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Migrant Smuggling in Asia

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Migrant Smuggling in Asia Migrant Smuggling in Asia An Annotated Bibliography August 2012 2 Knowledge Product: !"#$%&'()!*##+"&#("&(%)"% An Annotated Bibliography Printed: Bangkok, August 2012 Authorship: United Nations O!ce on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) Copyright © 2012, UNODC e-ISBN: 978-974-680-330-4 "is publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-pro#t purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. UNODC would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from the United Nations O!ce on Drugs and Crime. Applications for such permission, with a statement of purpose and intent of the reproduction, should be addressed to UNODC, Regional Centre for East Asia and the Paci#c. Cover photo: Courtesy of OCRIEST Product Feedback: Comments on the report are welcome and can be sent to: Coordination and Analysis Unit (CAU) Regional Centre for East Asia and the Paci#c United Nations Building, 3 rd Floor Rajdamnern Nok Avenue Bangkok 10200, "ailand Fax: +66 2 281 2129 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.unodc.org/eastasiaandpaci#c/ UNODC gratefully acknowledges the #nancial contribution of the Government of Australia that enabled the research for and the production of this publication. Disclaimers: "is report has not been formally edited. "e contents of this publication do not necessarily re$ect the views or policies of UNODC and neither do they imply any endorsement. "e designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNODC concerning the legal status of any country, territory or city or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. !,-./01()23--4,0-(,0(%5,/ An Annotated Bibliography A publication of the Coordination and Analysis Unit of the Regional Centre for East Asia and the Paci!c United Nations O!ce on Drugs and Crime '/647(89(:8017015( Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................... 1 Abbreviations and acronyms ................................................................................................................. 2 List of tables ......................................................................................................................................... 3 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 4 Annotated bibliography ........................................................................................................................ 7 !"#!""$%&%'(#)*+,*$-.&/01 %;<08=47>-727015 "is publication was produced by the Regional Centre for East Asia and the Paci!c (RCEAP) of UNODC, under the supervision of Sebastian Baumeister, Coordination and Analysis Unit (CAU, UNODC). Lead researcher: Fiona David (consultant). Research conceptualization, coordination and report preparation: Sebastian Baumeister and Fiona David. Critical abstracts in the Annotated Bibliography written by: Fiona David, Rebecca Miller (consultant), Rebecca Powell (consultant), Katherine Rogers (consultant), and Kenneth Wright (consultant). Editorial and production team: Sebastian Baumeister, Julia Brown (UNODC intern), Fiona David, Karen Emmons (contractor, editing), Ajcharaporn Lorlamai (CAU, UNODC), Collin Piprell (contactor, editing), Siraphob Ruedeeniyomvuth (contractor, design), and Sanya Umasa (CAU, UNODC). Particular appreciation and gratitude for support and advice go to Julia Brown, Elzbieta Gozdziak, Shawn Kelly (UNODC), Janet Smith from the Australian Institute of Criminology, Tun Nay Soe (UNODC), and to the sta# from the Library at the Australian National University. "e publication also bene!ted from the work and expertise of UNODC sta# members around the world. 1 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& %66.7?,/1,805(/0>(%;.80@25 ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations BEFARE Basic Education for Awareness Reforms and Empowerment CIS Commonwealth of Independent States COMCAD Center on Migration, Citizenship and Development GDP Gross Domestic Product HIV/AIDS Human Immunode!ciency Virus/Acquired Immunode!ciency Syndrome HRCP Human Rights Commission of Pakistan IIED International Institute for Environment and Development ILO International Labour Organization IMISCOE International Migration, Integration and Social Cohesion IOM International Organization for Migration ISS Institute of Social Sciences KWAT Kachin Women’s Association "ailand Lao PDR Lao People’s Democratic Republic Migrant Smuggling Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing Protocol the UN Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime MOU Memorandum of Understanding NGO Nongovernmental Organization NHRC National Human Rights Commission NRM National Referral Mechanism SEPOM Self-Empowerment Program for Migrant Women Tra$cking in Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Tra$cking in Persons, especially Women Persons Protocol and Children, supplementing the UN Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime UK United Kingdom UN United Nations UNESCAP United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Paci!c UN.GIFT United Nations Global Initiative to Fight Human Tra$cking UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNIAP United Nations Inter-Agency Project on Human Tra$cking UNODC United Nations O$ce on Drugs and Crime YCOWA Yaung Chi Oo Workers’ Association 2 !"#!""$%&%'(#)*+,*$-.&/01 +,51(89(1/6475( Table I: Key words for subjects covered ................................................................................................. 4 Table II: De"nitions of research methodology applied in allocating key words .................................... 5 3 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& "01.8>3;1,80 "e United Nations O$ce on Drugs and Crime mation about migrant smuggling (and to a lesser (UNODC) conducted the research in support of extent about irregular migration and tra$cking in the Bali Process, which is a regional, multilateral persons) in the project countries. "is was followed process to improve cooperation against migrant by a thematic review of all of the information that smuggling, tra$cking in persons and related forms was located. of transnational crime. "e research focused in par- ticular on fourteen countries: Afghanistan, Cambo- "e research identi!ed 154 sources that met the dia, China, India, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, research criteria, which are described in Tables I the Maldives, Myanmar, Pakistan, Singapore, Sri and II. "e sources were then used as the basis Lanka, "ailand and Viet Nam (the project coun- of a thematic regional review and thematic country tries). studies, which are published in UNODC (2012) Migrant Smuggling in Asia. A !ematic Review of "e research had three key objectives: Literature. (1) identify existing knowledge about mi- A summary of each of these sources is provided grant smuggling with regard to the project in this publication. "e researchers allocated key countries; words for each of these sources that re%ect the re- (2) summarize and synthesize existing knowl- search criteria. "ese key words are part of the 154 edge about migrant smuggling, thereby mak- summaries. ing it easier for decision makers to access key data and information; and "e research was conducted within the frame- (3) identify knowledge gaps, thereby making work established by the United Nations Convention it easier to clearly identify research priorities. against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC), supplemented by the Protocol against the Smuggling "e research involved a systematic search of mul- of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air (Migrant Smug- tiple bibliographic databases, library catalogues gling Protocol) and the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and websites, to locate empirically-based infor- and Punish Tra"cking in Persons, Especially Women '/647("A(B7@(=8.>5(98.(536C7;15(;8?7.7> !"#$%&'( ĞƐĐƌŝƉƟŽŶ ŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚƚŚĂƚƚĂŬĞƐƉůĂĐĞŽƵƚƐŝĚĞƚŚĞƌĞŐƵůĂƚŽƌLJŶŽƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĞŶĚŝŶŐ͕ƚƌĂŶƐŝƚĂŶĚƌĞĐĞŝǀŝŶŐ /ƌƌĞŐƵůĂƌŵŝŐƌĂƟŽŶ ĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐ dƌĂĸĐŬŝŶŐŇŽǁƐ ŶƵŵďĞƌƐͬƋƵĂŶƟƚLJŽĨƚƌĂĸĐŬĞĚƉĞƌƐŽŶƐďĞŝŶŐŵŽǀĞĚ͕ĂŶĚͬŽƌĚŝƌĞĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐĞŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚƐ ^ŵƵŐŐůŝŶŐ ĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƟŶŐƚŚĞŝůůĞŐĂůĞŶƚƌLJͬƐƚĂLJŽĨĂŶŽƚŚĞƌĨŽƌƉƌŽĮƚ͕ĂŶĚĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚŽīĞŶĐĞƐƚŽĂĐŚŝĞǀĞƚŚŝƐ ƵƐĞĂŶĚƵƐĞĨƵůŶĞƐƐŽĨĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐŽĨŵŝŐƌĂŶƚƐŵƵŐŐůŝŶŐ͕ƚƌĂĸĐŬŝŶŐŝŶƉĞƌƐŽŶƐ͕ŽƌŝƌƌĞŐƵůĂƌŵŝŐƌĂ! ŽŶĐĞƉƚƐ ƟŽŶ DĞƚŚŽĚŽůŽŐLJ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŵĞƚŚŽĚŽůŽŐŝĞƐƵƐĞĚŝŶƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŽŶŝƌƌĞŐƵůĂƌŵŝŐƌĂƟŽŶŽƌŵŝŐƌĂŶƚƐŵƵŐŐůŝŶŐ YƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ ƐŝnjĞŽĨŝƌƌĞŐƵůĂƌŵŝŐƌĂƟŽŶŽƌƐŵƵŐŐůŝŶŐŇŽǁƐ;ŶŽƚd/WŇŽǁƐ͗ƚŚĞƐĞĂƌĞĐŽǀĞƌĞĚĂďŽǀĞͿ ZŽƵƚĞƐ ŐĞŽŐƌĂƉŚLJŽĨŝƌƌĞŐƵůĂƌŵŝŐƌĂƟŽŶŽƌŵŝŐƌĂŶƚƐŵƵŐŐůŝŶŐ ŐĞŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂů͕ĚĞŵŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĐ͕ƐŽĐŝŽͲĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐŽĨƐŵƵŐŐůĞƌƐ͕ĂŶĚͬŽƌƚŚĞŝƌŵŽƟǀĂ! WƌŽĮůĞƐŽĨƐŵƵŐŐůĞƌƐ ƟŽŶƐ WƌŽĮůĞƐŽĨŝƌƌĞŐƵůĂƌ ŐĞŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂů͕ĚĞŵŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĐ͕ƐŽĐŝŽͲĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐŽĨŝƌƌĞŐƵůĂƌŵŝŐƌĂŶƚƐ͕ĂŶĚͬŽƌƚŚĞŝƌ ŵŝŐƌĂŶƚƐ ŵŽƟǀĂƟŽŶƐ WƌŽĮůĞƐŽĨƐŵƵŐŐůĞĚ ŐĞŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂů͕ĚĞŵŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĐ͕ƐŽĐŝŽͲĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐŽĨƐŵƵŐŐůĞĚŵŝŐƌĂŶƚƐ͕ĂŶĚͬŽƌƚŚĞŝƌ ŵŝŐƌĂŶƚƐ ŵŽƟǀĂƟŽŶƐ ^ŵƵŐŐůĞƌͲŵŝŐƌĂŶƚ ŚŽǁŵŝŐƌĂŶƚƐƉŽƌƚƌĂLJŽƌƉĞƌĐĞŝǀĞƐŵƵŐŐůĞƌƐ͖ƚŚĞŶĂƚƵƌĞŽƌƋƵĂůŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉ͖ĂŶĚͬŽƌ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉ ĨĂĐƚŽƌƐƚŚĂƚŝŵƉĂĐƚŽŶƚŚĂƚƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉ 4 !"#!""$%&%'(#)*+,*$-.&/01 ƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĂůŽƌďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŝŶƐŵƵŐŐůŝŶŐŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶƐ͖ƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂĐ! KƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨƐŵƵŐŐůŝŶŐ ƚŽƌƐŝŶƐŵƵŐŐůŝŶŐŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶƐ͖ŝŶǀŽůǀĞŵĞŶƚŝŶŽƚŚĞƌĐƌŝŵŝŶĂůŝƚLJ͖ƐƉĞĐŝĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶͬƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůŝƐŵ ŽĨƐŵƵŐŐůĞƌƐ͖ŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ
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