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Politics, Plots and Propaganda in Civil War London, 1642-1644

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Politics, Plots and Propaganda in Civil War London, 1642-1644 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Mobilizing the Metropolis: Politics, Plots and Propaganda in Civil War London, 1642-1644 A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History by Jordan Swan Downs December 2015 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Thomas Cogswell, Chairperson Dr. Jonathan Eacott Dr. Randolph Head Dr. J. Sears McGee Copyright by Jordan Swan Downs 2015 The Dissertation of Jordan Swan Downs is approved: ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Committee Chairperson University of California, Riverside Acknowledgements I wish to express my gratitude to all of the people who have helped me to complete this dissertation. This project was made possible due to generous financial support form the History Department at UC Riverside and the College of Humanities and Social Sciences. Other financial support came from the William Andrew’s Clark Memorial Library, the Huntington Library, the Institute of Historical Research in London, and the Santa Barbara Scholarship Foundation. Original material from this dissertation was published by Cambridge University Press in volume 57 of The Historical Journal as “The Curse of Meroz and the English Civil War” (June, 2014). Many librarians have helped me to navigate archives on both sides of the Atlantic. I am especially grateful to those from London’s livery companies, the London Metropolitan Archives, the Guildhall Library, the National Archives, and the British Library, the Bodleian, the Huntington and the William Andrews Clark Memorial Library. Personal debts are due to the many scholars and individuals who tipped me off to the bounty of lesser-known holdings and their contents. Special thanks, however, are owed to Jason Peacey for sharing his unrivaled knowledge of archival materials during the 1640s on numerous occasions. This project has benefitted immensely from his generosity. This dissertation was aided by a community of scholars who triangulate their professional lives in relation to the British Library, the Institute of Historical Research, and the Skinner’s Arms. A lengthy and rotating cast of faces means that many must unfortunately remain unnamed, but numerous seminars, productive conversations, and pints have been enjoyed with Richard Bell, John Collins, Tom Cogswell, Sam Fullerton, Simon Healey, Peter Lake, Edward Legon, Sears McGee, Leanna McLaughlin, Noah Millstone, Jason Peacey, Tim Reinke-Williams, Steve Teske, Eliot Vernon, Tim Wales, and others. Three young scholars have been of particular importance to my time in London. Matt Growhoski, Dave Magliocco, and Isaac Stephens have all helped to sharpen my thinking about this project – and more importantly they have made the modern metropolis feel more like home. iv I was extremely fortunate to wander into Sears McGee’s survey course on Tudor history a little over a decade ago. Neither of us could have known at the time, but his lectures and office hours helped to lay the foundation for my entire academic trajectory. His “Hexterian” pen has vanquished countless written errors, and his unmatched knowledge of Sir Simonds D’Ewes has contributed to my conceptualization of the early 1640s. Sears’s teaching and advice saw me through to my MA work with Richard Cust at the University of Birmingham. Aside from dealing with the eccentricities and foibles of a young American graduate student, Richard was kind enough to help me to navigate the National Archives and the British Library on early trips. Those trips, along with numerous conversations and sage advice, introduced me to a much wider arena of scholarship. Stints outside of academia were filled with academic reading guided by Stefania Tutino. I am thankful for our many conversations that have ranged from Triplici Nodo, Triplex Cuneus to the best means to transport foie gras from Paris to the California. My greatest scholarly debt is of course owed to Thomas Cogswell. Tom’s first mention of London’s many archives sounded much more like a lengthy incantation than a feasible roadmap for a project. I have happily since been proven wrong. His unflagging support, scholarly dynamism, and indeed patience guided the entire course of my researching and writing this dissertation. It has since become apparent why so many other scholars speak highly of the man – I am grateful to now have the opportunity to join their chorus. Family and friends have always helped to remind me about the truly important things in life. I want to offer my sincere thanks to Nancy Smith and to Joe and Annette Macias. Three huzzahs to Katie for her help with maps. To Jessica, Sam, Blake, Andy, Aron, Geneva, Sean and Mark: we should catch up now that this thing is finally finished. Doug and Kate Downs have supported and encouraged me since the very beginning, and although my early dismissal of high school made an academic trajectory seem unlikely, I am now pleased to offer this dissertation as a testament to their unflagging efforts. Finally, it must be said this project would have never seen completion without the persistent support and encouragement of my wife, Meghan. Her own love of London – and indeed her endless v peregrinations and ability to find “what is on in London’s art galleries” – has made for the best of times. Researching and writing this dissertation set the pace for our late twenties and beyond. This one is for her. vi ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Mobilizing the Metropolis: Politics, Plots and Propaganda in Civil War London, 1642-1644 by Jordan Swan Downs Doctor of Philosophy, Graduate Program in History University of California, Riverside, December 2015 Dr. Thomas Cogswell, Chairperson This dissertation explores the dynamics of mobilization in London during the first three years of the English Civil War (1642-1644). Previous scholars have assumed that the City, which was the single most important source of manpower and resources at the outbreak war, was uniformly “Parliamentarian” in outlook. I contend that this viewpoint is problematic for a number of reasons. Foremost, it has misrepresented metropolitan inhabitants by focusing almost exclusively on elite as opposed to popular narratives. We now recognize that London’s mobilization depended upon a wide array of attitudes and opinions. These could be as clearly expressed as they were on 13 November 1642, when thousands of inhabitants marched to Turnham Green to stop royalists from marching on London and to protect their families, religions, and livelihoods. Alternatively, they could be as convoluted as the opinions expressed during public demonstrations, or as subtle and complex as the many printed reactions to material that dealt with propagandized plots and newsbooks accounts of military defeats and successes. Next is the matter of change over time. The persistent burdens of war transformed how Londoners perceived the conflict. Not only did many Londoners quickly lose their appetites for war, but many, in light of shifting attitudes, also worked harder than ever to mobilize the City’s inhabitants. This dissertation therefore pays particular attention to London’s leading belligerents – especially Lord Mayor Isaac Pennington and his allies. These radical citizens helped to ensure that the City’s Common Council operated as a politically innovative “third house of parliament,” secured desperately needed loans from London’s livery companies, and worked tirelessly to see that “delinquent” ministers were extirpated from City parishes. While never entirely successful in their aims, London’s belligerents nevertheless altered the course of the war. Their efforts to vii win over the hearts and minds of Londoners spurred rival campaigns to both militarize and pacify the metropolis. Rival efforts – and especially those of London’s leading belligerents – ultimately shaped the terms of the civil war in metropolis and the wider nation. viii Table of Contents Introduction The Return of the Five Members…………………………………………...1 Mobilizing the Metropolis………………………………………………….4 London…………………..………………………………………………….14 Historiography……………………………………………………………...20 Sources and Methodology……………………………………………….…26 Section I. London on the Brink Chapter 1. Preparing for War “To your Tents, O Israel”…………………………………………………..29 Ireland’s Cause in London…………………………………………………35 Popular Providentialism and War………………………………………….38 Popular Recalcitrance and the Belligerent Response………………………46 Chapter 2. London and the Sinews of War Livery Company Loans (ostensibly) for Ireland……………………………53 The Propositions…………………………………………………………….64 Livery Companies and the Search for Arms………………………………...73 Chapter 3. The Metropolis and the Outbreak of War Enlistments, Military Culture and News……………………………………76 The First Campaigns………………………………………………………...85 Revolutionaries Revisited…………………………………………………...90 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………..97 ix Section II: Metropolitan Mobilizations, November 1642 – May 1643 Chapter 4. The Early War Effort The “Third House of Parliament”…………………………………………...101 Turnham Green……………………………………………………………...103 “By wisdom peace by peace plenty”………………………………………..106 The Committee for the Advance of Money…………………………………109 Chapter 5. London’s War and Peace Movements The December Petitions……………………………………………………..116 The Attempt on the Seven Londoners……………………………………….122 Chapter 6. The Transformation of the Metropolis Twelve New Propositions…………………………………………………....133 The Lines of Communication………………………………………………..140 Liveries and
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