ; –, (inadequacy of class analysis) –, coinage ; collegia ; colonies , ; , (exploitation in) , –; sources craftsmen ; cultural life , –;
© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-26335-1 - The Cambridge Ancient History: Second Edition: Volume XI: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192 Edited by Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey and Dominic Rathbone Index More information
Spain (cont.) Statius see under Papinius customs duties ; decline after Trajan Statius Aquila, L. –; economy , –; embassies to Statius Priscus, M. , , , , , emperors , n, ; emperors from statues and statuettes see portraits; sculpture , , , , , ; extortion trials status –; cities’ concern for –, , –; fish , (sauces) , ; freedmen , , , ; and competition , –; glass trade ; Hadrian and , , –; geographical distribution –; , , ; hunting ; imperial cult , rank/status incongruities –; sophists’ , , , , ,(flamines) –, , pursuit –; symbols –, –, , ; jurisdiction , ; Latin right, , ; see also mobility, social and under (Vespasian’s grant) , , , , , , , literacy; veterans; wealth; women –, , (Domitian’s charters) , , steel production –, ; literary figures ; under Marcus stelae, Cyrenaican n, Aurelius , n, , ; mining , Stephanus; assassination of Domitian , –, , , , ; Moorish stereotypes, ethnic – incursions (–) , , , , ; Stobi , municipia , , , , –, , (civic Stoicism , , –; emperors and –, buildings) , , , , –, , , , (Marcus Aurelius) , , , , (public careers) , , , ,(see also , (Nero) –, , ; school , , Latin right above); native society , , ; –; tenets , , , , –, olive oil , , , (exports) , , , –, ; see also individual philosophers , , , , ; peasants –; and stone, building , , , , , ; plot against Antoninus Pius ; political industrial production , –; sandstones history –; population , , ; , , ; see also marble pottery , , , ; public works stone-working technology , – –; religion , , ; romanization stones, precious and semi-precious , , , , ; sculpture , , ; stork, man with , senators from , , , , –, , Strabo (of Amaseia, geographer) , , , ; seviri Augustales –; society –; , , , ; on resources of empire taxation , ; textiles , ; towns, see , , municipia above ; trade –, , , , Strasbourg (Argentorate) , , , , , , , ; upper classes , , –, , , –, –; villas ; wine strategemata, handbooks of exports , , , , n, strategoi, Arab Sparta Fc, a Cb, , , , , , ; strategy, Roman sense of banking , ; cities claiming connection Strato of Lampsacus with , , , , ; education ; Strato of Sardis Euryclids ; freedom ; Hadrian and , Stratoniceia (Hadrianopolis) , , , streets , Spasinou Charax Bb, strigils spectacula , stupidus (entertainer) speech, freedom of Subatianus Aquila, prefect of Egypt spice trade , , subseciva (unallocated land) , , , , , spirits, exorcism of evil ; African regulations – sportula , Suburbures , springs, hot mineral , , , succession, dynastic , , ; see also under Stabiae individual emperors stacks, Gallic funerary Suebi –, , ; alliance with , ; stamps: brick , ; ceramics , , , Domitian’s campaigns n, –; –, , ; metal ingots , Nicretes ; settlement in empire , , standards, lost legionary , , , , Stanegate , Suellius Flaccus, Cn., legate of Numidia n, Stanwick, Northants , Stara Zagora Suessa Aurunca Statilii of Heraclea, Caria , , Suetonius Tranquillus, C. , , , ; Statilius Crito , administrative offices , –, ;on
© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-26335-1 - The Cambridge Ancient History: Second Edition: Volume XI: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192 Edited by Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey and Dominic Rathbone Index More information
Domitian , , ; Pliny’s patronage , –, , , n, , ; inscriptions ; on Vespasian , , , –, ;Jews, , ; jurisdiction Sufetula (Sbeitla) Da, , , , , ; land –; learning and literature –; suffragatores (political backers) , metrokomiai , ; migration westwards suicides, enforced ; nomads –, , , , , ; Sullectum Eb, olive oil , , , ; organization Sulpicia Lepidina (military wife) –; Parthian invasion () , ; Sulpicii, archive of see Murecine villa plague ; Pompey’s settlement , , Sulpicius Crassus, proconsul of Asia ; population , , ; religion , Sulpicius Felix, T. , , , , , ; requisitioning , Sulpicius Veranianus, Ser., of Salamis in Cyprus ; routes , ; settlements , , , ; social organization, native –; Sumelocenna (Rottenburg) taxation ; textiles –, , ; tombs summae honoriae , , , , ; trade –, ; upper classes , Superaequum n –; Vespasian’s reorganization , , Suppenses , –; villages , , –, , ; Sur al-Leja water management ; wealth ; wine Sura see under Attius; Licinius production , , Sura, on Euphrates , Syria Palaestina Gc, , , , ;army surgery , , –, –, , , , ; creation , , surveying, land- , , ; see also Syriac literature agrimensores; centuriation Szöny (Brigetio) Ba, , Svishtov see Novae Sweden Tabula Banasitana , –, , , , Switzerland , ; see also Raetia Sybaris Tabula Heracleensis , Syedra Tabula Irnitana see under Irni synagogues , Tacape (Gabes) Db, , , , Synnada b Eb, , , Tacfarinas, rebellion of , Syria Gc; administration , , , , , Tacitus see under Cornelius , –, , (governors) , , , tallies see under La Graufesenque , , (see also customs dues and taxation Talmont , below); agriculture –, –, , ; Talmud , animal husbandry ; aqueducts ; Tampius Flavianus archaeology , –; army , , , , Tanit (Punic god) , , ; art and architecture , –, tanners’ marks , , , , , ; and Avidius Tanzania Cassius , , ; bankers at Tivoli ; Taormina cadastration –, ; Christianity ; Tapae, battle of n, , cities , –, , (civic life) –, Tarbus (barbarian chief) (Graeco-Roman culture) , –, (native Tarentum Cb, , towns become poleis, –, (urban Tarfon, Rabbi environment) , –, , , , ; Tarracina , citizenship –; and civil wars , , ; Tarraco Db, Da; administration , , , client kingdoms integrated into , , , ; civic buildings , , , ; textiles –; climate –; coinage ; coloniae ; upper classes , – , , ; countryside –, ; Tarraconensis; administration , , , , craftsmen –, , n; customs duties , , ; ethnic stereotype , ; forests Tarsus Gc, b Gc, , , , n, , ; frontier , –, (control of zone – beyond) –, –, , (see also Taruttienus Paternus, P. , , , , – Euphrates frontier); games , ; glass Tatian trade ; Greek culture , , , , Tattius Maximus, C. – , –; Hadrian visits , ; taurobolium Hellenistic era , , , ; imperial cult Taurus see under Calvenus ; imperial estates –, ; industry Taurus and Anti-Taurus mountains Gc,
© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-26335-1 - The Cambridge Ancient History: Second Edition: Volume XI: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192 Edited by Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey and Dominic Rathbone Index More information
taxation: and annuities ; and army , ; Thamudenoi, confederation of , cancellation of arrears , –, , , Thamugadi (Timgad) Da, , , , , ; civitates and , ; collection , , , ; foundation n, , , , –, –, , , , ,(see also farming below and procurators (and tax); Thamusida publicani); conlationes n; crown tax ; thaumata (Wonders) of Rome ‘direct’ and ‘indirect’ n; exemptions , Theadelphia , n, , –, , , (in Africa) theatres: in Africa , ; in east , , , , , (corn shippers) , (doctors) , , ; in Gaul , , –, , ,(ius Italicum) , –, , , (theatre-amphitheatres) , –; Italian (rival emperors’) , , (teachers) , ; –; order of seating , , –, , farming of , –, –, , , , , –, , ; in Spain , ; see also , ; nail-tax , n; notices about amphitheatres and under Athens; Rome ; poll-tax , , , ; on prostitution Thebes, Egypt , ; see also customs duties; inheritance tax; Thebes, Greece a Ca, and under individual provinces and emperors and Thelepte Db, , , cities; civitates; coloniae; Cyclades; Danube Theodosius I, emperor region; Italy; Jews; land; mining; procurators; Theodotus (professor of rhetoric) provinces; slaves; warfare Theodotus the shoemaker Tebessa see Theveste theology , Tebtunis , , – Theon of Smyrna technology –; manufacturing , , , theriac , –, ; and society ; transfer , Thespiae a Ca, , , , , , ; transport , –, ; see also gearing; Thessalonica Fb, , hydraulics; and under agriculture; Alexandria; Thessalus (medical writer) architecture; Gaul; quarries; stone-working; Thessaly Fc, a Ba–Ca, , , transport theurgy Telephus of Pergamum Theveste Da, , ; colony , ; Telmine see Turris Tamalleni imperial estates , ; legionary base , temples , , , , ; Celtic , ; ; Musulamii near , cities and , , , ; fana –; Thibilis incubation dreams ; of Isis –; Punic Thisbe ; temple slaves ; see also under individual Thorigny – places and Mithraism Thrace Fb, Cb–Db; administration , tenants; agricultural , , –, –, , –, , , , , (governors) , , ; contracts , – , , , ; army recruitment ; tenements , , assimilation to Rome ; brigandage ; Tenes (Cartenna) Ca, , cart burials ; census ; cereal crops ; Tenos cities , , ; Costoboci overrun ; Teos customs duties , ; Greek culture , Terentius Maximus (false Nero) , ; mining ; religion , ; slave Terentius Varro, M. , , , , trade ; under Trajan , , , Termessos Thrasea Paetus see under Clodius Terminus, cult of , Thrasyllus , Tertullian , , , , Thuburbo Maius – tetanus , , Thubursicu Numidarum (Khamissa) Da, , tetrarchies, Near Eastern , Tettius Africanus Cassianus Etruscus, C. Thugga Da, , , , , Tettius Iulianus, L. –, n Thyatira b Cb, , , Teuchira Ca, , , , , Thymelic Synod textiles: production , , –, –; Thysdrus (El Djem) Ea, , sources on , ; technology , –; Tiber, R. Eb, Bb, –, , , , trade , , –, , , ; see also Tiberias Bc, Bb, , individual types, clothing, and under individual Tiberius, emperor , , , , ; court areas and provinces philosopher , ; and empire , –, Thaenae Thames, R. Tibur Bb, , , , n, , ,
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Tifernum Tiberinum , , , tokens, games- Tigidius Perennis, Sex. , , –, , , Tomis Db, , , Torah – Tigranes V, king of Armenia n Torre Nova n, Tigris, R. Bb, tortoise-shell Tiklat (Tubusuctu) Tosefta n, tiles –, , , , , – Toulouse (Tolosa) Db, , , Tilliboras (brigand) tourism timber trade –, , Tours (Caesarodunum) , timber-framed buildings , , , tower tombs timetai town planning , , , , , ; Timgad see Thamugadi Danube –, –; Gaul –; Greek Timocrates of Heracleia world , ; Verulamium , Timogenes; history of Heracleia Pontica towns see cities; coloniae; municipia; oppida; and tin , , , , , under Britain; Danube (settlements); Gaul Tineius Rufus, legate of Judaea , Trachis Tipasa Ca, Trachonitis , , , , Tiridates, king of Armenia – trade –, ; character and scale –; Titiales cities and , , , , , ; Titianus see under Atilius commodities –, ; disrepute , ; Titius Similis, C. finance –; across frontiers , , , titles within ordines –, , , , , ; geographical patterns Titus, emperor (T. Flavius Vespasianus) –, –; geographical setting –; –; and Vespasian’s accession , ; government intervention , , –, ; ends Jewish revolt , , , , , , , institutions ; personnel –,(see also ; in Syria , ; return to Rome –, merchants); small-scale local ; sources ; triumph , , ; career under –, , ; temples as centres ; Vespasian –, , , , , ,(see also transport , –, , ; see also censorship; praetorian prefecture; tribunician collegia; commerce; customs duties; exchange, power below); accession ; principate non-market; markets; merchants; prices; and –; death , –, ; apotheosis under individual places, provinces and commodities –, , tragedy –, appointments –; and army –, , traiecticia pecunia, see loans (maritime) ; benefactions ; and Berenice , , Trajan, emperor (M. Ulpius Traianus) –, , ; and Britannicus , –; building , –; early career , –, , , –, , , , ; censorship , (legionary command) , , , –, , , , , ; clemency , , (suppression of Saturninus’ revolt) , , –; coinage , , , –, , , , , , (consulship) () , , (adoption (portraits on Vespasianic) –, , , ; by Nerva) –, , , , , ; continuity , –, –, ; and Domitian accession , –, , ; principate , –, –; entertainments , , , –; death and burial , , , ; financial acumen , ; and Flavian alimentary schemes see separate entry; family –, , ; generosity –, –; ambiguous image –, –; ambition games and shows , , ; industrious –, –, ; architecture under , , nature , ; and Josephus , , ; justice , , –, , –, (in provinces) , –, –; Martial eulogizes , ; military , , , , (along Via Appia) –, reputation , , ; and philosophers , ; ,(see also Rome (basilicae (Ulpia), and under pontifex maximus , ; portraits ; baths; columns; fora; libraries)); and army praetorian prefecture , , , , , ; –, , , , , , n,(own profligacy and reform , –, –, , , commands) , , , , ,(see also ; and religion ; reputation , , , ; military image below); assessment –, salutations ; and Senate , , –; –; benefactions –; character , and subseciva ; and succession ; titles and , , , –, , ; and Christianity prerogatives , –, , ; tribunician , –, , ; chronology –, power , , , –; city foundations , , , ; Tivoli , civilitas , –, ; coinage n, Tobna n, , , n, , (aurei) ,
© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-26335-1 - The Cambridge Ancient History: Second Edition: Volume XI: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192 Edited by Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey and Dominic Rathbone Index More information
Trajan, emperor (M. Ulpius Traianus) (cont.) labour , , , (celebrate new provinces) , , transport: commercial , , –, , (imperial family on) –, , –, , ; contractors , , , ; (portraits) , (restoration) , , (on technology , –, ; see also roads; tribunician power) n, , (victory shipping; vehiculatio; and under rivers types) , ; Commentarii on Dacian Wars trapezitai (bankers) , , ; consulships , , , –; and corn Trapezus b Ja, , , supply , ; and culture , , ; treaties, inscription of , Dacian Wars see separate entry; and Domitian Trebellius Maximus, M. , , , –; and east –, –, Trebellius Rufus ,(see also under Parthia); and entertainments Trebizond see Trapezus , , , , ; equality, image of , Trencˇin (Leugaricio) Ba, , , ; finance , , –, n; Tres Daciae see Dacia freedmen n, , ; frontier policy Tres Galliae –, , , , , ; –, , , –, –; games , ‘blocs-forums’ ; federal sanctuary see , , ; Greek world under , –, Condate; Latin right , ; and Hadrian –, , –, , Treveri , ; harbour works , , ; honours tribes: federations –, –; frontier units imperial women , ; and Jews , , ; Italian ; Near Eastern rivalries ; , ; justice under , , , ; and self-administration ; settlement in empire libertas ; military image , –, –, , , , , ; see also barbarians and –; Parthian wars see under Parthia; under Africa paternalism –; pietas to Nerva , ; tribunes, military , –, , , , and plebs , ; poetry ; portraits , –, , , ; and provinces, tribunes of the plebs (administration) , –, –, , tribunician power see under individual emperors , , (creation of new see under Arabia; tributum , n, , , , Armenia; Dacia; Mesopotamia), (personal Tricastini involvement) , , –, –, , Tricho (equestrian; beat son to death) , , , (special legates) –, Pliny Tricio see Tritium Magallum , –, –, –, , , , Trier , , , –; civic buildings , ,(see also under Africa; Armenia; , , , , ; mosaicists , ; Cyrenaica; Dacia; Danube; Mesopotamia; stone-working and sculpture , , Thrace); public works in Italy , , , Trinovantes , ; and religion , , , ; trinqui (Gallic ritual) roads , ,(see also roads (viae;Nova Triphiodorus Traiana, Traiana)); and Rome , –, Tripoli see Oea –, ,(adventus) –, , , , Tripolis, Phoenicia Bb, , , (see also Rome (basilicae (Ulpia), and under Tripolitania Eb; agriculture , ; baths; columns; fora; libraries)); sale of boundaries , , ; early Roman possessions ; salutations , , , ; presence ; olive oil , , n, ; and Senate –, , –, , , , Roman stamped bricks ; Vespasian’s (absences) , , (promotion of governorship , ; see also Nasamones easterners) , , (on senators’ assets in Tritium Magallum (Tricio) Ca, Italy) , , ; sources on –, Triton (Wonder of Rome) – n, , ; Spanish origin , , triumphal ornamenta , , , , ; , , ; and succession , , ; Agricola’s , ; elder Trajan’s , titles and address , , , , , , triumphs , , ; see also under individual , ,(optimus), , , –, ; emperors tradition on –; tribunician power –; Troesmis (Iglit¸a) Da, , , , , triumphs , , –, ; and Ulpii Trophonius; oracle at Lebadeia –, Troy , Trajanopolis Db, Tubusuctu (Tiklat) Tralles b Cc, Tuficum transhumance –; Africa , , , Tulliasses –, , –; Eifel-Ardennes area ; Tullius Cicero, M. , , , ; and Italy , , –; seasonal agricultural philosophy , ,
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tumuli, burials under , Roman ; romanization , , , , tumultus , ; see also decurions; equestrian order; Tungrians ; First Cohort , n magistracies, civic; magistracies, Roman; Tunisia , –, , –, Senate and senatorial order; wealth; and under tunnelling cities; provinces and individual instances of these Turbo see under Marcius urban cohort , –, , , ; XIII Turda (Potaissa) Ca, cohort in Africa , Turdetania urbica dioecesis Turnus (satirist) Ursus (entertainer from Cirta area) Turones , Usha Bb, Turris, Sardinia Usk legionary fortress Bb, Turris Tamalleni (Telmine) Db, , , ustrinum n, Utica Da, tutela , , , , Uxama (Burgo de Osma) Tutelus, cult at Tarraco Tutilii of Emerita Augusta Vaison Tyana Gc, b Gc, , , Valao, chief of Naristae Tylos (Bahrain) Valentinian I, emperor Tyne, R. , , Valentinus (Gnostic) Tyre Ab, Bc, , , , , , , ; Valerii Vegeti , organization in Puteoli n, Valerius Catullus Messalinus Valerius Flaccus; Argonautica Ucubi Cb, , Valerius Licinianus n Uley , Valerius Macedo, Q., of Vienne , Ulpia Marciana Augusta –, , Valerius Martialis, M. (Martial) –; De Ulpia Noviomagus (Nijmegen) Spectaculis , ; and Domitian , –, , Ulpia Topirus Cb, , , , ; epigrams , , , –, Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa Ca, , , , (on social life) , , ; and Parthenius , , , ; and patronage , , , Ulpian see Domitius Ulpianus –; Spanish background , , Ulpii of Italica –, , , Valerius Maximianus, M. (cos. ) , , ; Ulpius Appuleius Eurycles, M. campaigns , , , , Ulpius Marcellus (governor of Britain) , Valkenburg Ulpius Martialis, M. Vallius Maximianus, C. , , Ulpius Traianus, M. (father of emperor) , vallus (harvesting machine) , , , ; deification , ; governor of Syria Vandals , , , n, , Vandœuvre Ulpius Traianus, M. (emperor) see Trajan Vannian kings of Suebi Umbria Bb, , Varenus Rufus , , , Ummidia Quadratilla Varius Clemens, T. , , , Ummidius Quadratus , – Varro see under Terentius undertakers , , Varian disaster , , , , underworld, criminal Vasio UNESCO , , , vaulting, architectural , , United States of America; frontier – Vazaivi (Aïn-Zoun) n upper classes: in cities , , , , , vectigalia: vectigal foricularii ansarii promercalium ; (Roman control and integration) , , see also customs duties , –,(see also decurions; magistracies, Vedius Antoninus of Ephesus , civic; munera); commercial interests , vegetables , , –, , , –, –, , ; vehicles , , competitiveness , , , ; continuity vehiculatio (transport requisitioning) , ; and discontinuity , , , ; cities’ responsibility , ; Danube region demography , , , , ,(see also , ; exemptions , , , , ; under Senate); homogenization and Italy , , , acculturation , , ; marriage –, Vehilius Gratus Iulianus , , ; and medicine ; new families Veii , –, , , , ; provincialization of Veleia (Iruna), Spain Ca,
© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-26335-1 - The Cambridge Ancient History: Second Edition: Volume XI: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192 Edited by Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey and Dominic Rathbone Index More information
Veleia Romana Bb, n, , , –, , –, ; foreign policy –; –, freedmen , , , ; frontier policy , , Velius Rufus, C. , – ; and Galba’s repute –; and Greek Vellavii world –, –, ; and Helvidius Priscus Vence , –; ideology –; imperial cult , Veneti , ; and Jews , , , , ; jurisdiction Venta Icenorum (Caistor-by-Norwich) Cb, , , , ; Lex de Imperio Vespasiani , Venta Silurum (Caerwent) , –; marriage , , ; military reputation Venuleius Saturninus , , , ; miracles of healing , ; Venus, Gallic clay statuettes of munificence , –; and Nero’s memory , Venutius, king of Brigantes , , , , ; opposition to , –; and Verecunda n oracles ; patrician adlections –, ; Verginius Rufus (cos. /) , , patronage , –; and philosophers , , Verona , , ; Philostratus on , , ; and praetorian Verritus, Frisian king – guard , –, ; and provinces –, –, versura (type of loan) , , , (restructures eastern) –, Verulamium Bb, , , , , , ; , , , ,(see also under Achaea; buildings , , , , , ; Africa; Britain; Cyrenaica; Danube region; wall-paintings , Gaul; Germany; Judaea; Spain; Syria); and Verulana Gratilla religion , ; reputation in lifetime , , , Verus, L., emperor –, ; career before , , , , (others save from accession , , , , ; early unpopularity) , , , ; and Rome –, principate –; eastern campaign see under –, , , (building programme) , Parthia; marriage , ; triumph , , –, , –, , see also Rome ; Marcomannic campaign –; death (temples; Jupiter Capitolinus); salutations ; and deification –, , and Senate , –, –, , , , , acclamations , ; advisers , –, , (adlections) –, –, –, , , , ; civilitas ; coinage , , , ; sources –; and subseciva ; and , ; and Fronto , , , ; names succession , , , , –, ; taxation and titles , , , ; portraits , under –, , ; and Titus , –, , ; sources on –n –, ; tribunician power ; triumph Vesona, Tower of –, , , ; see also Domitian (under Vespasian, emperor (T. Flavius Vespasianus) Vespasian) –, ; career before accession –, , Vestal Virgins , –, , , , , , (and Jewish revolt) , , Vestricius Spurinna (cos. II ) , , ; acclamation and accession , , , , Vesuvius Bb; eruption of () –, , , , ; principate –; death , ; apotheosis , Vetera see Xanten accessibility ; administration , , veterans: banditry ; bonuses , , , , ; and aftermath of civil war , –, , ; from fleets –, ; as honestiores , , ; aims –; amici , , ; ; in Italy , –, ; land allotments appointments , , –, , , (family , , ; marriage rights –, ; members) –, , , ; and army –, religion , ; settlement , , , –, , , ; art and architecture under , , ; status , ; theatre seating –,(see also building below); and athletes’ ; see also coloniae, and under Cyrenaica; guild ; Augustus as precedent , , , Danube region ; building , , , , –, ; Vettius Bolanus, M. , censorship , –, , , , , ; Vettulenus Civica Barbarus, M. (cos. ) character , , , , , , , ; civilitas Vettulenus Civica Cerealis, C. , ; and Claudius’ memory , –, –, viae, see under roads , ; coinage –, , , ; viaticum, legionary commercial interests ; concubines , Vibia Aurelia Sabina –, , , ; and consulship , , Vibius Crispus (cos. III ) , , , , ; continuity from early Principate , , Vibius Lentulus, L. , , , , , –, , ; dies imperii –; Vibrius Salutaris of Ephesus in Egypt (–) –, , , ; family Vicarello glass goblets background , , , ; finance , , , , , vicesima hereditatium, see inheritance tax
© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-26335-1 - The Cambridge Ancient History: Second Edition: Volume XI: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192 Edited by Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey and Dominic Rathbone Index More information
vicesima libertatis (manumission tax) , , , Voconius Romanus of Saguntum , , , , , Vofricenses Vicetia , , Vologaeses, king of Parthia , , Vichy area , , Vologesias Bb, vici (villages) , , , ; see also under Gaul Volturno valley Victorinus see under Aufidius; Furius Volubilis Cc, Ab, , , , , – Victuali Volusii in Senate n Vienna, Austria (Vindobona) Ba, , Volusius Maecianus Vienna Cameo Vorboorg – Vienne (Vienna, Gallia Narbonensis) , , Vosges , , , , –; buildings , , Votienus Montanus Vieux; theatre-amphitheatre votive offerings: anatomical models , ; vigiles, see fire brigades inscriptions –, , –, –, ; vigintivirate , , , statuettes , , vilici (bailiffs) , Vulcacius Tertullinus (tribunus plebis) villages , , –, , , ; planned estate- ; promotion to city , ; see Wadi Arabah Bd, also vici, and under Syria Wadi Sirhan , , Villalis Ba, – Wadi Soffegin Villards d’Héria Wadi ZemZem villas , , , ; see also under Britain; Wael bar Sahru Domitian; Gaul; Germany; Hadrian; Italy; Wales Bb, , , , , , Spain wall plaster, decorated , ; see also painting Viminacium (Pozˇarevac) Bb, , , , , Wallachia , , walls, frontier and territory , , ; see Vindex, M. also clausurae; Antonine Wall; Hadrian’s Wall Vindobona (Vienna) Ba, , walls, town , , , ; Africa , , Vindolanda tablets Bb, n, , –, , ; Danube , , ; commander’s wife’s Wallsend (Segedunum) correspondence , ; commendationes and Wanborough, Surrey patronage n, , n, , ; warfare: in Germany –; Greek world –; nature of information , , , , , guerrilla, in Judaea ; historiography ; ; number of hands –, Senate and , , , , ; and Vindonissa (Windisch) , , taxation , , ; victory attributed to Vinxtbach gods ; see also slaves (captives) violence in society –, , –, , , Water Newton (Durobrivae) Bb, ; see also banditry water supply ; administration , , , Vipasca (Aljustrel) Bb, , , , , , ; emperors and n, ; in mines Vipsanius Agrippa, M. , , –, ; provincial cities –, , , , Virgilius Maro, P. , , ; rights , , , ; Rome , –, Viriatus , , , , , , ; technology Viridius Gemellinus , ; see also aqueducts; cisterns Viroconium see Wroxeter water-lifting devices , , , – virtue: Stoic –; women’s , , water-mills , , , –, Virunum (Zollfeld) Aa, water-wheels , , , Vitalianus way-stations Vitellii in Africa Weald Cb; iron mining , Vitellius, A., emperor: children , ; equestrians wealth , , ; African elites , ; under , ; family background ; military freedmen , ; and land , –; and support , , , ; principate , , social mobility , ; and status , , –, ; repute under Vespasian , ; and , , ; see also census (requirements) Senate , and under provinces; Senate Vitellius, L. (cos. , , ) , weapons –, , , , , Vitrasius Flamininus, L. (cos. ) , weaving technology – Vitrasius Pollio , weights and measures , Vitruvius (Pollio) , , , wet-nurses , Vitruvius Secundus (ab epistulis) Wetterau , , , ,
© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-26335-1 - The Cambridge Ancient History: Second Edition: Volume XI: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192 Edited by Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey and Dominic Rathbone Index More information
Weycock Hill, Berkshire x-ray spectroscopy wheat: climate for growth , , ; demand Xanten (Vetera): Colonia Ulpia Traiana ; , , , , , ; see also corn legionary fortress , , , , , Whitton, South Glamorgan Windisch (Vindonissa) , , Xanthus b Dc, , wine –; Britain ; and climate ; Crete Xenarchus of Seleucia ; Domitian’s vine edict , , n, Xenocrates , , ; Egypt ; expansion into new Xenophon (novelist) regions , , ; Germany , ; Xiphilinus , n, , Iulius Graecinus’ de Vineis ; presses , ; trade , , , –, ; see also Yavneh Bd, Ac, , , amphorae; barrels; and under Gaul; Italy; year of five emperors () Spain; Syria year of four emperors (–) , , , , women: age at marriage –; childless ; ; in Greek east , , , ; legions and children , –, , ; emperors disbanded or moved after , –; influenced by ; entertainers –;in recovery after , , ; and Senate , , Greek world , , ; hairstyles , , , ; of imperial family , , –, Yemen , –; inheritance , , ; ius trium Yohanan b. Zakkai liberorum ; legal and judicial rights –, York (Eburacum) Ca, Bb, , , , , , , ; marriage as norm , ; merchants ; Mithraism excludes ; youth organizations ; see also ephebes mortality , –; poets ; and poll-tax , ; property rights , –, , Zamucii –, ; in public life , , ; read Zanticus, king of Jazyges novels ; slaves –, , ; status –, Zaragoza (Caesaraugusta) Ca, (pursuit of high) , , ; theatre seating Zarai Da; Tariff, , ; valued less than males –; virtues Zegrenses see Iulianus Zegrensis , , , ; see also fertility; marriage Zeno (architect) wonders (thaumata) –, , Zenodorus (sculptor) wood-working, Gallic , Zeugma Ab, Ca, , , , , wool , , –, – Zeus , , workshops, urban , Zimara wrecks , n, n, , , ; zinc resources ship design , , Zliten; mosaics writing materials: tablets , , , , , Zoara Bd, (see also parchment; pottery (graffiti and Zollfeld (Virunum) Aa, inscriptions); and under Caecilius Iucundus; Zorava Murecine villa; Poppaea; Ros¸ia Montana; Zoroastrianism , Vindolanda) Zˇupanac Wroxeter (Viroconium) Bb, , –, , Zwammerdam Zwangstaat (constitution of compulsion)
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