DOCSLIB.ORG

Modernity for Young Rural Migrant Women Working in Garment Factories in Vientiane

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Modernity for Young Rural Migrant Women Working in Garment Factories in Vientiane MODERNITY FOR YOUNG RURAL MIGRANT WOMEN WORKING IN GARMENT FACTORIES IN VIENTIANE ຄວາມເປັນສະໄໝໃໝສ່ າ ລບັ ຍງິ ສາວທ່ ເປັນແຮງງານຄ່ ອ ນ ຍາ້ ຍ ເຮັດວຽກໃນໂຮງງານ-ຕດັ ຫຍບິ ຢນ່ ະຄອນຫຼວງ ວຽງຈນັ Ms Rakounna SISALEUMSAK MASTER DEGREE NATIONAL UNIVERISTY OF LAOS 2012 MODERNITY FOR YOUNG RURAL MIGRANT WOMEN WORKING IN GARMENT FACTORIES IN VIENTIANE ຄວາມເປັນສະໄໝໃໝສ່ າ ລບັ ຍງິ ສາວທ່ ເປັນແຮງງານເຄ່ ອ ນ ຍາ້ ຍເຮັດວຽກໃນໂຮງງານ-ຕດັ ຫຍບິ ຢນ່ ະຄອນຫຼວງວຽງຈນັ A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE OFFICE IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE MASTER DEGREE IN INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT STUDIES Rakounna SISALEUMSAK National University of Laos Advisor: Dr. Kabmanivanh PHOUXAY Chiang Mai University Advisor: Assistant Professor Dr. Pinkaew LAUNGARAMSRI © Copyright by National University of Laos 2012 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis would not have been accomplished without valuable help and inputs from numerous people. First of all I would like to express my sincere appreciation to my supervisors Dr. Kabmanivanh Phouxay and Assistant Professor Dr. Pinkaew Laungaramsri for their valuable support, critical comments and advice which has helped shaped my thesis. In addition I would also like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Chayan Vaddhanaphuti, for the constant guidance and advice provided which has helped to deepen my understanding of the various concepts and development issues. I also wish to thank all the lecturers, professors and staff, from NUOL and CMU, for helping to increase my knowledge and widen my perspectives on development issues in Laos and in the region. My special thanks to Dr Seksin Srivattananukulkit for advising me to take this course and also to Dr Chaiwat Roongruangsee for his constant encouragement and words of wisdom which has helped motivate me to continue to write this thesis. I wish to thank John Dore, my special mentor from the start of the course until writing the thesis, for all his critical input/comments, useful advice and edits he has provided. I would also like to thank Mike Lally for his helpful edits and comments on the thesis. Special thanks also to David Fairhurst for his help and advice on how to structure my thesis and writing. Thank you also to Anna Polonyi for bringing to my attention the concept of Saduak Sabai and to Christina McMellon for editing this thesis. At work I am grateful for the support and understanding I have received from all my work colleagues. Thank you so much for putting up with my constant queries on development issues in Laos and also my various requests for leave which enabled me to successfully complete my assignments and thesis. My field study could not have accomplished without the help of my friend Boutsady who introduced me to her network of factory workers especially Sa and Kei and also made available her house and rice field as venue for the focus group discussions and interviews. I am deeply grateful to Sa and Kei, my key informants for making the focus group discussions and interviews happen. I would also like to thank all the NUOL i students who assisted me with the face to face interviews and of course all the young women from the various factories who participated in this survey. Lastly my coursework and thesis would not have been completed without my family’s support. I would like to especially thank my husband, Lakkeo Sirimanothai, and children, Souvanna and Sousada Sirmanothai. To my husband, thank you for your encouragement and support throughout my study so that I was able to put in the late nights and spend long hours completing my assignments and thesis. To my children thank you for your patience and understanding. I also would like to thank my mother, Khamsouk Sisaleumsak, for her constant stories about the French times helping me to understand more about that period and also to my sister, Southalak Sisaleumsak, for her valuable advice and assistance throughout my coursework and field study. ii ABSTRACT Previous studies of garment factories in Laos tend to portray rural women migrant workers as passive agents driven mainly by economic factors. This study aims to understand how modernity influences rural migrant women working in garment factories in Vientiane to become active agents, how they adapt the changes in their life and the mechanisms used to adapt to these changes. It also looks at how their life has changed in urban settings. There are three main objectives to this study: i) to understand the aspiration of young unmarried women migrants from rural areas, how they view modernity and how they define it; ii) to explore their modernity experiences, changes and effects on their lives; iii) to explore the implications of the aspiration of modernity on their life. The concept of modernity was used to explore the working conditions, living conditions and social relations of young women working in garment factories in an urban setting and to identify aspects of their agency and social mobility. Findings from a quantitative and qualitative survey in three garment factories in Vientiane show that modernity, in the perception of the young rural migrant women, are associated with consumption and kwarm saduak sabai, a set of values relating to ease, comfort and freedom. These aspects imply the practice and imagination of “urban modernity” by the young women. Within the urban settings the young women were able to practice modernity through consumption, thus enabling them to create a new self identity. At the same they also strove to obtain the kwarm saduak sabai that they imagined they would find through their work and social relations in the city. However the realities of the hard work, long hours, limited social relations and peer network restricted their possibility of social mobility thus making them realise that some of their aspirations were just illusions. iii ບດົ ຄດັ ຍ ້ ບດົ ຄນົ້ ຄວ້ າຜາ່ ນມາກຽ່ ວກບັ ໂຮງງານຕດັ ຫຍິບຢລາວ່ ສວ່ ນຫຼາຍແມນ່ ສະແດງໃຫເ້ ຫັນຍິງສາວທ່ ເປັນແຮງງານເຄ່ ອ ນຍາ້ ຍໃນພາບທ່ ເປັນຝາ່ ຍຖກ ພກັ ດນັ ຈາກປດັ ໃຈທາງດາ້ ນເສດຖະກດິ . ເປົ້າໝາຍການ ສຶກສາຄງັ້ ນ ້ ແມນ່ ເພ່ ອຕອ້ ງການເຂົ້າໃຈວາ່ ຄວາມເປັນສະໄໝໃໝມ່ ອ ິດທິຜນົ ແນວໃດຕ່ ຍິງສາວທ່ ເປັນແຮງງານເຄ່ ອ ນຍາ້ ຍ ເຂົ້າມາເຮັດວຽກຢໂຮງງານ່ ຕດັ ຫຍິບໃນນະຄອນ ຫຼວງວຽງຈນັ ເຊ່ ງິ ເຮັດໃຫພວກ້ ເຂົາກາຍເປັນຜກ້ າ ນດົ ຊວ ດິ ຕວົ ເອງ, ສຶກສາການປບັ ຕວົ ຕ່ ການ ປ່ຽນແປງທ່ ເກດ ຂນຶ້ ແນວໃດ ແລະກນົ ໄກທ່ ເຂົາເຈາົ້ ນາ ໃຊ.້ ພອ້ ມດຽວກນັ ນນັ້ ກ່ໄ ດສ້ ຶກສາເບ່ ິງວາ່ ແບບແຜນດາ ລງົ ຊວ ດິ ຂອງພວກຍິງສາວທ່ ເປັນແຮງງານເຄ່ ອ ນຍາ້ ຍເຫ່ ົຼານນັ້ ມກ ານປ່ຽນແປງ ແນວໃດພາຍຫຼງັ ທ່ ໄດມ້ າໃຊຊ້ ວ ດິ ຢໃ່ ນຕວົ ເມອ ງ. ບດົ ນພິ ນົ ນມ ້ ສາມ ວດັ ຖປຸ ະສງົ ຫຼກັ ຄ: (i) ເພ່ ອເຂົ້າໃຈເຖງິ ຄວາມໄຝຝ່ ນັ ເຖງິ ຄວາມເປັນສະ ໄໝໃໝຂ່ ອງຍິງສາວທ່ ເປັນແຮງງານເຄ່ ອ ນຍາ້ ຍຈາກເຂດຊນົ ນະບດົ , ມມ ມອງກຽ່ ວກບັ ຄວາມເປັນສະໄໝໃໝ ່ ແລະນຍິ າມກຽ່ ວກບັ ຄວາມເປັນສະໄໝໃໝຂ່ ອງພວກເຂົາ (ii) ສຶກສາປະສບົ ການກຽ່ ວກບັ ຄວາມເປັນສະໄໝໃໝ,່ ຄວາມປ່ຽນແປງທ່ ເກດ ຂນຶ້ ແລະສ່ ິງດງ່ັ ກາ່ ວມຜ ນົ ຕ່ ພວກເຂົາຄແນວ ໃດ (iii) ສຶກສາເບ່ ງິ ວາ່ ຄວາມໄຝຝ່ ນັ ເຖງິ ຄວາມເປັນສະ ໄໝໃໝມ່ ຜ ນົ ສະທອ້ ນຕ່ ຊວ ດິ ຂອງພວກເຂົາແນວໃດ. ການສຶກສາຄງັ້ ນ ້ ແມນ່ ນາ ໃຊແນວ້ ຄດິ ກຽ່ ວກບັ ຄວາມເປັນສະໄໝໃໝ ່ ຜາ່ ນການສາ ຫຼວດເບ່ ິງສະ ພາບການເຮັດວຽກ, ການດາ ລງົ ຊວ ດິ ແລະການພວົ ພນັ ທາງສງັ ຄມົ ຂອງຍິງສາວທ່ ເຮັດວຽກໃນ ໂຮງງານຕດັ ຫຍິບທ່ ຢໃນ່ ຕວົ ເມອ ງ ໂດຍຄນົ້ ຫາລກັ ສະນະຄວາມເປັນຕວົ ຕນົ ຂອງພວກເຂົາພອ້ ມ ທງັ ການເຄ່ ອ ນໄຫວທາງດາ້ ນສງັ ຄມົ ອ ກ. ຈາກການສຶກສາຄນົ້ ຄວາ້ ວໄຈິ ໃນເຊງ ປະລິມານ ແລະຄຸນນະພາບຢສາມໂຮງງານໃນນະຄອນ່ ຫຼວງວຽງຈນັ ເຫັນວາ່ ຄວາມເປັນສະໄໝໃໝໃ່ ນມມ ມອງຂອງຍິງສາວທ່ ເປັນແຮງງານເຄ່ ອ ນຍາ້ ຍ ແມນ່ ກຽ່ ວພນັ ກບັ ການບ ລໂພິ ກ ແລະຄວາມສະດວກສະບາຍ, ເຊ່ ງິ ຮວມເອົາຄນຸ ຄາ່ ທ່ ກຽ່ ວພນັ ເຖງິ ຄວາມງາ່ ຍ, ຄວາມສະບາຍໃຈ ແລະຄວາມເປັນອິດສະລະ. ບນັ ດາມຸມມອງເຫ່ ົຼານ ້ ແມນ່ ສະແດງອອກຜາ່ ນການປະຕບິ ດັ ແລະຈນິ ຕະນະການກຽ່ ວກບັ “ຄວາມເປັນສະໄໝໃໝໃ່ ນຕວົ ເມອ ງ” ໂດຍຍງິ ສາວເຫ່ ົຼານນັ້ . ໃນຕວົ ເມອ ງພວກຍິງສາວສາມາດ ປະຕິບດັ ຄວາມເປນັ ສະໄໝໃໝຜ່ າ່ ນການບ ລໂພິ ກ ເຊ່ ງິ ເຮັດໃຫພວກ້ ເຂົາສາມາດສາ້ ງພາບພດົ ໃໝ່ ໃຫກ້ ບັ ຕນົ ເອງ. ພອ້ ມດຽວກນັ ນນັ້ ພວກເຂົາກ່ພະຍາຍາ ມສະແຫວງຫາຄວາມສະດວກສະບາຍ iv ທ່ ວາດພາບໄວວ້ າ່ ຕນົ ເອງຈະພບົ ຜາ່ ນການເຮັດວຽກ ແລະການພວົ ພນັ ທາງສງັ ຄມົ ໃນຕວົ ເມອ ງ. ແຕວ່ າ່ ຄວາມຈງິ ແລວ້ ພວກເຂົາຊາ ້ ພດັ ໄດພ້ ບົ ກບັ ການເຮັດວຽກໜກັ ແລະຍາວນານຫຼາຍຊ່ວົ ໂມງ, ເຮັດໃຫໂອກາດ້ ການພວົ ພນັ ທາງສງັ ຄມົ ທ່ ມໜ ອ້ ຍ ແລະການເຄ່ ອ ນໄຫວທາງສງັ ຄມົ ມ ຄວາມຈາ ກດັ ຈ່ງຶ ເຮັດໃຫພວກ້ ເຂົາພບົ ວາ່ ໃນຄວາມເປັນຈງິ ຄວາມໄຝຝນັ ຂອງພວກເຂົາ ເປັນ ພຽງແຕມະ່ ໂນພາບເທ່ ົານນັ້ . v ABBREVIATION ADB Asian Development Bank APHEDA Australian People for Health, Education and Development Abroad CMP Cut, make and pack CMT Cut, make and trim CPI Committee for Planning and Investment EU European Union FDI Foreign Direct Investment FOB Free On Board HIV/AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome HR Human Resource ILO International Labour Organization ITECC International Trade Exhibition and Convention Center JV Joint Venture Lao PDR Lao People’s Democratic Republic LDC Least developed country MIC Ministry of Information and Culture NEM New Economic Mechanism NGPES National Growth and Poverty Eradication Strategy NRIE Northern Region Industrial Estate NUOL National University of Laos OT Overtime QC Quality Control vi SEA Games South East Asia Games SEZ Special Economic Zone UNIFEM United Nations Development Fund for Women UNDP United Nations Development Programme vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................ I ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................. III ບດົ ຄດັ ຍ ້............................................................................................................................ IV ABBREVIATION ......................................................................................................... VI CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Migrant Smuggling in Asia
    Migrant Smuggling in Asia An Annotated Bibliography August 2012 2 Knowledge Product: !"#$%&'()!*##+"&#("&(%)"% An Annotated Bibliography Printed: Bangkok, August 2012 Authorship: United Nations O!ce on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) Copyright © 2012, UNODC e-ISBN: 978-974-680-330-4 "is publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-pro#t purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. UNODC would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from the United Nations O!ce on Drugs and Crime. Applications for such permission, with a statement of purpose and intent of the reproduction, should be addressed to UNODC, Regional Centre for East Asia and the Paci#c. Cover photo: Courtesy of OCRIEST Product Feedback: Comments on the report are welcome and can be sent to: Coordination and Analysis Unit (CAU) Regional Centre for East Asia and the Paci#c United Nations Building, 3 rd Floor Rajdamnern Nok Avenue Bangkok 10200, "ailand Fax: +66 2 281 2129 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.unodc.org/eastasiaandpaci#c/ UNODC gratefully acknowledges the #nancial contribution of the Government of Australia that enabled the research for and the production of this publication. Disclaimers: "is report has not been formally edited. "e contents of this publication do not necessarily re$ect the views or policies of UNODC and neither do they imply any endorsement.
    [Show full text]
  • Combating Trafficking of Women and Children in South Asia
    CONTENTS COMBATING TRAFFICKING OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN IN SOUTH ASIA Regional Synthesis Paper for Bangladesh, India, and Nepal APRIL 2003 This book was prepared by staff and consultants of the Asian Development Bank. The analyses and assessments contained herein do not necessarily reflect the views of the Asian Development Bank, or its Board of Directors or the governments they represent. The Asian Development Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this book and accepts no responsibility for any consequences of their use. i CONTENTS CONTENTS Page ABBREVIATIONS vii FOREWORD xi EXECUTIVE SUMMARY xiii 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 UNDERSTANDING TRAFFICKING 7 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2 Defining Trafficking: The Debates 9 2.3 Nature and Extent of Trafficking of Women and Children in South Asia 18 2.4 Data Collection and Analysis 20 2.5 Conclusions 36 3 DYNAMICS OF TRAFFICKING OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN IN SOUTH ASIA 39 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 Links between Trafficking and Migration 40 3.3 Supply 43 3.4 Migration 63 3.5 Demand 67 3.6 Impacts of Trafficking 70 4 LEGAL FRAMEWORKS 73 4.1 Conceptual and Legal Frameworks 73 4.2 Crosscutting Issues 74 4.3 International Commitments 77 4.4 Regional and Subregional Initiatives 81 4.5 Bangladesh 86 4.6 India 97 4.7 Nepal 108 iii COMBATING TRAFFICKING OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN 5APPROACHES TO ADDRESSING TRAFFICKING 119 5.1 Stakeholders 119 5.2 Key Government Stakeholders 120 5.3 NGO Stakeholders and Networks of NGOs 128 5.4 Other Stakeholders 129 5.5 Antitrafficking Programs 132 5.6 Overall Findings 168 5.7
    [Show full text]
  • Combating Child Sex Tourism in a New Tourism Destination
    DECLARATION Name of candidate: Phouthone Sisavath This thesis entitled: “Combating Child Sex Tourism in a new tourism destination” is submitted in partial fulfilment for the requirement for the Unitec New Zealand degree of Master of Business. CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION I confirm that: This thesis is my own work The contribution of supervision and others to this thesis is consistent with Unitec‟s Regulations and Policies Research for this thesis has been conducted with approval of the Unitec Research Ethics Committee Policy and Procedure, and has fulfilled any requirements set for this thesis by the Unitec Ethics Committee. The Research Ethics Committee Approval Number is: 2011-1211 Candidate Signature:..............................................Date:…….……….………… Student ID number: 1351903 i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis would not have been completed without the support and assistance of some enthusiastic people. I would like to thank the principal supervisor of the thesis, Prof. Ken Simpson. He has provided the most valuable and professional guidance and feedback, and he gave me the most support and encouragement in the research. I would also like to thank the associate supervisor, Ken Newlands for his valuable comments on the draft of the thesis. I would also like to give a big thank you to all active participants from both the Lao government agencies and international organisations, which have provided such meaningful information during the research. I would also like to acknowledge and give specially thank to my parents. I might not get to where I am today without their support and encouragement throughout my study here in New Zealand. Finally, I wish to thank my lovely partner Vilayvanh for her understanding and patience and for her consistent positive attitude in every condition and situation.
    [Show full text]
  • Prostitution Stigma and Its Effect on the Working Conditions, Personal Lives, and Health of Sex Workers
    The Journal of Sex Research ISSN: 0022-4499 (Print) 1559-8519 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/hjsr20 Prostitution Stigma and Its Effect on the Working Conditions, Personal Lives, and Health of Sex Workers Cecilia Benoit, S. Mikael Jansson, Michaela Smith & Jackson Flagg To cite this article: Cecilia Benoit, S. Mikael Jansson, Michaela Smith & Jackson Flagg (2017): Prostitution Stigma and Its Effect on the Working Conditions, Personal Lives, and Health of Sex Workers, The Journal of Sex Research, DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2017.1393652 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2017.1393652 Published online: 17 Nov 2017. Submit your article to this journal View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=hjsr20 Download by: [University of Victoria] Date: 17 November 2017, At: 13:09 THE JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH,00(00), 1–15, 2017 Copyright © The Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality ISSN: 0022-4499 print/1559-8519 online DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2017.1393652 ANNUAL REVIEW OF SEX RESEARCH SPECIAL ISSUE Prostitution Stigma and Its Effect on the Working Conditions, Personal Lives, and Health of Sex Workers Cecilia Benoit and S. Mikael Jansson Centre for Addictions Research of British Columbia, University of Victoria; and Centre for Addictions Research of British Columbia, University of Victoria Michaela Smith Centre for Addictions Research of British Columbia, University of Victoria; Jackson Flagg Centre for Addictions Research of British Columbia, University of Victoria Researchers have shown that stigma is a fundamental determinant of behavior, well-being, and health for many marginalized groups, but sex workers are notably absent from their analyses.
    [Show full text]
  • Exploration of a Resettlement-Migration–Trafficking
    Forced displacement & Human Trafficking: The case of Hydropower Exploration of a Drivers of Migration Framework (Adaptation7) development resettlement-migration–trafficking nexus This research is located at the convergence of two phenomena; the rapid development of in Laos hydropower infrastructure in Laos and the country's location at the center of a human trafficking hub. Research objectives How Development-Induced-Displacement and Resettlement (DIDR) places affected communities at an increased risk of human trafficking in the region? • How can resettlement aggravate existing vulnerabilities of impacted communities? Village Focus International Francesco Brembati (The Lily) • How does DIDR influence drivers of migration? Anouk Malboeuf • Which of these vulnerabilities and drivers increases the risk of human trafficking? MA Refugee Protection & Forced Migration Contact: [email protected] University of London Refugee Law Initiative 4th annual conference Key results Possible links: Displacement-Migration-Trafficking 3-5 June 2019Li Fan • The resettlement process influences Li Fan the migration flux by acting on specific Prior Post Drivers of Determinants drivers; resettlement resettlement migration of trafficking • The resettlement process generally exacerbates existing vulnerabilities; Fragile Difficult Survival & New livelihood adaptation & • Resettled communities are placed at an food/water risky migration 1 insecurity Facts & figures increased risk of exploitation and security • ± 100 hydropower plants operational trafficking when they decide to use Capacity to Cash pay or under construction in Laos. Subsistence compensation New financial migration as an adaptation strategy. smugglers/ / cash based capacities • 280,000 peoples could be resettled. agriculture false sense of Asian News Network economy security • For the Nam Man 3 project, 100% of Improved road Attraction to the resettled household used migration 6 Increase Isolated rural access, contact modern life, marriage with with foreigners access to as a coping strategy.
    [Show full text]
  • [email protected]
    Letmather Str.71, 58119 Hagen, Germany. Phone: 0049( 2334) 44 44 668, E-Mail: [email protected] www.laoalliance.org SDG Report for Laos by the Alliance for Democracy in Laos 2021 1. End Poverty in All its Forms Everywhere If you follow the World Bank figures, Laos has achieved some success in combating poverty in recent years. However, these successes are in danger due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the still escalating corruption in Laos. Independent experts even report that poverty remains high and that the reports by the government of Laos are not true. The reports that we receive from our employees in Laos indicate this. An indication of the still great poverty in the country is the high youth unemployment. In the CIA Factbook this is estimated at 18.5%. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/laos/ Typical Lao village in the Luang Phrabang province (2019) But other sources also confirm the reports of our employees. Laos still ranks 137th in the HDI index. The causes of poverty are not just corruption, but also the lack of infrastructure in Laos and the underdeveloped economy. Another sure sign of extreme poverty is the fact that there are very many school dropouts in Laos. Many children are forced to leave school early and earn money. 1 https://www.rfa.org/lao/daily/women-children/human-development-in-laos-short-of-target- 12302020015923.html The government of the Laotian People's Republic currently puts annual economic growth at 4.6%. However, since development aid projects are also included in the figures for economic output, one must assume that real growth is more likely to be around 0%.
    [Show full text]
  • Sex Work and the Law in Asia and the Pacific — UNDP
    SEX WORK AND THE LAW IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC SEX WORK AND THE LAW IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC THE AND ASIA IN LAW THE AND WORK SEX Empowered lives. Resilient nations. United Nations Development Programme UNDP Asia-Paci c Regional Centre United Nations Service Building, 3rd Floor Rajdamnern Nok Avenue, Bangkok 10200, Thailand Email: [email protected] Tel: +66 (0)2 304-9100 Fax: +66 (0)2 280-2700 Web: http://asia-paci c.undp.org/ October 2012 Empowered lives. Resilient nations. The information contained in this report is drawn from multiple sources including consultation responses, an extensive literature review and expert inputs. While every effort has been taken to ensure accuracy at the time of publication, errors or omissions may have occurred. Laws, policies and law enforcement practices are constantly changing. It is hoped that the report will provide a baseline of information, to inform more detailed efforts at country level to build an accurate and complete evidence base to inform efforts to address the health and human rights of sex workers. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the United Nations, including UNDP, or UN Member States. UNDP partners with people at all levels of society to help build nations that can withstand crisis, and drive and sustain the kind of growth that improves the quality of life for everyone. On the ground in 177 countries and territories, we offer global perspective and local insight to help empower lives and build resilient nations. Copyright © UNDP 2012 ISBN: 978-974-680-343-4 United Nations Development Programme UNDP Asia-Pacific Regional Centre United Nations Service Building, 3rd Floor Rajdamnern Nok Avenue, Bangkok 10200, Thailand Email: [email protected] Tel: +66 (0)2 304-9100 Fax: +66 (0)2 280-2700 Web: http://asia-pacific.undp.org/ Design: Ian Mungall/UNDP.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report 2019
    ANNUAL REPORT 2019 1 “As an innovati ve model of social inclusion, the Special Rapporteur has been impressed by the work carried out by the Free a Girl NGO, in the context of the School for Justi ce project implemented in India and Nepal.” - Report to the UN Human Rights Council by the Special Rapporteur on traffi cking in persons, Dr. Maria Grazia Giammarinaro Free a Girl Foundati on Hendrik Figeeweg 3 G-10 2031 BJ HAARLEM +31 (0)23 2049400 freeagirl.com [email protected] Chamber of Commerce Amsterdam: 34308169 Rabobank: NL 40 RABO 0306898799 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. VISION, MISSION AND CORE VALUES 5 1.1 Vision 5 1.2 Mission 5 1.3 Core values 5 1.4 Objectives 5 1.4.1 Stop the sexual exploitation of children 6 1.4.2 Confront the public with the existence of child sexual exploitation 6 2. STOPPING SEXUAL EXPLOITATION 7 2.1 Bangladesh 7 2.2 Brazil 12 2.3 India 14 2.4 Nepal 20 2.5 Thailand 25 2.6 Laos 27 3. RAISING AWARENESS 32 3.1 Target group 32 3.2 Alliances 32 3.2.1 Down to Zero 32 3.2.2 Don’t look away 32 3.3 Online communication and free publicity 32 3.3.1 Ambassadors 32 3.3.2 Media value 2019 33 3.3.3 Website 33 3.3.4 Social media 33 3.4 Communication with stakeholders 33 3.4.1 Donors 34 3.4.2 Business partners 34 3.4.3 Foundations and private charitable foudations 34 3.4.4 Alliance partners 34 3.4.5 Ambassadors 34 3.4.6 Regional ambassadors 34 3.4.7 Employees 34 3.4.8 Partner organizations 34 3.4.9 Integrity and complaints procedure 35 3.5 Highlights 35 3.5.1 Fight as if she was your own 35 3.5.2 Fighting child prostitution in Laos and Thailand 36 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Sex Workers and Cultural Policy: Mapping the Issues and Actors in Thailand
    155 Sex Workers and Cultural Policy: Mapping the Issues and Actors in Thailand J.P. Singh Georgetown University Shilpa A. Hart United States Peace Corps Abstract This article deals with the deeply controversial side of cultural tourism in mapping the position of the sex industry. In doing so, it places sex tourism in two epistemic contexts: one context expands the notion of cultural policies, the other notes the implicit and explicit origins and effects of cultural policies affecting sex work, although these positions are not mutually exclusive. Sex tourism, we argue, poses a particular challenge to the understandings embedded in these contexts. The sex industry points us to the limits of cultural policies, both in terms of expanding the scope of cultural industries and also in documenting their effects. So far, while we expand the list of cultural industries, the sex industry remains as the industry that must not speak its name. Officials do not want to name it; neither do they do much to stop it. Naming and mapping sex tourism is then a useful place to start. For empirical substantiation, Thailand is our case study. We document the cultural and economic importance of sex work. In doing so, we also remain sensitive to the context of racism, stigma, trafficking, and HIV/AIDS issues that intersect sex work. KEY WORDS: cultural policy, sex workers, trafficking, tourism, Thailand Introduction Globalization—or the interconnectedness of people, ideas, and products—can no longer be compartmentalized into economic, political, and cultural spheres. Just as we ascertain the consequences of globalization, we are reminded that it impacts just about every sphere of human activity.
    [Show full text]
  • Profiting from Abuse
    profiting from abuse An investigation into the sexual exploitation of our children Copyright © The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), New York, 2001 The opinions expressed in these pieces do not necessarily reflect the policies or the views of UNICEF. Throughout this publication, the names of children have been changed to protect their identity. Permission to reproduce any part of this publication is required. Please contact the Editorial and Publications Section, Division of Communication, UNICEF New York (3 UN Plaza, New York, NY 10017, USA, Tel: 212-326-7513; Fax: 212-303-7985; E-mail: [email protected]). Note: All dollars are US dollars. Table of Contents Foreword ............................................................................................................ii by Carol Bellamy, UNICEF Executive Director Introduction: Tales of betrayal, cruelty and greed ..............................................1 Getting our act together: A President’s campaign against the sexual exploitation of children ............................................................................4 by Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, President of the Philippines Bought and sold 12 times (from Nigeria to Italy)................................................8 by Archbishop Diarmuid Martin Trafficking: Legislative responses ......................................................................12 by Pamela Shifman and Ken Franzblau of Equality Now Albania’s trafficked children: Begging for a better life ......................................18 A
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Women Weavers in Economic Liberalization: a Study of Women in Weaving Factory in Lao PDR
    The 8th International Postgraduate Research Colloquium: Interdisciplinary Approach for Enhancing Quality of Life IPRC Proceedings The Role of Women Weavers in Economic Liberalization: A Study of Women in Weaving Factory in Lao PDR 1 Engsone Sisomphone The economic is important to Lao people, particularly after the Lao PDR opened country to outsider in 1986 and the changing economic from a state economy to market-oriented economy (Economic liberalization). A result from adoption economic liberalization many rural people mobility to find out jobs in city, especially women. These women leave their own village to the city, and pay attention on the work in the factory. This paper focused upon the status of these women, and specific on women weavers in a weaving industry in Vientiane, Lao PDR. The methodology using was explanatory and this paper found that weaving factory women faced serious difficulty and a result of their role as “weaving factory women”. Keywords: women role, weaving factory women, factory Nowadays, in Lao PDR, hand-weaving industry is a significant part of social and economic activity, these economic activities was mostly occupied by women. Being participant observation in weaving factory N, I was conclude by animated scenes women’s engagement in weaving factory which looks like a ‘world of women’, almost all workers are women. These women left the role of receiver to become producers and income earners. Also the census on of factory workers in 2007 showed that 95 % of the weaving business workers are women (Lao National Statistic Center 2007). Even though, the result of economic liberalization and the rapid of young women into formal employment in weaving factory brought many benefits to women weavers and their families.
    [Show full text]
  • Laos Thatsaid, the Range Andqualityof Accommodation in Directory 312 ACCOMMODATION CONTENTS
    © Lonely Planet Publications Pty Ltd 312 Directory DIRECTORY DIRECTORY Accommodation prices listed in this book CONTENTS are high-season prices for rooms with at- tached bathroom, unless stated otherwise. Accommodation 312 An icon is included to indicate if air-con is Activities 314 available; otherwise, assume that a fan will Business Hours 315 be provided. Children 315 Climate Charts 316 Homestays Courses 317 Staying in a village home is becoming in- Customs 317 creasingly popular. Homestays are invariably Dangers & Annoyances 317 in rural areas, cheap at about US$5 for your Embassies & Consulates 318 bed, dinner and breakfast, and provide a Festivals & Events 319 chance for travellers to experience life, Lao Food 320 style. For an idea of what to expect, and what Gay & Lesbian Travellers 320 not to expect, see the boxed text, Feeling the Holidays 320 ‘Real Laos’, p 45 . Insurance 320 Internet Access 321 Legal Matters 321 PRACTICALITIES Maps 321 Money 322 The Vientiane Times (www.vientiane Photography & Video 323 times.org.la), published Monday to Post 324 Saturday, the country’s only English- Shopping 324 language newspaper, cleaves to the Solo Travellers 326 party line. Telephone 326 Francophones can read Le Rénovateur Time 327 (www.lerenovateur.org.la), a govern- Toilets 327 Tourist Information 327 ment mouthpiece similar to the Vien- Travellers with Disabilities 328 tiane Times. Visas 328 The LPDR’s single radio station, Lao Volunteering 329 National Radio (LNR; www.lnr.org.la), Women Travellers 330 broadcasts sanitised English-language Work 330 news twice daily. Short-wave radios can pick up BBC, ACCOMMODATION VOA, Radio Australia and Radio France The range and quality of accommodation in International.
    [Show full text]