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T.C. Nevşehir Haci Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih Ana Bilim Dali

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T.C. Nevşehir Haci Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih Ana Bilim Dali T.C. NEVŞEHİR HACI BEKTAŞ VELİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH ANA BİLİM DALI İNGİLTERE’DE FETRET DEVRİ (1649-1660) YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ Tayfur TAYBUĞA Danışman Doç. Dr. Seyhun ŞAHİN Nevşehir Haziran 2020 TEŞEKKÜR Tezin hazırlanmasında yardımlarını esirgemeyen ve yol gösteren danışman hocam Sayın Doç. Dr. Seyhun ŞAHİN’e sonsuz teşekkürlerimi sunarım. Ayrıca Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Tarih Bölümü Akademik personeline ve çalışanlarına, okuldaki tüm arkadaşlarıma ve bunların yanı sıra manevi desteklerini esirgemeyen aileme teşekkürü bir borç bilirim. 01.06.2020 Tayfur TAYBUĞA v İNGİLTERE’DE FETRET DEVRİ (1649-1660) Tayfur TAYBUĞA Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih Ana Bilim Dalı, Yüksek Lisans, Mart, 2020 Danışman: Doç. Dr. Seyhun ŞAHİN ÖZET İngiltere, kuruluşundan itibaren süre gelen Devlet geleneğinde Monarşi rejimini kullanmıştır. Bu rejimin çeşitli sebepler dairesinde eleştrilere maruz kaldığı da bilinen bir gerçektir. İngiltere tarihinde bu rejimin kesintiye uğradığı, farklı yönetim şekillerinin sınandığı, bununla birlikte ülkenin bu sınanma sürecini hükümdarsız dönem olarak Fetret Devri şeklinde nitelendirdiği ve bir anlamda tarihteki rejim istikrarına dahil etmediği bir dönem olarak 1649-1660 seneleri arası çalışma kapsamında ele alınmıştır. Bu on iki senelik sürede yaşanan hadiseler ülkenin iç ve dış politikalarındaki çelişmeleri ortaya koymuştur. Ülkenin gelişimini yavaşlatmıştır. Galler, İskoçya ve İrlanda merkezi yönetimden kopmuştur. Merkezi yönetime bağlamak için Parlamento kapsamında değişimler yapılmıştır. Bu tez çalışmasında 1600 senesiyle 1700 senesi arasındaki bir asırlık kaynaklar içerisinden Fetret Devri’ne yani 1649-1660 seneleri aralığına odaklanılmıştır. Birincil kaynakların kullanımları yanı sıra dönemin şahsiyetlerinin demeçleri, konuşmaları, notları ve şahsiyetler hakkında bilgi veren üçüncü şahıslara ayrıca önem verilmiştir. Dönemin tipik özelliği olarak şahsiyetlerin, oluşumların, olguların, hadiselerin ve yaşanan sürecin kronolojisinin birbirleriyle iç içe geçmiş olduğu görülmüş ve bu doğrultuda bir aktarıma çaba gösterilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: İngiltere, Birleşik Krallık, Fetret Devri, Hamilik, I. Charles, Oliver Cromwell, Monarşi, Ulus. vi ENGLAND INTERREGNUM (1649-1660) Tayfur TAYBUĞA Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University, Social Sciences Institute Department of History, Master, June, 2020 Advisor: Assist. Prof. Dr. Seyhun ŞAHİN ABSTRACT Britain used the Monarchy regime in the state tradition that has continued since its foundation. It is also a known fact that this regime was subjected to criticism for various reasons. In the history of England, this regime was interrupted, different forms of administration were tested, however, it was considered as a period between 1649- 1660 as a period in which the country described this testing process as a conquest period as a rulership and did not include the regime stability in history in a sense. The events in these eleven years revealed the contradictions in the country's domestic and foreign policies. It slowed down the country's development. Wales, Scotland and Ireland are detached from central government. Amendments were made within the scope of Parliament to connect with the central government. In this thesis, one of the centuries old resources between 1600 years and 1700 years focused on the age of interregnum, that is, between 1649-1660. Special attention was paid to the use of primary sources, to the third parties who gave information about the statements, speeches, notes, and personalities of the personalities of the time. Typical feature of the period; It was observed that the chronology of personalities, formations, facts, events, and the process experienced were intertwined with each other and an effort was made to transfer them accordingly. Anahtar Kelimeler: England, United Kingdom, Interregnum, Protectorate, Charles I, Oliver Cromwell, Monarchy, Commonwealth. vii İÇİNDEKİLER BİLİMSEL ETİĞE UYGUNLUK ................................................................................. ii TEZ YAZIM KILAVUZUNA UYGUNLUK ................................................................ iii KABUL VE ONAY SAYFASI ..................................................................................... iv TEŞEKKÜR ................................................................................................................. v ÖZET........................................................................................................................... vi ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ vii İÇİNDEKİLER .......................................................................................................... viii GİRİŞ ........................................................................................................................... 1 I. Konunun Kapsamı ve Sınırlandırması .................................................................... 1 II. Çalışmada Kullanılan Birkaç Eserin Tanıtımı ........................................................ 2 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM ........................................................................................................ 7 İNGİLTERE’DE FETRET DEVRİ ÖNCESİ ............................................................... 7 1.1. İDARİ DURUMA GENEL BAKIŞ ................................................................ 7 1.1.1. Ülkenin Yönetim Şekli ................................................................................... 8 1.1.2. Politik Durum .............................................................................................. 10 1.2. ETKİSİ ARTMAKTA OLAN İÇ SAVAŞ .................................................. 12 1.2.1. Aziz Fagans Muharebesi ............................................................................... 13 1.2.3. Pembroke İstilası .......................................................................................... 15 1.3. REJİM EKSENLİ ARAYIŞLAR ................................................................. 15 1.3.1. Yeni Model Ordu ve Preston Savaşı .............................................................. 17 1.3.2. Newport Mutabakatı ..................................................................................... 18 1.3.3. Pride Kalkışması ve Thomas Pride ................................................................ 19 1.4. MONARŞİ’NİN EVRİLMESİ SÜRECİNE GEÇİŞ .................................. 20 1.4.1. Yeni Yönetim Şeklinin Tayini ....................................................................... 21 1.4.2. Yönetim Boşluğunun Somutlaşması .............................................................. 22 1.4.3. Monarşistler ve Cumhuriyetçiler ................................................................... 23 İKİNCİ BÖLÜM......................................................................................................... 26 İNGİLTERE’DE FETRET DEVRİ ............................................................................ 26 2.1. 1649: TEK ADAM REJİMİNİ DOĞURAN HADİSELER ....................... 26 2.1.1. Banbury Kalkışması ..................................................................................... 26 2.1.2. Ulus’un İlanı ................................................................................................ 28 2.1.3. Yönetim Tarzı .............................................................................................. 30 viii 2.2. 1650: İNGİLTERE MERKEZİNDE BÖLGESEL AYRIŞMALAR ........ 31 2.2.1. Clonmel Baskını .......................................................................................... 32 2.2.2. Dunbar Savaşı .............................................................................................. 33 2.3. 1651: DERİNLEŞEN KUTUPLAŞMA ....................................................... 34 2.3.1. Inverkeithing Savaşı ..................................................................................... 35 2.3.2. Wigan Lane Şavaşı ....................................................................................... 36 2.3.3. İskoçya’da Worcester Şavaşı ......................................................................... 37 2.4. 1652: GEÇİCİ SULH VE YENİ EKSEN KAYMASI ................................ 38 2.4.1. İngiltere Hollanda Savaşı .............................................................................. 39 2.5. 1653: CUMHURİYET REJIMINE GEÇİŞ DENEMESİ .......................... 40 2.5.1. Rump’dan Barebone’a Geçiş ......................................................................... 41 2.5.2. Barebone Parlamento’sunun Fesh Edilmesi .................................................... 42 2.5.3. Hamilik Döneminin Başlaması ...................................................................... 44 2.6. 1654: DIŞA DÖNÜK ÇEKİŞMELER ......................................................... 46 2.6.1. Westminster Antlaşması ............................................................................... 47 2.6.2. İngiltere İspanya Savaşı ................................................................................ 48 2.6.3. Birinci Hamilik Parlamento’sunun Kurulması ................................................ 49 2.7. 1655: DEVLET HİMAYECİ LORD’UN İLK İCRAATLARI ................. 50 2.7.1. Birinci Hamilik Parlamento’sunun Fesh Edilmesi ........................................... 51 2.7.2. Jamaika Adasının Fethi ................................................................................. 52
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