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Nguyen Vienny Ug Thesis Signed.Pdf (2.436Mb) ABSTRACT Insect exoskeleton is an interesting and complex system that plays both structural and functional roles. It is a composite that consists of many different types of materials and shapes that vary based on its local function. This review of exoskeleton micro- and macro-structure addresses the performance of exoskeleton based on these two factors. Exoskeleton is a composite whose material properties are dependent on its constituents and fiber orientation. At the macro-structural level, exoskeleton’s shape can play many roles in local structural and motional functions. The lessons from this review are examined and considered for potential applications in the fields of material fabrication and development and in microrobotics. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I give thanks to my family and friends for getting me to where I am today – for believing when they shouldn’t have. I am grateful for Dr. Lilly, my advisor, for his support and guidance. I am thankful for David, my fiancé, for his love. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................... i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................ ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................... iii LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................ v LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ vii Section 1: Introduction .................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Motivation ........................................................................................................ 1 1.3 Objectives ......................................................................................................... 2 Section 2: Background .................................................................................................... 3 2.1 Arthropods ........................................................................................................ 3 2.2 Chitin ................................................................................................................ 6 2.3 Resilin ............................................................................................................... 9 2.4 The Arthropod Exoskeleton: A Composite .................................................... 11 Section 3: Examples in Nature ...................................................................................... 16 3.1 Examples of Microstructures in Exoskeleton ................................................. 16 3.1.1 A Study of Material at a Beetle Neck Joint ............................................. 16 3.1.2 The Comparative Study of Hardened and Membrane-Like Cuticle ....... 20 3.2 Examples of Macrostructures in Exoskeleton ................................................ 24 3.2.1 The Folded Cuticle of a Dragonfly Neck ................................................ 24 3.2.2 The Macrosculpture of Fly Cuticle Armor .............................................. 26 iii 3.2.3 The Head Manipulation System of a Dragonfly ..................................... 33 Section 4: Current and Future Applications .................................................................. 36 4.1 Recent Work ................................................................................................... 36 4.1.1 Resilin Production ................................................................................... 36 4.1.2 Micro-Robots .......................................................................................... 37 4.2 Potential Applications..................................................................................... 39 4.2.1 The Exoskeleton Composite .................................................................... 40 4.2.2 The Multi-functionality of Fly Cuticle .................................................... 40 4.2.3 The Dragonfly Attachment Methods ....................................................... 41 Section 5: Summary ...................................................................................................... 42 Works Cited ...................................................................................................................... 44 Appendix 1: Glossary ....................................................................................................... 47 iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Arthropod Classification ..................................................................................... 4 Figure 2: Three polymorphic configurations of chitin. ....................................................... 9 Figure 3: A material property chart for natural materials ................................................. 12 Figure 4: Transition in shear modulus with change in water content of a sample of untanned maggot ................................................................................................... 13 Figure 5: Parallel and series limit models of platey or fibrous composite materials. ....... 14 Figure 6: SEM show chitin fiber orientation within the cuticle ........................................ 15 Figure 7: Diagram of the location of the gula surface in the beetle body. ........................ 17 Figure 8: SEM images of dry gula. ................................................................................... 18 Figure 9: Hardness (A) and elastic modulus (B) values from indentation tests ploted versus displacement for fresh, dry, and chemically treated samples. ................... 19 Figure 10: Locust in the Oviposition ................................................................................ 20 Figure 11: SEM of neck area in damselflies. .................................................................... 25 Figure 12: Three orders of the neck membrane profile in adult Odanata ......................... 26 Figure 13: Membraneous cuticle in Brachycera, suborder of Diptera. ............................ 28 Figure 14: Different types of macrostructure of membraneous cuticle in various Diptera species. .................................................................................................................. 29 Figure 15: Possible functions of macrostructure on membraneous cuticle of various Diptera species ...................................................................................................... 32 Figure 16: SEM images shows the microtrichia fields on the neck and head sclerites. ... 34 Figure 17: Illustrations of corresponding frictional surfaces occuring in the dragonfly head manipulation system. .................................................................................... 35 v Figure 18: Bio-synthesised resilin molded into a flexible rod by drawing pro-resilin into a glass tube. .............................................................................................................. 36 Figure 19: Stress-strain plots for a strip of synthesized resilin ......................................... 37 Figure 20: Examples of micro-air vehicles. ...................................................................... 38 Figure 21: The flexible wings designed to flex under small loads ................................... 39 Figure 22: Layers of Cuticle ............................................................................................. 47 vi LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Summary of chitin fiber sizes ............................................................................... 8 Table 2: Elastic efficiencies of various rubber-like cuticle .............................................. 10 Table 3: Tensile properties of arthrodial membrane cuticle and chitin ........................... 21 Table 4: Tensile properties of solid sclerite cuticle and chitin ......................................... 23 Table 5: Quantitative comparison of the macrostructure of the armored membranes in the head-body joints of various Diptera species ......................................................... 30 Table 6: Quantitative comparison of the macrostructure of the membranes in the body-leg joints of various Diptera species........................................................................... 31 vii Section 1: Introduction 1.1 Introduction The purpose of this project is to perform a literature review of what has been studied regarding the material and functional properties of arthropod exoskeleton. The exoskeletons, or outer shells, play a vital role in the form and function of these creatures. These functions include providing: 1. A protective barrier against outside forces, fluids, etc. 2. Structural support that give the creature its form 3. Functional support for muscle attachment Because of the multi-functionality of exoskeletons, this project seeks to review their known material characteristics and properties in order to provide a foundation for the possible application of similar materials in the field of micro-robotics. 1.2 Motivation Arthropod exoskeletons can be considered to have been optimized, through evolution, for specific tasks at very small scales. The study of exoskeleton material properties and functional structure is important for the
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