______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______I

This volume is dedicated to the memory of the chief-editor Hüseyin Özdikmen’s mother

REDİFE ÖZDİKMEN

who lived an honorable life

MUNIS

ENTOMOLOGY & ZOOLOGY

Ankara / Turkey II ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______Scope: Munis Entomology & Zoology publishes a wide variety of papers on all aspects of Entomology and Zoology from all of the world, including mainly studies on systematics, taxonomy, nomenclature, fauna, biogeography, biodiversity, ecology, morphology, behavior, conservation, paleobiology and other aspects are appropriate topics for papers submitted to Munis Entomology & Zoology.

Submission of Manuscripts: Works published or under consideration elsewhere (including on the internet) will not be accepted. At first submission, one double spaced hard copy (text and tables) with figures (may not be original) must be sent to the Editors, Dr. Hüseyin Özdikmen for publication in MEZ. All manuscripts should be submitted as Word file or PDF file in an e-mail attachment. If electronic submission is not possible due to limitations of electronic space at the sending or receiving ends, unavailability of e-mail, etc., we will accept “hard” versions, in triplicate, accompanied by an electronic version stored in a floppy disk, a CD-ROM.

Review Process: When submitting manuscripts, all authors provides the name, of at least three qualified experts (they also provide their address, subject fields and e-mails). Then, the editors send to experts to review the papers. The review process should normally be completed within 45-60 days. After reviewing papers by reviwers: Rejected papers are discarded. For accepted papers, authors are asked to modify their papers according to suggestions of the reviewers and editors. Final versions of manuscripts and figures are needed in a digital format.

Preparation of Manuscripts

All manuscripts must be typed in English, using Microsoft Word. Entire manuscript must be double-spaced, with margins of at least 2-3 cm on all sides of the page (A4). Pages should be numbered consecutively. Authors whose native language is not English are encouraged to have their manuscripts read by a native English-speaking colleague before submission. Nomenclature must be in agreement with the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (4th edition 1999). Author(s) of species name must be provided when the scientific name of any animal species is first mentioned (the year of publication needs not be given; if you give it, then provide a full reference of this in the reference list). Authors of plant species name need not be given. Metric systems should be used. If possible, use the common font Times New Roman (12 pt) and use as little formatting as possible (use only bold and italics). Special symbols (e.g. male or female sign) should be avoided.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______III Title and Name(s) of Author(s): The title should be informative and as possible as brief, in boldface capital letters, not exceed twenty words. The higher taxa containing the taxa dealt with in the paper should be indicated in parentheses. Full name(s) of author(s) should come underneath the title with full address, each on a separate line. The author(s) name (s) should be given in boldface lower case.

Abstract: The abstract should be concise and should draw attention to the significant contents of the paper and the author's main conclusions. It should normally not exceed 200 words and should contain no uncommon abbreviations or references. Any new names or new combinations proposed in the paper should be mentioned. The abstract should be followed by a list of key words. Up to seven keywords should be suggested by the author.

Text: Regular papers include as the main sections (except in Book Reviews and Scientific Notes etc.); Introduction, Material & Methods, Results, Discussion, Acknowledgments and Literature Cited. The section introduction should be written without a title. However, the main sections may be varies with different types of papers. According to types of papers, main section can be changed. All scientific names (only genus and species group names) should be italicized throughout the paper, including literature cited. References should be cited in the text as Turgut (2003), Turgut & Turgut (2000) or Turgut et al. (2001) (3 or more authors), or alternatively in a parenthesis (Turgut, 2003; Turgut & Turgut, 2000 or Turgut et al., 2001). All literatures in the text must be listed alphabetically in the literature cited in the following format.

Journal paper: Turgut, S. 2003. Title of the paper. Title of the journal in full, volume number: page range.

Book chapter: Turgut, S. & Turgut, A. 2000. Title of the Chapter. In: Turgut, A., Turgut, B. & Turgut, C. (Eds.), Title of Book. Publisher name and location, page range.

Book: Turgut, A., Turgut, B. & Turgut, C. 2001. Title of Book, Publisher name and location, number of pages (e.g. 123 pp).

Internet resources: Turgut, S. 2002. Title of website, database or other resources, Publisher name and location (if indicated), number of pages (if known). Available from: http://xxx.xxx.xxx/ (Date of access).

IV ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______Tables, Illustrations and Photographs: Tables, illustrations and photographs should be submitted in a separate file, not embedded in the text. They should be given at the end of the manuscript. Please use the table function in your word processor to build tables so that the cells, rows and columns can remain aligned when font size and width of the table are changed. Illustrations should be clean, sharp, with good contrast. Small illustrations should be grouped into plates. For species illustration, line drawings are preferred, although good quality B&W photographs are also acceptable. Maximum size of printed illustration, including all legends, is 12 x 16 cm. Images must be submitted either in .tif, .jpg, or .pdf (PC compatible format strongly preferred). Digital versions of illustrations should be prepared as follows: photographs should be saved as .pdf or .tif format at 300 dpi. Line figures should be saved in .tif or .jpg at 300 dpi. All illustrations must be numbered consecutively using Arabic numerals. They should be cited “Fig. 1” or “Figs. 1–4” in sequential order. Photographs must be of exceptional quality, good contrast.

Scientific Notes and Book Reviews. These are usually short contributions, typically not exceeding one (Book Review) or two (Scientific Notes) printed pages. Scientific notes and book reviews lack an abstract and most of the main headings, except for the acknowledgments and the literature cited sections.

Page Charge: There is no page charge for publishing with MEZ.

MEZ is indexed in Zoological Record, Biological Abstract, Biosis Preview, Agricola, ……

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______825 IS PARAPHYLY INDICATION OF POOR TAXONOMY? – OPEN LETTER TO DRS. CARVALHO AND EBACH

Roman B. Holynski*

* 05-822 Milanówek, ul. Graniczna 35, skr. poczt. 65, POLAND. E-mail: [email protected]

Dear Dr. CARVALHO, Dear Dr. EBACH, I have recently read a series of your papers (CARVALHO 2009, CARVALHO et al., 2007, 2008; CARVALHO & EBACH, 2009; EBACH & CARVALHO, 2010; EBACH & HOLDREDGE, 2005) on various aspects of contemporary trends and policies relevant to taxonomic research. I will not expatiate on those your opinions and arguments (the majority: concerning “taxonomic impediment”, detrimental role of “cybertaxonomic-automation paradigm” or “DNA-barcoding enterprise”, etc.) which I perfectly agree with – I have also published several papers [HOŁYŃSKI, 2001, 2005, 2008a,b,c, 2010] expressing similar views – there is, however, one important aspect heavily emphasized by you where I am not only unable to agree with your attitude, but find it so glaringly incongruent with your approach to other questions (see above) that it is difficult for me to understand how they “fit together” in your minds? These remarks were initially intended as a “private” letter to you (I quote almost exclusively from your publications and address only the formulations used by you), but as the problem is very important, as it concerns all systematists, and as in this case also – like in that of “barcoding”... – almost totally silent majority has been increasingly dominated (and forced to accept poor scientific practice...) by influential eloquent minority, I decided to publish it as “open letter”. Of course I am speaking of your dogmatically cladistic attitude: depreciation of synthetic (“evolutionary”) classifications, negation of paraphyletic taxa. How can you so clearly see that e.g. “barcoding enterprise” or other parataxonomic “shortcuts” and technocratic tricks produce only a formal, unnatural “parataxa”, “nothing more than a hedgepodge of names that may not refer to any real units in nature” [CARVALHO et al., 2008: 153], and at the same time not realize that exactly the same is true of cladistic (adhering to strict holophyly) classifications (please note that I am referring to cladistic taxonomy: reconstructions of phylogeny must, of course, be essentially cladistic!)? What scientific or biological is in splitting a homogeneous, monophyletic taxon into two or more – in all respects identical – ones only because a part of it has become detached and evolved separately? or, alternately, in “cramming” evidently disparate group into another one with which it has already little in common, only because somebody supposes that it had split off later than some parts of its “not monophyletic” (in fact, monophyletic, only not holophyletic) “mother”-taxon? It is like the allegation that a hen becomes another individual every time she lays an egg, or that the egg – and then the bird developed from it – remains still a part of its mother... “Conservation efforts should be aimed ... not on binomials devoid of real existence” [CARVALHO et al., 2008: 153] – indeed! but taking cladistic dogma seriously we should concentrate our conservationist efforts at... preventing speciation (and cladogenesis in general): each such event would mean extinction of one “monophyletic unit”, i.e. one taxon! By the way, I am unable to imagine how “paraphyly may lead astray even the most well-intentioned ecologist” [CARVALHO et al., 2007: 142], unless that ecologist is unaware of the existence of paraphyletic taxa! 826 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______Generally: what is the scientifical (or even only biological) value of a “classification” containing [by definition: see the detailed discussion in HOŁYŃSKI, 2005] no information beyond that (on few “synapomorphies” important for phylogenetic analysis but usually trifling from any other point of view) provided already (in more exact form!) in the “original” (cladogram: somebody’s current idea about one aspect – branching sequence – of evolutionary history) from which the uncritical “translation” (cladistic “classification”) has been automatically made? You write [EBACH & CARVALHO, 2010: 165] that “paraphyly” [i.e. acceptation of biological facts – “Latimeria looks like a fish, tastes like a fish, behaves like a fish, and thus – in some legitimate, exceeding narrowly understood tradition, sense – it is a fish” (GOULD, 1991)] “is nothing more than an indication of poor taxonomy” – don’t you see that really poor taxonomy, a kind of religion rather than science, is just such formalistic, rigid adherence to some preconceived dogmas (interpreted, at that, on shifting sands of one of actually fashionable phylogenetic hypotheses!) with scornful disregard to biological reality? You write – justly! – that taxonomy is not just a service to “end-users”, why do you wish to reduce it to nothing more than a technique of describing in words (names) the (partial) results of phylogenetic studies? It is a separate independent branch of science whose main purpose is to formulate, in form of natural classifications, hypotheses on the structure of living world (the results of evolution). “Taxonomists must ... remain focused on substatntiating the ‘general reference system’” [CARVALHO et al., 2008] – and the reference system to be “general” must maximize the information content: the only meaningful definition of “natural” classification is “that of maximum predictive power”! However, rejection of treating taxonomy as only a service to end-users does not justify disregard to the situation with the object of our own research, so it is impossible to agree with such statements as “cataloging all life because of a biodiversity crisis is sensationalist and defeats the purpose of taxonomy and systematics” [EBACH & CARVALHO, 2010: 166]: the “purpose of taxonomy and systematics” is, indeed, the study of biodiversity – including cataloging [possibly] all life – and so we must “hurry up” to catalogue as many taxa as we can before they disappear forever [of course, by “cataloguing” I mean “discovering and describing what is not yet known”, rather than simply preparing a list (like “ZooBank” proposed by nomenclaturists) of names already introduced!]! By the way, I do not think it fair and correct to stigmatize the opponents and their views with brands like “sensationalist”, “fundamentalist”, “instrumentalist”, etc. – having criticized [EBACH & CARVALHO, 2010: 167] the style of argumentation where “ideas diverging from the held belief are immediately labeled as ‘typology’” you would be expected to avoid this style yourself. As mentioned above, information content (and consequently predictive power) of simplistic, mechanically translated from cladograms, cladistic classifications amounts to zero, so they are evidently not “natural” what makes the application of CEM [“Cladistic Enterprise Model”] to taxonomy (or anywhere beyond phylogenetics) – to apply your (EBACH & CARVALHO, 2010: 176 resp. 171) formulations – “anti-intellectual ... characterized by non-scientific aims and methods”, using “scientific arguments to justify what is essentially poor practice”! Those who adhere to the truly informative synthetic classifications are usually – contrary to your [EBACH & CARVALHO, 2010: 166] accusal – no less “trained on phylogenetics” than advocates of cladistics, and have no problems with “understanding why the groups they wish to preserve are not holophyletic” [monophyletic these taxa are!]; they only wish to produce meaningful ‘general ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______827 reference system’ allowing the (morphological, ecological, physiological, genetical, or any other) characteristics of an organism to be predicted, as reliably and exactly as possible, from its systematical position. Of course no such general reference system can be ideally informative for any specific question, maximization of the “summary” predictive power unavoidably compromises precision of information on some peculiar characteristics of some aberrant taxa, but this is anyway incomparably more than what can be offered by cladistic classification, “exactly predicting” [in fact only – imperfectly! – translating from the respective cladogram] the single “trait”: the branching pattern... It is also true that synthetic systems are subjective, not “rigorously” substantiated, etc. – indeed, as you [CARVALHO & EBACH, 2009: 467] aptly observed, “systematics is an intuitive activity in which knowledge is acquired through experience ... through interactive observation of organisms. ... This “gained experience” will then accrue into an intuitive appreciation of an organismal collective, in embryonic conception of relationship (i.e., homology, taxa)”, and just this involvement of “learned intuition” makes it not “anti-intellectual”); as “no two specialists are entirely alike” [CARVALHO & EBACH, 2009: 468] it is natural that we typically have several competing classifications of any group simultaneously. You are right, due to “cost-cutting and time-saving advances” followed by “losing specialists and the resultant knowledge of organism”, there indeed seems to be “an inverse relation between knowledge and molecular data – with every new molecular systematic analysis it seems as if we know less about the organisms we study” [CARVALHO & EBACH, 2009: 468], but spreading of cladistic dogmas [by the way, often motivated similarly to barcoding: to paraphrase your statement (CARVALHO et al., 2008: 154), “recent criticisms of [synthetic – RBH] taxonomy appear to be self-serving, concealing an agenda – the promotion of ‘quicker’, mechanized methods for taxonomic research”] has similar effects! As noticed by WINSOR (2009: 43) “nowadays some students receive the impression that little of value was understood about systematics before the revolution begun by Willi Hennig”; in my opinion, the “HENNIGian revolution” has been just one of the factors undermining the position and hampering the development of systematics, and we would now know more of value about studied organisms had the German author not introduced confusion in clear adequate rules based on the Modern Synthesis. HENNIG's work, being – to paraphrase Samuel JOHNSON's words (as quoted by WILL et al., 2005: 844) – “both new and good, but what’s new [cladistic classification – RBH] is not good and what’s good [cladistic principles in phylogeny – RBH] is not new”, has (contrary to common belief) not changed very much in phylogenetic analyses [“the most dramatic departure of cladistics from previous systems has not at all been on phylogeny reconstructions” (STUESSY, 2009: 72); currently applied computerized phylogenetic procedures – the only, partial, exception known to me being my MICSEQ – are in fact almost purely phenetic: we do not use previously discovered synapomorphies to disclose the ways of evolution, but identify synapomorphies from previously reconstructed phylogeny...]; however, its impact on taxonomy has been truly revolutionary – and, as such (revolutions are generally much more efficient in destruction than in building the promised “better”), disastrous. The primary goal of general purpose (“natural”) classification is to provide groupings of maximum predicting power: “high information content (i.e. highly correlated suites of characters)” (JENSEN, 2009: 54); depriving classification of this most important quality, cladists in fact deny its very raison d'etre (cladistic classification which – by definition! – does not convey any information beyond that already, more clearly and more exactly, readable from the cladogram it 828 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______is rigidly based on, is patently superfluous...)! There are also two “side-effects”: 1) all that makes our disputes – in the eyes of non-systematists – remind of those between medieval scholastics as to how many devils can stay on tip of a needle, our conclusions (sparrow is a dinosaur, Latimeria is more closely related to elephant than to herring or salmon, etc.) bizarre and ridiculous, and all systematics an art pour l'art without much relation to reality; 2) acceptation of simplistic formalism (automatic translation of cladogram into classification) in one aspect of taxonomic research paves the way for simplistic formalisms in other situations (e.g. DNA Barcoding Enterprise), leading by common effort to following (or similar)

Non-luddite recipe for a modern efficient taxonomy [compiled from commentaries of funding agencies, editors, peer-reviewers etc.]

Collect one-one specimen of two-three (out of 100 known) species, send to a laboratory to obtain partial sequence of this or that gene, download from GenBank more or less equivalent sequences of yet three allegedly (even if uncontrollably) well determined species, put them into computer; after performing the alignment with PerhapsFit2009 choose the Abrakadabra version 3.ac, command preprapro*xy to obtain 123456 equally parsimonious trees: apply Tratratretre 5.2a for a full consensus tree, then Hurumburum-test with Maybegood correction for Whynotthis model selected by Iknowbetter(spec) will tell you that the Makebelieve’s sigma-tt is 0.73 what corresponds to 132% support for the clade Q; print it out with Hokeypokey ZW, describe the cladogram with words and call the result “classification” (don’t bother with information content or predictive power: the assumedly apomorphous curvature of seta on last antennal joint is “predictable” from the cladogram, all the other characteristics of involved taxa being by definition not interesting). Don’t think (thinking is subjective), don’t take external evidence into consideration (this would be preconception), don’t try to reconstruct ancestors (ancestors do not exist, only descendants do!), this will release you from any temptation to ponder whether these (non-reconstructed because non-existent) ancestors could have ever been viable or where they might have occurred (modern scientist does not dabble at subjective ad hoc conclusions), don’t present any own interpretation (speculative scenarios are unscientific), don’t question results disagreeing with commonsense (commonsense? – oh, how primitive...), proudly proclaim that you have just falsified the old-fashioned view (resulting from two centuries of useless archaic activity of “morphological” taxonomists) that tiger is a member of Felidae (Mammalia), as your rigorous analysis has shown that it cladistically belongs to flatworms where – together with green hydra and swallowtail – it should be grouped into a new phylotaxon Paranormalomorpha. Now submit the paper to SkyreachingImpactFactor journal from the newest Philadelphia-list, and wait for the well deserved Nobel Prize! Caricature? – of course! But already long ago LEVINS & LEWONTIN (teste WILLIAMS, 1988: 417) stated that “… most science in the western world is already merely a caricature of what science should be, …, and that in the non-western world is simply a caricature of a caricature”; now the difference between West and East largely disappeared: everywhere dominates a caricatural version of the caricature of a caricature... Unfortunately – and here again you [CARVALHO et al., 2008: 155] are perfectly right! – “... systematists must bear some blame ... as well – qui tacet consentire videtur (‘he who keeps silent is assumed to consent’). ... coherent remarks of Crisci (2006a, p. 219) ... ‘... the climate of opinion depends upon who speaks and who keeps quiet, ... editors, peers, administrators, and policy-makers become enforcers of a vox populi vox dei [in support of] molecular systematics’, ... leading to a ‘new kind of superficiality ... where technological advance is equated with conceptual progress’”. ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______829 Indeed, “how is it possible, in science, for superficiality to be so in vogue? For propaganda to outfox common sense?” [CARVALHO, 2009: 18]???

LITERATURE CITED

Carvalho, M. R. de. 2009. Letter to Linnaeus: Artedi. In: Knaps, S. & Wheeler, Q. [eds.]: Letters to Linnaeus. London: Linn. Soc., [: 1-324]: 15-19.

Carvalho, M. R. de. et al. 2007. Taxonomic impediment or impediment to taxonomy? A commentary on systematics and the cybertaxonomic-automation paradigm. Ev. Biol., 34: 140-143.

Carvalho, M. R. de. et al. 2008. Systematics must embrace comparative biology and evolution, not speed and automation. Ev. Biol., 35: 150-157.

Carvalho, M. R. de. & Ebach, M. C. 2009. Death of the specialist, rise of the machinist. Hist. Phil. Life Sci., 31: 467-469.

Crisci, J. V. 2006. One-dimensional systematics: Perils in a time of steady progress. Syst. Bot., 31 (1): 215-219.

Ebach, M. C. & Carvalho, M. R. de. 2010. Anti-intellectualism in the DNA barcoding enterprise. Zoologia, 27 (2): 165-178.

Ebach, M. C. & Holdredge, C. 2005. More taxonomy, not DNA barcoding. Biosci., 55 (10): 822-823.

Gould, S. J. [1983] 1991. [Hen’s teeth and horse’s toes] Niewczesny pogrzeb Darwina. Warszawa: PIW: 1-342.

Holynski, R. B. 2001. Crisis management in taxonomy: medicine or poison? Col. Bull., 55 (2): 243-247.

Holynski, R. B. 2005. Philosophy of science from a taxonomist’s perspective. Genus, 16 (4): 469-502.

Holynski, R. B. 2008a. Taxonomy crisis, biodiversity disaster – and sabotaging regulations. Munis Ent. Zool., 3 (1): 1-6.

Holynski, R. B. 2008b. Taxonomy in changing world – The ends and the means (comments to Agnarsson & Kuntner, 2007). Munis Ent. Zool., 3 (2): 541-547.

Holynski, R. B. 2008c. God save us from friends, or: How to ensure taxonomy against passing away by dint of a successful operation? Pol. Tax. Mon., 15: 3-54.

Holynski, R. B. 2010. Taxonomy and the mediocrity of DNA barcoding – some remarks on Packer et al. 2009: DNA barcoding and the mediocrity of morphology. Arthr. Syst. Phyl., 68 (1): 143-150.

Jensen, R. J. 2009. Phenetics: revolution, reform or natural consequence. Taxon, 58 (1): 50-60.

Mishler, B. D. 2009. Three centuries of paradigm changes in biological classification: Is the end in sight? Taxon, 58 (1): 61-67.

Stuessy, T. F. 2009. Paradigms in biological classification (1707-2007): Has anything really changed? Taxon, 58 (1): 68-76.

Will, K. W., Mishler, B. D. & Wheeler, Q. D. 2005. The perils of DNA barcoding and the need for integrative taxonomy. Syst. Biol., 54 (5): 844-851.

Williams, W. D. 1988. Limnological imbalances: an antipodean perspective. Freshw. Biol., 20: 407- 420.

Winsor, M. P. 2009. Taxonomy was the foundation of Darwin’s evolution. Taxon, 58 (1): 43-49.

830 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______STUDIES ON THE MALES OF THE HYDROPSYCHE INSTABILIS GROUP IN TURKEY, WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF NINE NEW SPECIES (THRICOPTERA: HYDROPSYCHIDAE)

Füsun Sipahiler*

* Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Eğitim Fakültesi, OFMA Eğitimi Bölümü, TR-06800 Beytepe, Ankara / TÜRKİYE. E-mail: [email protected]

[Sipahiler, F. 2010. Studies on the males of the Hydropsyche instabilis group in Turkey, with the description of nine new species (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae). Munis Entomology & Zoology, 5, suppl.: 830-844]

ABSTRACT: The males of the Hydropsyche instabilis group distributed mostly in the northern part of Turkey are revised, and the following new species are described and illustrated: H. evreni sp. n., H. cagilae sp. n., H. salimcalisi sp. n., H. kurensis sp. n. H. burnukensis sp. n., H. yildizae sp. n., H. ayasi sp. n, H. beysehirensis sp. n., H. aslani sp. n. A redescription of H. delamarei Jacquemart, 1965 is given. The new and the additional localities for the distribution of H. krassimiri Malicky, 2001, H. mahrkusha Schmid, 1959, H. salihli Sipahiler, 2004, H. lepnavae Botosaneanu, 1967, H. djabai Schmid, 1959 and H. acuta Martynov, 1909 are provided. H. alaca Malicky, 1974 is regarded as a synonym of H. delamarei Jacquemart, 1965.

KEY WORDS: Thricoptera, Hydropsyche, instabilis group, Turkey, taxonomy, new species, distribution.

Hydropsyche instabilis species group is characterized by digitiform appendages on the apical margin of segment X. There are several systematic studies on this group that clarify the identification of the species found in Europe (Botosaneanu & Marinkovic-Gospodnetic, 1966, Tobias, 1972, Kumanski, 1974) and eastern Mediterranean region excluding Turkey (Malicky, 2001). H. delamarei Jacquemart, 1965 was the first species described from Turkey (Jacquemart, 1965). Because of the insufficient description this species could not be identified and not listed in the faunistic lists of Turkey, remaining almost unknown. In 1974 two new species belonging to the instabilis group were described, one of which H. alaca Malicky, 1974 (Malicky, 1974) is regarded in this study as a synonym of H. delamarei. In 1987, 11 species belonging to the instabilis group were reported from Turkey (Sipahiler & Malicky, 1987). Later a few new species (Sipahiler, 1987, 1998, 2004, 2006) and a paper on the taxonomy of the group with descriptions of 12 new species were published, based on mainly the species distributed in southern Turkey (Sipahiler, 2004a). After the rediscovery of H. delamarei from the type locality, it became possible to revise the species distributed in the northern part of Turkey. The number of known species of this species group reaches 39 with the 9 new species described in the present study. Malicky (2001) discussed the distribution pattern of the group in the Aegean islands and noted that some species were widespread in the area, others were found in one or a few islands and a few species were found together on one island, some of which could be found on the other islands. In Turkey several species of the group, namely H. instabilis Curtis, 1834, H. delamarei Jacquemart, 1965, H. lepnavae Botosaneanu 1967, and H. kebab Malicky, 1974, appear to be widespread, found in many places. Among them H. delamarei is found mostly on ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______831 the high plateaus of northeastern Anatolia or on the plains of central Anatolia. Some populations of this species are found on the southern slopes of the north Anatolian mountains, with a few found further north. The closely related species are known from only one or a few localities in the northern parts of north Anatolian mountain range, such as H. cagilae sp. n. Similarly, in the central part of northern Turkey, in the Ilgaz Mountains, which extend in an east-west direction and parallel to the Küre Mountains, lives H. delamarei; further north, in the Küre Mountains, which are separated from the Ilgaz Mountains by a large plain, lives H. burnukensis sp. n., and further west H. kurensis sp. n.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Materials collected mainly from the northern part of Turkey between 1979 and 2009 were studied. The specimens were collected by hand net and light trap with a blacklight tube (6 W), preserved in alcohol (75 %), and deposited in my collection at the Biology Education Department, Hacettepe University. The pupae are also included in the study. For the code of depository the CD abbreviation is used. The genital terminology follows several authors (Botosaneanu & Marinkovic-Gospodnetic, 1966, Tobias, 1972, Malicky, 2001).

DESCRIPTIONS

Hydropsyche delamarei Jacquemart, 1965 (Figs. 1-5) Material examined: Bayburt province: Bayburt, Aşkale direction, 35 km south of Bayburt, 7.7.2007, CD: H-676, 9 males; Bayburt, Aşkale direction, 15 km south of Bayburt, 7.7.2007, CD: H-678, 3 males; Aşkale direction, Kop ski station, CD: H-723, 1900 m,12.7.2008, 3 males, 2 females; Aşkale direction, CD: H- 641, 39° 59 N, 40° 33 E, 11.8.2007, 2 males, 1 female; Erzurum province: Aşkale, after Kop pass 1900 m, 12.7.2008, CD: H-723, 3 males, 2 females; Erzurum, Aşkale, 17 km north of Aşkale, 12.7.2008, CD: H- 727, 5 males; Aşkale direction, 1990 m, CD: H-645, 40° 03 N, 40° 27 E,11.8.2007, 10 males; Gümüşhane province: Bayburt direction, 45 km south of Gümüşhane, 1800 m, 12.7.2008, CD: H-731, 3 males, 1 female; Bayburt direction, 12.7.2008, 25 km, ssouth of Gümüşhane, CD: H-729, 1 male (pupa), 5 females (pupa); Ağrı province, Doğu Beyazıt, İshakpaşa sarayı, 10.7.1993, 1 male, leg. Chivoska, coll. Sipahiler. Van province: Erciş direction, 60 km. north of Van, Çakırbey, CD: H- 439, 22.7.1995, 12 males; Erzincan province: Sivas direction, 48 km west of Erzincan, 8.7.2007, CD: H-689, 13 males, 1 female; Sivas direction, 127 km east of Erzincan, Kevenli village, 1500 m, CD: H-708, 5 males, 1 female; Sivas direction 115 km west of Erzincan, 2100 m, CD: H-707, 12.7.2008, 8 males, 1 female; Sivas direction, 50 km. west of Erzincan, CD: H-741, 13.7.2008,19 males; 30 km. east of Erzincan, Çağlayan village, Girlevik, CD: H-766, 21 males, 1 female; Tunceli province: Ovacık, 1 km east, Değirmendere, 25.7.1983, CD: H-221, 1 male; Ovacık, 10 km. west of Ovacık, CD: H-228, 5 males, 1 female; Ovacık, 10 km northeast of Ovacık, CD-521, 10 males; Sivas province: Koyulhisar, Eğriçimen Yaylası, 8.8. 1995, 11 males, CD: H-424, leg. Yıldız Demirkalp; same place, 1600 m, 5.7.2007, CD: H-656, 30 males, 3 females; same place, 8.8.2007, CD: H-660, 3 males; same place, CD: H-740, 8.7.2008, 1540 m, 18 males, 3 females; same place, 15.8.2008, CD: H- 745, 3 males; Ordu province: Niksar- Ordu direction, Özdemir, CD: H-646, 3.7.2007, 3 males; Koyulhisar-Mesudiye direction, Arpaalan, 1610 m, CD: H-654, 8.8.2007, 6 males, 2 females; Niksar, Ordu direction, 4 km north of Özdemir, 3.7.2007, CD: H-646, 3 males; same place, CD: H-737, 23 males, 5 females; same place, CD: H-744, 10 males, 2 females; Tokat province: Niksar, Çamiçi yaylası, CD: H-748, 15.8.2008, 40° 38 N, 36° 59 E, 1180 m, 4 males; same place, CD: H- 706, 1 male; same place, CD: H-672, 3.7.2007, 1 male; Trabzon province: Macka, Sumela, Camiboğazı yaylası, Çukurgöl, 2380 m, 40° 35 N, 39° 39 E, CD: H-714, 10 males; Giresun province: Trabzon province border, Sis Mountain, 1700 m, CD: H- 722, 11.7.2008, 1 male, 2 females; Kumbet, CD: H-682, 9.8.2007, 1580 m, 1 male; Ankara province: 10 km southeast of Eymir, CD: H-367, 23 males; same place,4.6.1988, CD: H-256, 832 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______

26 males, 2 females; Kızılcahamam, Işık Mountain, Sofular spring, CD: 457, 10 males, 2 females; Çankırı direction, Baykuş Boğazı, 15.5.1981, CD: H- 522, 3 males; same place, CD: H-119, 15.5.1981, 53 males, 5 females; Çubuk, Yukarı Kışlacık village, CD: H-62, 9.7.1980, 66 males, 9 females; same place, 29.5.1981, CD: H-127, 30 males; Çubuk , Karagöl, CD: H- 60, 9.7.1980, 9 males, 2 females; same place, CD: H-396, 33 males, 3 females; Çatıköy, CD: H-126, 28.5.1981, 1 male; Beytepe, CD: H-31, 18.6.1981, 10 males; Aksaray province: Ihlara, Melendiz stream, CD: H- 357, 15.5.1993, 5 males; Amasya province, near Borabay Lake, CD: H-238, 8.8.11985, 10 males, 1 female; Çorum province: Kırkdilim village, CD: H-52, 29.6.1980, 8 males; Kargı, Ilgaz Mountains, Günyazı village, 15.8.2009, CD: H- 804, 3 males; same place, Pelit yaylası, CD: H- 803, 15.8.2009, 5 males; same place, CD: H- 815, Dağlıca yaylası direction, 41° 14 N, 34° 33 E, 1526 m, 8.8.2009, 3 males, 1 female; same place, CD: H-791, 41° 12 N, 34° 21 E, 11.7.2009, 5 males; Yozgat province: Boğazkale direction, 12 km north of Yozgat, CD: H-45, 28.6.1980, 6 males; all leg. and coll. Sipahiler.

Antennae, palps, head, and thorax are dorsally blackish; first and second pairs of legs black, coxa and femur of the third pair of legs blackish, tibia pale brown, of which the basal portion is blackish, the tarsal segments yellowish; wings are blackish brown. The length of the anterior wing of males is 6-7 mm, of females 8- 10 mm. Male genitalia (Figs. 1-5): Cavity IX is large and rather deep; the dorsal keel of segment IX is narrow; in lateral view, the margin of the dorsal stripe and the posterior margin are straight, the digitiform appendages are slender, rather short, directed somewhat ventrally; in dorsal view, the dorsal keel of segment IX is narrow; the median part of segment X is short, broad, with a rather small excision on the apical margin. The phallic apparatus is slightly curved basally, in lateral view the apical portion is broader than the rest, which is equal in breadth; in ventral view, the lateral projections of the phallic apparatus are large, broadly triangular, narrowing towards the apex. The harpago of the inferior appendage is somewhat curved basally, almost equal in breadth. Distribution: This species is known only from Turkey and is largely distributed in the northern part of Anatolia. Remarks: H. delamarei Jacquemart, 1965 had been described from Turkey based on the material collected near Aşkale and published with insufficient description and illustrations (Jacquemart, 1965). Later, H. alaca Malicky, 1974 was described from Yozgat province, near Alacahöyük (Malicky, 1974), and this species was collected from different places and identified as H. alaca (Sipahiler & Malicky, 1987, Sipahiler, 2005). In 2007 and 2008 H. delamarei was collected again from the type locality and the surrounding area and compared with the specimens collected from Yozgat province, very close to the type locality of H. alaca. It is clear that this species has the same characteristics as H. alaca; thus I regard it as a synonym of H. delamarei. Hydropsyche alaca Malicky, 1974 syn. nov.= Hydropsyche delamarei Jacquemart, 1965.

Hydropsyche evreni sp. n. (Figs. 6-10) Material: Holotype and paratypes (12 males and 2 females) : Ardahan, Gölbelen village, near Çıldır Lake, 41° 02 N, 43° 08 E, CD: H-261, 19.7.1988, leg. and coll. Sipahiler; other paratypes: Kars, Doğruyol, CD: H-158, 41° 03 N, 43° 22 E, 24.7.1981, leg. Kazancı, coll. Sipahiler.

Antennae and palps dark brown/blackish, head and thorax dorsally black, wings blackish, first and second pairs of legs are black, tibia and femur of third pair are pale brown, tarsal segments dark brown. The length of the anterior wings of males is 7.5-8 mm, of females 8.5-9 mm. ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______833 Male genitalia (Figs. 6-10): Cavity IX slightly deep, cavity X deep, dorsal keel is long, dorsally broadly triangular; in lateral view, segment X is shorter than segment IX, dorsal stripe is smooth, slightly directed ventrally; the sclerotized bands of spiny area are thick, strongly sclerotized; the vertical band is long, reaching the dorsal depression and forms a ridge, possessing a small, rounded, pale spot in the middle, which is weakly sclerotized; the digitiform appendages rather short. The dorsal edge of the phallic apparatus is dilated near the middle, with a small excision subdistally; the apical portion is strongly developed, the lateral projections are broad and rounded; the coxopodite of the inferior appendage is narrow near the base, the harpago is curved inwards, almost equal in breadth, or somewhat dilated on the subdistal portion, the apex is broad and smooth. Distribution: This species is known only from eastern Turkey. Remarks: This species is similar to H. delamarei and characterized by the shape of the lateral projections of the phallic apparatus, which are large and rounded, the shape of the dorsal keel, which is broadly triangular, and the sclerotized bands of spiny areas, which are strongly sclerotized, thick, forming a pale rounded spot near the dorsal portion of segment X; in H. delamarei the lateral projections of the phallic apparatus are moderately large, the dorsal keel is narrow, almost equal in breadth, the sclerotized bands of spiny area are thin. Etymology: This new species is dedicated to Mr. Evren Erk’akan.

Hydropsyche cagilae sp. n. (Figs. 11-15) Material: Holotype male and paratype female: Turkey, Ordu, Çambaşı Yaylası, Yeşilce- Mesudiye direction, 1960 m, CD: H-749, 40° 35 N, 37° 53 E, 19.9.2008, leg. and coll. Sipahiler.

Antennae and palps are dark brown; in the male, the tibia of the second leg is brown and the rest of the legs are dark brown, in the female the first leg is dark brown, the femur of the second leg is brown, the tibia of the third leg is pale yellowish and the tarsi are brown; the wings are brown; the length of the anterior wing of male is 8 mm, of female 9.5 mm. Male genitalia (Figs. 11-15): Cavities IX and X are deep; the dorsal keel of segment IX is very narrow, acute at the tip; in lateral view, dilating dorsally. In lateral view, the dorsal stripe of segment X is sinuate, forming rounded lobes at the base and apical portion, ventral margin is rounded apically; the digitiform appendages are rather short. In dorsal view, the dorsomedian area of segment X is large, the sides are rounded. The coxopodite of the inferior appendages is broad and long, the harpago is almost equal in breadth, somewhat dilated on the outer edge subdistally, narrowing at the tip. In lateral view, the phallic apparatus is curved at the base, rather narrow, narrowing towards the apical part; in ventral view, the lateroapical projections are very broad, triangular, narrowing towards the tip. Distribution: This species is known only from northeastern Turkey. Remarks: This species is related to H. delamarei, but differs from this species by the following features: The dorsal keel is very narrow, the dorsal stripes of segment X are sinuate, forming large lobes apically, the harpago is broad, dilating on the subdistal part, the shaft of the phallic apparatus is thin and the lateroapical projections are very large; in H. delamarei, the dorsal keel is narrow, the dorsal stripe is smooth, the harpago is rather thin, almost equal in breadth, the lateroapical projections are moderately broad. Etymology: Hydropsyche cagilae sp.n. is dedicated to Mrs. Çağıl Hoş. 834 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______

Hydropsyche salimcalisi sp. n. (Figs. 16-20) Material: Holotype male and paratype male: Turkey, Ankara, Beypazarı, Karaşar, Eğriova, 1500 m, (CD: H- 485) 9.7.1999; paratypes: same place, 10 km north, 1550 m, (CD: H- 484), 12 males, 1 female, 40° 19 N, 31° 55 E, 9.7.1999, leg. and coll. Sipahiler.

Antennae, palps, wings are dark brown/blackish; head and thorax dorsally black; first and second legs are blackish brown, the tibia of the third leg is pale brown, tarsi dark brown. The length of the anterior wing of males is 9-9.5 mm, of female 10 mm. Male genitalia (Figs. 16-20): Cavity IX is deep, cavity X less deep; the dorsal keel of segment IX is narrow at the base, possessing a median line on the basal portion, roundly dilated towards the apex. In lateral view, the dorsal keel is directed dorsally; the dorsal stripes and apical margin of segment X are straight, the digitiform appendages are long and rather thick. The harpago of the inferior appendages is moderately broad, slightly narrowing towards the apex; the apex is rounded. The phallic apparatus is rather long; the apical portion is long and narrow, narrowing at the tip, the lateral projections are small. Distribution: This species is known only from northwestern Turkey. Remarks: This species is similar to H. delamarei, but differs from this species by the shape of the dorsal keel of segment IX, which is broad and rounded, narrow only at the basal portion; the digitiform appendages are long and thick; the apical portion of the phallic apparatus is long and narrow, the lateroapical projections are very small. Etymology: Hydropsyche salimcalisi sp.n. is dedicated to Mr. Salim Çalış, retired technician of the Biology Department, Hacettepe University.

Hydropsyche kurensis sp. n. (Figs. 21-25) Material: Holotype male: Turkey, Kastamonu, İnebolu direction, 28 km south of Küre, (CD: H-550), 41° 36 N, 33° 43 E, 2.6.2002; paratype male: Turkey, Kastamonu, Azdavay, Cide direction, (CD: H-440), 41° 37 N, 33° 20 E, 21.6.1996, leg. and coll. Sipahiler.

Antennae, palps, and wings are dark brown; thorax and head blackish; the first leg is dark brown, coxa and femur of the second leg dark brown, tibia and tarsi brown, coxa and femur of the third leg dark brown, tibia and tarsi are pale brown yellowish. Forewings are sparsely spotted on the apical margin. The length of the anterior wings of males is 8-9.5 mm. Male genitalia (Figs. 21-25): Cavity IX is deep, cavity X less deep; in dorsal view, the dorsal keel is broad at the base, becoming broader on the subdistal portion, somewhat narrowing towards the apex. In lateral view, the dorsal stripe of segment X has a large and rounded basal dilatation, the apical half of the margin is smooth; the apical lobe is somewhat shorter than the basal lobe; the sclerite lines of the spiny area are very thin, only the base is thick. The digitiform appendages are long and rather thick at the base. The harpago of the inferior appendages is rather broad, broader on the subdistal part, roundly narrowing towards the apex. The phallic apparatus is rather short, in lateral view curved at the base, the dorsal edge is dilated near the middle and subdistal part; in ventral view, the apical part is long, the lateroapical projections are large, triangular, and pointed at the tips. Distribution: This species is known only from northwestern Turkey. ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______835 Remarks: Hydropsyche kurensis sp. n. is closely related to H. delamarei. The following differences are seen in the genitalia: The dorsal keel of the new species is large, dilated almost in the middle, the dorsal stripe of segment X has a long basal lobe, reaching the middle, the sclerite bands of the spiny area are thin, the digitiform appendages are broad and long, the harpago is broad, dilating medially and the phallic apparatus is curved at the base, the lateroapical projections are large and triangular; in H. delamarei the dorsal keel is narrow, the dorsal margin of segment X is almost smooth, the sclerite bands of the spiny area are thicker, the digitiform appendages are short and rather thin, the harpago is narrow and equal in breadth, the phallic apparatus is not curved at the base and the apical portion is shorter than that in the new species. Etymology: This new species is named after the place where the specimens were collected.

Hydropsyche burnukensis sp. n. (Figs. 26-30) Material: Holotype male, paratype female and 1 pupa female: Turkey, Sinop, Bürnük, 1146 m, CD: H-786, 41° 39 N, 34° 51 E, 12.7.2009, leg and coll. Sipahiler.

Antennae dark brown, palps, and the coxa of the legs blackish brown, the rest of the segments pale brown, head and thorax blackish, wings are uniform dark brown. The length of the anterior wing of male and female is 9 mm. Male genitalia (Figs. 26-30): Cavity IX is deep, cavity X deeper, the dorsal keel of segment IX is moderately broad, broader at the base, narrowing towards the apex, and the apex is smooth. In lateral view, dorsal stripe and dorsal part of the apical margin of segment X are straight, the sclerite bands of the spiny area are thick at the base, the digitiform appendages are long in dorsal view, the dorsomedian area of segment X is broad, the apical edge is deeply and roundly excised. The harpago of the inferior appendages is rather narrow, subdistally curved inside, the apex is rounded. The phallic apparatus is curved at the base; in lateral view, the dorsal edge is dilated near the middle and on the subdistal part; in ventral view, the apical portion is long, its distal part narrow, the lateroapical projections are rather large and triangular. Distribution: This species is known only from northwestern Turkey. Remarks: H. burnukensis sp. n. is well characterized by the shape of the dorsal keel, the dorsal and apical margin of segment X, and the apical part of the phallic apparatus, which is long and narrower at the tip. It is similar to H. marhkusha Schmid, 1959 (Malicky, 2004, Sipahiler, 2004a), which has a broader dorsal keel with a broad apex, a sinuate dorsal and apical margin of segment X, and a shorter apical part of the phallic apparatus with a broader apex. Etymology: This species is named after the place around where the specimens were collected.

Hydropsyche yildizae sp. n. (Figs. 31-35) Material: Holotype male: Turkey, Bolu, Abant, Bulanık yaylası, 1400 m, 40° 40 N, 31° 27 E, CD: H-820, 26.6.1999; paratypes: Bolu Abant, 6.6.1983, CD: H-519, 1 male; Bolu, Abant 2 km southeast of Bulanık yaylası, CD: H-191, 19.6.1982, 1 male, 1 female, all leg. and coll. Sipahiler.

Antennae, palps, and legs pale brown, wings are brown; the length of the anterior wing of male is 9-9.5 mm, of female 12 mm. 836 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______Male genitalia (Figs. 31-35): Cavity IX rather deep, cavity X less deep; the dorsal keel of segment IX is rather broad, the apex is rounded. In lateral view, the dorsal stripe of segment X has a small basal dilatation, the apical lobe broadly rounded; the ventral margin is as long as the dorsal margin; the digitiform appendages are long, rather thin; in dorsal view, the dorsomedian part of segment X is large, the lateral stripes are directed somewhat on the sides. The coxopodite of the inferior appendages is rather short, the harpago is long, basally broad, becoming narrow towards the middle, slightly dilating subdistally and pointed at the apex. In lateral view, the phallic apparatus is curved at the base, the basal portion is broad, gradually narrowing towards the tip; in ventral view, the apical part is long, rather narrow, the lateroapical projections are small and broadly rounded. Distribution: This species is known only from northwestern Turkey. Remarks: H. yildizae sp. n. is well characterized by having large and rounded lateroapical projections of the phallic apparatus, which is curved at the base, and the short coxopodite of the inferior appendages. It is similar to H. ayasi sp. n., discussed below. Etymology: Hydropsyche yildizae sp. n., is dedicated to Prof. Dr. Yıldız Demirkalp, of the Biology Department, Hacettepe University.

Hydropsyche ayasi sp. n. (Figs. 36-40) Material: Holotype male (pupa): Turkey, Erzincan, Sivas direction, 127 km east of Sivas, Kevenli village, 8.8.2007, leg. and coll Sipahiler.

Antennae, palps and wings yellowish, thorax and abdomen dorsally pale brown. The length of the pupa is 8 mm. Male genitalia (Figs. 36-40): Cavities IX and X are deep; the dorsal keel of segment IX is broad, gradually rounded towards the apex. In lateral view the dorsal part of segment X is longer than the ventral part; dorsal stripe is straight, rounding posteriorly. In dorsal view, the dorsomedian area of segment X is rounded, the posterior margin is almost V-shaped excised. The digitiform appendages are long, turning somewhat towards the sides. The harpago of the inferior appendages rather long and thin, thinner on the basal portion slightly dilated subdistally, becoming narrower on the apex. The phallic apparatus is broad and curved at the base; narrowing towards the apex; in ventral view the apical portion is long, the lateroapical projections are large, long, and rounded. Remarks: Hydropsyche ayasi sp. n. is well characterized by the shape of the phallic apparatus, which is curved at the base and has broad and rounded lateroapical projections, and the long and narrow harpago. It is related to H. yildizae sp. n., but differs from this species by the shape of the phallic apparatus, which in H. yildizae sp. n. is curved at the base and has smaller lateroapical projections; the coxopodite of the related species is short, while it is long in H. ayasi sp. n. In addition, the shape of segment X, of which the dorsal stripe and the apical margin are sinuate in H. yildizae sp. n. and straight in the new species, separate these species. Distribution: This species is known only from eastern Turkey. Etymology: Hydropsyche ayasi sp. n., is dedicated to Univ. Doz. Dr. Zafer Ayaş, of the Biology Department, Hacettepe University.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______837 Hydropsyche beysehirensis sp. n. (Figs. 41-45) Material: Holotype male and paratype (1 female): Turkey, Konya, Beyşehir direction, 35 km North of Beyşehir, 1250 m, 19.5. 2003, (CD: H-559), leg. and coll. Sipahiler.

Antennae, palps, and wings blackish brown, the veins of the wings black; legs pale brown; the length of the anterior wing of male 8.5 mm, of female 10 mm. Male genitalia (Figs. 41-45): Cavities IX and X are deep; the dorsal keel of segment IX is broad at the base, dilated in the middle, slightly narrowing towards the apex; the apical edge has a small excision in the middle; in lateral view, the distal portion of the dorsal keel is dilated dorsally. In lateral view, the dorsal stripe of segment X is rather smooth, producing a small lobe at the base, bearing dense hairs; the apical margin is excised on the dorsal half, forming rounded lobes on the dorsal and ventral part of this excision. The digitiform appendages are rather short and thin. In dorsal view, the dorsomedian part of segment X is very broad, broader than the dorsal keel, the lateral stripes are almost rounded; the sclerotized bands of spiny areas are thick. The coxopodites of the inferior appendages are smooth; the harpago gradually narrows towards the pointed apex. In lateral view, the dorsal edge of the phallic apparatus is strongly dilated near the middle, the apical part is large; in ventral view the shaft subdistally is narrower than the apex of the apical part, the lateroapical projections are large and rounded. Distribution: This species is known only from southern Turkey. Remarks: The specimen of this species was identified as H. valkanovi and reported in the list of this species (Sipahiler, 2004). Later it was compared with the specimens of this species and H. emarginata collected from Bulgaria and regarded as a new species. Hydropsyche beysehirensis sp. n. is closely related to H. emarginata Navas, 1923 and H. valkanovi Kumanski, 1974, (Kumanski, 1985), but differs from these species by the following features: In H. emarginata the dorsal keel of segment IX is rather narrow, almost oval, narrowing towards the apex, the dorsomedian area is also narrower, the sclerite bands of the spiny area are thin; in H. valkanovi the dorsal keel is narrow, equal in breadth, the dorsomedian area is larger and the sclerite band of the spiny area is thin, while in H. beysehirensis sp. n. the dorsal keel is large, medially dilated in a triangular manner and the apex is bilobed; the dorsomedian area of segment X is large, the sclerite bands of the spiny area are thick; in H. emarginata the phallic apparatus laterally is not dilated in the middle, the apical part is short, very broad, and the lateroapical projections are broadly triangular; in H. valkanovi the lateroapical projections are slightly smaller and the shaft somewhat narrower, while in H. beysehirensis sp. n. the phallic apparatus is dilated in the middle, the apical part is longer and narrower than that of the related species, the shaft is very narrow before the apical part and the lateroapical projections are broader and rounded. Etymology: This species is named after the place around where the specimens were collected.

Hydropsyche aslani sp. n. (Figs. 46-50) Material: Holotype male: Turkey, Van, 7 km east of Güzeldere pass, Bağkale direction, 2450 m, 31.7.2001, CD: H-530, leg. Beskov, coll. Sipahiler; paratype 1 male, same place and date, in coll. National Museum of Natural History, Sofia.

Antennae, palps, and legs are pale brown yellowish, wings are pale brown; the length of the anterior wing of male 10 mm. 838 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______Male genitalia (Figs. 46-50): Cavities IX and X are moderately deep. Dorsal keel of segment IX is broad, the sides are rounded; in lateral view, it is directed dorsally on the apical part. The dorsal stripes of segment X are straight, as long as the dorsal keel, shorter than the ventral edge of segment X. The digitiform appendages are rather thick; in dorsal view, the dorsomedian part is as large as the dorsal keel; the basal portion has a sclerotized trapezoidal plate beneath segment X. The harpago of the inferior appendages is almost equal in breadth, becoming narrower on the subdistal portion. The phallic apparatus in lateral view is broad and curved at the basal portion, narrower towards the apex; the lateroapical projections are small. Distribution: This species is known only from eastern Turkey. Remarks: This new species is closely related to H. kebab Malicky, 1974 (Malicky, 1974) but differs from this species by the following features: In H. kebab, in lateral aspect, the dorsal keel of segment IX is short, segment X is long, the dorsal margin of segment X is longer than the ventral margin and the harpago is dilated subdistally, while in H. aslani sp. n. the dorsal keel and segment X are equal in length, the dorsal margin of segment X is shorter than the ventral margin and the harpago is not dilated subdistally. In addition, in the new species, the phallic apparatus is broad and curved at the basal part; in H. kebab the basal portion is more slender and not strongly curved. Etymology: Hydropsyche aslani sp. n. is dedicated to Mr. İbrahim Aslan, retired technician of the Biology Department, Hacettepe University.

NEW FAUNISTIC LOCALITIES

New and the additional localities to the distributions of the following species (Sipahiler, 2004) are given.

Hydropsyche krassimiri Malicky, 2001 This species was reported from Ankara, Kızılcahamam and Afyon, Ahırdağı (Malicky, 2001). Material examined: Turkey, Balıkesir, Edremit, Güre, Zeytinli direction, Kazdağlar, 7.8.1994, CD: H-398, 3 males, 4 females; Konya Hadim, Taşkent, Ermenek direction, 26 km east of Taşkent, 1700 m, 28.6.2000, CD: H-503, 1 male, 1 female, Antalya, Kemer, Çıralı, 21.5.1999, CD: H-517, 4 males; leg. and coll. Sipahiler. Hydropsyche mahrkusha Schmid, 1959 Material examined: Ordu, Niksar- Ordu direction, Gökçebayır Village, Tifi stream, 40° 40 N, 37° 21 E, 914 m, CD: H-716, 14.8.2008, 2 males; Giresun, Kumbet, Yağlıdere direction, Çıkrıkkapı, 1800 m, CD: H-700, 10.7.2008, 29 males, 2 females; Giresun, Bektaş Yaylası, CD: H-653, 6.7.2007, 6 males, 2 females; Giresun, Karagöl Yaylası, 2070 m, 40° 32 N, 38° 12 E, CD: H-751, 16.8.2008, 1 male, 1 female; Trabzon, Macka, Camiboğazı Yaylası, 2300 m, CD: H-758, 18.8.2008, 40° 36 N, 39° 40 E, 3 males 1 female; leg. and coll. Sipahiler. Hydropsyche salihli Sipahiler, 2004 H. salihli Sipahiler, 2004 was described from Salihli (Sipahiler, 2004), is also found in Turgutlu. Material examined: Turkey, Manisa, Turgutlu, Bayındır direction, 5 km south of Kamberler village, 600 m, CD: H-333, 21.5.1992, 1 male, leg. and coll. Sipahiler. Hydropsyche lepnavae Botosaneanu, 1967 Material examined: Tokat, Reşadiye, Kelkit Stream, 3.7.2007, CD: H-698, (at light), 2 males, 1 female; Ordu, Arpaalan, Baldıran Stream, CD: H-703, 8.7.2008, 4 males; Artvin, Yusufeli, Barhal Stream, CD: H-587, 21.7.2004, 1 male; Sivas, Koyulhisar, Eğriçimen Yaylası, CD: H- 674, (at light), 1 male, 5 females; Giresun, 25 km east of Şebinkarahisar, Alucra direction, Balcana, CD: H-664, 7.7.2007, 1 male, 1 female, leg. and coll. Sipahiler.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______839 Hydropsyche djabai Schmid, 1959 Material examined: Tokat, Reşadiye, Yolüstü, Zinav Lake, spring, 900 m, CD: H-711, 74.7.2007, 2 males; Erzincan, Sivas direction, Kevenli village, CD: H-690, 8.7. 2007, 1 male, leg. and coll. Sipahiler. Hydropsyche acuta Martynov, 1909 Material examined: Giresun, 8 km north of Şebinkarahisar, CD: H-665, 7.7.2007, 1 male, 3 females, leg. and coll. Sipahiler.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The material collected in 2007 and 2008 from Giresun, Ordu provinces was supported by the grant no. 0601704001 and in 2009 from Sinop province by the grant no. 09D05704001 (4884) from Hacettepe University Scientific Research Centre. LITERATURE CITED

Botosaneanu, L. & Marinkovic-Gospodnetic, M. 1966. Contribution a la connaissance des Hydropsyche de groupe fulvipes-instabilis étude des genitalia males. Annales de Limnologie, 2 (3): 503- 525.

Jacquemart, S. 1965. Resultats de l’expedition Belge au Moyen-Orient (premiere note). Sept Trichopteres nouveaux de Turquie et Iran. Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, XLI, 33: 1- 19.

Kumanski, K. 1974. Le groupe fulvipes-instabilis de genre Hydropsyche PICT. En Bulgarie, avec description de deux nouvelles especes (Trichoptera, Hydropsychidae). Nouvelle Revue d’Entomologie, 4: 145-152.

Kumanski, K. 1985. Trichoptera, Annulipalpia. Fauna Bulgarica. 15. Academiae Scientiarum Bulgaricae, Sofia, 243 pp.

Kumanski, K. & Sipahiler, F. 2002. List of caddisflies (Insecta: Trichoptera) collected by Bulgarian scientists in Turkey. Historia Naturalis Bulgarica, 15: 127-137.

Malicky, H. 1974. Acht neue mediterrane Köcherfliegen (Trichoptera). Entomologische Zeitschrift, 84 (21): 229-238.

Malicky, H. 2001. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Arten der Hydropsyche instabilis – Verwantschaft im östlichen Mittelmeergebiet (Trichoptera). Linzer Biologische Beiträge, 33 (1): 489-518.

Malicky, H. 2004. Atlas of European Trichoptera (2nd ed.,). The Nederlands: Springer, xxvii + 359 pp.

Sipahiler, F. 1987. Türkiye’deki Hydropsyche cinsi instabilis grubu (Trichoptera, Hydropsychidae) erkeklerinin sistematik yönden incelenmesi.DOGA, TU Zooloji D.C., 11 (3): 161-178.

Sipahiler, F. 1998. New species and records of Trichoptera from Turkey (Hydroptilidae, Hydropsychidae, Beraeidae). Braueria, 25: 9-11.

Sipahiler, F. 2004. Descriptions of new species of the genus Hydropsyche and some unknown females of Trichoptera (Rhyacophilidae, Hydropsychidae, Limnephilidae). Braueria, 31: 29–31.

Sipahiler, F. 2004. Studies on the Hydropsyche instabilis group in Turkey (Trichoptera, Hydropsychidae). Entomofauna, 25 (12): 181–220.

Sipahiler, F. 2005. A checklist of Trichoptera of Turkey. 393–405, in K. Tanida and A. Rossiter (eds), 11th International Symposium on Trichoptera, (2003, Osaka), Tokai University Press, Kanagawa.

Sipahiler, F. 2006. New species of Tricoptera from Turkey and the description of the unknown female of Drusus ingridae Sipahiler, 1993 (Rhyacophilidae, Polycentropodidae, Hydropsychidae, Limnephilidae). Braueria, 33: 20-22.

Sipahiler, F. & Malicky, H. 1987. Die Köcherfliegen der Türkei (Trichoptera). Entomofauna, 8: 77- 165.

840 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______

Tobias, W. 1972: Zur Kenntnis europäischer Hydropsychidae (Insecta, Trichoptera), I. Senckenbergiana Biologica, 53: 59-89.

Figures 1–5: Hydropsyche delamarei Jacquemart, 1965 Male genitalia: 1. lateral; 2. dorsal; 3. inferior appendage, ventral; 4. phallic apparatus, lateral; 5. phallic apparatus, ventral.

Figures 6-10: Hydropsyche evreni sp. n. Male genitalia: 6. lateral; 7. dorsal; 8. inferior appendage, ventral; 9. phallic apparatus, lateral; 10. phallic apparatus, ventral.

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Figures 11-15: Hydropsyche cagilae sp. n. Male genitalia: 11. lateral; 12. dorsal; 13. inferior appendage, ventral; 14. phallic apparatus, lateral; 15. phallic apparatus, ventral.

Figures 16-20: Hydropsyche salimcalisi sp. n. Male genitalia: 16. lateral; 17. dorsal; 18. inferior appendage, ventral; 19. phallic apparatus, lateral; 20. phallic apparatus, ventral.

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Figures 21-25: Hydropsyche kurensis sp. n. Male genitalia: 21. lateral; 22. dorsal; 23. inferior appendage, ventral; 24. phallic apparatus, lateral; 25. phallic apparatus, ventral.

Figures 26-30: Hydropsyche burnukensis sp. n. Male genitalia: 26. lateral; 27. dorsal; 28. inferior appendage, ventral; 29. phallic apparatus, lateral; 30. phallic apparatus, ventral.

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Figures 31-35: Hydropsyche yildizae sp. n. Male genitalia: 31. lateral; 32. dorsal; 33. inferior appendage, ventral; 34. phallic apparatus, lateral; 35. phallic apparatus, ventral.

Figures 36-40: Hydropsyche ayasi sp. n. Male genitalia: 36. lateral; 37. dorsal; 38. inferior appendage, ventral; 39. phallic apparatus, lateral; 40. phallic apparatus, ventral.

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Figures 41-45: Hydropsyche beysehirensis sp. n. Male genitalia: 41. lateral; 42. dorsal; 43. inferior appendage, ventral; 44. phallic apparatus, lateral; 45. phallic apparatus, ventral.

Figures 46-50: Hydropsyche aslani sp. n. Male genitalia: 46. lateral; 47. dorsal; 48. inferior appendage, ventral; 49. phallic apparatus, lateral; 50. phallic apparatus, ventral.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______845 THIRTY-SEVEN SPECIES OF ORIBATID MITES (ACARI: SARCOPTIFORMES: ORIBATIDA) FROM EAST AZERBAIJAN PROVINCE OF IRAN WITH NEW FIVE GENERA AND SIX SPECIES FOR IRAN FAUNA

Parisa Lotfollahi* and Karim Haddad Irani-Nejad*

* Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, IRAN. E-mails: [email protected]; [email protected]

[Lotfollahi, P. & Irani-Nejad, K. H. 2010. Thirty-seven species of oribatid mites (Acari: Sarcoptiformes: Oribatida) from East Azerbaijan province of Iran with new five genera and six species for Iran fauna. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 5, suppl.: 845-858]

ABSTRACT: During 2006, a faunal study on mites was coducted in alfalfa fields of six regions in East Azerbaijan (Northwest Iran) including Soofian, Payam, Zenooz, Marand, Shabestar and Jolfa, which resulted in collecting, mounting and identifying of 681 mite specimens. In this study 37 species, belonging to 31 genera and 20 families were identified in which 5 genera and 6 species were new records for mite fauna of Iran and 18 genera and 25 species were new records for mite fauna of East Azerbaijan province. Results showed that the maximum mean number was obtained in Shabestar at mid-September. Among identified species, Oribatula (Zygoribatula) connexa connexa Berlese, 1904 was more frequently observed.

KEY WORDS: Alfalfa, East Azerbaijan, Fauna, Iran, Oribatida, soil.

In the classic view of Oribatid mites, they comprise more than 9,000 named species (Subias, 2004) representing 172 families. These numbers do not include members of the large cohort Astigmatina (Krantz, 2009). They are called Moss mites, also Beetle mites or armored mites because of their sclerotinized and Beetle- like body (Krantz, 2009). These mites are cosmopolitan and with unrecognizable stigmata. Their tracheal system opens in the coxal cavity of legs I-III (Krantz, 1978). Oribatid mites are present in anywhere, many are arboreal, a few are aquatic and show adaption to all niches. They are usually dominant arthropodes of these ecosystems (Krantz, 2009). Oribatid mites have considerable evolutionary successes, because of having numerous species, habitat variation, variety of their feeding habits, different reproduction procedures, complex life cycle and their morphologic differences. On the other hand, low fertility, long life cycle, without migration life, low dependence of these mites to microhabitats, repeated reproduction of females and their delayed fertility have made them an exception in among Acari (Lebrun & Van Straalen, 1995). Reviewing literature revealed that in Iran, some faunistic studies have been done by Sepasgozarian (1977), Hatami (1991), Faraji & Kamali (1993), Ostovan (1993), Fathipur (1994), Taghavi (1996), Taghavi et al. (1998), Haddad Irani-Nejad (1998, 2004), Barimani & Kamali (1998), Khanjani & Kamali (2000), Haddad Irani-Nejad et al. (2000, 2003, 2004), Akrami (2000, 2005, 2007, 2008), Akrami et al. (2000, 2007, 2009), Bayartogtokh & Akrami (2000a,b), Akrami & Saboori (2001, 2002, 2004a,b), Musavi et al. (2004), Mansur- Ghazi et al. (2006), Baharloo et al. (2006), Akrami & Coetze (2007), Akrami & Subias (2007a,b, 2008a,b,c), Arjmandi-Nejad et al. (2008), Bastan et al. (2008). This study aimed to investigate the occurrence and species diversity of soil Oribatid mite fauna of alfalfa fields of six regions in Northwest Iran (East Azerbaijan Province).

846 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______MATERIALS AND METHODS

Oribatid soil mite fauna of alfalfa fields in Northwest of East Azebaijan province (six regions including Soofian, Payam, Zenooz, Marand, Shabestar and Jolfa) was studied at three different times of the year 2006 (mid-May, mid-July and mid- September), based on Nested design (Snedecor and Cochran, 1967). Three fields in each of the six regions with three samples in each field were selected and sampling of them was conducted at three different times Soil samples were taken of maximum depth of 25 cm Specimens were transferred to the acarological laboratory of Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz. Mites were extracted by using the Berlese funnel, cleared by Nesbit medium (Krantz, 1978) and mounted in Hoyer's medium. Type specimens are held in the Acarological laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.

RESULTS

In this study 37 species, belonging to 31 genera and 20 families were identified in which 5 genera and 6 species were new records for mite fauna of Iran and 18 genera and 25 species were new records for mite fauna of East Azerbaijan province. Results indicated that the maximum number of Oribatid mites was obtained in Shabestar which obtained in mid-September.

Key to the Oribatid families, genera and species collected from soil of alfalfa fields in Northwest Iran, East Azarbaijan province:

1- At least with one of fallowing traits: Prodorsum can be shut back like the blade of a penknife to the hysterosoma; tibia and genu of about uniform length and shape; genital and anal plates meeting and accupying entire length of ventral region (Archoribatida: Macropylina) ………………………………………………………….…………………………………………...……. 2 - without the above characteristics (Brachypylina: Euoribatida)………………………………..……10

2- Body ptychoid and considerably compressed laterally; Anogenital region of macropyline type, narraw and V-shaped; the plates of anogenital region fused with each other into one pair of anogenital plates; Interlocking triangle present (Euphthiracaridae)………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….Rhysotritia ardua - Body not ptychoid and never compressed laterally ………………………………………...……..……. 3

3- Notogaster separated by 1-3 sutures in to 2-4 shields (Arthronotic Macropylina) …...... 4 - Notogaster without transverse sutures (Holonotic Macropylina ) ...... 7

4- Notogaster with large polygonal reticulation and separated by one suture in to two shields; seta d situated on suture; some of notogasteral setae T-shaped (Sphaerochthoniidae)...... …………………………………………..….. Sphaerochthonius splendidus - Notogaster seprated by 2 sutures in to 3 shields (Brachychthoniidae) ………….………..……... 5

5- Setae d2 not in a marginal position, originating considerably more mediad from setae cp- e2 aligned in a raw; one suprapleural plate present or absent…………..….. Liochthonius tuxeni - Setae d2 in a marginal position, aligned with the longitudinal raw of setae cp-e2; two or more pairs of suprapleural plates present ………………………………………………………..…..………. 6

6- Two anterior pairs of adanal setae (ad2 and ad3) bladelike ………..... Sellnickochthonius sp. - Only median pair of adanal setae (ad2) bladelike ……….……………. Poecillochthonius italicus

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7- Body holoid; agenital and adanal shields separate; prodorsum with bothridium; without agenital setae; with preanal plate; with epimeral neotrichy (Nothridae) ……………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..Nothrus anauniensis - Body dichoid; with Protero-hysterosomatic articulation …………………………….…………..…… 8

8- Ventral plate Schizogasteric type; with a transverse suture between genital and anal plates; with 8 pairs of genital setae arrange in two longitudinal rows of five and three setae; notogaster with 14 pairs of setae (Epilohmanniidae) ..… Epilohmannia cylindrica cylindrica - Preanal plate between genital and anal plates present; genital plates seprated by one suture in to 2 shields; with 10 pairs of genital setae arrange in two longitudinal rows of six and four setae; body more or less cylindrical; notogaster with 16 pairs of setae; legs short and thick (Lohmanniidae) ……………………………..…………………………………………………..….…… 9

9- Preanal plate broad ……………………………………….……………………… Lohmannia turcmenica - Preanal plate narrow ……………………………..…………………………...…… Papillacarus angulatus

10- Without pteromorphae; notogaster pycnonotic and without octotaxic organs (Area porosae, Sacculi or Pori) (Pycnonotic Brachypylina) …………………………….……………………... 11 - With or without pteromorphae; notogaster poronotic and at least with one of octotaxic organs (except of Microzetidae) (Poronotic Brachypylina) …………………….…………………..... 26

11- Lamellae true, broad and marginnaly situated (Tectocepheidae) ……………………………… 12 - Prodorsum without true lamellae, with or without costula ……………………………………..….. 13

12- Lyrifissure iad long and situated in anterior margin of anal operture at an angle about 60-90° to the body axis ………………………………..…………………………..…… Tectocepheus velatus - Lyrifissure iad long and situated in anterior margin of anal plates that almost parallel to the lateral margin of anal operture ………………………………..…………...…… Tectocepheus minor

13- With genital neotrichy (with at least 3-4 pairs of agenital setae); without anal neotrichy; anal plates with two pairs of setae; legs monodactylus; epimeral, genital and agenital setae without branches; lamellar setae close to rostral setae (Damaeolidae)………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………..……………... Fuseremeus laciniatus - Usually without ventral neotrichy; ventral plate with four pairs of setae (one pair of agenital and three pairs of adanal setae) ……………………..……………………………...………..……. 14

14- Chelicerae long and Peloptoid (Suctobelbidae) ………….……………………… Suctobelbella sp. - Chelicerae normal (Oppiidae)……………………………………………………………..…………...... ……. 15

15- With crest; seta c2 usually fine recognizable; usually with interbotridial tubercles; lyrifissure iad usually paranal …………………………………………...... ……………………………….…… 16 - Without crest; seta c2 absent or less developed than other notogasteral setae; usually without interbotridial tubercles; lyrifissure iad in various forms; with lamellr and (or) interlamellar lines (if they are absent, sensillus pectinate or ciliate) …………………………....…19

16- With costulae (Oppiellinae) ………………………………………………………………... Oppiella nova - Without costulae, but exceptionally with lamellar lines; notogaser with 10 pairs of setae (Medioppiinae) ………………………………………………………………………………………….…...……….. 17

17- Anterior margin of notogaster with two sclerotinized apophyses that extend from dorsal suture to basis of prodorsum …………………………..……………………………...….. Microppia minus - Anterior margin of notogaster with lines or crest (Rhinoppia) ……………………….…….…….. 18

18- Sensillus fusiform ………………………………………………………...………..…. Rhinoppia obsoleta - Sensillus bipectinate …………………………………………………………………. Rhinoppia bipectinata

19- Without crest; body setae fine developed, broad and ciliate; with recognizable grooves on anterior part of notogaster (Mysteroppiinae) ……………………..………………..….. Striatoppia sp. 848 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______

- With crest; body setae normal; without recognizable grooves on anterior part of notogaster (Multioppiinae) ……………………………………………….………………………………………………..…….. 20

20- Lyrifissure iad direct apoanal …………………… Graptoppia (Graptoppia) sundensis acuta - Lyrifissure iad paranal ……………………………………………….……...…….………….……………..….. 21

21- Notogaster with 10 pairs of relatively long setae ………...... ……. Anomaloppia iranica - Notogaster with 9 pairs of relatively long setae (c2 absent or reduced) (Ramusella)…...… 22

22- Rostral setae more or less arcuate, alveoli of rostral setae more or less Indented…………. ……………………….…………………………………………….……... Ramusella (Insculptoppia) insculpta - Rostral setae geniculate, alveoli of rostral setae close to each other (Ramusella (Ramusella)) ...... 23

23- Prodorsum with median crest; sensillus pectinate ……………………………………………………... ……………………………………………………………………………Ramusella (Ramusella) puerttontensis - Prodorsum with lamellar line; sensillus fusiform …………………..……….…………...…………… 24

24- Sensillus with short ciliae ………………...… Ramusella (Ramusella) sengbuschi tokyoensis - Sensillus with long ciliae ………………………………………..…………………………………...…..…….. 25

25- Interlamellar setae longer than lamellar setae ...... Ramusella (Ramusella) curtipilus - Interlamellar setae equal with lamellar setae …………... Ramusella (Ramusella) sengbuschi

26- Without octotaxic organs; notogaster with immovable and bented down pteromorphae; with very large and fine developed lamellae; apodemata IV thickened; notogaster with 4 longitudinal lines (Microzetidae) ……………………………………………..… Berlesozetes aegypticus - At least with one of octotaxic organs …………….………………………………………………………….. 27

27- Pteromorphae large, movable and auriculate (Galumnidae)………….………………………… 28 - Pteromorphae if present and movable, not auriculate ………………….……...…………………….. 31

28- Interlamellar setae originate between lines L and L ………………………..…. Pergalumna sp. - Interlamellar setae originate between lines L and S (Galumna)……………………..………..…. 29

29- With liplike regions on pteromorphae ………………………..…………..………. Galumna rossica - Without liplike regions on pteromorphae ……………………………………….…....……………...…. 30

30-Sensillus setiform……………………………..……………….………………….……… Galumna karajica - Sensillus fusiform…………………………………………………….……..………...….. Galumna iranensis

31- Lamellae very large, broad, infused in median line and cover surface of prodorsum (Oribatellidae) …………………………………….………………………………………….…………….……...…. 32 - Lamellae if present not infused, sometimes in lateral margins of prodorsum and sometimes connected with together by translamella ………………………………..………...……….. 33

32- Notogaster with 13 pairs of setae; anterior part of notogaster with hexagonal reticulation …………………………………………………………………………………………….……. Pseudotectoribates sp. - Notogaster with 10 pairs of setae; anterior part of notogaster without hexagonal reticulation ………………………………………………….………………………..…… Anachipteria deficiens

33- Prodorsum with tutorium and lamella usually with cuspis (Punctoribatidae) ………………. ……………………………..………………………………………………………………….….... Punctoribates liber - Prodorsum without tutorium and lamella usually without cuspis ………………….………...…. 34

34- Interlamellar setae long and leaf-shaped (Phenopelopidae)…….….….. Eupelops acromios - Interlamellar setae normal ………………………………………….……..…………………………..………. 35

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35- Anterior part of notogaster with circular lenticulus, genital plates with 5 pairs of setae (Passalozetidae) …………………………………...... …. Passalozetes africanus - Anterior part of notogaster without lenticulus ……………………………...………..………………… 36

36- Notogaster usually with 4 pairs of area porose …………………………………....………..………. 37 - Notogaster usually with 4 pairs of sacculi ……………………..………...………..……………………… 43

37- Notogaster with immovable pteromorphae (Liebstadiidae) …...... … Liebstadia similis - Notogaster without pteromorphae (Oribatulidae) ……………………….………………….………... 38

38- Prodorsum without translamella ……………………..………….. Oribatula (Oribatula) pallida - Prodorsum with translamella (Oribatula (Zygoribatula) ……………………………...………….. 39

39- Surface of notogaster with fingerprint lines ………………………………………….…..………..… 40 - Surface of notogaster without fingerprint lines ……………………………...…………………………. 41

40- Area porose Aa almost round ……………..…… Oribatula (Zygoribatula) connexa connexa - Area porose Aa streched ………....………….....… Oribatula (Zygoribatula) connexa ucrainica

41- Area poroses perfectly round and equal with together ………………………………..……………… ………………………………………..………………...….. Oribatula (Zygoribatula) debilitranslamellata - Area poroses not equal with together ………………………….…………….…………………..………… 42

42- Translamella narrow, lamellar setae equal with rostral setae ……………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………... Oribatula (Zygoribatula) skrajabini - Translamella thick, lamellar setae longer than rostral setae …………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………Oribatula (Zygoribatula) undulate

43- Pteromorphae movable (Haplozetidae) ……………..….……….. Protoribates paracapucinus - Pteromorphae immovable (Scheloribatidae) …………………...…...…. Scheloribates fimbriatus

Archoribatida: Macropylina Ptychtima Family Euphthiracaridae Jacot, 1930 Rhysotritia ardua (C. L. Koch, 1841) Materials examined and associations: 10 specimens, Soofian, mid-May and mid-September 2006; 4 specimens, Marand, mid-May and mid-September 2006; 4 specimens, Shabestar, mid- September 2006; 3 specimens, Payam, mid- May 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: Mazandaran (Akrami et al., 2006); East Azerbaijan (Haddad Irani-Nejad, 2003); Yazd (Bayartogtokh & Akrami, 2000a); Hamedan (Khanjani, 1996); Mazandaran (Akrami & Saboori, 2004); Kurdestan (Mansur-Ghazi, et al., 2006); Mazandaran (Akrami et al., 2006); Ahvaz (Baharloo et al., 2006); Sistan (Arjmandi-Nejad et al., 2008). Comments: This is the second and tenth record for the province and Iran respectively.

Arthronotic Macropylina Family Sphaerochthoniidae Grandjean, 1947 Sphaerochthonius splendidus (Berlese, 1904) Materials examined and associations: 2 specimens, Shabestar, mid- September 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: East Azerbaijan (Haddad Irani-Nejad, 2003); Yazd (Bayartogtokh & Akrami, 2000a); Hamedan (Khanjani, 1996); Mazandaran (Akrami & Saboori, 2004). Comments: This is the second and fifth record for the province and Iran respectively.

Family Brachychthoniidae Thor, 1934 Liochthonius tuxeni (Forsslund, 1957) Materials examined and associations: 2 specimens, Marand, mid- September 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: There is no provincial record of this genus in Iran. 850 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______

Comments: This is the first record for Iran.

Poecillochthonius italicus (Berlese, 1910) Materials examined and associations: 1 specimen, Soofian, mid- May 2006; 2 specimens, Marand, mid- July 2006; 1 specimen, Zenooz, mid- September 2006; 5 specimens, Shabestar, mid- May 2006; 1 specimen, Payam, mid- September 2006; 2 specimens, Jolfa, mid- September 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: East Azerbaijan (Haddad Irani-Nejad, 2003); Mazandaran (Akrami et al., 2006). Comments: This is the second and third record for the province and Iran respectively.

Sellnickochthonius sp. Materials examined and associations: 2 specimens, Soofian, mid- September 2006; 7 specimens, Marand, mid- September 2006; 4 specimen, Zenooz, mid- September 2006; 2 specimens, Shabestar, mid- May 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: There is no provincial record of this genus in Iran. Comments: This is the first record for Iran.

Holonotic Macropylina Family Nothridae Berlese, 1885 Nothrus anauniensis Canestrini & Fanzago, 1877 Materials examined and associations: 4 specimens, Soofian, mid- July and mid-September 2006; 5 specimens, Marand, mid- July and mid-September 2006; 2 specimen, Zenooz, mid- September 2006; 4 specimens, Shabestar, mid- May, mid- July and mid-September 2006; 11 specimen, Payam, mid- July and mid-September 2006; 3 specimens, Jolfa, mid- May, mid- July and mid-September 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: East Azerbaijan (Haddad Irani-Nejad, 2003); Mazandaran (Akrami et al., 2006); Mazandaran (Akrami & Saboori, 2004). Comments: This is the second and fourth record for the province and Iran respectively.

Family Epilohmanniidae Oudemans, 1923 Epilohmannia cylindrica cylindrica (Berlese, 1904) Materials examined and associations: 4 specimens, Soofian, mid- July and mid-September 2006; 5 specimens, Marand, mid- September 2006; 1 specimen, Zenooz, mid- September 2006; 6 specimens, Shabestar, mid- July and mid-September 2006; 3 specimens, Jolfa, mid- May, mid- July and mid-September 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: East Azerbaijan (Haddad Irani-Nejad, 2003); Mazandaran (Akrami et al., 2006); Kurdestan (Mansur-Ghazi, et al., 2006); Ahvaz (Baharloo et al., 2006); Sistan (Arjmandi-Nejad et al., 2008). Comments: This is the second and sixth record for the province and Iran respectively.

Family Lohmanniidae Berlese, 1916 Lohmannia turcmenica Bulanova-Zachvatkina, 1960 Materials examined and associations: 1 specimen, Zenooz, mid- July 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: Mazandaran (Akrami et al., 2006); Hamedan (Khanjani, 1996). Comments: This is the first and third record for the province and Iran respectively.

Papillacarus angulatus Wallwork, 1962 Materials examined and associations: 6 specimens, Shabestar, mid- May 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: There is no provincial record of this species in Iran. Comments: This is the first and second record of this genus for the province and Iran respectively and this is the first record for Iran.

Brachypylina: Euoribatida Pycnonotic Brachypylina Family Tectocepheidae Grandjean, 1954 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______851 Tectocepheus velatus (Michael, 1880) Materials examined and associations: 15 specimens, Soofian, mid- May, mid- July and mid- September 2006; 17 specimens, Marand, mid-May, mid- July and mid-September 2006; 16 specimen, Zenooz, mid- May, mid- July and mid-September 2006; 10 specimens, Shabestar, mid- May, mid- July and mid-September 2006; 3 specimen, Payam, mid- May, mid- July and mid-September 2006; 5 specimens, Jolfa, mid- May, mid- July and mid-September 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: Bayartogtokh & Akrami (2000a); Markazi (Bastan et al., 2008). Comments: This is the first and third record for the province and Iran respectively.

Tectocepheus minor Berlese, 1903 Materials examined and associations: 2 specimens, Soofian, mid- May 2006; 1 specimen, Zenooz, mid-May 2006; 2 specimens, Shabestar, mid- May 2006; 3 specimen, Payam, mid- May, mid- July and mid-September 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: Yazd (Bayartogtokh & Akrami, 2000a); Mazandaran (Akrami & Saboori, 2004); Markazi (Bastan et al., 2008). Comments: This is the first and fourth record for the province and Iran respectively.

Family Damaeolidae Grandjean, 1965 Fuseremeus laciniatus (Berlese, 1905) Materials examined and associations: 4 specimens, Soofian, mid- May 2006; 3 specimens, Zenooz, mid- May 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: Esfahan (Akrami, 2007). Comments: This is the first and second record for the province and Iran respectively.

Family Suctobelbidae Jacot, 1938 Suctobelbella sp. Materials examined and associations: 1 specimen, Payam, mid- July 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: Mazandaran (Akrami, 2008). Comments: This is the first and second record for the province and Iran respectively. Identification at species level is on going.

Family Oppiidae Grandjean, 1954 Subfamily Oppiellinae Seniczak, 1975 Oppiella nova (Oudemans, 1902) Materials examined and associations: 1 specimen, Payam, mid- September 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: Mazandaran (Akrami & Subías, 2007a); Markazi (Bastan et al., 2008); Mazandaran (Akrami, 2008). Comments: This is the first and fourth record for the province and Iran respectively.

Subfamily Medioppiinae Subias & Minguez, 1985 Microppia minus (Paoli, 1908) Materials examined and associations: 1 specimen, Soofian, mid- May 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: Mazandaran (Akrami & Subías, 2007a); Mazandaran (Akrami, 2008). Comments: This is the first and third record for the province and Iran respectively.

Rhinoppia obsoleta (Paoli, 1908) Materials examined and associations: 20 specimens, Shabestar, mid- September 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: Mazandaran (Akrami & Subías, 2007a); Mazandaran (Akrami, 2008). Comments: This is the first and third record for the province and Iran respectively.

Rhinoppia bipectinata (Akrami & Subías, 2007) Materials examined and associations: 3 specimens, Shabestar, mid- September 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: Mazandaran (Akrami & Subías, 2007a). Comments: This is the first and second record for the province and Iran respectively. 852 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______

Subfamil Mysteroppiinae Balogh, 1983 Striatoppia sp. Materials examined and associations: 1 specimen, Zenooz, mid-May 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: There is no provincial record of this genus in Iran. Comments: This is the first record for Iran. Identification at species level is on going.

Subfamily Multioppiinae Balogh, 1983 Graptoppia (Graptoppia) sundensis acuta Ayyildiz, 1989 Materials examined and associations: 1 specimen, Soofian, mid- May 2006; 1 specimens, Marand, mid- September 2006; 1 specimen, Zenooz, mid-May 2006; 1 specimens, Shabestar, mid- May 2006; 1 specimen, Payam, mid- July 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: There is no provincial record of this species in Iran. Comments: This is the first and third record of Graptoppia for the province and Iran respectively and the first record of G. (G.) sundensis acuta for Iran.

Anomaloppia iranica Bayartogtokh & Akrami, 2000 Materials examined and associations: 1 specimen, Shabestar, mid- September 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: Yazd (Bayartogtokh & Akrami, 2000a). Comments: This is the first and second record for the province and Iran respectively.

Ramusella (Insculptoppia) insculpta (Paoli, 1908) Materials examined and associations: 1 specimen, Shabestar, mid- September 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: Mazandaran (Akrami & Subías, 2007a); Markazi (Bastan et al., 2008); Mazandaran (Akrami, 2008). Comments: This is the first and fourth record for the province and Iran respectively.

Ramusella (Ramusella) puertonttensis Hammer, 1962 Materials examined and associations: 1 specimen, Shabestar, mid- May 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: Mazandaran (Akrami & Subías, 2007a); Markazi (Bastan et al., 2008). Comments: This is the first and third record for the province and Iran respectively.

Ramusella (Ramusella) sengbuschi sengbuschi Hammer, 1968 Materials examined and associations: 6 specimens, Soofian, mid- May 2006; 2 specimen, Zenooz, mid-May 2006; 4 specimens, Shabestar, mid- May and September 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: Mazandaran (Akrami & Subías, 2007a); Mazandaran (Akrami, 2008). Comments: This is the first and third record for the province and Iran respectively.

Ramusella (Ramusella) sengbuschi tokyoensis (Aoki, 1974) Materials examined and associations: 8 specimens, Soofian, mid- May and July 2006; 10 specimens, Shabestar, mid- May 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: Mazandaran (Akrami & Subías, 2007a); Mazandaran (Akrami, 2008). Comments: This is the first and third record for the province and Iran respectively.

Ramusella (Ramusella) curtipilus Hammer, 1971 Materials examined and associations: 1 specimen, Jolfa, mid- May 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: Mazandaran (Akrami & Subías, 2007a); Mazandaran (Akrami, 2008). Comments: This is the first and third record for the province and Iran respectively.

Poronotic Brachypylina Family Microzetidae Grandjean, 1936 Berlesozetes aegypticus (Bayoumi, 1977) Materials examined and associations: 1 specimen, Jolfa, mid- May 2006. ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______853

Previous provincial records for Iran: Yazd (Akrami, 2007); Yazd (Akrami & Saboori, 2002). Comments: This is the first and third record for the province and Iran respectively.

Family Galumnidae Jacot, 1925 Galumna karajica Mahunka & Akrami, 2001 Materials examined and associations: 2 specimens, Soofian, mid- September 2006; 5 specimens, Marand, mid- September 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: Mazandaran (Akrami et al., 2006); Yazd (Akrami & Saboori, 2002); Markazi (Bastan et al., 2008). Comments: This is the first and fourth record for the province and Iran respectively.

Galumna iranensis Mahunka & Akrami, 2001 Materials examined and associations: 3 specimens, Soofian, mid- September 2006; 3 specimens, Marand, mid- September 2006; 3 specimens, Jolfa, mid- September 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: Yazd (Akrami & Saboori, 2002). Comments: This is the first and second record for the province and Iran respectively.

Galumna rossica Sellnick, 1926 Materials examined and associations: 1 specimen, Zenooz, mid-May 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: There is no provincial record of this species in Iran. Comments: This is the first record for Iran.

Pergalumna sp. Materials examined and associations: 16 specimens, Payam, mid- September 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: East Azerbaijan (Fathipour, 1994); Esfahan (Hatami, 1991); Hamedan (Khanjani, 1996). Comments: This is the second and fourth record for the province and Iran respectively. Identification at species level is on going.

Family Oribatellidae Jacot, 1925 Pseudotectoribates sp. Materials examined and associations: 2 specimens, Jolfa, mid- September 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: There is no provincial record of this genus in Iran. Comments: This is the first record for Iran. Identification at species level is on going.

Anachipteria deficiens Grandjean, 1932 Materials examined and associations: 3 specimens, Soofian, mid- May 2006; 1 specimen, Jolfa, mid- May 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: There is no provincial record of this genus in Iran. Comments: This is the first record for Iran.

Family Punctoribatidae Thor, 1937 Punctoribates liber Paulitchenko, 1991 Materials examined and associations: 10 specimens, Shabestar, mid-May and September 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: Mazandaran (Akrami et al., 2006). Comments: This is the first and second record for the province and Iran respectively.

Family Phenopelopidae Petrunkevitch, 1955 Eupelops acromios (Herman, 1804) Materials examined and associations: 1 specimen, Zenooz, mid- July 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: Mazandaran (Akrami et al., 2006). Comments: This is the first and second record for the province and Iran respectively.

Family Passalozetidae Grandjean, 1954 Passalozetes africanus Grandjean, 1932 Materials examined and associations: 1 specimen, Marand, mid- July 2006. 854 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______

Previous provincial records for Iran: East Azerbaijan (Haddad Irani-Nejad, 2003); Yazd (Bayartogtokh & Akrami, 2000b); Mazandaran (Akrami et al., 2006). Comments: This is the second and fourth record for the province and Iran respectively.

Family Liebstadiidae J. & P. Balogh, 1984 Liebstadia similis (Michael, 1888) Materials examined and associations: 1 specimen, Zenooz, mid-May 2006; 2 specimens, Jolfa, mid- May 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: Mazandaran (Taghavi, 1996); Mazandaran (Taghavi et al., 1998a). Comments: This is the first and third record for the province and Iran respectively.

Family Oribatulidae Thor, 1929 Oribatula (oribatula) pallida Banks, 1906 Materials examined and associations: 4 specimens, Shabestar, mid- May and September 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: Mazandaran (Akrami et al., 2006); Hamedan (Khanjani, 1996). Comments: This is the first and third record for the province and Iran respectively.

Oribatula (Zygoribatula) connexa connexa Berlese, 1904 Materials examined and associations: 50 specimens, Soofian, mid-May, mid- July and mid- September 2006; 63 specimens, Marand, mid-May, mid- July and mid-September 2006; 56 specimen, Zenooz, mid-May, mid- July and mid-September 2006; 100 specimens, Shabestar, mid-May, mid- July and mid-September 2006; 20 specimen, Payam, mid-May, mid- July and mid-September 2006; 30 specimens, Jolfa, mid-May, mid- July and mid-September 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: East Azerbaijan (Haddad Irani-Nejad, 2003); Yazd (Bayartogtokh & Akrami, 2000b); Mazandaran (Akrami et al., 2006); East Azerbaijan (Fathipour, 1994); Ardebil (Haddad Irani-Nejad, 1998); Hamedan (Khanjani, 1996); West Azerbaijan (Musavi et al., 2004); Ahvaz (Baharloo et al., 2006). Comments: This is the third and ninth record for the province and Iran respectively. Among identified species, this species was more frequently observed. In some specimens of this species collected from Zenooz in mid-May, there is one extra seta that it is most probabely abnormality.

Oribatula (Zygoribatula) connexa ucrainica (Iordanisky, 1990) Materials examined and associations: 11 specimens, Marand, mid-July and mid-September 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: Mazandaran (Akrami et al., 2006). Comments: This is the first and second record for the province and Iran respectively.

Oribatula (Zygoribatula) debilitranslamellata Kulijev, 1962 Materials examined and associations: 3 specimens, Soofian, mid-May, mid- July and mid- September 2006; 3 specimens, Marand, mid-May, mid- July and mid-September 2006; 4 specimen, Zenooz, mid-May, mid- July and mid-September 2006; 2 specimens, Shabestar, mid-May and mid-September 2006; 1 specimen, Payam, mid-September 2006; 2 specimens, Jolfa, mid-May and mid-September 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: There is no provincial record of this species in Iran. Comments: This is the first record for Iran.

Oribatula (Zygoribatula) skrajabini (Bulanova-Zachvatkina, 1967) Materials examined and associations: 3 specimens, Shabestar, mid- September 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: Mazandaran (Akrami et al., 2006). Comments: This is the first and second record for the province and Iran respectively.

Oribatula (Zygoribatula) undulata Berlese, 1916 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______855

Materials examined and associations: 2 specimens, Soofian, mid- May 2006; 4 specimens, Shabestar, mid- September 2006; 2 specimens, Jolfa, mid- May and July 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: Mazandaran (Akrami et al., 2006); Hamedan (Khanjani, 1996); Markazi (Bastan et al., 2008); Sistan (Arjmandi-Nejad et al., 2008). Comments: This is the first and fifth record for the province and Iran respectively.

Family Haplozetidae Grandjean, 1936 Protoribates paracapucinus (Mahunka, 1988) Materials examined and associations: 4 specimens, Soofian, mid-May and mid-September 2006; 2 specimens, Jolfa, mid- September 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: Yazd (Bayartogtokh & Akrami, 2000b); Mazandaran (Akrami et al., 2006); Markazi (Bastan et al., 2008). Comments: This is the first and fourth record for the province and Iran respectively.

Family Scheloribatidae Jacot, 1935 Sheloribates laevigatus (Koch, 1835) Materials examined and associations: 10 specimens, Jolfa, mid- May 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: Kazeroon (Ostovan, 1993); Kurdestan (Mansur-Ghazi, et al., 2006). Comments: This is the first and third record for the province and Iran respectively.

DISCUSSION

Distribution of this suborder in six regions showed that the maximum number of the suborder was in Shabestar at mid-September; the number of mites from high to low was in Shabestar, Soofian, Marand, Zenooz, Jolfa and Payam respectively. But number of identified species from high to low was obtained in Shabestar (with 23 species), Soofian (with 19 species), Jolfa (with 15 species), Zenooz (with 15 species), Marand (with 14 species), and Payam (with 11 species) respectively. Dependence of mites diversity with frequency has been studied by many authors like Bedano et al. (2005), Toros & Emekci (1989), Fathi Poor (1994), Ardashir (2004) and Lotfollahi et al. (2010) and has showed that at the case of high temprature and low humidity, the diversity and frequency of mites are increased. But in this study number of oribatid mites from high to low was obtained in mid-September, mid-May and mid-July respectively. Faunastic and biological studies on oribatid mites in Iran are very few. Therefore, because of their important role of in soil formation, transmission of tapeworms and etc. more studies in this field is needed.

ACKNOWLEGEMENTS

This project was supported by the research division of the University of Tabriz, Iran, which is greatly appreciated. Also the authors are grateful to Dr. Hugo (South Africa) for their kind cooperation.

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Taghavi, A., Kamali, K., & Sahragard, A. 1998. Mites associated with tea plant, Camellia sinensis (L.), in western regions of Mazandaran province. Proceeding of 13th plant protection congress, Karaj, 1: p. 100. (In Persian)

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______859 NEW DATA FOR TURKISH LONGHORNED BEETLES FAUNA FROM SOUTHERN TURKEY (COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE)

Semra Turgut * and Hüseyin Özdikmen *

* Gazi Üniversitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi, Biyoloji Bölümü, 06500 Ankara / Türkiye. E- mails: [email protected] and [email protected]

[Turgut, S. & Özdikmen, H. 2010. New data for Turkish longhorned beetles fauna from Southern Turkey (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Munis Entomology & Zoology, 5, suppl.: 859- 889]

ABSTRACT: It includes results of an investigation on the longhorned beetles fauna of Gevne Valley and Geyik Mountains (Southern Turkey: Antalya-Konya provinces).

KEY WORDS: Cerambycidae, Coleoptera, Gevne Valley, Geyik Mountains, Turkey.

Research area is Gevne Valley and Geyik Mountains (Geyik Mountain range) in the present work. Gevne Valley that is a deep valley about 25 km in length and 0.5-1 km in width, is in Hadim and Alanya Counties between Konya and Antalya provinces. It is a transition area between Mediterranean and Central Anatolian Regions of Turkey. Altitude of Gevne valley is 1100 m in the base of valley. Then suddenly rise up to 2200 m. A village (Beyreli) and many plateau present in the valley. These are Tosmur, Çayarası, İshaklı and Elikesik plateau. Gevne stream starts at the beginning of the valley and run along a long distance. It merges to Göksu River at the end [Duman et al., 2000]. Geyik Mountain range that creates a border separating Mediterranean Region and Central Anatolian Region of Turkey, includes Geyik Mountain, Ak Mountain, Yıldız Mountain and Şeytan Mountain. Geyik Mountains is a branch of Western Taurus Mountains. Geyik Mountain is in N, NE and E of Gündoğmuş country. Şeytan Mountain is in N of İbradı. Yıldız Mountain is in S of Suğla Lake. Ak Mountain is in NE of Akseki County.

MATERIAL AND METHOD

For the present work, 2288 cerambycid specimens were collected by the authors from various parts of Gevne Valley and Geyik Mountains between March- September in 2006-2008 (Map 1). These specimens were deposited in Gazi University (Ankara, Turkey). The data were evaluated under the titles “Material examined”, “Chorotype” and “Remarks” in the text. Chorotype classification was based on Taglianti et al. (1999).

RESULTS FAMILY CERAMBYCIDAE SUBFAMILY PRIONINAE TRIBE ERGATINI Callergates gaillardoti (Chevrolat, 1854) Material examined: Antalya prov.: Çayarası-Alanya Sarımut bridge env., 1114 m, N 36 38 E 32 23, 24.VIII.2006, 1 specimen; Konya prov.: Beyreli, 1467 m, N 36 50 E 32 23, 17.VII.2006, 1 specimen. Chorotype: E-Mediterranean. 860 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______

Remarks: The species is distributed only in Mediterranean Region for Turkey. It is the first record to Konya province and thereby Central Anatolian Region of Turkey.

TRIBE AEGOSOMATINI Aegosoma scabricorne (Scopoli, 1763) Material examined: Antalya prov.: Taşkent-Alanya road: Exit of Karapınar, 1210 m, N 36 35 E 32 22, 18-20.VII.2006, 1 specimen; Konya prov.: Taşkent-Alanya road: 80 km to Alanya, 1482 m, N 36 46 E 32 27, 19-28.VII.2006, 2 specimens; Taşkent: Afşar town: Kayadibi Akçapınar district, 1680 m, N 37 28 E 31 38, 23.VII.2006, 1 specimen. Chorotype: Turano-European. Remarks: The species is distributed rather widely in Turkey.

TRIBE PRIONINI Prionus coriarius (Linnaeus, 1758) Material examined: Antalya prov.: Akseki: Yarpuz env., 1615 m, N 37 13 E 31 55, 10.VII.2007, 4 specimens; Konya prov.: Çayarası-Alanya: Kozarası district, 1133 m, N 36 39 E 32 25, 18.VII.2006, 1 specimen. Chorotype: W-Palaearctic Remarks: The species is distributed rather widely in Turkey. It is the first record to Konya province.

Mesoprionus besikanus (Fairmaire, 1855) Material examined: Antalya prov.: Alanya: Sarımut env., 1113 m, N 36 37 E 32 23, 09.VII.2007, 3 specimens; Konya prov.: Taşkent: Afşar town: Kayadibi Akçapınar district, 1680 m, N 37 28 E 31 38, 23.VII.2006, 1 specimen; Chorotype: Turano-Mediterranean (Balkano-Anatolian). Remarks: The species is distributed mostly in Western half of Turkey.

SUBFAMILY LEPTURINAE TRIBE RHAGIINI Dinoptera collaris (Linnaeus, 1758) Material examined: Antalya prov.: Alanya: Karapınar village, 1154 m, N 36 36 E 32 25, 14.VI.2007, 1 specimen; Akseki: Bademlibeli-Tekebeli, 1180 m, N 37 15 E 31 44, 10.VI.2008, 1 specimen; Konya prov.: Derebucak: Tekebeli pass env., 1224 m, N 37 14 E 31 45, 12.VI.2007, 6 specimens; Bozkır: Dere town, 1252 m, N 37 10 E 32 09, 13.VI.2007, 1 specimen; Hadim: Beyreli, 1536 m, 36 50 N 32 23 E, 15.VI.2007, 1 specimen. Chorotype: Sibero-European. Remarks: The species is distributed rather widely in Turkey. It is the first record to Antalya and Konya provinces, and thereby the research area.

Cortodera cirsii Holzschuh, 1975 Material examined: Konya prov.: Gencek- Derebucak, 1212 m, N 37 25 E 31 29, 20.V.2008, 8 specimens. Chorotype: Anatolian. Remarks: The species is endemic to Turkey. It occurs only in Southern parts of Turkey.

Cortodera colchica Reitter, 1890 Cortodera colchica colchica Reitter, 1890 Material examined: Konya prov.: Hadim-Beyreli road 3rd km, 1866 m, N 36 56 E 32 23, 13.VI.2007, 1 specimen. Chorotype: SW-Asiatic (Anatolo-Caucasian). Remarks: The species is distributed rather widely in Turkey.

Cortodera differens Pic, 1898 Material examined: Antalya prov.: Gevne valley (Karapınar), 1704 m, 36 41 N 32 27 E, 13.V.2007, 1 specimen; Konya prov.: Hadim: Korualan town env., 1648 m, N 36 58 E 32 24, 12.VI.2008, 1 specimen. ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______861

Chorotype: Turano-Mediterranean (Balkano-Anatolian). Remarks: The species probably is distributed only in Western half of Turkey. It is the first record to Turkey. This status was published by Özdikmen & Turgut (2008c). In addition to this, C. steineri Sama, 1997 that was described from Greece, was regarded by Özdikmen & Turgut (2008c) as a synonym of C. differens Pic, 1898.

Cortodera discolor Fairmaire, 1866 Material examined: Antalya prov.: Teke pass, 1237 m, N 37 14 E 31 46, 14.V.2006, 2 specimens; Alanya-Taşkent: Exit of Karapınar village, 1100 m, N 36 36 E 32 24, 16.V.2006, 3 specimens; Akseki: Mahmutlu village env., 1054 m, N 36 55 E 31 47, 19.V.2008, 1 specimen; Akseki: Güzelsu village, 1154 m, N 36 53 E 31 50, 09.VI.2008, 7 specimens; Konya prov.: Seydişehir: Çavuş village, 1186 m, N 37 37 E 31 55, 13.V.2006, 4 specimens. Chorotype: Turano-Mediterranean (Balkano-Anatolian). Remarks: The species is distributed especially in Western half of Turkey. It is the first record to Antalya province.

Cortodera flavimana (Waltl, 1838) Material examined: Antalya prov.: Bademli pass, 1432 m, N 37 22 E 31 43, 14.V.2006, 19 specimens; Teke pass, 1237 m, N 37 14 E 31 46, 14.V.2006, 70 specimens; Alanya-Taşkent: Exit of Karapınar village, 1100 m, N 36 36 E 32 24, 16.V.2006, 26 specimens; Bademli- Bakaran, 1431 m, N 37 22 E 31 43, 19.V.2008, 24 specimens; Alanya: Karapınar village, 1154 m, N 36 36 E 32 25, 14.VI.2007, 5 specimens; Konya prov.: Taşkent: Faşikan plateau, 1229 m, N 36 51 E 32 31, 16.V.2006, 99 specimens; Hadim, 1569 m, N 36 58 E 32 26, 14.V.2007, 1 specimen; Hadim-Bozkır road, Yazdamı village env., 1434 m, N 37 07 E 32 17, 14.V.2007, 12 specimens; Bozkır, 1143 m, N 37 11 E 32 14, 15.V.2007, 1 specimen; Bozkır: Sorkun town, 1281 m, N 37 09 E 32 08, 15.V.2007, 100 specimens; İbradı-Derebucak road: 12 km to Derebucak, 1388 m, N 37 28 E 31 37, 12.VI.2007, 1 specimen; Hadim: Beyreli village env., 1322 m, N 36 47 E 32 26, 13.VI.2007, 6 specimens; Bozkır: Yazdamı village env., 1447 m, N 37 07 E 32 17, 21.V.2008, 8 specimens; Bozkır-Hadim road: 22 km to Hadim, 1344 m, N 37 02 E 32 19, 21.V.2008, 1 specimen; Hadim-Beyreli road: Beyreli return env., 1894 m, N 36 55 E 32 24, 21.V.2008, 13 specimens. Chorotype: Turano-Mediterranean (Balkano-Anatolian). Remarks: The species is widely distributed in Turkey.

Cortodera rubripennis Pic, 1891 Material examined: Konya prov.: Gencek-Derebucak, 1212 m, N 37 25 E 31 29, 20.V.2008, 9 specimens. Chorotype: Anatolian. Remarks: The species is endemic to Turkey. It is distributed only in Southern parts of Turkey. It is the first record to Konya province and thereby the research area and Central Anatolian Region of Turkey.

TRIBE LEPTURINI Grammoptera merkli Frivaldsky, 1884 Material examined: Antalya prov.: Akseki: Cemerler village env., 717 m, N 36 57 E 31 45, 16.IV.2007, 1 specimen. Chorotype: Anatolian. Remarks: The species is endemic to Turkey. It is distributed only in Southern parts of Turkey.

Vadonia bitlisiensis Chevrolat, 1882 Material examined: Antalya prov.: Akseki-Güzelsu, 903 m, N 36 57 E 31 47 E, 11.VI.2007, 4 specimens. Chorotype: SW-Asiatic (Anatolo-Caucasian). Remarks: The species is distributed mostly in Eastern half of Turkey. It is the first record to Antalya province and thereby the research area and Mediterranean Region of Turkey.

862 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______Vadonia unipunctata (Fabricius, 1787) Vadonia unipunctata unipunctata (Fabricius, 1787) Material examined: Konya prov.: Seydişehir-Antalya road, 5th km, 1224 m, N 37 22 E 31 52, 10.VI.2007, 5 specimens; Derebucak: Tekebeli pass env., 1224 m, N 37 14 E 31 45, 12.VI.2007, 7 specimens; Bozkır: Yalnızca, 1460 m, N 37 08 E 32 15, 13.VI.2007, 5 specimens; Bozkır: Kozağaç and Bayboğan villages env., 1439 m, N 37 09 E 32 15, 21.V.2008, 1 specimen. Chorotype: Turano-European or Turano-Europeo-Mediterranean. Remarks: The species is widely distributed in Turkey. It is the first record to Konya province.

Pseudovadonia livida (Fabricius, 1777) Pseudovadonia livida livida (Fabricius, 1777) Material examined: Antalya prov.: Gündoğmuş, 1002 m, N 36 48 E 31 51, 16.V.2007, 2 specimens; Seydişehir-Antalya road: 6-7 km to Akseki, 1274 m, N 37 07 E 31 47, 10.VI.2007, 1 specimen; Akseki: Murtiçi-Güzelsu, 970 m, N 36 54 E 31 49, 11.VI.2007, 2 specimens; Akseki-Güzelsu, 903 m, N 36 57 E 31 47, 11.VI.2007, 49 specimens; Antalya: İbradı, 908 m, N 37 04 E 31 36, 11.VI.2007, 25 specimens; Exit of İbradı 5th km, Gevenli pass env., 1288 m, N 36 09 E 31 32, 11.VI.2007, 144 specimens; Akseki: Irmasan, 1473 m, N 37 06 E 31 48, 12.VI.2007, 2 specimens; Karapınar, 1154 m, N 36 36 E 32 25, 14.VI.2007, 1 specimen; Alanya: Keşbelen plateau, 1750 m, N 36 37 E 32 22, 14.VI.2007, 1 specimen; Alanya: Gökbel plateau, 1758 m, N 36 41 E 32 19, 14.VI.2007, 3 specimens; Alanya: Entry of Gökbel plateau, 1494 m, N 36 39 E 32 22, 09.VII.2007, 1 specimen; Akseki: Mahmutlu village env., 1054 m, N 36 55 E 31 47, 19.V.2008, 3 specimens; Akseki: Güçlüköy env., 473 m, N 36 47 E 31 45, 19.V.2008, 1 specimen; Akseki: Murtiçi-Güzelsu, 977 m, N 36 54 E 31 49, 09.VI.2008, 1 specimen; Akseki: Güzelsu village, 1154 m, N 36 53 E 31 50, 09.VI.2008, 1 specimen; İbradı, 1008 m, N 37 05 E 31 36, 09.VI.2008, 4 specimens; İbradı: Başlar village env., 1190 m, N 37 07 E 31 34, 10.VI.2008, 1 specimen; İbradı-Derebucak road, 1319 m, N 37 08 E 31 33, 10.VI.2008, 9 specimens; Konya prov.: Taşkent: Ilıcapınar town, 1147 m, N 36 55 E 32 32, 19.VII.2006, 3 specimens; Beyşehir-Akseki road: Huğlu env., 1410 m, N 37 28 E 31 37, 11.VI.2007, 2 specimens; İbradı-Derebucak road: 12 km to Derebucak, 1388 m, N 37 28 E 31 37, 12.VI.2007, 4 specimens; Beyşehir-Akseki road: 65 km to Akseki, Uğurlu env., 1434 m, N 37 24 E 31 40, 12.VI.2007, 5 specimens; Derebucak: Tekebeli pass env., 1224 m, N 37 14 E 31 45, 12.VI.2007, 1 specimen; Hadim: Beyreli, 1524 m, N 36 49 E 32 23, 15.VI.2007, 1 specimen; Hadim: Korualan town env., 1648 m, N 36 58 E 32 24, 12.VI.2008, 2 specimens. Chorotype: Sibero-European + E-Mediterranean (Palaestino-Taurian). Remarks: The species is widely distributed in Turkey. It is the first record to Konya province.

Stictoleptura cordigera (Fuessly, 1775) Stictoleptura cordigera cordigera (Fuessly, 1775) Material examined: Antalya prov.: İbradı, 908 m, N 37 04 E 31 36, 11.VI.2007, 1 specimen; Exit of İbradı 5th km, Gevenli pass env., 1288 m, N 36 09 E 31 32, 11.VI.2007, 1 specimen; Akseki: Ceceler village, 1175 m, N 37 09 E 31 48, 12.VI.2007, 1 specimen; Alanya: Karapınar village, 1154 m, N 36 36 E 32 25, 14.VI.2007, 1 specimen; Alanya: Dikmetaş plateau, 1142 m, N 36 35 E 32 26, 14.VI.2007, 1 specimen; Konya prov.: Beyşehir-Akseki road: Tepearası return, 1390 m, N 37 28 E 31 38, 20.07.2006, 2 specimens. Chorotype: Turano-European. Remarks: The species is widely distributed in Turkey.

Stictoleptura excisipes (Daniel, 1891) Material examined: Antalya prov.: Akseki-Manavgat road, Gündoğmuş return 5th km, 396 m, N 36 46 E 31 45, 15.V.2007, 1 specimen; Gündoğmuş, 1002 m, N 36 48 E 31 51, 16.V.2007, 47 specimens; Akseki-Manavgat road, Gündoğmuş return, 215 m, N 36 46 E 31 44, 10.VI.2007, 1 specimen; Gündoğmuş: Senir town env., 1024 m, N 36 49 E 31 57, 11.VI.2007, 1 specimen; Murtiçi-Güzelsu, 970 m, N 36 54 E 31 49, 11.VI.2007, 1 specimen; Akseki-Güzelsu, 720 m, N 36 57 E 31 45, 11.VI.2007, 10 specimens; İbradı, 908 m, N 37 04 E 31 36, 11.VI.2007, 3 specimens; Akseki: Irmasan, 1473 m, N 37 06 E 31 48, 12.VI.2007, 2 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______863 specimens; Alanya: Karapınar village, 1154 m, N 36 36 E 32 25, 14.VI.2007, 2 specimens; Akseki: Mahmutlu village env., 1054 m, N 36 55 E 31 47, 19.V.2008, 1 specimen; Akseki: Güçlüköy env., 473 m, N 36 47 E 31 45, 19.V.2008, 1 specimen; Akseki: Murtiçi-Güzelsu, 977 m, N 36 54 E 31 49, 09.VI.2008, 1 specimen; Akseki: Güzelsu village, 1154 m, N 36 53 E 31 50, 09.VI.2008, 1 specimen; Konya prov.: Derebucak: Tekebeli pass env., 1224 m, N 37 14 E 31 45, 12.VI.2007, 8 specimens. Chorotype: SW-Asiatic (Syro-Anatolian). Remarks: The species is distributed only in Southern parts of Turkey. It is the first record to Konya province.

Stictoleptura fulva (DeGeer, 1775) Material examined: Antalya prov.: Alanya / Mahmutlar: Gödre plateau, 1533 m, N 36 39 E 32 22, 18.VII.2006, 4 specimens; Alanya: Entry of Gökbel plateau, 1494 m, N 36 39 E 32 22, 09.VII.2007, 19 specimens; Akseki: Yarpuz env., 1615 m, N 37 13 E 31 55, 11.VII.2007, 13 specimens; Akseki: Çukurköy-Mahmutlu, 830 m, N 36 54 E 31 48, 19.V.2008, 5 specimens; Akseki: Murtiçi-Güzelsu, 977 m, N 36 54 E 31 49, 09.VI.2008, 5 specimens; İbradı- Derebucak road, 10 km pass to İbradı, 1319 m, N 37 08 E 31 33, 10.VI.2008, 2 specimens; Konya prov.: Taşkent: Ilıcapınar town, 1147 m, N 36 55 E 32 32, 19.VII.2006, 1 specimen; Bozkır: Dereköy-Sorkun, 1272 m, N 37 10 E 32 09, 19.VII.2006, 14 specimens; Beyşehir- Akseki road: Tepearası return, 1390 m, N 37 28 E 31 38, 20.VII.2006, 2 specimens; Yalıhöyük: Gölcük plateau, 1736 m, N 37 13 E 32 00, 10.VII.2007, 12 specimens; Bozkır: Çağlayan town, 1210 m, N 37 10 E 32 11, 11.VI.2008, 8 specimens. Chorotype: European. Remarks: The species probably is rather widely distributed in Turkey.

Stictoleptura gevneensis Özdikmen & Turgut, 2008 Material examined: Holotip male: Antalya prov.: Alanya, Gevne valley (Sarımut- Çayarası), 1108 m., N 36 38 E 32 23, 14.VI.2007. Chorotype: Anatolian. Remarks: The species is endemic to Turkey.

Stictoleptura rufa (Brullé, 1832) Stictoleptura rufa rufa (Brullé, 1832) Material examined: Antalya prov.: Akseki-Manavgat road, Gündoğmuş return 5th km, 396 m, N 36 46 E 31 45, 15.V.2007, 1 specimen. Chorotype: Turano-Mediterranean (Turano-Apenninian). Remarks: The species probably is rather widely distributed in Turkey.

Anastrangalia dubia (Scopoli, 1763) Anastrangalia dubia dubia (Scopoli, 1763) Material examined: Konya prov.: Derebucak: Tekebeli geçidine 1 km env., 1224 m, N 37 14 E 31 45, 12.VI.2007, 7 specimens. Chorotype: Turano-Europeo-Mediterranean. Remarks: The species is rather widely distributed in Turkey. It is the first record to Antalya, Konya provinces and thereby the research area.

Anastrangalia sanguinolenta (Linnaeus, 1760) Material examined: Konya prov.: Derebucak: Tekebeli pass env., 1224 m, N 37 14 E 31 45, 12.VI.2007, 4 specimens. Chorotype: Sibero-European or European. The records of Siberia was not comfirmed by Sama (2002). Remarks: In general, the species is distributed especially in Northern parts of Turkey. It is the first record to Konya province and thereby the research area. The present record is the top point in South of distribution area of the species.

864 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______Anastrangalia montana (Mulsant &Rey, 1863) Anastrangalia montana montana (Mulsant &Rey, 1863) Material examined: Antalya prov.: Gündoğmuş, 1002 m, N 36 48 E 31 51, 16.V.2007, 1 specimen; Seydişehir-Antalya road: 6-7 km to Akseki, 1274 m, N 37 07 E 31 47, 10.VI.2007, 2 specimens; Akseki: Bademli beli-Tekebeli, 1180 m, N 37 15 E 31 44, 10.VI.2008, 30 specimens; Konya prov.: Derebucak: Tekebeli pass env., 1224 m, N 37 14 E 31 45, 12.VI.2007, 71 specimens; Hadim: Beyreli, 1524 m, N 36 49 E 32 23, 15.VI.2007, 1 specimen. Chorotype: E-Mediterranean (Palaestino-Cyprioto-Taurian + Aegean). Remarks: The species is distributed Western and Southern parts of Turkey. It is the first record to Konya province and thereby Central Anatolian Region of Turkey.

Pedostrangalia (Neosphenalia) emmipoda (Mulsant, 1863) Material examined: Antalya prov.: İbradı, 908 m, N 37 04 E 31 36, 11.VI.2007, 4 specimens; Exit of İbradı 5th km, Gevenli pass env., 1288 m, N 36 09 E 31 32, 11.VI.2007, 4 specimens; Alanya: Karapınar village, 1154 m, N 36 36 E 32 25, 14.VI.2007, 6 specimens; Alanya: Dikmetaş plateau, 1142 m, N 36 35 E 32 26, 14.VI.2007, 1 specimen; Alanya: Karapınar-Sarımut, 1097 m, N 36 36 E 32 24, 14.VI.2007, 3 specimens; Akseki: Mahmutlu village env., 1054 m, N 36 55 E 31 47, 19.V.2008, 3 specimens; Akseki: Murtiçi-Güzelsu, 977 m, N 36 54 E 31 49, 09.VI.2008, 1 specimen; Akseki: Güzelsu village, 1154 m, N 36 53 E 31 50, 09.VI.2008, 4 specimens; Akseki: Bademli beli-Tekebeli, 1180 m, N 37 15 E 31 44, 10.VI.2008, 2 specimens; Konya prov.: Beyşehir-Akseki road: Tepearası return, 1390 m, N 37 28 E 31 38, 20.VII.2006, 1 specimen; Beyşehir-Akseki road: 65 km to Akseki, Uğurlu env., 1434 m, N 37 24 E 31 40, 12.VI.2007, 5 specimens; Beyşehir-Akseki road: Derebucak: Çamlık town env., 1390 m, N 37 24 E 31 40, 12.VI.2007, 2 specimens; Derebucak: Tekebeli pass env., 1224 m, N 37 14 E 31 45, 12.VI.2007, 3 specimens; Bozkır: Yalnızca env., 1437 m, N 37 09 E 32 15, 13.VI.2007, 1 specimen; Bozkır: Dere town, 1252 m, N 37 10 E 32 09, 13.VI.2007, 1 specimen; Hadim: Beyreli village env., 1322 m, N 36 47 E 32 26, 14.VI.2007, 2 specimens; Bozkır: 1 km to Yalnızca, 1445 m, N 37 09 E 32 15, 12.VI.2007, 1 specimen; Hadim: Beyreli village env., 1340 m, N 36 47 E 32 26, 11.VI.2008, 5 specimens; Hadim: Korualan town env., 1648 m, N 36 58 E 32 24, 12.VI.2008, 3 specimens. Chorotype: SW-Asiatic. Remarks: The species is rather widely distributed especially in Western and Southern parts of Turkey.

Pedostrangalia (Neosphenalia) verticalis (Germar, 1822) Material examined: Antalya prov.: Alanya: Karapınar village, 1154 m, N 36 36 E 32 25, 14.VI.2007, 1 specimen. Chorotype: Turano-Mediterranean (Turano-Apenninian). Remarks: The species is distributed mostly in Northern Turkey. It is the first record to Antalya province and thereby the research area and Mediterranean Region of Turkey.

Pachytodes erraticus (Dalman, 1817) Pachytodes erraticus erraticus (Dalman, 1817) Material examined: Konya prov.: Tekebeli pass env., 1224 m, N 37 14 E 31 45, 12.VI.2007, 16 specimens; Bozkır-Hadim road: Söğüt and Dereiçi env., 1372 m, N 37 06 E 32 18, 13.VI.2007, 11 specimens; Bozkır-Hadim road: 22 km to Hadim, 1344 m, N 37 02 E 32 19, 21.V.2008, 7 specimens; Hadim: Korualan town env., 1648 m, N 36 58 E 32 24, 12.VI.2008, 2 specimens; Antalya prov.: Alanya: Karapınar village, 1154 m, N 36 36 E 32 25, 14.VI.2007, 1 specimen. Chorotype: Sibero-European. Remarks: The species is widely distributed in Turkey.

Rutpela maculata (Poda, 1761) Rutpela maculata maculata (Poda, 1761) Material examined: Konya prov.: Derebucak: Tekebeli pass env., 1224 m, N 37 14 E 31 45, 12.VI.2007, 3 specimens. Chorotype: European. ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______865

Remarks: The species is widely distributed in Turkey. It is the first record to Konya province.

Stenurella bifasciata (Müller, 1776) Stenurella bifasciata nigrosuturalis (Reitter, 1895) Material examined: Antalya prov.: Alanya / Mahmutlar: Gödre plateau, 1533 m, N 36 39 E 32 22, 18.VII.2006, 1 specimen; Akseki-Manavgat road, Gündoğmuş return, 215 m, N 36 46 E 31 44, 10.VI.2007, 12 specimens; Gündoğmuş road, 245 m, N 36 49 E 31 57, 11.VI.2007, 1 specimen; İbradı, 908 m, N 37 04 E 31 36, 11.VI.2007, 1 specimen; Alanya: Dikmetaş plateau, 1142 m, N 36 35 E 32 26, 14.VI.2007, 1 specimen; Alanya: Sarımut- Çayarası, 1108 m, N 36 38 E 32 23, 14.VI.2007, 1 specimen; Alanya: Sarımut-Karapınar, 1092 m, N 36 37 E 32 24, 09.VII.2007, 1 specimen; Alanya: Entry of Gökbel plateau, 1494 m, N 36 39 E 32 22, 09.VII.2007, 6 specimens; Alanya: Gökbel plateau, 1850 m, N 36 40 E 32 20, 09.VII.2007, 7 specimens; İbradı-Beyşehir road: Gevenli pass env., 840 m, N 37 10 E 31 32, 11.VII.2007, 9 specimens; Alanya: 6 km to Dikmetaş plateau, 1109 m, N 36 36 E 32 25, 11.VI.2008, 4 specimens; Konya prov.: Taşkent-Alanya road: 80 km to Alanya, 1482 m, N 36 46 E 32 27, 18.VII.2006, 1 specimen; Taşkent: Ilıcapınar town, 1147 m, N 36 55 E 32 32, 19.VII.2006, 5 specimens; Derebucak: Tekebeli pass env., 1224 m, N 37 14 E 31 45, 12.VI.2007, 7 specimens; Hadim-Bozkır road, Yazdamı village env., 1434 m, N 37 07 E 32 17, 13.VI.2007, 6 specimens; Bozkır-Hadim road: Söğüt and Dereiçi env., 1372 m, N 37 06 E 32 18, 13.VI.2007, 3 specimens; Hadim: Gevne: Küçüklü return env., 1762 m, N 36 59 E 32 27, 09.07.2007, 2 specimens; Yalıhöyük: Gölcük plateau, 1736 m, N 37 13 E 32 00, 10.VII.2007, 5 specimens; Bozkır: Yalnızca env., 1437 m, N 37 09 E 32 15, 13.VI.2007, 1 specimen; Taşkent-Alanya: Çayarası district, 1336 m, N 36 38 E 32 24, 11.VI.2008, 4 specimens. Chorotype: Sibero-European + SW-Asiatic. Remarks: The species is widely distributed in Turkey.

Stenurella melanura (Linnaeus, 1758) Material examined: Antalya prov.: Alanya: Dikmetaş plateau, 1142 m, N 36 35 E 32 26, 14.VI.2007, 1 specimen. Chorotype: Sibero-European. Remarks: The species is distributed especially in Northern and Western parts of Turkey.

SUBFAMILY CERAMBYCINAE TRIBE CERAMBYCINI Cerambyx (Cerambyx) cerdo Linnaeus, 1758 Cerambyx (Cerambyx) cerdo cerdo Linnaeus, 1758 Material examined: Konya prov.: Taşkent-Alanya road: 80 km to Alanya, 1482 m, N 36 46 E 32 27, 19-28.VII.2006, 1 specimen; Hadim: Beyreli village env., 1322 m, N 36 47 E 32 26, 14.VI.2007, 1 specimen; Hadim-Alanya road: 70 km to Alanya, 1298 m, N 36 45 E 32 27, 30.VII.2007, 1 specimen. Chorotype: Turano-Europeo-Mediterranean. Remarks: The species is rather widely distributed in Turkey. It is the first record to Konya province.

Cerambyx (Cerambyx) miles Bonelli, 1812 Material examined: Antalya prov.: Alanya: Sarımut-Karapınar, 1092 m, N 36 37 E 32 24, 09.VII.2007, 1 specimen. Chorotype: S-European. Remarks: The species is distributed especially in Western and Southern parts of Turkey. It is the first record to Antalya province.

Cerambyx (Cerambyx) welensii (Küster, 1845) Material examined: Antalya prov.: Alanya: Sarımut env., 1113 m, N 36 37 E 32 23, 09.VII.2007, 2 specimens; Akseki: Yarpuz env., 1615 m, N 37 13 E 31 55, 10.VII.2007, 1 specimen; Konya prov.: Beyşehir-Akseki road: Huğlu env., 1398 m, N 37 28 E 31 37, 866 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______

11.VII.2007, 1 specimen; Taşkent: Avşar town, 1556 m, N 36 54 E 32 30, 09.VII.2007, 1 specimen. Chorotype: S-European. Remarks: The species probably is rather widely distributed especially in Western and Southern parts of Turkey. It is the first record to Konya province.

TRIBE TRACHYDERINI Purpuricenus budensis (Götz, 1783) Purpuricenus budensis budensis (Götz, 1783) Material examined: Antalya prov.: Akseki-Manavgat road, Gündoğmuş return 5th km, 396 m, N 36 46 E 31 45, 15.V.2007, 4 specimens; Akseki-Manavgat road, Gündoğmuş return, 215 m, N 36 46 E 31 44, 10.VI.2007, 27 specimens; Gündoğmuş: Senir town env., 1024 m, N 36 49 E 31 57, 11.VI.2007, 6 specimens; Akseki-Güzelsu, 903 m, N 36 57 E 31 47, 11.VI.2007, 5 specimens; İbradı, 908 m, N 37 04 E 31 36, 11.VI.2007, 35 specimens; Exit of İbradı 5th km, Gevenli pass env., 1288 m, N 36 09 E 31 32, 11.VI.2007, 2 specimens; Alanya: Karapınar village, 1154 m, N 36 36 E 32 25, 14.VI.2007, 2 specimens; Alanya: Karapınar- Sarımut, 1097 m, N 36 36 E 32 24, 14.VI.2007, 1 specimen; Alanya: Sarımut-Karapınar, 1092 m, N 36 37 E 32 24, 09.VII.2007, 5 specimens; Akseki: Mahmutlu village env., 1054 m, N 36 55 E 31 47, 19.V.2008, 1 specimen; Akseki: Murtiçi-Güzelsu, 977 m, N 36 54 E 31 49, 09.VI.2008, 4 specimens; Seydişehir-Manavgat road: Gündoğmuş return 10th km, 450 m, N 36 46 E 31 46, 09.VI.2008, 3 specimens; Akseki: Güzelsu village, 1154 m, N 36 53 E 31 50, 09.VI.2008, 9 specimens; Akseki: Bademli beli-Tekebeli, 1180 m, N 37 15 E 31 44, 10.VI.2008, 2 specimens; Alanya: 6 km to Dikmetaş plateau, 1109 m, N 36 36 E 32 25, 11.VI.2008, 1 specimen; İbradı, 1008 m, N 37 05 E 31 36, 09.VI.2008, 1 specimen; Akseki: Güçlüköy env., 473 m, N 36 47 E 31 45, 19.V.2008, 1 specimen; Konya prov.: Beyşehir- Akseki road: Tepearası return, 1390 m, N 37 28 E 31 38, 20.VII.2006, 1 specimen; Bozkır: Dere town, 1252 m, N 37 10 E 32 09, 13.VI.2007, 2 specimens; Hadim: Beyreli village env., 1322 m, N 36 47 E 32 26, 14.VI.2007, 1 specimen. Chorotype: Turano-European. Remarks: The species is widely distributed in Turkey.

Purpuricenus dalmatinus Sturm, 1843 Material examined: Antalya prov.: Gündoğmuş, 1002 m, N 36 48 E 31 51, 16.V.2007, 1 specimen; Akseki-Güzelsu, 720 m, N 36 57 E 31 45, 11.VI.2007, 2 specimens. Chorotype: E-Mediterranean. Remarks: The species is widely distributed in Western and Southern parts of Turkey.

Purpuricenus desfontainei (Fabricius, 1792) Purpuricenus desfontainei inhumeralis Pic, 1891 Material examined: Antalya prov.: Gündoğmuş, 1002 m, N 36 48 E 31 51, 16.V.2007, 9 specimens; Akseki-Güzelsu, 903 m, N 36 57 E 31 47, 11.VI.2007, 2 specimens; Akseki: Mahmutlu village env., 1054 m, N 36 55 E 31 47, 19.V.2008, 8 specimens. Chorotype: Turano-Mediterranean. Remarks: The species is rather widely distributed in South-Western and Southern parts of Turkey.

Purpuricenus interscapillatus Plavilstshikov, 1937 Purpuricenus interscapillatus nudicollis Demelt, 1968 Material examined: Antalya prov.: Alanya: Dikmetaş plateau, 1142 m, N 36 35 E 32 26, 14.VI.2007, 1 specimen; Konya prov.: Hadim-Alanya road: 70 km to Alanya, 1298 m, N 36 45 E 32 27, 09.VII.2007, 1 specimen. Chorotype: E-Mediterranean (Palaestino-Cyprioto-Taurian). Remarks: The species is distributed only in Southern parts for Turkey.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______867 TRIBE CALLICHROMATINI Aromia moschata (Linnaeus, 1758) Aromia moschata ambrosiaca (Steven, 1809) Material examined: Konya prov.: Taşkent: Avşar town, 1556 m, N 36 54 E 32 30, 09.VI.2007, 1 specimen. Chorotype: Palearctic. Remarks: The species is widely distributed in Turkey. It is the first record to Konya province.

TRIBE OBRIINI Anatolobrium eggeri Adlbauer, 2004 Material examined: Antalya prov.: Alanya: Sarımut env., 1113 m, N 36 37 E 32 23, 12.VIII.2007, 8 specimens. Chorotype: Anatolian. Remarks: The species is endemic to Turkey. It has been known only from Antalya province in S Turkey.

TRIBE CERTALLINI Certallum ebulinum (Linnaeus, 1767) Material examined: Antalya prov.: Gündoğmuş-Akseki road, 410 m, N 36 47 E 31 45, 22.IV.2008, 1 specimen; Konya prov.: Seydişehir: Çavuş village, 1186 m, N 37 37 E 31 55, 13.V.2006, 1 specimen. Chorotype: Turano-Europeo-Mediterranean. Remarks: The species is widely distributed in Turkey.

TRIBE DEILINI Deilus fugax (Olivier, 1790) Material examined: Antalya prov.: İbradı, 1036 m, N 36 05 E 31 36, 16.05.2007, 3 specimens. Chorotype: Turano-Europeo-Mediterranean. Remarks: The species is widely distributed especially in Western and Southern parts of Turkey.

TRIBE STENOPTERINI Stenopterus rufus (Linnaeus, 1767) Stenopterus rufus syriacus Pic, 1892 Material examined: Antalya prov.: Gündoğmuş: Ümütlü village, 627 m, N 36 46 E 32 00, 15.V.2006, 3 specimens; İbradı, 1036 m, N 36 05 E 31 36, 16.V.2007, 1 specimen; İbradı, 908 m, N 37 04 E 31 36, 11.VI.2007, 1 specimen; Alanya: Karapınar village, 1154 m, N 36 36 E 32 25, 14.VI.2007, 3 specimens; Alanya: Dikmetaş plateau, 1142 m, N 36 35 E 32 26, 14.VI.2007, 1 specimen; Alanya: Karapınar-Sarımut, 1097 m, N 36 36 E 32 24, 14.VI.2007, 1 specimen; Akseki: Çukurköy-Mahmutlu, 830 m, N 36 54 E 31 48, 19.V.2008, 1 specimen; Akseki: Güçlüköy env., 473 m, N 36 47 E 31 45, 19.V.2008, 4 specimens; İbradı, 1008 m, N 37 05 E 31 36, 09.VI.2008, 2 specimens; Konya prov.: Taşkent: Ilıcapınar town, 1147 m, N 36 55 E 32 32, 19.VII.2006, 2 specimens; Between Hadim-Bozkır, 1000 m, N 36 59 E 32 21, 19.VII.2006, 3 specimens; Hadim: Beyreli, 1524 m, N 36 49 E 32 23, 15.VI.2007, 1 specimen. Chorotype: Turano-European. Remarks: The species is widely distributed in Turkey.

Stenopterus atricornis Pic, 1891 Material examined: Antalya prov.: Alanya: Karapınar village, 1154 m, N 36 36 E 32 25, 14.VI.2007, 1 specimen; Akseki: Çukurköy-Mahmutlu, 830 m, N 36 54 E 31 48, 19.V.2008, 1 specimen; Akseki: Güçlüköy env., 473 m, N 36 47 E 31 45, 19.V.2008, 2 specimens; Konya prov.: Hadim-Bozkır road, Yazdamı village env., 1434 m, N 37 07 E 32 17, 13.VI.2007, 1 specimen. Chorotype: Turano-Mediterranean (Balkano-Anatolian). 868 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______

Remarks: The species is distributed only in Southern parts of Turkey. It is the first record to Konya province and thereby Central Anatolian Region of Turkey. The present records are interesting. Since the species had been recorded only by Adlbauer (1988) from Turkey before the present work.

TRIBE HYBODERINI Lampropterus femoratus (Germar, 1824) Material examined: Antalya prov.: Alanya-Taşkent: Exit of Karapınar village, 1100 m, N 36 36 E 32 24, 16.V.2006, 20 specimens; Akseki-Manavgat road, Gündoğmuş return 5th km, 396 m, N 36 46 E 31 45, 15.V.2007, 3 specimens; Seydişehir-Antalya road: 6-7 km to Akseki, 1274 m, N 37 07 E 31 47, 10.VI.2007, 1 specimen; Akseki-Manavgat road, Gündoğmuş return, 215 m, N 36 46 E 31 44, 10.VI.2007, 2 specimens; Akseki: Murtiçi-Güzelsu, 970 m, N 36 54 E 31 49 , 11.VI.2007, 4 specimens; Akseki-Güzelsu, 720 m, N 36 57 E 31 45, 11.VI.2007, 4 specimens; İbradı, 908 m, N 37 04 E 31 36, 11.VI.2007, 1 specimen; Exit of İbradı 5th km, Gevenli pass env., 1288 m, N 36 09 E 31 32, 11.VI.2007, 1 specimen; Alanya: Karapınar village, 1154 m, N 36 36 E 32 25, 14.VI.2007, 29 specimens; Alanya: Dikmetaş plateau, 1142 m, N 36 35 E 32 26, 14.VI.2007, 2 specimens; Alanya: Karapınar-Sarımut, 1097 m, N 36 36 E 32 24, 14.VI.2007, 1 specimen; Alanya: Sarımut-Çayarası, 1108 m, N 36 38 E 32 23, 14.VI.2007, 20 specimens; Akseki: Mahmutlu village env., 1054 m, N 36 55 E 31 47, 19.V.2008, 3 specimens; İbradı, 1008 m, N 37 05 E 31 36, 09.VI.2008, 1 specimen; İbradı: Başlar village env., 1190 m, N 37 07 E 31 34, 10.VI.2008, 4 specimens; Akseki: Çukurköy-Mahmutlu, 830 m, N 36 54 E 31 48, 19.V.2008, 1 specimen; İbradı-Derebucak road, 10 km pass to İbradı, 1319 m, N 37 08 E 31 33, 10.VI.2008, 6 specimens; Konya prov.: Bozkır: Dere town, 1252 m, N 37 10 E 32 09, 13.VI.2007, 1 specimen; Taşkent- Alanya: Çayarası district, 1336 m, N 36 38 E 32 24, 11.VI.2008, 1 specimen. Chorotype: Turano-Mediterranean (Turano-E-Mediterranean). Remarks: The species is rather widely distributed in Turkey.

TRIBE MOLORCHINI Glaphyra kiesenwetteri (Mulsant & Rey, 1861) Glaphyra kiesenwetteri hircus (Abeille de Perrin, 1881) Material examined: Konya prov.: İbradı-Derebucak road: 12 km to Derebucak, 1217 m, N 37 22 E 31 29, 20.V.2008, 1 specimen. Chorotype: Turano-Mediterranean (Turano-E-Mediterranean + Turano-Apenninian) Remarks: The species is rather widely distributed in Turkey.

TRIBE CLYTINI Plagionotus (Neoplagionotus) bobelayei (Brullé, 1832) Material examined: Antalya prov.: Alanya: Sarımut-Çayarası, 1108 m, N 36 38 E 32 23, 14.VI.2007, 1 specimen; Konya prov.: Seydişehir-Antalya road 5th km, 1224 m, N 37 22 E 31 52, 10.VI.2007, 2 specimens. Chorotype: Turano-Mediterranean (Turano-E-Mediterranean) Remarks: The species is rather widely distributed in Turkey. It is the first record to Antalya, Konya provinces and thereby the research area.

Plagionotus (Echinocerus) floralis (Pallas, 1773) Material examined: Antalya prov.: Exit of İbradı 5th km, Gevenli pass env., 1288 m, N 36 09 E 31 32, 11.VI.2007, 2 specimens; Alanya: Dikmetaş plateau, 1142 m, N 36 35 E 32 26, 14.VI.2007, 3 specimens; Alanya: Sarımut-Çayarası, 1108 m, N 36 38 E 32 23, 14.VI.2007, 1 specimen; Konya prov.: İbradı-Derebucak road: 12 km to Derebucak, 1213 m, N 37 18 E 31 27, 11.VI.2007, 4 specimens; Bozkır: Yalnızca env., 1445 m, N 37 09 E 32 15, 12.VI.2007, 4 specimens; Bozkır: Yalnızca env., 1437 m, N 37 09 E 32 15, 13.VI.2007, 5 specimens; Bozkır, 1229 m, N 37 10 E 32 14, 10.VII.2007, 1 specimen; Hadim: Korualan town env., 1648 m, N 36 58 E 32 24, 12.VI.2008, 54 specimens; Bozkır: Yalnızca env., 1490 m, N 37 09 E 32 15, 12.VI.2008, 1 specimen; Ahırlı: Aliçerçi village env., 1213 m, N 37 14 E 32 09, 12.VI.2008, 7 specimens. Chorotype: Sibero-European. Remarks: The species is widely distributed in Turkey. ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______869 Cholorophorus dinae Rapuzzi & Sama, 1999 Material examined: Antalya prov.: Akseki-Güzelsu, 720 m, N 36 57 E 31 45, 11.VI.2007, 1 specimen; Alanya: Karapınar village, 1154 m, N 36 36 E 32 25, 14.VI.2007, 2 specimens. Akseki: Murtiçi-Güzelsu, 977 m, N 36 54 E 31 49, 09.VI.2008, 1 specimen; Konya prov.: Derebucak: Tekebeli pass env., 1224 m, N 37 14 E 31 45, 12.VI.2007, 1 specimen; Bozkır: Dere town, 1252 m, N 37 10 E 32 09, 13.VI.2007, 1 specimen. Chorotype: SW-Asiatic (Syro-Anatolian). Remarks: The species is distributed only in Southern parts of Turkey. It is the first record to Antalya, Konya provinces and thereby the research area and Central Anatolian Region of Turkey.

Chlorophorus hungaricus Seidlitz, 1891 Material examined: Konya prov.: Hadim: Beyreli, 1524 m, N 36 49 E 32 23, 15.VI.2007, 1 specimen. Chorotype: Turano-European (Ponto-Pannonian). Remarks: The species probably is rather widely distributed in Turkey. It is the first record to Konya province and thereby the research area.

Cholorophorus gratiosus (Marseul, 1868) Cholorophorus gratiosus sparsus (Reitter, 1886) Material examined: Antalya prov.: Akseki-Manavgat road, Gündoğmuş return 5th km, 396 m, N 36 46 E 31 45, 15.V.2007, 5 specimens; Gündoğmuş, 1002 m, N 36 48 E 31 51, 16.V.2007, 1 specimen; Akseki-Manavgat road, Gündoğmuş return, 215 m, N 36 46 E 31 44, 10.VI.2007, 1 specimen; Akseki: Murtiçi-Güzelsu, 970 m, N 36 54 E 31 49, 11.VI.2007, 1 specimen; Akseki-Güzelsu, 903 m, N 36 57 E 31 47, 11.VI.2007, 4 specimens; Akseki- Güzelsu, 720 m, N 36 57 E 31 45, 11.VI.2007, 4 specimens; İbradı, 908 m, N 37 04 E 31 36, 11.VI.2007, 3 specimens; Exit of İbradı 5th km, Gevenli pass env., 1288 m, N 36 09 E 31 32, 11.VI.2007, 1 specimen; Akseki: Mahmutlu village env., 1054 m, N 36 55 E 31 47, 19.V.2008, 3 specimens; Akseki: Güçlüköy env., 473 m, N 36 47 E 31 45, 19.V.2008, 1 specimen; Akseki: Güzelsu village, 1154 m, N 36 53 E 31 50, 09.VI.2008, 1 specimen; Akseki: Murtiçi-Güzelsu, 977 m, N 36 54 E 31 49, 09.VI.2008, 1 specimen; İbradı, 1008 m, N 37 05 E 31 36, 09.VI.2008, 2 specimens; İbradı: Başlar village env., 1190 m, N 37 07 E 31 34, 10.VI.2008, 2 specimens. Chorotype: E-Mediterranean (Palaestino-Taurian). Remarks: The species is distributed only in South-Western and Southern parts of Turkey.

Cholorophorus nivipictus (Kraatz, 1879) Material examined: Konya prov.: Bozkır: Çağlayan town, 1210 m, N 37 10 E 32 11, 11.VI.2008, 1 specimen. Chorotype: SW-Asiatic. Remarks: The species is distributed only in Southern parts of Turkey. It is the first record to Konya province.

Chlorophorus sartor (Müller, 1766) Material examined: Antalya prov.: Akseki-Manavgat road, Gündoğmuş return 5th km, 396 m, N 36 46 E 31 45, 15.V.2007, 1 specimen; Akseki-Güzelsu, 720 m, N 36 57 E 31 45, 11.VI.2007, 1 specimen; İbradı, 908 m, N 37 04 E 31 36, 11.VI.2007, 1 specimen; Alanya: Dikmetaş plateau, 1142 m, N 36 35 E 32 26, 14.VI.2007, 1 specimen; Alanya: Sarımut- Karapınar, 1092 m, N 36 37 E 32 24, 09.VII.2007, 22 specimens; Akseki-Manavgat road: Gündoğmuş return: 30 km to Gündoğmuş, 460 m, N 36 46 E 39 46, 11.VII.2007, 1 specimen; Konya prov.: Taşkent-Alanya road: 80 km to Alanya, 1482 m, N 36 46 E 32 27, 18.VII.2006, 2 specimens; Taşkent: Ilıcapınar town, 1147 m, N 36 55 E 32 32, 19.VII.2006, 66 specimens; Between Hadim-Bozkır, 1000m, N 36 59 E 32 21, 19.VII.2006, 6 specimens; Exit of Bozkır, 1175 m, N 37 10 E 32 12, 19.VII.2006, 3 specimens; Hadim-Alanya road: 70 km to Alanya, 1298 m, N 36 45 E 32 27, 09.07.2007, 1 specimen; Bozkır-Hadim road: Bozkır, 1315 m, 37 01 N 32 19 E, 10.VII.2007, 2 specimens; Bozkır, 1229 m, N 37 10 E 32 14, 10.VII.2007, 1 specimen; Beyşehir: Üstünler env., 1150 m, N 33 35 E 31 34, 12.VII.2007, 2 specimens. 870 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______

Chorotype: Turano-European. Remarks: The species is widely distributed in Turkey.

Chlorophorus trifasciatus (Fabricius, 1781) Material examined: Konya prov.: Bozkır: Yalnızca env., 1445 m, N 37 09 E 32 15, 12.VI.2007, 7 specimens; Bozkır: Yalnızca, 1460 m, N 37 08 E 32 15, 13.VI.2007, 5 specimens; Bozkır: Yalnızca env., 1437 m, N 37 09 E 32 15, 13.VI.2007, 12 specimens; Bozkır, 1229 m, N 37 10 E 32 14, 10.VII.2007, 1 specimen; Hadim: Korualan town env., 1648 m, N 36 58 E 32 24, 12.VI.2008, 13 specimens. Chorotype: Mediterranean. Remarks: The species probably is widely distributed especially in Western half of Turkey.

Chlorophorus varius (Müller, 1766) Chlorophorus varius damascenus (Chevrolat, 1854) Material examined: Antalya prov.: Akseki-Manavgat road: Gündoğmuş return: 30 km to Gündoğmuş, 460 m, N 36 46 E 39 46, 11.VII.2007, 1 specimen; Konya prov.: Taşkent- Alanya road: 80 km to Alanya, 1482 m, N 36 46 E 32 27, 18.VII.2006, 2 specimens; Between Hadim-Bozkır, 1000 m, N 36 59 E 32 21, 19.VII.2006, 1 specimen; Taşkent: Ilıcapınar town, 1147 m, N 36 55 E 32 32, 19.VII.2006, 6 specimens; Hadim-Alanya road: 70 km to Alanya, 1298 m, N 36 45 E 32 27, 09.VII.2007, 1 specimen; Alanya: Sarımut-Karapınar, 1092 m, N 36 37 E 32 24, 09.VII.2007, 2 specimens; Bozkır, 1229 m, N 37 10 E 32 14, 10.VII.2007, 1 specimen. Chorotype: Palearctic. Remarks: The species is widely distributed in Turkey.

Clytus rhamni Germar, 1817 Material examined: Antalya prov.: Akseki: Murtiçi-Güzelsu, 970 m, N 36 54 E 31 49, 11.VI.2007, 2 specimens; İbradı, 908 m, N 37 04 E 31 36, 11.VI.2007, 5 specimens; İbradı, 1008 m, N 37 05 E 31 36, 09.VI.2008, 3 specimens; Konya prov.: Hadim: Korualan town env., 1648 m, N 36 58 E 32 24, 12.VI.2008, 3 specimens. Chorotype: European. Remarks: The species is widely distributed in Turkey.

SUBFAMILY LAMIINAE TRIBE MONOCHAMINI Monochamus galloprovincialis (Olivier, 1795) Monochamus galloprovincialis tauricola Pic, 1912 Material examined: Antalya prov.: Akseki, Yarpuz env., 1645 m, N 37 13 E 31 55, 13. VIII. 2007, 1 specimen; Konya prov.: Taşkent: Avşar town, 1556 m, N 36 54 E 32 30, 24- 30.VI.2007, 1 specimen. Chorotype: Sibero-European. Remarks: The species is rather widely distributed in Turkey. It is the first record to Konya province.

TRIBE DORCADIINI Dorcadion (Cribridorcadion) anatolicum Pic, 1900 Material examined: Konya prov.: Taşkent: Faşikan plateau, 1229 m, N 36 54 E 32 31, 16.V.2006, 10 specimens; Taşkent: Feslikan plateau, Çukuryurt pass env., 1900 m, N 36 50 E 32 29, 13.V.2007, 18 specimens; Hadim-Beyreli road, 1880 m, N 36 56 E 32 23, 14.V.2007, 14 specimens; Taşkent: Faşikan plateau env., 1730m, N 36 51 E 32 31, 21.IV.2008, 9 specimens. Chorotype: Anatolian. Remarks: The species is endemic to Turkey. It is distributed only in Central and Southern parts of Turkey.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______871 Dorcadion (Cribridorcadion) lohsei Braun, 1976 Material examined: Konya prov.: Taşkent: Faşikan plateau, 1229 m, N 36 54 E 32 31, 16.V.2006, 5 specimens. Chorotype: Anatolian. Remarks: The species is endemic to Turkey. It is distributed only in Central and Southern parts of Turkey.

Dorcadion (Cribridorcadion) scabricolle (Dalman, 1817) Dorcadion (C.) scabricolle caramanicum Daniel & Daniel, 1903 Material examined: Konya prov.: Bozkır: Kuruçay-Ahırlı, 1270 m, N 37 12 E 32 05, 28.III.2007, 1 specimen. Chorotype: SW-Asiatic (Anatolo-Caucasian + Irano-Caucasian + Irano-Anatolian). Remarks: The species is widely distributed in Turkey.

TRIBE TETROPINI Tetrops praeustus (Linnaeus, 1758) Tetrops praeustus anatolicus Özdikmen & Turgut, 2008 Material examined: Antalya prov.: Alanya-Taşkent: Exit of Karapınar village, 1100 m, N 36 36 E 32 24, 16.V.2006, 1 specimen; Alanya: Karapınar-Sarımut, 1100 m, N 36 36 E 32 24, 13.V.2007, 1 specimen; Konya prov.: Hadim-Alanya road: 70 km to Alanya, 1298 m, N 36 45 E 32 27, 16.V.2006, 8 specimens; Hadim: Küçüklü village env., 1298 m, N 36 45 E 32 27, 13.V.2007, 48 specimens; Bozkır: Üçpınar village, 1471 m, N 37 08 E 32 15, 15.V.2007, 10 specimens; Bozkır: Sorkun town, 1281 m, N 37 09 E 32 08, 15.V.2007, 14 specimens; Beyşehir-Akseki road: Huğlu env., 1410 m, N 37 28 E 31 37, 11.VI.2007, 1 specimen; Bozkır: Dere town, 1252 m, N 37 10 E 32 09, 13.VI.2007, 4 specimens. Chorotype: Palearctic. Remarks: The species probably is rather widely distributed in Turkey. T. praeustus anatolicus was described by Özdikmen & Turgut, 2008 with the present materials. This species is the first record to Konya province.

TRIBE SAPERDINI Saperda (Compsidia) quercus Charpentier, 1825 Saperda (Compsidia) quercus ocellata Abeille de Perrin, 1895 Material examined: Antalya prov.: Akseki-Manavgat road, Gündoğmuş return 5th km, 396 m, N 36 46 E 31 45, 15.V.2007, 1 specimen. Chorotype: E-Mediterranean or Turano-Mediterranean (Balkano-Anatolian) + E- Mediterranean (Palaestino-Taurian). Remarks: The species is distributed only in Southern parts of Turkey. It is the first record to Antalya province and thereby the research area.

TRIBE PHYTOECIINI Oberea (Amaurostoma) erythrocephala (Schrank, 1776) Oberea (A.) erythrocephala erythrocephala (Schrank, 1776) Material examined: Konya prov.: Bozkır: Yalnızca, 1460 m, N 37 08 E 32 15, 13.VI.2007, 1 specimen; Hadim: Beyreli village env., 1322 m, N 36 47 E 32 26, 14.VI.2007, 1 specimen; Taşkent-Alanya: Çayarası district, 1336 m, N 36 38 E 32 24, 11.VI.2008, 1 specimen. Chorotype: Palearctic. Remarks: The species is widely distributed in Turkey. It is the first record to Konya province.

Oxylia argentata (Ménétriés, 1832) Oxylia argentata languida (Ménétriés, 1839) Material examined: Antalya prov.: Akseki-Güzelsu, 903 m, N 36 57 E 31 47, 11.VI.2007, 1 specimen; Konya prov.: İbradı-Derebucak road: 12 km to Derebucak, 1213 m, N 37 18 E 31 27, 11.VI.2007, 1 specimen; Beyşehir-Akseki road: Huğlu env., 1410 m, N 37 28 E 31 37, 11.VI.2007, 1 specimen; Bozkır: Dere town, 1252 m, N 37 10 E 32 09, 13.VI.2007, 1 specimen. 872 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______

Chorotype: SW-Asiatic (Anatolo-Caucasian + Irano-Caucasian + Irano-Anatolian) + Turanian (Ponto-Caspian). Remarks: The species is rather widely distributed in Turkey.

Oxylia duponcheli (Brullé, 1832) Material examined: Antalya prov.: İbradı-Akseki road, 984 m, N 37 05 E 31 36, 20.V.2008, 1 specimen; Akseki: Güzelsu village, 1154 m, N 36 53 E 31 50, 09.VI.2008, 2 specimens; Akseki: Emiraşıklar village env., 434 m, N 37 03 E 31 41, 09.VI.2008, 1 specimen; İbradı: Başlar village env., 1190 m, N 37 07 E 31 34, 10.VI.2008, 6 specimens; Konya prov.: Beyşehir-Akseki road: Huğlu env., 1410 m, N 37 28 E 31 37, 11.VI.2007, 4 specimens; Beyşehir-Akseki road: Derebucak: Çamlık town env., 1390 m, N 37 24 E 31 40, 12.VI.2007, 3 specimens; Bozkır: Yalnızca env., 1437 m, N 37 09 E 32 15, 13.VI.2007, 2 specimens; Bozkır: Dere town, 1252 m, N 37 10 E 32 09, 13.VI.2007, 1 specimen; Derebucak, 1217 m, N 37 22 E 31 29, 20.V.2008, 4 specimens; Gencek-Derebucak, 1212 m, N 37 25 E 31 29, 20.V.2008, 4 specimens; Bozkır-Hadim road: 22 km to Hadim, 1344 m, N 37 02 E 32 19, 21.V.2008, 2 specimens; Derebucak, 1217 m, N 37 22 E 31 29, 10.VI.2008, 2 specimens; Bozkır: Yalnızca village env., 1490 m, N 37 09 E 32 15, 12.VI.2008, 1 specimen. Chorotype: Turano-Mediterranean (Balkano-Anatolian). Remarks: The species probably is rather widely distributed in Turkey. It is the first record to Antalya, Konya provinces and thereby the research area.

Coptosia (Coptosia) bithynensis (Ganglbauer, 1884) Material examined: Antalya prov.: İbradı, 908 m, N 37 04 E 31 36, 11.VI.2007, 1 specimen; İbradı-Akseki road, 984 m, N 37 05 E 31 36, 20.V.2008, 1 specimen; Konya prov.: Hadim, 1569 m, N 36 58 E 32 26, 14.V.2007, 1 specimen; Bozkır: Yalnızca village env., 1490 m, N 37 09 E 32 15, 12.VI.2008, 1 specimen. Chorotype: Turano-Mediterranean (Turano-Balkan). Remarks: The species probably is rather widely distributed in Turkey. It is the first record to Antalya, Konya provinces and thereby the research area and Central Anatolian Region of Turkey.

Phytoecia (Pilemia) hirsutula (Frölich, 1793) Phytoecia (Pilemia) hirsutula hirsutula (Frölich, 1793) Material examined: Antalya prov.: Alanya: Keşbelen plateau, 1750 m, N 36 37 E 32 22, 14.VI.2007, 1 specimen; Akseki: Mahmutlu village env., 1054 m, N 36 55 E 31 47, 19.V.2008, 15 specimens; Akseki: Çukurköy-Mahmutlu, 830 m, N 36 54 E 31 48, 19.V.2008, 2 specimens; İbradı-Akseki road, 984 m, N 37 05 E 31 36, 20.V.2008, 1 specimen; Konya prov.: Gencek- Derebucak, 1212 m, N 37 25 E 31 29, 20.V.2008, 1 specimen. Chorotype: Turano-Mediterranean (Turano-E-Mediterranean). Remarks: This species probably is rather widely distributed in Turkey.

Phytoecia (Pilemia) samii Özdikmen & Turgut, 2010 Material examined: Holotype male: Turkey: Konya prov.: Derebucak, N 37 22 E 31 29, 1217 m, 20.V.2008. Paratypes: 1 male same with holotype, 1 male Konya prov.: İbradı- Derebucak road, 12 km to Derebucak, N 37 28 E 31 37, 1388 m, 12.VI.2007. Chorotype: Anatolian. Remarks: This species is endemic to Turkey.

Phytoecia (Helladia) armeniaca Frivaldsky, 1878 Phytoecia (Helladia) armeniaca armeniaca Frivaldsky, 1878 Material examined: Konya prov.: Derebucak, 1221 m, N 36 22 E 31 29, 16.V.2007, 3 specimens; Derebucak, 1217 m, N 37 22 E 31 29, 20.V.2008, 3 specimens. Chorotype: SW-Asiatic (Anatolo-Caucasian + Irano-Caucasian + Irano-Anatolian). Remarks: The species probably is rather widely distributed in Southern and Eastern parts of Turkey.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______873 Phytoecia (Helladia) humeralis (Waltl, 1838) Phytoecia (Helladia) humeralis caneri Özdikmen & Turgut, 2010 Material examined: Antalya prov.: Akseki-Manavgat road, Gündoğmuş return 5th km, 396 m, N 36 46 E 31 45, 15.V.2007, 1 specimen; Akseki: Güzelsu village, 1154 m, N 36 53 E 31 50, 09.VI.2008, 1 specimen; Akseki: Mahmutlu village env., 1054 m, N 36 55 E 31 47, 19.V.2008, 1 specimen. Chorotype: Turano-Mediterranean (Turano-Balkan). Remarks: The species is rather widely distributed in Turkey.

Phytoecia (Helladia) alziari Sama, 1992 Material examined: Antalya prov.: Gündoğmuş-Akseki road, 410 m, N 36 47 E 31 45, 22.IV.2008, 1 specimen. Chorotype: E-Mediterranean (Palaestino-Cyprioto-Taurian + NE-Mediterranean). Remarks: The species is rather widely distributed only in Southern parts of Turkey. It is the first record to Antalya province and thereby the research area.

Phytoecia (Musaria) astarte Ganglbauer, 1886 Phytoecia (Musaria) astarte astarte Ganglbauer, 1886 Material examined: Antalya prov.: Alanya: Karapınar village, 1154 m, N 36 36 E 32 25, 14.06.2007, 1 specimen. Chorotype: SW-Asiatic (Anatolo-Caucasian + Irano-Caucasian + Irano-Anatolian + Syro- Anatolian) Remarks: The species probably is rather widely distributed especially in Southern parts of Turkey. It is the first record to Antalya province and thereby the research area.

Phytoecia (Musaria) wachanrui Mulsant, 1851 Material examined: Antalya prov.: Alanya-Taşkent: Exit of Karapınar village, 1100 m, N 36 36 E 32 24, 16.V.2006, 1 specimen; Konya prov.: Derebucak, 1221 m, N 36 22 E 31 29, 16.V.2007, 1 specimen; Gencek- Derebucak, 1212 m, N 37 25 E 31 29, 20.V.2008, 1 specimen. Chorotype: SW-Asiatic (Irano-Anatolian). Remarks: The species probably is rather widely distributed especially in Southern parts of Turkey. It is the first record to Antalya, Konya provinces and thereby the research area.

Phytoecia (s.str.) caerulea (Scopoli, 1772) Phytoecia (s.str.) caerulea baccueti (Brullé, 1832) Material examined: Antalya prov.: Güzelbağ-Alanya: Exit of Güzelbağ, 794 m, N 36 42 E 31 54, 15.V.2006, 3 specimens; Akseki-Manavgat road, Gündoğmuş return 5th km, 396 m, N 36 46 E 31 45, 15.V.2007, 1 specimen. Chorotype: Turano-European. Remarks: The species is widely distributed in Turkey.

Phytoecia (s.str.) icterica (Schaller, 1783) Material examined: Antalya prov.: Akseki-Gündoğmuş, 591 m, N 36 48 E 31 45, 14.V.2006, 1 specimen. Chorotype: Turano-European. Remarks: The species probably is widely distributed in Turkey. It is the first record to Antalya province.

Phytoecia (s.str.) manicata Reiche & Saulcy, 1858 Material examined: Konya prov.: Derebucak, 1221 m, N 36 22 E 31 29, 16.V.2007, 1 specimen. Chorotype: E-Mediterranean (Palestino-Taurian + NE-Mediterranean). Remarks: The species is widely distributed in Southern parts of Turkey.

874 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______Phytoecia (s.str.) pustulata (Schrank, 1776) Phytoecia (s.str.) pustulata pustulata (Schrank, 1776) Material examined: Konya prov.: Hadim, 1569 m, N 36 58 E 32 26, 14.V.2007, 1 specimen; Bozkır: Sorkun town, 1281 m, N 37 09 E 32 08, 15.V.2007, 1 specimen; Gencek- Derebucak, 1212 m, N 37 25 E 31 29, 20.V.2008, 1 specimen. Chorotype: Turano-European. Remarks: The species probably is rather widely distributed in Turkey.

Phytoecia (s.str.) virgula (Charpentier, 1825) Material examined: Konya prov.: Gencek- Derebucak, 1212 m, N 37 25 E 31 29, 20.V.2008, 2 specimens; Derebucak, 1217 m, N 37 22 E 31 29, 20.V.2008, 1 specimen. Chorotype: Turano-European. Remarks: The species probably is widely distributed in Turkey. It is the first record to Antalya province and thereby the research area.

Phytoecia (Blepisanis) vittipennis Reiche, 1877 Material examined: Konya prov.: Şeydişehir, 1108 m, N 37 24 E 31 54, 12.VI.2007, 1 specimen. Chorotype: Turano-Mediterranean (Turano-Balkan). Remarks: The species is rather widely distributed in Turkey.

Phytoecia (Opsilia) coerulescens (Scopoli, 1763) Material examined: Antalya prov.: Güzelbağ-Alanya: Exit of Güzelbağ, 794 m, N 36 42 E 31 54, 15.V.2006, 2 specimens; Alanya: Güzelbağ, 860 m, N 36 43 E 31 55, 15.V.2006, 1 specimen; İbradı-Akseki road, 984 m, N 37 05 E 31 36, 20.V.2008, 4 specimens; Akseki: Güzelsu village, 1154 m, N 36 53 E 31 50, 09.VI.2008, 1 specimen; İbradı: Başlar village env., 1190 m, N 37 07 E 31 34, 10.VI.2008, 12 specimens; Konya prov.: 10 km to Seydişehir, Akçalar, 1127 m, N 37 30 E 31 52, 13.V.2006, 1 specimen; İbradı-Derebucak road: 12 km to Derebucak, 1213 m, N 37 18 E 31 27, 11.VI.2007, 5 specimens; Beyşehir- Akseki road: Huğlu env., 1410 m, N 37 28 E 31 37, 11.VI.2007, 8 specimens; İbradı- Derebucak road: 12 km to Derebucak, 1388 m, N 37 28 E 31 37, 12.VI.2007, 4 specimens; Bozkır: Yalnızca, 1460 m, N 37 08 E 32 15, 13.VI.2007, 2 specimens; Bozkır: Dere town, 1252 m, N 37 10 E 32 09, 13.VI.2007, 1 specimen; Hadim-Alanya road: 70 km to Alanya, 1298 m, N 36 45 E 32 27, 09.VII.2007, 4 specimens; Bozkır, 1229 m, N 37 10 E 32 14, 10.VII.2007, 3 specimens; Derebucak, 1217 m, N 37 22 E 31 29, 20.V.2008, 3 specimens; Gencek- Derebucak, 1212 m, N 37 25 E 31 29, 20.V.2008, 7 specimens; Bozkır-Hadim road: 22 km to Hadim, 1344 m, N 37 02 E 32 19, 21.V.2008, 3 specimens; Bozkır: Yalnızca village env., 1490 m, N 37 09 E 32 15, 12.VI.2008, 2 specimens; Ahırlı: Aliçerçi village env., 1213 m, N 37 14 E 32 09, 12.VI.2008, 1 specimen. Chorotype: Palaearctic. Remarks: The species is widely distributed in Turkey.

TRIBE AGAPANTHIINI Calamobius filum (Rossi, 1790) Material examined: Antalya prov.: Alanya-Taşkent: Exit of Karapınar village, 1100 m, N 36 36 E 32 24, 16.V.2006, 103 specimens; Alanya: Şıhlar village plateau, 1192 m, N 36 39 E 32 25, 13.V.2007, 16 specimens; Gündoğmuş, 1002 m, N 36 48 E 31 51, 16.V.2007, 7 specimens; Akseki-Manavgat road, Gündoğmuş return, 215 m, N 36 46 E 31 44, 10.VI.2007, 1 specimen; Alanya: Karapınar village, 1154 m, N 36 36 E 32 25, 14.VI.2007, 6 specimens; Alanya: Dikmetaş plateau, 1142 m, N 36 35 E 32 26, 14.VI.2007, 1 specimen; İbradı: 1300 m, N 37 08 E 31 32, 20.V.2008, 4 specimens; İbradı-Akseki road, 984 m, N 37 05 E 31 36, 20.V.2008, 4 specimens; Alanya: Karapınar village, 1154 m, N 36 36 E 32 25, 21.V.2008, 6 specimens; İbradı: Başlar village env., 1190 m, N 37 07 E 31 34, 10.VI.2008, 3 specimens; Konya prov.: Hadim-Bozkır road, Yazdamı village env., 1434 m, N 37 07 E 32 17, 13.VI.2007, 1 specimen; Gencek- Derebucak, 1212 m, N 37 25 E 31 29, 20.V.2008, 3 specimens; Derebucak, 1217 m, N 37 22 E 31 29, 20.V.2008, 4 specimens; Taşkent-Alanya: Çayarası district, 1336 m, N 36 38 E 32 24, 11.VI.2008, 1 specimen. Chorotype: Turano-Europeo-Mediterranean. ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______875

Remarks: The species is rather widely distributed especially in Western half of Turkey. It is the first record to Konya province.

Agapanthia (Synthapsia) kirbyi (Gyllenhal, 1817) Material examined: Antalya prov.: Gündoğmuş, 1024 m, N 36 49 E 31 57, 10.VI.2007, 2 specimens; Akseki: Güzelsu village, 1154 m, N 36 53 E 31 50, 09.VI.2008, 2 specimens; İbradı, 1008 m, N 37 05 E 31 36, 09.VI.2008, 1 specimen; İbradı: Başlar village env., 1190 m, N 37 07 E 31 34, 10.VI.2008, 1 specimen; Konya prov.: Bozkır: Yalnızca env., 1437 m, N 37 09 E 32 15, 13.VI.2007, 1 specimen; Gencek- Derebucak, 1212 m, N 37 25 E 31 29, 20.V.2008, 9 specimens; Hadim: Korualan town env., 1648 m, N 36 58 E 32 24, 12.VI.2008, 1 specimen. Chorotype: Turano-European. Remarks: The species is rather widely distributed in Turkey.

Agapanthia (Epoptes) cynarae (Germar, 1817) Agapanthia (Epoptes) cynarae cynarae (Germar, 1817) Material examined: Konya prov.: Beyşehir-Akseki road: Huğlu env., 1410 m, N 37 28 E 31 37, 11.VI.2007, 2 specimens; Bozkır: Yalnızca, 1460 m, N 37 08 E 32 15, 13.VI.2007, 5 specimens; Bozkır: Yalnızca env., 1437 m, N 37 09 E 32 15, 13.VI.2007, 2 specimens. Chorotype: E-Mediterranean (NE-Mediterranean) + Turano-European (Ponto-Pannonian). Remarks: The species probably is rather widely distributed in Turkey.

Agapanthia (Epoptes) lateralis Ganglbauer, 1884 Material examined: Antalya prov.: Güzelbağ-Alanya: Exit of Güzelbağ, 794 m, N 36 42 E 31 54, 15.V.2006, 1 specimen; Konya prov.: Derebucak, 1221 m, N 36 22 E 31 29, 16.V.2007, 1 specimen; Bozkır-Hadim road: 22 km to Hadim, 1344 m, N 37 02 E 32 19, 21.V.2008, 1 specimen; Bozkır: Kozağaç, Bayboğan villages env., 1439 m, N 37 09 E 32 15, 21.V.2008, 2 specimens; Akseki: Güzelsu village, 1154 m, N 36 53 E 31 50, 09.VI.2008, 2 specimens; Bozkır: Kuruçay village, 1492 m, N 37 12 E 32 02, 20.V.2008, 3 specimens; Bozkır: Yalnızca village env., 1490 m, N 37 09 E 32 15, 12.VI.2008, 5 specimens. Chorotype: Anatolian. Remarks: The species is endemic to Turkey. It is widely distributed especially in Western half of Turkey.

Agapanthia (s.str.) suturalis (Fabricius, 1787) Material examined: Antalya prov.: İbradı-Akseki road, 984 m, N 37 05 E 31 36, 20.V.2008, 1 specimen; İbradı, 1008 m, N 37 05 E 31 36, 09.VI.2008, 1 specimen; Konya prov.: Seydişehir-Antalya road, 5th km, 1224 m, N 37 22 E 31 52, 10.VI.2007, 1 specimen. Chorotype: Mediterranean. Remarks: The species is widely distributed in Southern parts of Turkey.

DISCUSSIONS

In the research area, 83 species belong to 37 genera of 4 subfamilies are determined with the present work. A list of these taxa is presented as follows:

FAMILY CERAMBYCIDAE SUBFAMILY PRIONINAE TRIBE ERGATINI Callergates gaillardoti (Chevrolat, 1854)

TRIBE AEGOSOMATINI Aegosoma scabricorne (Scopoli, 1763)

TRIBE PRIONINI Prionus coriarius (Linnaeus, 1758) 876 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______

Mesoprionus besikanus (Fairmaire, 1855)

SUBFAMILY LEPTURINAE TRIBE RHAGIINI Dinoptera collaris (Linnaeus, 1758) Cortodera cirsii Holzschuh, 1975 Cortodera colchica Reitter, 1890 Cortodera colchica colchica Reitter, 1890 Cortodera discolor Fairmaire, 1866 Cortodera differens Pic, 1898 Cortodera flavimana (Waltl, 1838) Cortodera rubripennis Pic, 1891

TRIBE LEPTURINI Grammoptera merkli Frivaldsky, 1884 Vadonia bitlisiensis Chevrolat, 1882 Vadonia unipunctata (Fabricius, 1787) Vadonia unipunctata unipunctata (Fabricius, 1787) Pseudovadonia livida (Fabricius, 1777) Pseudovadonia livida livida (Fabricius, 1777) Stictoleptura cordigera (Fuessly, 1775) Stictoleptura cordigera cordigera (Fuessly, 1775) Stictoleptura excisipes (Daniel, 1891) Stictoleptura fulva (DeGeer, 1775) Stictoleptura gevneensis Özdikmen & Turgut, 2008 Stictoleptura rufa (Brullé, 1832) Stictoleptura rufa rufa (Brullé, 1832) Anastrangalia dubia (Scopoli, 1763) Anastrangalia dubia dubia (Scopoli, 1763) Anastrangalia sanguinolenta (Linnaeus, 1760) Anastrangalia montana (Mulsant &Rey, 1863) Anastrangalia montana montana (Mulsant &Rey, 1863) Pedostrangalia (Neosphenalia) emmipoda (Mulsant, 1863) Pedostrangalia (Neosphenalia) verticalis (Germar, 1822) Pachytodes erraticus (Dalman, 1817) Pachytodes erraticus erraticus (Dalman, 1817) Rutpela maculata (Poda, 1761) Rutpela maculata maculata (Poda, 1761) Stenurella bifasciata (Müller, 1776) Stenurella bifasciata nigrosuturalis (Reitter, 1895) Stenurella melanura (Linnaeus, 1758)

SUBFAMILY CERAMBYCINAE TRIBE CERAMBYCINI Cerambyx (Cerambyx) cerdo Linnaeus, 1758 Cerambyx (Cerambyx) cerdo cerdo Linnaeus, 1758 Cerambyx (Cerambyx) miles Bonelli, 1812 Cerambyx (Cerambyx) welensii (Küster, 1845)

TRIBE TRACHYDERINI Purpuricenus budensis (Götz, 1783) Purpuricenus budensis budensis (Götz, 1783) Purpuricenus dalmatinus Sturm, 1843 Purpuricenus desfontainei (Fabricius, 1792) Purpuricenus desfontainei inhumeralis Pic, 1891 Purpuricenus interscapillatus Plavilstshikov, 1937 Purpuricenus interscapillatus nudicollis Demelt, 1968

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______877

TRIBE CALLICHROMATINI Aromia moschata (Linnaeus, 1758) Aromia moschata ambrosiaca (Steven, 1809)

TRIBE OBRIINI Anatolobrium eggeri Adlbauer, 2004

TRIBE CERTALLINI Certallum ebulinum (Linnaeus, 1767)

TRIBE DEILINI Deilus fugax (Olivier, 1790)

TRIBE STENOPTERINI Stenopterus rufus (Linnaeus, 1767) Stenopterus rufus syriacus Pic, 1892 Stenopterus atricornis Pic, 1891

TRIBE HYBODERINI Lampropterus femoratus (Germar, 1824)

TRIBE MOLORCHINI Glaphyra kiesenwetteri (Mulsant & Rey, 1861) Glaphyra kiesenwetteri hircus (Abeille de Perrin, 1881)

TRIBE CLYTINI Plagionotus (Neoplagionotus) bobelayei (Brullé, 1832) Plagionotus (Echinocerus) floralis (Pallas, 1773) Cholorophorus dinae Rapuzzi & Sama, 1999 Chlorophorus hungaricus Seidlitz, 1891 Cholorophorus gratiosus (Marseul, 1868) Cholorophorus gratiosus sparsus (Reitter, 1886) Cholorophorus nivipictus (Kraatz, 1879) Chlorophorus sartor (Müller, 1766) Chlorophorus trifasciatus (Fabricius, 1781) Chlorophorus varius (Müller, 1766) Chlorophorus varius damascenus (Chevrolat, 1854) Clytus rhamni Germar, 1817

SUBFAMILY LAMIINAE TRIBE MONOCHAMINI Monochamus galloprovincialis (Olivier, 1795) Monochamus galloprovincialis tauricola Pic, 1912

TRIBE DORCADIINI Dorcadion (Cribridorcadion) anatolicum Pic, 1900 Dorcadion (Cribridorcadion) lohsei Braun, 1976 Dorcadion (Cribridorcadion) scabricolle (Dalman, 1817) Dorcadion (C.) scabricolle caramanicum Daniel & Daniel, 1903

TRIBE TETROPINI Tetrops praeustus (Linnaeus, 1758) Tetrops praeustus anatolicus Özdikmen & Turgut, 2008

TRIBE SAPERDINI Saperda (Compsidia) quercus Charpentier, 1825 Saperda (Compsidia) quercus ocellata Abeille de Perrin, 1895

878 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______

TRIBE PHYTOECIINI Oberea (Amaurostoma) erythrocephala (Schrank, 1776) Oberea (Amaurostoma) erythrocephala erythrocephala (Schrank, 1776) Oxylia argentata (Ménétriés, 1832) Oxylia argentata languida (Ménétriés, 1839) Oxylia duponcheli (Brullé, 1832) Coptosia (Coptosia) bithynensis (Ganglbauer, 1884) Phytoecia (Pilemia) hirsutula (Frölich, 1793) Phytoecia (Pilemia) hirsutula hirsutula (Frölich, 1793) Phytoecia (Pilemia) samii Özdikmen & Turgut, 2010 Phytoecia (Helladia) armeniaca Frivaldsky, 1878 Phytoecia (Helladia) armeniaca armeniaca Frivaldsky, 1878 Phytoecia (Helladia) humeralis (Waltl, 1838) Phytoecia (Helladia) humeralis caneri Özdikmen & Turgut, 2010 Phytoecia (Helladia) alziari Sama, 1992 Phytoecia (Musaria) astarte Ganglbauer, 1886 Phytoecia (Musaria) astarte astarte Ganglbauer, 1886 Phytoecia (Musaria) wachanrui Mulsant, 1851 Phytoecia (s.str.) caerulea (Scopoli, 1772) Phytoecia (s.str.) caerulea baccueti (Brullé, 1832) Phytoecia (s.str.) icterica (Schaller, 1783) Phytoecia (s.str.) manicata Reiche & Saulcy, 1858 Phytoecia (s.str.) pustulata (Schrank, 1776) Phytoecia (s.str.) pustulata pustulata (Schrank, 1776) Phytoecia (s.str.) virgula (Charpentier, 1825) Phytoecia (Blepisanis) vittipennis Reiche, 1877 Phytoecia (Opsilia) coerulescens (Scopoli, 1763)

TRIBE AGAPANTHIINI Calamobius filum (Rossi, 1790) Agapanthia (Synthapsia) kirbyi (Gyllenhal, 1817) Agapanthia (Epoptes) cynarae (Germar, 1817) Agapanthia (Epoptes) cynarae cynarae (Germar, 1817) Agapanthia (Epoptes) lateralis Ganglbauer, 1884 Agapanthia (s.str.) suturalis (Fabricius, 1787)

According to the references, 65 species have been recorded from the research area. In this status, among determined species from the research area with this present work, 26 species are the first record for Konya province [Callergates gaillardoti; Prionus coriarius; Dinoptera collaris; Cortodera rubripennis; Vadonia unipunctata; Pseudovadonia livida; Stictoleptura excisipes; Anastrangalia dubia; Anastrangalia sanguinolenta; Anastrangalia montana; Rutpela maculata; Cerambyx cerdo; Cerambyx welensii; Aromia moschata; Stenopterus atricornis; Neoplagionotus bobelayei; Cholorophorus dinae; Chlorophorus hungaricus; Cholorophorus nivipictus; Monochamus galloprovincialis; Tetrops praeustus; Oberea erythrocephala; Oxylia duponcheli; Coptosia bithynensis; Phytoecia wachanrui; Calamobius filum], 16 species are the first record for Antalya province [Dinoptera collaris; Cortodera discolor; Vadonia bitlisiensis; Anastrangalia dubia; Pedostrangalia verticalis; Cerambyx miles; Plagionotus bobelayei; Cholorophorus dinae; Saperda quercus; Oxylia duponcheli; Coptosia bithyniensis; Phytoecia millefolii; Phytoecia astarte; Phytoecia wachanrui; Phytoecia icterica; Phytoecia virgula], 6 species are the first record for Central Anatolian Region of Turkey [Callergates gaillardoti; Cortodera rubripennis; Anastrangalia montana; Stenopterus atricornis; Cholorophorus dinae; Coptosia bithynensis], 2 species are the first record for Mediterranean Region of Turkey [Vadonia bitlisiensis; Pedostrangalia verticalis] ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______879 and 40 species are the first record for the research area [Dinoptera collaris; Cortodera rubripennis; Vadonia bitlisiensis; Anastrangalia dubia; Anastrangalia sanguinolenta; Pedostrangalia verticalis; Plagionotus bobelayei; Cholorophorus dinae; Chlorophorus hungaricus; Saperda quercus; Oxylia duponcheli; Coptosia bithynensis; Phytoecia millefolii; Phytoecia astarte; Phytoecia wachanrui; Phytoecia virgula]. 1 species, (Cortodera differens Pic, 1898), is the first record for Turkey. In addition to this, 2 new species (Stictoleptura gevneensis Özdikmen & Turgut, 2008 and Pilemia samii Özdikmen & Turgut, 2010) and 1 subspecies (Tetrops praeustus anatolicus Özdikmen & Turgut, 2008) were described from the research area. Thus, longhorned beetles fauna of the research area raised from 65 to 105.

Phenologically, the adults specimens of subfamily Prioninae were collected in July (more than August) and August of each year (Fig. 1). The adults specimens of subfamily Lepturinae were collected in April-July (May and June more than other months) (Fig. 2). The adults specimens of subfamily Cerambycinae were collected in April-July (May and June more than other months) (Fig. 3). The adults specimens of subfamily Lamiinae were collected in March-August (May and June more than other months) (Fig. 4). The all adults specimens of family Cerambycidae were collected in March- August (May and June more than other months) (Fig. 5).

According to vertical distribution of all species, 17 species were collected between 0-500 m, 21 species were collected between 500-1000 m, 65 species were collected between 1000-1500 m and 26 species were collected between 1500- 2000 m (Fig. 6). However, some species were recorded between 0-500 m and also between 1500-2000 m. Moreover, 3 species were recorded only between 0-500 m, 3 species were recorded only between 500-1000 m, 31 species were recorded only between 1000-1500 m and 6 species were recorded only between 1500-2000 m. Consequently, 51 % of all determined species were recorded between 1000- 1500 m, 20 % of the determined species were recorded between 1500-2000 m, 16 % of the determined species were recorded between 500-1000 m and 13 % of the determined species were recorded between 0-500 m.

Zoogeographically, 4 dominant chrotypes for the research area are under consideration. These are Turano-Mediterranean (14.5 %), E-Mediterranean (13.3 %), Turano-European (13.3 %) and Anatolian (12 %) chorotypes. According to this status, the main characters of fauna of the research area are formed Mediterranean, E-European and Turanian elements with together endemic (Anatolian) elements. In addition to this, South-Western Asian species (8.4 %) make an important contribution to the fauna (Fig. 7).

* This work supported by the projects of TÜBİTAK (project number TBAG- 105T329) and GAZİ UNIVERSITY (project number BAP-06/32). It is Ph. D. thesis of Semra Turgut.

Some records given in the present text were evaluated by Özdikmen & Turgut (2007), Özdikmen & Turgut (2008c), Özdikmen & Turgut (2009a,b,c,d,e).

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Map1. The research area

July-August July

Figure 1. Phenology of the adults specimens of Prioninae (%). ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______887

April May May-June June May-July June-July

Figure 2. Phenology of the adults specimens of Lepturinae (%).

April-May May May-June May-July June June-July July August

Figure 3. Phenology of the adults specimens of Cerambycinae (%).

March April April-May May May-June June June-August

Figure 4. Phenology of the adults specimens of Lamiinae (%).

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March April April-May May May-June May-July June June-July June-August July July-August August

Şekil 5. Cerambycidae erginlerinin fenolojik dağılımı (%).

Altitude (m) Number of species

Figure 6. Vertical distribution of Cerambycid species.

species in in species research the

Cerambycidae Cerambycidae

Chorotypes of of Chorotypes

. .

7

(%)

Figure area

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______889

Figure 7. Chorotype of Cerambycidae species (%)

890 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______MEGACHILIDS BEES (HYMENOPTERA: APOIDEA) OF AYNALI FORESTS WITH FOUR NEW RECORDS FOR IRAN

Samad Khaghaninia*, Yasemin Güler** and Mozhgan Mousavi***

* Dept. of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, 51664, Tabriz, IRAN. E-mail: [email protected] ** Plant Protection Central Research Institute, Ankara, TURKEY. *** Dept. of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ankara, Ankara, TURKEY.

[Khaghaninia, S., Güler, Y. & Mousavi, M. 2010. Megachilids bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) of Aynali forests with four new records for Iran. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 5, suppl.: 890-895]

ABSTRACT: A survey was conducted on Megachilids fauna of Aynali forests, in East Azarbaijan province during 2008-2009. Fourteen species belonging to seven genera were identified which totally are as new records for studied area and four species, Rhodanthidium septemdentatum (Lepeletier, 1841), Coelioxys afra Lepeletier, 1841, Megachile nigriventris Schenck, 1870 and Megachile lagopoda (Linnaeus, 1761), are the new records for the Iran insect fauna.

KEY WORDS: Fauna, Bees, Apidae, Megachilidae, East Azerbayjan, Aynali forests, Iran.

Aynali forests are located in west of Qaradag forests, a registered biosphere in world heritages by UNESCO since 1976 in East Azarbaijan province, Iran. This biosphere reserve situated in the north eastern Tabriz city with a distance of 112.6 km and UTM (Universal Transfer Mercator) coordinate system, X from 654517.66 to 655110.71 E; Y from 4306958.17 to 4308226.18 N and varying latitude from 1271 m to 1336 m. This area has rich grasslands with various species of Astraceae and Juncaceae, rangelands, forests particularly with oak and hazelnut and also rivers and springs. Megachilids bees are mostly moderate-sized (around the size of a honey bee, ranging from 5 mm to 19 mm), stout-bodied and black or yellow, white and reddish maculation bees (Banazak and Romasenko, 1995). The diversity of bees worldwide and their importance as pollinators has been well documented. Megachilidae are important native pollinators of wildflowers, fruits, vegetables and other crops. The members belonging to Osmia and Megachile are even used as commercial pollinators (like honey bees) in crops such as sweet cherry, apple, alfalfa and blueberries (Fairey et al., 1989; Romankova, 2004). In order to promote pollination, these plants have attractive features such as color, fragrances, nectar, oils and pollen which are the main resources used by bees (Abrol, 1993). The bees of the family Megachilidae show diverse nesting habits but typically they construct a linear series of natal cells in a variety of substrates including soil, under or on rocks surfaces, on and in stems, in the nest of other bees and wasps, and in tunnels in wood left by wood-boring beetles. Even a snail shell is known to serve as a nest habitat for some species (O’Brien, 2007; Hicks, 2009). As their name implies, use 0.25 to 0.5 inch circular pieces of leaves they neatly cut from plants to construct nests. They construct cigar-like nests that contain several cells. Each cell contains a ball or loaf of stored pollen and a single egg. Therefore, each cell will produce a single bee. When a bee is carrying pollen, the underside of the abdomen appears light yellow to deep gold in color. The females, except the parasitic Coelioxys, carry pollen on hairs on the underside of ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______891 the abdomen (scopa) rather than on the hind legs like other bees. Generally, bees of the family Megachilidae are oligolectic playing an important role in the maintenance of plant species and being irreplaceable by generalist bees (Shebl et al., 2008). So far the study of bees fauna of Iran has been poorly studied thus the identification of Megachilids of Qaradag grasslands, one of the most important grasslands in Iran, was subjected for a series studies that the ones related to Aynali forests revealed by present manuscript (Popov, 1957, 1967, Esmaili & Rastegar, 1974, Baker 1995, Engel, 2006 & Izadi et al., 2006).

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Studied specimens were collected twice a month, during 2008- 2009. Bees were caught using common handy entomological net and malaise trap in six localities (Fig. 1). The collected specimens were placed in ordinary paper envelopes after killing them in cyanid bottle in order to bring them in laboratory. The collection thus brought was placed in a desiccators (having water at its bottom) for about 24 h in order to soak and soften them. Thereafter, they were pinned using 0, 1 and 2 mounted pins and their wings and legs set on appropriate setting boards to facilitate morphological studies. For identification, the materials were examined under a Nikon (SMZ 1000) binocular microscope. The specimens were identified up to species level using valid related keys (Osychnyuk et al. 1978; Warncke, 1980, 1992; Dorn & Weber, 1988; Banaszak & Romasenko, 1998; Michener, 2000; Amiet et al., 2004 and Scheuchl, 2006).

RESULTS

Present study has richly yielded 14 species belonged to seven genera that all of them are as new records for studied region and four species which marked with an asterisk are introduced as new records for the Iran insect fauna that are listed as follows:

Anthidium (Anthidium) cingulatum Latreille, 1809 Anthidium cingulatum Latreille, 1809. Ann. Mus, Hist. Nat., 13: 43. Material examined: 5 specimens (2♀♀, 3♂♂). General Distribution: South and Central Europe, Siberia, North Africa, Caucasus (Comba & Comba, 1991; Banaszak & Romasenko, 1998), Iran, Turkey (Warncke, 1980). Plant association: Polylectic (Asteraceae, Fabaceae and Lamiaceae) (Banaszak & Romasenko, 1998).

Anthidium (Anthidium) florentinum (Fabricius, 1775) Apis florentina Fabricius, 1775. Syst. Ent.: 384. Material examined: 6 specimens (2♀♀, 4♂♂). General Distribution: USA (Comba & Comba, 1991), South and Central Europe, Siberia, Asia Minor, Central Asian part of the former USSR, Caucasus, Syria (Banaszak & Romasenko, 1998), Iran (Warncke, 1980; Izadi et al., 1999). Plant association: Polylectic (Fabaceae and Lamiaceae) (Banaszak & Romasenko, 1998).

*Rhodanthidium (Rhodanthidium) septemdentatum (Latreille, 1809) Anthidium semptemdentatum Latreille, 1809. Ann. Mus, Hist. Nat., 13: 40, 210. Synonyms: Anthidium florentina Spinola, 1806; Anthidium rufiventre Brulle, 1832; Anthidium binominatum Smith, 1854; Anthidium quadridentatum Lepeleiter, 1841; Anthidium fuscipenne Lepeleiter, 1841; Anthidium binominatum Smith, 1854; Anthidium sexlineatum Chevrier,1872; Anthidium nigrosetosum Stanek, 1968. Material examined: 3 specimens (1♀, 2♂♂). 892 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______

General Distribution: South and Central Europe (Banaszak & Romasenko, 1998), Asia Minor (Comba & Comba, 1991). Plant association: Polylectic (Fabaceae and Lamiaceae) (Banaszak & Romasenko, 1998).

*Coelioxys (Allocoelioxys) afra Lepeletier, 1841 Coelioxys afra Lepeletier, 1841. Hist. Nat. Insect. Hymen., 2: 525. Synonyms: Coelioxys 892 haste 892 892 Förester, 1853; Coelioxys mandibularis Chevrier, 1872. Material examined: 2 specimens (1♀, 1♂). General Distribution: Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Egypt, Tunisia, Morocco, Algeria, Russia (Warncke, 1992), South, Eastern and Central Europe, Great Britain, Asia Minor (Banaszak & Romasenko, 1998), from Western Europe to China and Indonesia (Java) (Proshchalykın & Lelej, 2004) , and including all of Africa (Pasteels 1977). Note: Cleptoparasite of Megachile leachella, M. pilidens and M. apicalis.

Lithurgus chrysurus Fonscolombe, 1834 Lithurgus chrysurus Fonscolombe, 1834. Ann. Soc. Entom. France, 3: 220, FM. Synonyms: Lithurgus analis Lepeletier, 1841 ; Lithurgus haemorroidalis Lepeletier, 1841; Lithurgus monocerus Morawitz, 1873 Material examined: 7 specimens (4♀♀, 3♂♂). General Distribution: Iran (Warncke, 1981), Greece, Italy, Bulgaria, the former USSR, Syria, Israil, Spain, Turkey, Rodos (Zanden, 1986), South America (Comba & Comba, 1991), South, East and Central Europe, Asia Minor, Caucasus (Banaszak & Romasenko, 1998). Plant association: Oligolectic (Asteraceae) (Banaszak & Romasenko, 1998).

Lithurgus cornutus (Fabricius, 1787) Andrena cornuta Fabricius, 1787. Mant. Ins., 1: 298, FM. Synonyms: Lithurgus fuscipennis Lepeletier, 1841 ; Lithurgus umbraculatus Lepeletier, 1841; Lithurgus nasutus Dufour, 1849; Megachile monoceros Eversmann, 1852; Megachile dohrni Radoszkowski, 1862; Lithurgus maximus Radoszkowski, 1872. Material examined: 6 specimens (3♀♀, 3♂♂). General Distribution: Iran (Warncke, 1981), South, East and Central Europe, Asia Minor, North Africa, Kazakhstan, Caucasus (Banaszak & Romasenko, 1998), Japan, China, Taivan, Morocco, Italy, Yugoslavia, the former USSR, Romania, Hungary, Greece, Turkey (Zanden, 1986). Plant association: Oligolectic (Asteraceae) (Banaszak & Romasenko, 1998; Güler & Sorkun, 2007).

Megachile (Eutricharaea) leachella Curtis, 1828 Synonyms: Megachile argentata var. fossoria Ferton, 1909; Megachile (Eutricharaea) leachella maadiensis van der Zanden, 1986. Material examined: 4 specimens (1♀, 3♂♂). General Distribution: Caucasus, Asia, Europe, Siberia, Russain Far East, North Africa, North America (Banaszak & Romasenko, 1998), Iran (http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/ 20m?kind=Megachile+leachella). Plant association: Polylectic (mainly Fabaceae) (Banaszak & Romasenko, 1998).

Megachile (Eutricharaea) pilidens Alfken, 1924 Megachile pilidens Alfken, 1924. Rozpr. Wiadom. Mus. Dzied., 9 (1923): 88. Synonym: Megachile argyrea Cockerell, 1931. Material examined: 5 specimens (3♀♀, 2♂♂). General Distribution: South and Central Europe (Comba & Comba, 1991), Caucasus, Asia Minor, North Africa (Banaszak & Romasenko, 1998), Iran (Scheuchl, 2006). Plant association: Polylectic (Fabaceae and Asteraceae) (Banaszak & Romasenko, 1998).

Megachile (Eutricharaea) rotundata (Fabricius, 1787) Apis rotundata Fabricius, 1787. Mant. Insect., 1: 303. ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______893

Synonyms: Apis pacifica Panzer, 1798; Megachile imbecilla Gerstaecker, 1869; Megachile argentata Elfving, 1968. Material examined: 3 specimens (1♀, 2♂♂). General Distribution: Europe, Caucasus, Central Asian part of the former USSR, Kazakhstan, North Africa, Far East Russia, North and South America, New Zeland (Comba & Comba, 1991; Banaszak & Romasenko, 1998), Turkey (Özbek & Zanden, 1994), Iran (Izadi et al., 1999). Plant association: Polylectic (Asteraceae, Fabaceae and Lamiaceae) (Banaszak & Romasenko, 1998).

*Megachile (Xanthosarus) nigriventris Schenck, 1870 Megachile nigriventris Schenck, 1870. Iahrb. Ver. Naturk. Nassau, 21-22: 324, FM. Synonyms: Megachile ursula Gerstaecker, 1869; Megachile curvicrus Thomson, 1872; Megachile hasticornis Cockerell, 1924. Material examined: 3 specimens (2♀♀, 1♂). General Distribution: North, South and Central Europe (Banaszak & Romasenko, 1998). Plant association: Polylectic (Rosaceae, Fabaceae and Caprifoliaceae) (Banaszak & Romasenko, 1998).

*Megachile (Xanthosarus) lagopoda (Linnaeus, 1761) Apis lagopoda Linnaeus, 1761. Fauna Suec.: 922. FM. Material examined: 2 specimens (2♀♀). General Distribution: Europe, Caucasus, Siberia, Central Asian part of the former USSR, Far East Russia, Japan, North Africa (Comba & Comba, 1991; Banaszak & Romasenko, 1998), Turkey (Özbek, 1979). Plant association: Polylectic (Asteraceae, Dipsacaceae, Fabaceae and Lamiaceae) (Banaszak & Romasenko, 1998).

Megachile (Xanthosarus) maritima (Kirby, 1802) Apis maritima Kirby, 1802. Monogr. Apum Angl., 2: 242, F. Synonyms: Megachile flaviventris Schenck, 1853; Megachile fluvescens Smith, 1853; Phyllotoma manicata Dumeril, 1860; Megachile kashgarensis Cockerell, 1913; Megachile maritima continentalis Hedicke, 1938. Material examined: 3 specimens (1♀, 2♂♂). General Distribution: Europe, Caucasus, Kazakhstan, Central Asian part of the former USSR (Comba & Comba, 1991), Far East Russia (Banaszak & Romasenko, 1998), Turkey (Özbek, 1979b), Iran (Izadi et al., 1999). Plant association: Polylectic (Asteraceae and Fabaceae) (Banaszak & Romasenko, 1998).

Megachile (Megachile) versicolor Smith, 1844 Megachile versicolor Smith, 1844. Zoologist, 2: 697. Synonyms: Megachile rufiventris Schenck, 1851; Megachile octosignata Schenck, 1859; Megachile distinct Perez, 1897; Megachile pilicruriformis Cockerell, 1928. Material examined: 1 specimen (1♂). General Distribution: Europe, Kazakhstan, Siberia (Banaszak & Romasenko, 1998). Plant association: Polylectic (Asteraceae and Fabaceae) (Banaszak & Romasenko, 1998).

Osmia (Chalcosmia) leaiana (Kirby, 1802) Apis leaiana Kirby, 1802. Monographia Apum Angliae, vol. 2, p. 263. Synonyms: Osmia hirta Smith, 1844; Osmia atra Schenck, 1853; Osmia fulviventris Smith, 1855; Osmia 893haste893 Morawitz, 1869; Osmia solskyi Morawitz, 1870; Osmia truncatula Thomson, 1872; Osmia bidens Pérez, 1879; Osmia forsii Alfken, 1924. Material examined: 2 specimens (2♀♀). General Distribution: Europe, Caucasus, the Pyrenees, the Alps, Turkey (Banaszak & Romasenko, 1998), Iran (http://blogs.ethz.ch/osmiini/palaearctic- species/osmia/helicosmia/). Plant association: Oligolectic (Asteraceaea) (Banaszak & Romasenko, 1998).

894 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______LITERATURE CITED

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Shebl, M. A., Kamel, S. M., Abu Hashesh, T. A. & Osman, M. A. 2008. Seasonal abundance of leafcutting bees. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 4 (2): 280-287.

Terzo, M., Iserbyt, S. & Rasmont, P. 2007. Revision des Xylocopinae (Hymenoptera: Apidae) de France et de Belgique. Annales Societe Entomologique De France. 43 (4): 445-492.

Van Der Zanden, G. 1986. Die paläarktischen Arten der Gattung Lithurgus Latreille, 1825 (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Megachilidae). Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berl., 62: 53-59.

Warncke, K. 1980. Die Beienangattung Anthidium Fabricius, 1804, in der. Westpalaarktis und im Turkestanischen Becken. Entomofauna, Zeitschrift Für Entomologie, Band 1, Heft 10, Linz, 119-209.

Warncke, K. 1981. Beitrag zur Bienenfauna des Iran: 13. Die Bienengattung Lithurgus. Boll. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat., Venezia, 31 [1980]: 197-199.

Warncke, K. 1992. Die Westpalaarktischen Arten der Bienengattung Coelioxys Latr. (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Megachilinae), Berlinische Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde, 53: 31-77.

Figure 1. Location of sampling points on satellite image (SPOT) of Aynali forests.

896 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF MALLOSIA (EUMALLOSIA) FROM IRAN (COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE)

Gianfranco Sama* and Kálmán Székely**

* Via Raffaello Sanzio 84, I-47023 Cesena, ITALY. E-mail: [email protected] ** Attila u. 29, H-1013 Budapest, HUNGARY. E-mail: [email protected]

[Sama, G. & Székely, K. 2010. Description of a new species of Mallosia (Eumallosia) from Iran (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Munis Entomology & Zoology, 5, suppl.: 896-899]

ABSTRACT: Mallosia (Eumallosia) tamashaczi n. sp. is described from the Zagros Mountains in Western Iran. The new species resembles Mallosia (Eumallosia) herminae Reitter, 1890 and M. (E.) jakowlewi Semenov, 1895, from Northern Iran from which it can be easily distinguished by the elytral pattern and the white annulated antennal segments.

KEY WORDS: Cerambycidae, Lamiinae, Phytoeciini, Mallosia, new species, Iran.

The genus Mallosia was introduced by Mulsant (1862) for Saperda graeca Sturm, 1843 (type species), S. flavescens Brullé, 1832 (currently regarded as the type species of Helladia Fairmaire, 1864) and S. duponcheli Brullé, 1832 (currently in Oxylia Mulsant, 1862). The genus was divided by K. Daniel (1904) into two subgenera: Mallosia s.str. and Semnosia (type species: Saperda scovitzi Faldermann, 1837, by original designation). Danilevsky (1990) introduced Eumallosia as a third subgenus (type species: Mallosia herminae Reitter, 1890 by original designation), for species having “each elytrum [sic !] with two longitudinal carinae; teeth of tarsal claws inconspicuous or absent". This subgenus currently includes seven species accepted by Löbl & Smetana (2010): armeniaca Pic, 1897; costata Pic, 1898; brevipes Pic, 1897; gobustanica Danilevsky, 1990; herminae Reitter, 1890; imperatrix Abeille de Perrin, 1885 and jakowlewi (Semenov, 1895) (= iranica K. & J. Daniel, 1898). A new species, which has recently been collected in different localities of the Zagros Mountains range (Western Iran), will be described in the present paper.

Mallosia (Eumallosia) tamashaczi n. sp. (Fig. 1, 2) Material examined: Holotype ♂: IRAN, Fars prov., Zagros Mts., Sepidan, 2325 m, 30°16.934' N, 51°58.161 E, 26-27.IV.2008, leg. K. Székely & T. Hácz; Paratypes: 17 ♂♂, 6 ♀♀: same collecting data like the holotype; 1 ♂, Iran, Kerman: Kuh-e-Segoch, 2500 m, 20 km E of Mahan, 16.V.2002, leg. D. Kahlheber; 1 ♂: Iran occ., Lorestan: Kuh-e-Takht-e-Shah Mts. (Zagros Mts.), 30 km south of Aligudarz, about 2300 m, 4.VI.2010, J. Simandl lgt. 3 ♂♂: Zagros Mt., Isfahan prov.: Aligudars eoj, 4.VI.2010, J. Dalihod leg. Holotype in coll. G. Sama; paratypes in coll. J. Dalihod, N. Rahmé, Z. Koštál, K. Székely, A. Kotan, P. Rapuzzi and G. Sama.

Description: Body length (from the mandibles to the pygidium): 24 - 35 mm. (male) (holotype 32 mm); 35.8 - 42.4 (female). ♂: Integument ochraceous brown; head, pronotum and scutellum densely clothed with golden pubescence and erect hairs entirely masking the ground punctation except for setigerous points originating brown setae, visible before the base of the pronotum at each side of the middle. Elytra coarsely and deeply punctured at base, densely covered, chiefly ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______897 along the suture, with light brown ground pubescence; each elytron with three longitudinal carinae interrupted by deep punctures and with four wide longitudinal stripes of cinereous pubescence: one lateral, not visible from above, and three on the disc (humeral, dorsal and praesutural) fused before the elytral apex and interrupted by setigerous points (larger at base, distinctly smaller towards the apex) originating short erect brown setae. Antennae robust, first segment longer than third, brown, covered with recumbent brown pubescence; third to seventh or eighth annulated with white pubescence at base or to about the half of their length, the following ones entirely clothed with whitish pubescence. Legs with femora and tibiae sparsely covered with cinereous pubescence, inner side of intermediate and hind tibiae with a brush of erect hairs toward the apex. The female of the new species exibits the sexual dimorphism typical of the genus: larger and stouter body, antennae shorter and with different length ratio. The paratype from Kerman differs from the other specimens of the type series by the praesutural longitudinal stripe indistinct. It is unclear whether it is a matter of a worn out specimen or if it belongs to a different subspecies or to a further distinct species.

Etymology: The n. sp. is named in honour of our friend Tamás Hácz, who firstly discovered this species.

Discussion: Despite the ochraceous pubescence clothing the elytra, which is similar to that of M. (S.) jakowlewi, the new species appears closely related to M. (S.) herminae and chiefly to the form (Fig. 3 ) which is relatively common in NE Turkey (Bitlis, Van and Ağrı provinces) and and NE Iran (Āzarbāijān-e Gharbī: Western Azerbaijan); this latter differs from the new species by the elytra covered with reddish (instead of ochraceous) coloration of the ground pubescence, the lateral longitudinal stripe of white pubescence absent (like in M (E.) jakowlewi), the discal stripes (chiefly the praesutural one) not reaching the scutellum, the base of pronotum densely clothed with erect setae especially at sides, the antennal segments not annulated of white toment. M. (S.) jakowlewi can be easily distinguished from the new species by the antennal segments not annulated of white toment and by its elytral pattern, consisting of three longitudinal stripe of white pubescence: one lateral (not visible from above), and two on the disc, the praesutural one being entirely absent: moreover all discal stripes are strongly reduced in width (just thin lines), the dorsal one is only visible from the basal third, while the humeral one is formed by a row of small spots from the base to the middle of elytra (Fig. 4). Most of these distinguishing characters were already mentioned by Semenov (1895) in the original description of “Phytoecia (Mallosia) jakowlewi, sp. n. “Utroque elytro quattuor vittis subtiliter cretaceo- tomentosis decorato: vitta tenuissima juxtasuturali postice tantum indicata (semperne observanda ?), vittis duabus angustis quoque dorsalibus multo magis quam illa expressis (externa plerumque longiore), sed in triente basali in maculas dissolutas, praetereaque vitta quarta sat lata marginali (Mallosiae Herminae omnino deficiente”. Mallosia iranica K & J. Daniel, 1898, described on a single female (elytris rufo brunneo-tomentosis, albo vitatis […] fascia laterali, completa, integra, fasciis duabus dorsalibus [..] antice abbreviatis, partim in maculis dissolutis et ramo brevi, postice a fascia dorsali interiore derivato ornatis [..], is an evident synonym of Phytoecia (Mallosia) jakowlewi Semenov as already written by K. Daniel (1904).

898 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______Biology: Like most species of the genus, Mallosia (Eumallosia) tamashaczi n. sp. is ecologically associated with big Apiaceae close to Ferula sp.; however, the true identity of its host plant could not be ascertained. Males and females specimens from Sepidan were observed on the ground, on the plants or (some males) flying around them.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors wish to tank Tamás Hácz, was the first observer of the new species described in this paper, J. Dalihod, Z. Koštál, A. Kotán, P. Rapuzzi, J. Simandl for sending specimens of their collections and Ori Fragman-Sapir, the Jerusalem Botanical Gardens, who tried to identify the host plant. A special thank to Nikola Rahmé who, among other, is the author of the wonderful pictures of the new species.

LITERATURE CITED

Daniel, K. 1904. Die Cerambyciden-Gattung Mallosia. Münchener Koleopt. Zeitsch., 2: 301-314.

Daniel, K. & Daniel, J. 1898. Zwanzig neue Arten aus dem paläarktischen Faunengebiet. Coleopteren Studien, 2: 61-82.

Danilevsky, M. L. 1990. New taxa of the genus Mallosia from Transcaucasia. Acta entomologica bohemoslovaca, 86: 363-367.

Löbl, I. & Smetana, A. (eds.). 2010. Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera. 6. Chrysomeloidea. Apollo Books, Stenstrup: 924 pp.

Mulsant, E. 1862-63. Histoire naturelle des Coléoptères de France. Longicornes. Magnin-Blanchard, Paris: 1-590 [1-480=1862; 481-590=1863].

Semenov, A., 1895. Coleoptera asiatica nova. Horae Soc. ent. Ross., 29: 189-210.

(1) (2) Figures 1., 2. Mallosia (Eumallosia) tamashaczi n. sp.: paratypes ♂ (1) and ♀ (2). ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______899

Figure 3. Mallosia (Eumallosia) herminae (Reitter, 1890) from NE Turkey, Van: Kuzgunkıran, ♂ (left) and female (right).

Figure 4. Mallosia (Eumallosia) yakowlewi (Semenow, 1895) from Iran, Tehran: 10 km N Gachsar, ♂ (left) and female (right).

900 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______A NEW RECORD FOR IRAN FLOWERFLY FAUNA, BACCHA ELONGATA (FABRICIUS, 1775) (DIPTERA: SYRPHIDAE)

Samad Khaghaninia*, Suleyman Sarıbıyık** and Nader Gol Mohammad Zade Khiaban*

* Dept. of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, 51664, Tabriz, IRAN. E-mail: [email protected] ** Education Faculty, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, TURKEY.

[Khaghaninia, S., Sarıbıyık, S. & Khiaban, N. G. M. Z. 2010. A new record for Iran flowerfly fauna, Baccha elongata (Fabricius, 1775) (Diptera: Syrphidae). Munis Entomology & Zoology, 5, suppl.: 900-903]

ABSTRACT: Baccha elongata (Fabricius), 1775 is recorded for the first time from Iran. Three specimens were collected from Aynali forests. The related key, diagnosis characters and photos are presented.

KEY WORDS: Diptera, Syrphidae, New record, Fauna, Aynali forests, Iran.

The genus Baccha was described by Fabricius (1805) with Syrphus elongatus Fabricius, 1775 designated as the type species (Peck, 1988). This genus belonged to Syrphinae subfamily and Bacchini tribe. All species of the subfamily Syrphinae with an entirely blak scutellum are likely to belong to this tribe of four genera. The only exceptions are Paragus which is very distinctive, and some specimens of Melangyna arctica wich is included in the next trible, the Syrphini. There is generally a pattern on the abdomen consisting of pairs of colored spots of grey, yellow or orange (Stubbs and Fulk, 2002). They are, however, easily overlooked because of their frequent habit of hovering low down among vegetation or, even if above vegetation, they are inconspicuous in dappled shade. Baccha is a small genus including two species in palearctic region, B. elongata and B. obscuripennis that were separated on the variation in dusting on the male frons and in some apparent differences in the male genitalia. Recently, the check list of Iran hover flies was reviewed by Dousti and Hayat (2006) which shown no record of this genus from Iran.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The specimens were collected from wet lands having long reed beds near to wood lands in Aynali forests (Fig. 1). Aynali forests are located in west of Qaradag forests, a registered biosphere in world heritages by UNESCO since 1976 in East Azarbaijan province, Iran. This biosphere reserve situated in the north eastern Tabriz city with a distance of 112.6 km and UTM (Universal Transfer Mercator) coordinate system, X from 654517.66 to 655110.71 E; Y from 4306958.17 to 4308226.18 N and varying latitude from 1271 m to 1336 m. The specimens were identified based on valid keys such as Bei-Bienko (1988), Stubbs and Falk (2002), Ball et al. (2002), Van Veen (2004) and Speight (2006).

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______901 RESULTS

BACCHA Fabricius, 1775 The second segment of abdomen is very narrow, in narrowest part less than half width of first abdominal segment, long and clavate. Alula not developed.

Baccha elongata (Fabricius, 1775) Syst. entom.: 768 (Syrphus). Type-locality: "Daniae" (Denmark).

Material examined: 3 specimens (1♂, 2♀): Aynali forests; 38°53' N 46°47' E, 1271 m , 18 Aug. 2008 (Collected by S. Khaghaninia, Deposited at Insect Museum of Tabriz University).

Diagnosis character:

Male: Frons and face black with grayish white pubescence. Vertex black and yellowish pubescent on it. Antenea brownish red and compound eye bare. Mesonotum and scutellum black. First and second legs are yellow and in third one, femur yellowish red, proximal half of tibia yellow and distal half is yellowish red. Wings in male browish transparent having very small brownish traces around cross veins and stigma, halter yellow with a brown thin stop at the top. Abdomen thin, pedunculate, with more or less distinct yellow bands on tergite 2 and 3 and other tergites are black. Body 8- 10 mm. Wing length 6- 8 mm (Fig. 2).

Female: the female is very similar to male with a pair small yellow spots in proximal margine of fourth tergite. Body 9.5- 10 mm. Wing length 7- 7.5 mm (Fig. 2).

Note: It should be found in most districts by careful observation of sunny herbage along hedgerows or woodland margins, ride edges or in shaded spots under trees where it will often be found in dappled light. Nettle beds in sheltered, humid part of woodland are particularly favored by females and sweeping such areas will often produce specimens. Occasionally it will be seen hovering among low branches of boshes or trees and sometimes at flowers. The larvae are known to be predaceous upon a variety of ground-layer aphids.

Flowers visited: Compositae, Rosaceae and Umbelliferae, Hedera etc.

Distribution: Europe: from Ireland and Finland to Portugal, Spain, Italy, Bulgaria, Greece; USSR: Leningrad, Georgian, Azerbaijan, Armenian (Peck, 1988; Speight, 2008), Turkey (Sarıbıyık, 2000, 2003, 2008).

LITERATURE CITED

Ball, S. G., Stubbs, A. E., McClean, I. F. G., Morris, R. K. A., Falk, S. J. & Hawkins, R. D. 2002. British Hoverflies: an illustrated identification guide, 2nd edition, 469 pp. British Entomological and Natural History Society.

Bei-Bienko, G. 1988. Keys to the insects of the European part of the USSR. Volume V. Diptera and Siphonaptera. Part II. Smithonian Institution Libraries and the National Science Foundation Washington, D.C. 10-148.

Dousti, A. F. & Hayat, R. 2006. A catalogue of the Syrphidae (Insecta: Diptera) of Iran. J. Entomol. Res. Soc., 8 (3): 5-38.

902 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______

Peck, L. V. 1988. Family Syrphidae. PP. 11- 230 in Soos, A. (Ed.) Catalogue of Palearctic Diptera. Vol. 8, 363 pp. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest.

Sarıbıyık, S. 2000. Fauna of Syrphidae in Ilgaz and Isık Mountains and their vicinity (Diptera- Syrphinae). Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology of Gazi University, 13 (1): 55-70.

Sarıbıyık, S. 2003. The Evaluation of the Works on Syrphidae (Diptera) Fauna in the Western Blacksea Region. Gazi University, Kastamonu Education Journal, 11 (2): 461-466.

Sarıbıyık, S. 2008. Contributions to the Syrphidae fauna of Turkey (Diptera: Syrphidae). Entomological News, 119 (5): 501-508.

Speight, M. C. D. 2006. Species accounts of European Syrphidae (Diptera), Ferrara 2006. In: Speight, M.C.D., Castella, E., Sarthou, J.-P. and Monteil, C. (eds) Syrph the Net, the database of European Syrphidae, vol. 54, 252 pp., Syrph the Net publications, Dublin.

Speight, M. C. D. 2010. Species accounts of European Syrphidae (Diptera) 2010. In: Speight, M.C.D., Castella, E., Sarthou, J.-P. and Monteil, C. (eds.). Syrph the Net, the database of European Syrphidae, vol. 59, 285 pp., Syrph the Net publications, Dublin.

Stubbs, A. E. & Falk, S. J. 2002. British hover flies. An illustrated identification guide. Pub. The british Entomology and Natural History Sosiety, Reading, UK.

Van Veen, M. 2004. Hoverflies of Northwest Europe: identification keys to the Syrphidae. 256 pp. KNNV Publishing, Utrecht.

Figure 1. Location of sampling point on satellite image (SPOT) of Aynali forests.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______903

a

b

c

Figure 2. Baccha elongata, a: the adult at dorsal view, b: the head, c: the adult at lateral view, (right: male, left: female).

904 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______TO SUBSPECIFIC STRUCTURE OF CARABUS (TRIBAX) APSCHUANUS ROST, 1893 (COLEOPTERA, CARABIDAE)

Dmitry Obydov*

*Timiryazev’s State Museum of Biology, 123242, Malaya Gruzinskaya str. 15, Moscow, Russia. E- mail: [email protected]

[Obydov, D. 2010. To subspecific structure of Carabus (Tribax) apschuanus Rost, 1893 (Coleoptera, Carabidae). Munis Entomology & Zoology, 5, suppl.: 904-910]

ABSTRACT: 6 subspecies of Carabus (Tribax) apschuanus Rost, 1893 are examined. The status and the habitat of some subspecies are précised. Carabus (Tribax) apschuanus nakrensis Novotný et Vořišek, 1988, stat. n., comb. n. is proposed.

KEY WORDS: Coleoptera, Carabidae, Carabus (Tribax) apschuanus, taxonomy, distribution, Caucasus.

Carabus (Tribax) apschuanus Rost, 1893 is polymorphic species which is distributed in west and central Caucasus. The species includes 6 subspecies: Carabus (Tribax) apschuanus apschuanus Rost, 1893; Carabus (Tribax) apschuanus pseudoplatessa Gottwald, 1982; Carabus (Tribax) apschuanus zorkae Novotný et Vořišek, 1988; Carabus (Tribax) apschuanus schoeni Novotný et Vořišek, 1988; Carabus (Tribax) apschuanus nakrensis Novotný et Vořišek, 1988, stat. n., comb. n. and Carabus (Tribax) apschuanus galianus Belousov et Zamotajlov, 1993. The detailed morphological description of subspecies is omitted in this work and can be found in the literature cited. Distribution of subspecies is given on collection materials and literature. I have added also photos of all subspecies and map of its type localities.

Carabus (Tribax) apschuanus Rost, 1893 Carabus (Plectes) puschkini var. apschuanus Rost, 1893: 341 (part.). Сarabus (Tribax) puschkini apschuanus: Jakobson, 1905: 248 (part.). Carabus (sectio Tribax) puschkini subv. apschuanus Lapouge, 1909: 141 (part.). Carabus (sectio Tribax) puschkini nat. apschuanus Breuning, 1934: 1109 (part.). Carabus (Tribax) platessa apschuanus Gottwald, 1980: 38 (part.). Carabus (Tribax) apschuanus Gottwald, 1982: 216. Carabus (Tribax) platessus apschuanus: Deuve, 1991: 113 (part.). Carabus (Tribax) apschuanus: Belousov et Zamotajlov, 1993: 47; Deuve, 1994: 190; 2004: 265; Bŕezina, 1994: 50; 1999: 56; Kryzhanovskij et al., 1995: 54; Imura et Mizusawa, 1996: 177; Ghiretti, 1996: 223; Kleinfeld et Schütze, 1999: 28; Schütze et Kleinfeld, 2001: 16, 157; Retezár, 2008: 29.

Type locality. Georgia, Abkhazia, Mt. Chipshira. Description. Body length is 21.5-35.0 mm. Head not thickened; eyes convex; mandibles relatively long and narrow, slightly incurved; terebral tooth of the right and left mandibles bi-dentate, strongly prominent; retinaculum of the right and left mandibles triangular relatively prominent; surface of mandibles smooth. Frontal furrows relatively deep, mediad smooth or wrinkled. Frons usually smooth; vertex and neck with sparse wrinkles. Labrum wider than clypeus, slightly notched, with two lateral setae. Antennae surpassing base of pronotum by 4-5 antennomeres; palpi moderately or strongly dilated; penultimate palpomere of the maxillary palpi usually equal to the last ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______905 palpomere; penultimate palpomere of the labial palpi with two setae. Mentum tooth triangular, slightly shorter or equal to lateral lobes; submentum with two setae. Pronotum slightly convex, sometimes cordiform; broadest about at middle or behind middle. Disk of pronotum usually smooth, sometimes coarsely-wrinkled or coarsely-punctured; pronotal sculpture less rough laterally. Median longitudinal line distinct; basal foveae usually deep, mediad smooth, coarsely-wrinkled or coarsely- punctured. Sides of pronotum narrowly margined; lobes of hind angles short, triangular, bent down. Lateral margin with two setiferous pores: one pore about at middle and one pore near hind angle. Elytra oval, slightly convex; widest behind middle or about at middle; shoulders not prominent; margins of elytra narrowly margined. Elytral sculpture: all elytral interspaces about equally developed, primary elytral interspaces interrupted into relatively long and short links; secondary uninterrupted or interrupted into very long links. Primary foveoles indistinct; striae finely punctured. Metepisternum smooth, slightly longer than wide; abdominal sternites smooth, sides of abdomen slightly finely wrinkled; sternal sulci absent. Legs relatively long; male fore tarsi with four dilated segments bearing hairy pads. Aedeagus (Fig. 7); endophallus (Fig. 8). Coloration black, black with blue luster, violet, blue or dark blue, sometimes elytral margins bright violet, violet with pink luster, bronze or greenish-bronze, elytral foveoles sometimes with bright bronze or greenish-bronze luster; first basal antenna segment sometimes brown or reddish-brown; legs black, often femurs brown or reddish-brown. Ventral body surface black. Distribution. West and central Caucasus.

Carabus (Tribax) apschuanus apschuanus Rost, 1893 (Fig. 1) Carabus (Plectes) puschkini var. apschuanus Rost, 1893: 341 (“Mt. Chipshira”). Carabus (Tribax) apschuanus apschuanus: Gottwald, 1982: 216; Belousov et Zamotajlov, 1993: 48; Deuve, 1994: 190; 2004: 265; Bŕezina, 1994: 50; 1999: 56; Kryzhanovskij et al., 1995: 54; Imura et Mizusawa, 1996: pl. 47, 177; Ghiretti, 1996: 223; Kleinfeld et Schütze, 1999: 28; Schütze et Kleinfeld, 2001: 16, 157; Retezár, 2008: 29, pl. 23.

Type locality. Georgia, Abkhazia, Mt. Chipshira. Description. Body length is 28.8-35.0 mm. The largest subspecies of Carabus (Tribax) apschuanus. Coloration black with blue luster; legs black, rarely femurs brown. Elytral sculpture much more rough than in other subspecies of Carabus (Tribax) apschuanus. Distribution. West Caucasus: Bzybsky Mt. Ridge, Mt. Chipshira, Mt. Dydrypsh, Duripsh env., Otkhara env., Khypsy River valley, Aapsy River valley, Achandara env., Mtsara env., Akuara env. Material examined. Male and 2 females with labels: “Caucasus, Abkhazia, Otkhara vill. env., 8-20.VII.1992, P. Gorbachev leg.” (coll. Biological Museum, Moscow); 3 males, 3 females with labels: “Abkhazia, Duripsh env., 18-21.VII.1989, L. Chernyshev leg.” (coll. Biological Museum, Moscow); 2 males, 4 females with labels: “Caucasus, Abkhazia, Mtsara env., 11.VII.1994, A. Evstegneev leg.” (coll. Biological Museum, Moscow).

Carabus (Tribax) apschuanus pseudoplatessa Gottwald, 1982 (Fig. 2) Carabus (Tribax) apschuanus pseudoplatessa Gottwald, 1982 (“Tkvartsheli env.”). Carabus (Tribax) pseudoplatessa: Novotný et Vořišek, 1988: 140 (part.). 906 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______

Carabus (Tribax) apschuanus pseudoplatessus: Deuve, 1994: 190; Imura et Mizusawa, 1996: pl. 47, 177; Ghiretti, 1996: 223. Carabus (Tribax) apschuanus pseudoplatessa: Belousov et Zamotajlov, 1993: 47; Bŕezina, 1994: 50; 1999: 56; Kryzhanovskij et al., 1995: 54; Kleinfeld et Schütze, 1999: 28; Schütze et Kleinfeld, 2001: 59, 157; Deuve, 2004: 265; Retezár, 2008: 29, pl. 24.

Type locality. Georgia, Abkhazia, Tkvarcheli environs. Description. Body length is 22.3-29.0 mm. Elytral interspaces relatively convex, pronotum coarsely-punctured or nearly smooth. Pronotum and elytra violet or dark blue, sometimes elytral margins bright violet with pink luster. Femurs black, rarely brown; ventral body surface black. Distribution. West Caucasus: Tkvarcheli env.; Mt. Khodhzal; Kyalasur River valley; Adzgara River valley; Guandra env.; Klych River valley; Saken River valley; Argunia env.; Argun River valley. Material examined. 3 males and 3 females with labels: “Abkhazia, Tkvarcheli, 1200 м, 13.VI.1990, М. Danilevsky leg.” (coll. Biological Museum, Moscow); male and 2 females with labels: “Abkhazia, Argun River valley, 6.VII.1994, L. Chernyshev leg.” (coll. Biological Museum, Moscow).

Carabus (Tribax) apschuanus zorkae Novotný et Vořišek, 1988 (Fig. 3) Carabus (Tribax) pseudoplatessa zorkae Novotný et Vořišek, 1988: 143 (“Teberda”). Carabus (Tribax) apschuanus pseudoplatessus: Deuve, 1994: 190 (part.). Carabus (Tribax) apschuanus zorkae: Kryzhanovskij et al., 1995: 54; Ghiretti, 1996: 223. Carabus (Tribax) apschuanus pseudoplatessa: Bŕezina, 1999: 56 (part.); Schütze et Kleinfeld, 2001: 76, 157 (part); Deuve, 2004: 265 (part.).

Type locality. Russia, Karachai-Cherkessian Region, Teberda. Description. Body length is 21.8-25.2 mm. The subspecies differs by coarsely-wrinkled pronotum and moderately convex elytral interspaces. Pronotum and elytra violet or dark blue, femurs reddish-brown, first basal antenna segment brown; ventral body surface black. Distribution. West Caucasus: Karachai-Cherkessian Region, Teberda environs. Material examined. 3 males and 4 females with labels: “Caucasus, Karachai- Cherkessian Region, Teberda, 18.V.1990, I. Avdeev leg.” (coll. Biological Museum, Moscow); 4 males and 2 females with labels: “Caucasus, Teberda, 8.VI.1986, L. Chernyshev leg.” (coll. Biological Museum, Moscow).

Carabus (Tribax) apschuanus schoeni Novotný et Vořišek, 1988 (Fig. 4) Carabus (Tribax) pseudoplatessa schoeni Novotný et Vořišek, 1988: 143 (“Kardyvach Lake”). Carabus (Tribax) apschuanus pseudoplatessus: Deuve, 1994: 190 (part.). Carabus (Tribax) apschuanus schoeni: Kryzhanovskij et al., 1995: 54; Ghiretti, 1996: 223. Carabus (Tribax) apschuanus pseudoplatessa: Bŕezina, 1999: 56 (part.); Schütze et Kleinfeld, 2001: 65, 157 (part); Deuve, 2004: 265 (part.). Carabus (Tribax) apschuanus schoeni: Retezár, 2008: 30, pl. 26.

Type locality. Russia, Krasnodar Region, Kardyvach Lake. Description. Body length is 21.5-23.2 mm. The smallest subspecies of Carabus (Tribax) apschuanus. Pronotum and elytra blue, dark blue or violet, femurs and first basal antenna segment reddish- brown; ventral body surface black. Elytral sculpture more rough than in other subspecies of Carabus (Tribax) apschuanus, except nominotypical subspecies. ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______907 Distribution. West Caucasus: south-east Krasnodar Region: Kardyvach Lake environs and north-west Abkhazia: Pskhu River valley, Mt. Chkha, Baayu River valley, north-eastern environs of Ritsa Lake. Material examined. 3 males and 3 females with labels: “Caucasus, Abkhazia, 6.8 km from Ritsa Lake to NE, 1.7 km from Kutykukh Mt. to NW, 1678 m, fir-tree- beech-tree forest, 43°31'N40°37'E, 19-25.VII.2008, А. Vlasenko leg. (coll. A. Vlasenko, Moscow).

Carabus (Tribax) apschuanus nakrensis Novotný et Vořišek, 1988 stat. n., comb. n. (Fig. 5) Carabus (Tribax) nakrensis Novotný et Vořišek, 1988: 148 (“Nakra River”). Carabus (Tribax) mingrel nakrensis: Deuve, 1991: 114 (part.). Carabus (Tribax) apschuanus pseudoplatessus: Deuve, 1994: 190 (part.). Carabus (Tribax) nakrensis: Kryzhanovskij et al., 1995: 54 (part.). Carabus (Tribax) apschuanus pseudoplatessa: Bŕezina, 1999: 56 (part.); Schütze et Kleinfeld, 2001: 51, 157 (part.); Deuve, 2004: 265 (part.).

Type locality. Georgia, Svanetia, Nakra River. Description. Body length is 23.9-25.3 mm. Pronotum and elytra dark blue or black, femurs, mandibles and first basal antenna segment brown; ventral body surface black. Very narrow pronotum is characterise this subspecies is unlike that of any other subspecies of Carabus (Tribax) apschuanus. Habitually resembles Carabus (Tribax) kasbekianus onerosus Belousov et Zamotajlov, 1993, but strongly differ from latter by elytral sculpture and male genital structure which is characteristic for Carabus (Tribax) apschuanus. Distribution. central Caucasus, Georgia, Svanetia, Nakra River valley. Material examined. 2 males with labels: “Svanetia, fl. Nakr, 10.VII.1930, A. Bogachev leg.” (coll. Zoological Museum of Moscow Lomonosov State University); 3 males, 3 females with labels “Caucasus, Svanetia, 25.VI.1987, L. Chernyshev leg.” (coll. Biological Museum, Moscow).

Carabus (Tribax) apschuanus galianus Belousov et Zamotajlov, 1993 (Fig. 6) Carabus (Tribax) apschuanus galianus Belousov et Zamotajlov, 1993: 47 (“E Abkhazia, Mt Okhachku”). Carabus (Tribax) apschuanus galianus: Deuve, 1994: 190; 2004: 265; Kryzhanovskij et al., 1995: 54; Imura et Mizusawa, 1996: pl. 47, 177; Ghiretti, 1996: 223; Bŕezina, 1999: 56; Kleinfeld et Schütze, 1999: 28; Schütze et Kleinfeld, 2001: 35, 157; Retezár, 2008: 29, pl. 25.

Type locality. Georgia, Abkhazia, Mt. Okhachku. Description. Body length 22.0-28.3 mm. This subspecies is closely related to Carabus (Tribax) apschuanus pseudoplatessa Gottwald, 1982, but easily differ from latter by its bright bronze or greenish-bronze luster in foveoles and around tubercles of primary and secondary elytral interspaces. Distribution. West and central Caucasus: Akiba and Okhachku Massif, Okumi River valley. Type material examined. Paratype of Carabus (Tribax) apschuanus galianus: male with two labels: “Eastern Abkhazia, south slope of Mt. Okhachku, 4.V.1989, I. Belousov leg.” and “Carabus (Tribax) apschuanus galianus ssp. n., Belousov & Zamotajlov det.” (coll. M. Shestopalov, Moscow). 908 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______Additional material examined. 2 males and female with labels: “Abkhazia, Mt. Okhachku, 18-22.VI.1994, A. Evstegneev leg. (coll. Biological Museum, Moscow).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my hearty gratitude to Mr. Andrei S. VLASENKO (Moscow) who kindly loaned material for studies and other support.

LITERATURE CITED

Belousov, I. A. & Zamotajlov, A. S. 1993. On new carabids of the genus Carabus L. (Coleoptera, Carabidae) from the Caucasus. (4th contribution). Entomol. Basiliensia, 16: 37-57.

Breuning, S. 1934. Monographie der Gattung Carabus. Bestimmungs-Tabellen der europäischen Coleopteren, 108 Heft. Troppau: 915-1120.

Březina, B. 1994. The Check-list of the Genus Carabus (Coleoptera: Carabidae), Klapalekiana, 30 (1-2), Praha: 164 pp.

Březina, B. 1999. World Catalogue of the Genus Carabus L. Pensoft Publishers, Sofia-Moscow: 170 pp.

Deuve, Th. 1991. La Nomenclature Taxonomique du Genre Carabus. Bibl. ent., Vol. IV, Venette: 198 pp.

Deuve, Th. 1994. Une Classification du Genre Carabus. Bibl. ent., Vol. V., Venette: 296 pp.

Deuve, Th. 2004. Illustrated catalogue of the Genus Carabus of the World. Pensoft Series Faunistica nº 34, Pensoft ed., Sofia: 461 pp.

Ghiretti, D. 1996. Photographic catalogue of the genus Carabus. Conte ed., Lecce: 404 pp.

Gottwald, J. 1980. Revision der Untergattung Tribax der Gattung Carabus (Coleoptera, Carabidae). Acta entomol. bohemoslow, 77: 25-45.

Gottwald, J. 1982. Zur Taxonomie und Nomenklatur von Tribax und verwandten Untergattungen der Gattung Carabus (Coleoptera, Carabidae). Acta entomol. bohemoslow, 79: 207-220.

Imura, Yu. & Mizusawa, K. 1996. The Carabus of the World. Mushi-Sha’s Iconographic Series of Insects 2, Tokyo: 261 pp.

Jakobson, G. G. 1905. [The Beetles of Russia and West Europe]. St. Petersburg: 1024 pp [in Russian].

Kleinfeld, F. & Schütze, H. 1999. Systematische Liste der Gattung Carabus.: 70 pp.

Kryzhanovskij, O. L., Belousov, I. A., Kabak, I. I., Kataev, B. M., Makarov, K. V. & Shilenkov, V. G. 1995. A Checklist of the Ground-Beetles of Russia and Adjacent Lands (Insecta, Coleoptera, Carabidae). Pensoft Publishers, Sofia-Moscow: 271 pp.

Lapouge, G. 1909. Tableaux de détermination des formes du genre Carabus. L’Echange 25: 141.

Novotný, J. & Vořišek, C. 1988. Nove Taxony rodu Carabus z Kavkazu. Fauna Bohemiae Septentrionalis, 13: 139-157.

Retezár, I. 2008. The Carabus of Abkhazia, Caucasus (Coleoptera, Carabidae). Printed in Hungary: 60 pp, 80 pl.

Rost, C. 1893. Neue oder wenig bekannte caucasische Coleopteren. Entomol. Nachrichten, 19 (22): 338- 344.

Schütze, H. & Kleinfeld, F. 2001. Die Caraben Kaukasiens. 1. Auflage: 178 pp.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______909

Figures 1-3: Carabus (Tribax) apschuanus (general view): 1. Carabus (Tribax) apschuanus apschuanus Rost, 1893; 2. Carabus (Tribax) apschuanus pseudoplatessa Gottwald, 1982; 3. Carabus (Tribax) apschuanus zorkae Novotný et Vořišek, 1988.

Figures 1-8: Carabus (Tribax) apschuanus (general view): 4. Carabus (Tribax) apschuanus schoeni Novotný et Vořišek, 1988; 5. Carabus (Tribax) apschuanus nakrensis Novotný et Vořišek, 1988; 6. Carabus (Tribax) apschuanus galianus Belousov et Zamotajlov, 1993.

910 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______

Figures 7-8: Male genital structure of Carabus (Tribax) apschuanus apschuanus: 7. Aedeagus of Carabus (Tribax) apschuanus apschuanus; 8. Endophallus in complete extension of Carabus (Tribax) apschuanus apschuanus.

Map 1. The map of Caucasus. Type localities of subspecies of Carabus (Tribax) apschuanus: 1. Carabus (Tribax) apschuanus apschuanus; 2. Carabus (Tribax) apschuanus pseudoplatessa; 3. Carabus (Tribax) apschuanus zorkae; 4. Carabus (Tribax) apschuanus schoeni; 5. Carabus (Tribax) apschuanus nakrensis; 6. Carabus (Tribax) apschuanus galianus.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______911 SOME OF HOVERFLIES FAUNA OF SUBFAMILY MILESIINAE (DIPTERA: SYRPHIDAE) OF QURIGOL IN EAST AZERBAYJAN PROVINCE, NORTHWEST IRAN

S. Khaghaninia*, R. Farshbaf Pour Abad* and N. Ehteshamnia*

*Dept. of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, 51664, Tabriz, IRAN. E-mail: [email protected]

[Khaghaninia, S., Pour Abad, R. F. & Ehteshamnia, N. 2010. Some of hoverflies fauna of subfamily Milesiinae (Diptera: Syrphidae) of Qurigol in East Azerbayjan province, Northwest Iran. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 5, suppl.: 911-916]

ABSTRACT: In this study, the collected specimens belonged to the subfamily of Milesiinae from the surrounding of Qurigol lake in East Azerbayjan province, Northwest Iran, during 2008-2009 were evaluated. Totally 17 species arranged in 10 genera were identified which two of them Lejogaster nigricans (Meigen, 1822) and Mallota auricoma Sack, 1910 were determined as first records for the Iran insect fauna.

KEY WORDS: Syrphidae, Milesiinae, Fauna, New records, Qurigol, Iran.

Qurigol is a small, about 200 hectares expanse, fresh to brackish lake with associated marshes in the steppe uplands of northwestern Iran. There are extensive areas of reed beds. It is situated about in 40 Km east- southeast of Tabriz city. The surrounding area is semi-arid, and there is wheat cultivation on the west and damp grasslands on the southwest. Geographical coordinates is 37° 55' N; 46° 42' to 46° 44' E. Hoverflies belong to one of the most diverse fly families which include about 200 genera and more than 6000 species worldwide. Flower flies of the subfamily Milesiinae are the most common and conspicuous which contain about two thirds of hoverfly fauna. In this subfamily humeri is hairy and head naturally sits well forward so that the humeri is clearly visible (Stubbs & Falk, 2002). These flies are common pollinators which is present wherever flowers are found, being absent only in truly arid areas and the Polar Regions (Faegri & van der Pijl, 1979; Kevan & Baker 1983). Nearly most of Melisiinae members are generally seen around ponds, marshes and wet lands where there is a large amount of decaying vegetation, wood and rotting seaweeds. Most of Milesiinae larvae are filter feeders in all kinds of aquatic media and are commonly called rat-tailed maggots. If occasionally these larvae swallowed by human, myiasis will be observed. Otherwise, the larvae contribute to the purification of water by filtering out microorganisms as well as organic products. Some of them feed on plant materials and decaying organic matters (Stabbs & Falk, 2002). Feeding on dead animal could be seen in Pipizini tribe which consume dead aphids particularly Adelgids and other wax- secreting aphids. (Chandler, 1968 a,b). Ninety five species belonging to the Milesiinae subfamily have been already recorded from Iran (Kuznetzov, 1985; Peck, 1988; Modarres Awal, 1997; Khiaban et al., 1998; Gharali et al., 2000, 2002; Alichi et al., 2002; Goldasteh et al., 2002; Khiaban & Adim, 2002; Moetamedinia et al., 2002; Pashae Rad et al., 2002; Sadeghi et al., 2002; Barkalov & Gharali, 2004; Golmohammadi & Khiaban, 2004; Kamangar et al., 2004; Gilasian, 2005; Amirimoghadami & Sirjani, 2004; Dousti & Hayat, 2006; Khaghaninia, 2010; Khaghaninia et al., 2010 a,b).

912 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______MATERIAL AND METHODS

This study was performed during 2008 and 2009. Samples were collected from Qorigol lake surroundings (Fig. 1). Adult syrphids were sampled by a variety of methods, including visually scanning crops while walking, aerial netting, suction traps, and Malaise traps. The most of specimens were gathered on particularly Asteraceae, Malvaceae, Rosaceae and Brassicaceae. The specimens used for identification fixed by 00, 0, 1 and 2 mounted pins and the others were put into tubes filled with 70% alcohol. The collected materials were determined by different credit identification keys especially Bei-Bienko (1988), Stubbs & Falk (2002), Lyneborg & Barkemeyer (2005) and Speight (2010).

RESULTS

In this study 17 species belonging to 10 genera were collected and identified. All the species are as new records for studying area and the new records for of Iran insect fauna are marked by one asterisk which totally listed as follows:

Eristalinus aeneus (Scopoli, 1763) Ent. Carniolica: 356 sex?; (Conops). Type locality: Idria (Yugoslavia). Material examined: 2 specimens (2♀♀). Distribution: Cosmopolitan; southern Sweden south to N Africa and the Canary Isles; on into the Afrotropical region south to Kenya and Tanzania; from Ireland eastwards through central and southern Europe and on through Russia and China to the Pacific and south into the Oriental region; Mauritius; in North America from Minnesota and Ontario south to California and Texas; Hawaii, Australia and the Gilbert and Ellis islands in Australasia; Bermuda), Iran.

Eristalinus megacephalus (Rossi, 1794) Mantissa insectorum, 2: 63 (Syrphus). Type locality: not given (“Etruria”) [=Toscana] (Italy). Material examined: 5 specimens (2♂♂, 3♀♀). Distribution: Southern Spain and coastal parts of Italy round the Mediterranean basin (including islands, e.g. Corsica, Malta, Sicily, Crete) to Turkey and on into Egypt and North Africa; southwards through the Afrotropical region to South Africa), Iran.

Eristalinus sepulchralis (Linnaeus, 1785) Syst. Nat., Ed.10, 1: 596 (Musca). Type locality: “Europa”. Material examined: 4 specimens (2♂♂, 2♀♀). Distribution: Fennoscandia south to Iberia and the Mediterranean, including North Africa; from Ireland through most of Europe into Turkey and European parts of Russia; through Siberia to the Pacific coast; Japan; China; India), Iran.

Eristalinus taeniops (Wiedemann, 1818) Zool. Meg., Kiel, 1(2): 42 (Eristalis). Type-locality: “Vorgebirge der Guten Hoffnung” [=Cape] (South Africa). Material examined: 1 specimen (1♂). Distribution: Portugal, Spain and round the Mediterranean basin (southern France including Corsica, Italy including Sardinia and Sicily, parts of the former Yugoslavia, Albania, Roumania, Cyprus, Greece (including Crete and Rhodes), Turkey, Lebanon, Israel, North Africa (Syria, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Morocco), Canary Islands, Transcaucasus; in eastern parts of the Afrotropical region down to South Africa (inclusive) and in Nepal and parts of Pakistan and northern India in the Oriental region), Iran.

Eristalis arbustorum (Linnaeus, 1758) Syst. Nat., Ed. 10, 1: 591 (Musca). Type locality: Europa. ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______913

Material examined: 23 specimens (11♂♂, 12♀♀). Distribution: Throughout the Palaearctic region, including North Africa; North America from Wisconsin to Labrador and south to Kansas and South Carolina; reaches the Oriental region in northern India. In Western Europe, there has been a noticeable decrease in the abundance of this species during the 1990s, which may be due to the widespread use of Ivermectins and similar compounds as systemic helminthicides. These compounds render cow-dung toxic to a range of dung-feeding insects, but their level of toxicity to E. arbustorum remains to be established, so that the extent to which the disappearance of this species is due to the spread of these compounds into general use remains uncertain (Speight, 2005), Iran.

Eristalis nemorum (Linnaeus, 1758) Syst. Nat., Ed. 10, 1: 591 (Musca). Type locality: “Europa”. Material examined: 5 specimens (3♂♂, 2♀♀). Distribution: From Scandinavia to Spain, Italy, the former Yugoslavia, Bulgaria;USSR-from North European territory to Transcaucasus, Kazakhstan, Soviet Middle Asia (Kirghizistan), West Siberia, Far East; Mongolia and Nearctic Region), Iran.

Eristalis tenax (Linnaeus, 1758) Syst. Nat., Ed. 10, 1: 591 (Musca). Type locality: Svecia (Sweden). Material examined: 19 specimens (7♂♂, 12♀♀). Distribution: Highly migratory; cosmopolitan; the most widely distributed syrphid species in the world, known from all regions except the Antarctic; found throughout Europe except in the far north), Iran.

Eumerus sogdianus Stackelberg, 1952 Trudy zoll Inst., 12: 390 (Eumerus) Type–locality: Tajikistan: Stalinabad [=Dushanbe] calley of the r. Kafernighan. Material examined: 1 specimen (1♂). Distribution: Denmark south to southern Spain; from Belgium eastwards through central and southern Europe into European parts of Russia and on into central Asia (Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Mongolia); China. The presence of this species in Western Europe has only been recognized recently), Iran.

Helophilus pendulus (Linnaeus, 1758) Syst. Nat. Ed. 10, 1: 591 (Musca). Type locality: “Svecia” (Sweden). Material examined: 2 specimens (1♂, 1♀). Distribution: From Iceland, Fennoscandia and the Faroes south to Iberia; from Ireland eastwards through central and southern Eurasia to the Pacific coast; more localised in southern Europe), Iran.

Helophilus trivittatus (Fabricius, 1805) Syst. Antl.: 235 (Eristalis). Type locality: “Austria”. Material examined: 1 specimen (1♂). Distribution: From Fennoscandia south to the Mediterranean and from Ireland eastwards through Eurasia to the Pacific, including Iran and Afghanistan), Iran.

*Lejogaster nigricans (Stackelberg, 1922) Annu. Mus. Zool. Acad. Sci. USSR, 23(3/4): 362 (Liogaster). Type- localities: “Rossia centralis: Gremjatshca. Material examined: 1 specimen (1♂). Distribution: Europe: Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, USSR: Central European territory, South European territory. The new record for the Iran insect fauna.

*Mallota auricoma Sack, 1910 Beil. Programm Wohler-Realgymn. Frankfurt a.M., 1910:36 (Mallota). Type-Locality: “Altai- Beresowski” (W Siberia). Material examined: 1 specimen (1♀). 914 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______

Distribution: USSR: Central European territory, Soviet Middle Asia. Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kirghizstan, Turkmenistan. West and East Siberia. Far East. China. Mongolia. The new record for the Iran insect fauna.

Myathropa florea (Linnaeus, 1758) Syst. Nat. Ed. 10, 1: 591 (Musca). Type locality: Europa. Material examined: 3 specimens (2♂♂, 1♀). Distribution: From Fennoscandia south to Iberia and the Mediterranean, the Canary Isles and North Africa; from Ireland eastwards through Eurasia to the Pacific coast), Iran.

Neoascia podagrica (Fabricius, 1775) Syst. entom.: 768 (Syrphus). Type locality: “Dania”. Material examined: 3 specimens (1♂, 2♀♀). Distribution: From Fennoscandia south to Iberia and the Mediterranean, including Madeira, Cyprus and Crete; N Africa; from Ireland eastwards through northern, central and southern Europe (Italy, the former Yugoslavia, Greece) to Turkey and Israel; European parts of Russia and on into western Siberia as far as Cis-Baikal), Iran.

Syritta pipiens (Linnaeus, 1758) Syst. Nat., Ed.10, 1: 594 (Musca).Type locality: Europa. Material examined: 28 specimens (11♂♂, 17♀♀). Distribution: Becoming cosmopolitan; known from most of the Palaearctic, including North Africa, most of North America, South America and the Oriental region. But records from the Afrotropical region are apparently erroneous), Iran.

Volucella inanis (Linnaeus, 1758) Syst. Nat., Ed. 10, 1: 595 (Musca). Type locality: “Europa”. Material examined: 14 specimens (6♂♂, 8♀♀). Distribution: From southern Fennoscandia south to Spain and the Mediterranean (including islands, e.g. Crete), north Africa and Asia Minor (Syria); from Britain (southern England) eastwards through central and southern Europe into Turkey and European parts of Russia and on through Siberia to the Pacific; Afghanistan, Mongolia, China. This species is strongly migrant), Iran.

Volucella zonaria (Poda, 1761) Insect. Mus. Graecensis: 118 (Conops). Type locality: not given (“ad Graecium”) [= environs of Graz] (Austria). Material examined: 1 specimen (1♂). Distribution: From Poland south to the Mediterranean (including islands, e.g. Crete) and North Africa; from Britain (southern England) eastwards through central and southern Europe (Italy, the former Yugoslavia, Greece) into Turkey and European parts of Russia and on through Siberia to the Pacific; Iran; Mongolia. This species is strongly migratory), Iran.

CONCLUSION

Our study indicated that the species belonged to Eristalini particularly Eristalinus, Eristalis and Helophilus genera having aquatic larvae, were the most common and conspicuous flower flies at the working area. Helophilus members and Neoascia podagrica were found related to reed beds whereas the Voucella members gathered mostly on grass lands near the water channels. The specimens caught by malaise traps were female biased that were in agree with the findings of Hagvar and Nilson (2007) indicating that female flight behavior makes females more vulnerable to Malaise traps than males.

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Fig. 1. Location of sampling points on satellite image (SPOT) of Qurigol lake environment. ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______917 NOTES ON PITFALL TRAP COLLECTED TENEBRIONIDAE (COLEOPTERA) SPECIES IN ORGANIC VINEYARD AND ORCHARDS OF KEMALPAŞA (İZMİR) PROVINCE OF WESTERN TURKEY

Rukiye Tanyeri*, Ahu Üzüm*, Serdar Tezcan**, Bekir Keskin* and Nilay Gülperçin***

* Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, İzmir, TURKEY. E-mail: [email protected] ** Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, İzmir, TURKEY. E-mail: [email protected] *** Natural History Application and Research Center, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, İzmir, TURKEY. E-mail: [email protected]

[Tanyeri, R., Üzüm, A., Tezcan, S., Keskin, B. & Gülperçin, N. 2010. Notes on pitfall trap collected Tenebrionidae (Coleoptera) species in organic vineyard and orchards of Kemalpaşa (İzmir) province of Western Turkey. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 5, suppl.: 917-919]

ABSTRACT: In this study, information is given on six species (Dailognatha quadricollis (Brullé, 1832), Gonocephalum pusillum (Fabricius, 1791), Pimelia verruculifera Solier, 1836, Opatroides punctulatus Brullé, 1832, Opatrum sabulosum (Linnaeus, 1761) and Zophosis punctata Brullé, 1832) belonging to Tenebrionidae (Coleoptera) family collected by pitfall traps from ecological vineyard and plum, pear and peach orchards in Kemalpaşa (İzmir) province of Western Turkey. Among those D. quadricollis is more abundant than the others.

KEY WORDS: Organic agriculture, Tenebrionidae, Fauna, Pitfall Trap.

To prevent the side effects of conventional agriculture to human health and environment, organic or ecological agriculture applications have been initiated all over the world. In the last two decades, its’ importance improved in Turkey and the application of some ecological production methods has been studied in production areas of Western Turkey. This area has a special importance in production of agricultural crops namely grapes (Vitis vinifera Linnaeus, 1758), plums (Prunus domestica Linnaeus, 1753), pears (Pyrus communis Linnaeus, 1758) and peaches [Prunus persica (Linnaeus) Batsch, 1801]. Generally, there is not detailed information on agrobiodiversity of such areas in Turkey. In order to supply an additional information (Tezcan et al., 2000; Anlaş et al., 2004; Mercan et al., 2004) in this field, material belonging to Tenebrionidae (Coleoptera) fauna collected in ecological vineyard (V. vinifera) and plum (P. domestica), pear (P. communis) and peach (P. persica) orchards in Kemalpaşa (İzmir) province of Western Turkey were evaluated and given in this paper.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

This study was conducted in ecological vineyard (V. vinifera) and plum (P. domestica), pear (P. communis) and peach (P. persica) orchards in Kemalpaşa (İzmir) province of Western Turkey during the months of June-October in 2007. Tenebrionid beetles were collected by pitfall traps and the traps cleared at two weeks’ intervals. Pitfall traps consisted of 150 ml cups buried in the soil in such a 918 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______way that the lip of the trap was at ground level. They were half filled with ethylen glycol and water mixture as 1:1 ratio. Material were determined by the fourth author following Reitter (1892, 1900, 1903) and Penrith & Penrith (1983) and were housed in LEMT (Lodos Entomological Museum, Turkey), Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey.

RESULTS

Dailognatha quadricollis (Brullé, 1832) Material examined: Vitis vinifera: 19.vi.2007, 65 exs., 29.vi.2007, 167 exs., 19.vii.2007, 74 exs., 30.vii.2007, 28 exs., 14.viii.2007, 37 exs., 31.viii.2007, 32 exs., 14.ix.2007, 6 exs., 05.x.2007, 3 exs.; Prunus domestica: 19.vi.2007, 25 exs., 29.vi.2007, 34 exs., 30.vii.2007, 8 exs., 14.viii.2007, 67 exs., 31.viii.2007, 66 exs., 14.ix.2007, 9 exs., 05.x.2007, 10 exs.; Prunus persica: 19.vi.2007, 31 exs., 29.vi.2007, 19 exs., 19.vii.2007, 60 exs., 30.vii.2007, 24 exs., 14.viii.2007, 35 exs., 31.viii.2007, 18 exs., 14.ix.2007, 16 exs.; Pyrus communis: 19.vi.2007, 2 exs., 29.vi.2007, 122 exs., 19.vii.2007, 93 exs., 30.vii.2007, 58 exs., 14.viii.2007, 110 exs., 31.viii.2007, 87 exs., 14.ix.2007, 9 exs., 05.x.2007, 19 exs. Totally 1334 specimens.

Gonocephalum pusillum (Fabricius, 1791) Material examined: V. vinifera: 19.vi.2007, 1 ex., 19.vii.2007, 2 exs.; P. domestica: 19.vi.2007, 8 exs.; P. persica: 19.vi.2007, 79 exs., 29.vi.2007, 17 exs., 19.vii.2007, 21 exs., 30.vii.2007, 1 ex., 14.viii.2007, 1 ex.; P. communis: 19.vi.2007, 3 exs., 29.vi.2007, 3 exs., 19.vii.2007, 1 ex. Totally 137 specimens.

Pimelia verruculifera Solier, 1836 Material examined: V. vinifera: 19.vi.2007, 2 exs., 29.vi.2007, 1 ex., 19.vii.2007, 1 ex.; P. domestica: 19.vi.2007, 9 exs., 29.vi.2007, 1 ex. Totally 14 specimens.

Opatroides punctulatus Brullé, 1832 Material examined: V. vinifera: 19.vii.2007, 2 exs.; P. domestica: 31.viii.2007, 1 ex.; P. persica: 19.vii.2007, 1 ex. Totally 4 specimens.

Opatrum sabulosum (Linnaeus, 1761) Material examined: V. vinifera: 14.ix.2007, 1 ex., 05.x.2007, 1 ex. Totally 2 specimens.

Zophosis punctata Brullé, 1832 Material examined: V. vinifera: 31.viii.2007, 1 ex. Totally 1 specimen.

DISCUSSION

The dominant species in the collected material was D. quadricollis (1334 caught individuals) and the relative abundance of this species is 89,41%. G. pusillum (137), P. verruculifera (14), O. punctulatus (4), O. sabulosum (2) and Z. punctata (1) followed by the relative abundances of 9.18; 0,94; 0,27; 0,13; 0,07 percent, respectively. Among those D. quadricollis, G. pusillum, O. punctulatus and O. sabulosum were reported from organic cherry orchards by Tezcan et al. (2000). In organic vineyard the number of recorded species was six (D. quadricollis, G. pusillum, P. verruculifera, O. punctulatus, O. sabulosum, Z. punctata), in plum orchard four (D. quadricollis, G. pusillum, P. verruculifera, O. punctulatus), in peach orchard three (D. quadricollis, G. pusillum, O. punctulatus), in pear orchard two (D. quadricollis, G. pusillum). ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______919 424 specimens (28,42%) were recorded in organic vineyard as well as 507 specimens (33,98%) from pear orchard, 323 specimens (21,65%) from peach orchard and 238 specimens (15,95%) from plum orchard. In the following studies, it is hoped that further studies on the feeding habits of species and their roles in organic vineyards and orchards will be realised.

LITERATURE CITED

Anlaş, S., Keskin, B. & Tezcan, S. 2004. Dağmarmara (Manisa, Turgutlu) Yöresi Tenebrionidae (Coleoptera) faunasının çukur tuzaklarla belirlenmesi üzerinde bir araştırma. XVII. Ulusal Biyoloji Kongresi, 3. Seksiyon, Sözlü, Poster ve Serbest Bildiri Özetleri, 21-24 Haziran 2004, Adana, 137 s., 98.

Mercan, T., Keskin, B. & Tezcan, S. 2004. Bozdağ (Ödemiş, İzmir)’ın Tenebrionidae (Coleoptera) faunasının çukur tuzaklarla belirlenmesi üzerinde bir araştırma. Ekoloji, 14 (53): 44-48.

Penrith, M. & Penrith, I. 1983. Revision of the Zophosini (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae). Cimbebasia, 6 (8): 369-384.

Reitter, E. 1892. Besttimmungs-Tabelle der Unechten Pimeliden aus der Palaearktischen Fauna. Verhand. des naturforschenden Vereins in Brünn, 31: 201-250.

Reitter, E. 1900. Besttimmungs-Tabelle der Tenebrioniden-Abteilungen: Tentyrini und Adelostomini aus der Europe und Angrenzenden Ländern. Verhand. des naturforschenden Vereins in Brünn, 39: 82- 197.

Reitter, E. 1903. Besttimmungs-Tabelle der Tenebrioniden-Unterfamilien: Lachnogyini, Akidini, Pedinini, Opatrini und Trachyscelini aus der Europe und Angrenzenden Ländern. Verhand. des naturforschenden Vereins in Brünn, 42: 25-189.

Tezcan, S., Ferrer, J. & Keskin, B. 2000. Contribution to the study of Tenebrionid beetles (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae) in ecological cherry orchards in İzmir and Manisa provinces of Turkey. Türkiye Entomoloji Dergisi, 24 (4): 243-248.

920 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______DESCRIPTION OF STICTOLEPTURA IVOROBERTI NEW SPECIES FROM GREECE (COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE)

Gianfranco Sama*

* Via Raffaello Sanzio 84, I-47023 Cesena, ITALY. E-mail: [email protected]

[Sama, G. 2010. Description of Stictoleptura ivoroberti new species from Greece (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lepturinae). Munis Entomology & Zoology, 5, suppl.: 920-923]

ABSTRACT: Stictoleptura ivoroberti sp. n. from Greece is described and depicted. Distinguishing characters from the closely related species S. erythroptera (Hagenbach, 1822), S. rufa rufa (Brullé, 1832) and S. slamai Sama, 2010 are given.

KEY WORDS: New species, Stictoleptura, Lepturinae, Cerambycidae, Greece.

Among the Cerambycidae collected in Greece during the last years and sent for study by my colleague and friend Ivo Martinù (Olomouc, Czech Republic) I have identified one new species belonging to the genus Stictoleptura Casey, 1924. The new species, close to the three species belonging to this genus occurring in Greece [S. erythroptera (Hagenbach, 1822), S. rufa rufa (Brullé, 1832) and S. slamai Sama, 2010] is described in this paper.

Stictoleptura ivoroberti n. sp. (Fig. 1) Material examined: Holotype ♂: GREECE, Arkadia: Paradisia, 12-17.VI.2007, 600m, Ivo Martinù leg.; paratypes: 23 ♂♂, 2♀♀: same collecting data like the holotype; 11 ♂♂, 3♀♀: idem, 11-14.VI.2004; 4 ♂♂, 1 ♀: idem, 10-11.VI.2006; 6 ♂♂: idem, 10-12.VI.2008; 1♂, idem, 26.5, 2010; 1♂, 28.5.2010; 1 ♂: idem, 11.6.2002, leg. J. Vartanis; 1 ♀: idem, 7.6.2004, leg. J. Vartanis; 7 ♂♂: idem, 11- 14.VI.2004, Ivo Jenis leg. Holotype and some paratypes in author’s collection; paratypes also in coll. Ivo Martinù (Olomouc, Czech Republic), Janis Vartanis (Uherský Brod, Czech Republic) and Martin Rejzek (Norwich, United Kingdom).

Description of the holotype male: Body length: 16 mm. Integument black; head black, densely and deeply punctate and very sparsely covered with black sub-erect setae; temples short than eyes, with a dense tuft of dark hairs; pronotum moderately not very densely covered with setigerous points originating erect black setae of medium length. Elytra reddish, apically blackened, strongly emarginate apically, covered with setigerous points (larger at base, distinctly smaller towards the apex) originating very short erect black setae. Antennae about as long as the body, articles 1st – 6th black, 7th – 10th black-brown, 11th reddish; articles 5th – 9th distinctly swollen apically. Front legs reddish except the base, middle and hind legs with femora dark brown.

Variability – The length of paratypes varies from 12 to 17 mm (males) and from 17 to 20mm (females). Female differs from male by larger and stout body, each elytron with a median black spot and shorter antennae, hardly extending beyond the middle of elytra.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______921 Etymology. The n. sp. is named in honour of Ivo Martinù and his soon Robert, who collected most type material.

Discussion: The new species belongs to the S. erythroptera species group of Lepturini, which currently includes three species known to occur in Greece: S. erythroptera (Hagenbach, 1822) (Fig. 4), S. rufa rufa (Brullé, 1832) (Fig. 2) (both from continental Greece) and S. slamai Sama, 2010 (Fig. 3) (a new name for S. martini Sláma, 1985, nec Pic, 1945 [Stictoleptura trisignata (Fairmaire, 1852) var. martini (Pic, 1945)] from Crete. S. erythroptera may be recognized from S. ivoroberti n. sp. by its unicolored red elytra and black antennae and hind legs; S. rufa differs from the new species by its entirely reddish legs, partly reddish abdomen, conspicuously longer pubescence covering elytra and pronotum. The new species is rather similar to S. slamai, endemic species from Crete, which has a similar elytral pattern and which, however, may be easily distinguished by its elytra yellowish-black instead of reddish.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I am indebted with Ivo Martinù (Olomouc, Czech Republic), Martin Rejzek (Norwich, United Kingdom) who entrusted me their material for study. A special thank to Janis Vartanis (Uherský Brod, Czech Republic) who also took the pictures of the new species, and to Michal Hoskovec and Martin Rejzek who frienfly authorized the use of the picture of Stictoleptura erythroptera, reproduced here from their website http://www.cerambyx.uochb.cz/.

LITERATURE CITED

Pic, M. 1945. Nouvelles variétés de Coléoptères longicornes. L’Échange, 61, n° 500: 5-7.

Sama, G. 2010. New nomenclatural and taxonomic acts, and comments, pp. 49-58. In: Löbl I. & Smetana A. (eds.): Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera. 6. Chrysomeloidea. Apollo Books, Stenstrup: 924 pp.

922 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______

Figure 1. Stictoleptura ivoroberti n. sp.: paratypes ♂ (left) and ♀ (right).

Figure 1. Stictoleptura rufa (Brullé, 1832) from Greece: ♂ (left) and ♀ (right).

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______923

Figure 3. Stictoleptura slamai Sama, 2010 (Brachyleptura martini Sláma, 1985) Holotype ♂ (left) and Allotype ♀ (right).

Figure 4. Stictoleptura erythroptera (Hagenbach, 1822) from South Moravia (Czech Republic): ♂ (left) and ♀ (right).

924 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______LONGICORN BEETLES FAUNA OF EUROPEAN TURKEY: A REVISION TO THE LIST OF ÖZDİKMEN, 2008 (COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE)

Hüseyin Özdikmen*

* Gazi Üniversitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi, Biyoloji Bölümü, 06500 Ankara / Türkiye. E- mail: [email protected]

[Özdikmen, H. 2010. Longicorn beetles fauna of European Turkey: A revision to the list of Özdikmen, 2008 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Munis Entomology & Zoology, 5, suppl.: 924-944]

ABSTRACT: All taxa of longicorn beetles in European Turkey are revised and revaluated. A revised faunal list of European Turkey is also given.

KEY WORDS: Cerambycidae, Coleoptera, European Turkey, Turkey.

As known, a series work was planned by me with the aim to expose Turkish Cerambycidae fauna with as much detail as possible and entirely by beginning from the Black Sea Region (see Part I in Özdikmen, 2007). The fauna of Marmara Region was presented in Part II (including European Turkey) (Özdikmen, 2008). In this work, 172 species were given for European Turkey (=Thrace) Part of Marmara Region [Ergene Part (including Edirne and Tekirdağ provinces), Istranca Part (including Kırklareli province), Çatalca Part (including İstanbul province)]. This list as follows:

PRIONINAE 1. Ergates faber (Linnaeus, 1761) 2. Rhaesus serricollis (Motschulsky, 1838) 3. Aegosoma scabricorne (Scopoli, 1763) 4. Prionus coriarius (Linnaeus, 1758) 5. Mesoprionus besikanus (Fairmaire, 1855) LEPTURINAE 1. Xylosteus caucasicola Plavilstshikov, 1936 2. Xylosteus spinolae Frivaldsky, 1838 3. Rhamnusium graecum Schaufuss, 1862 4. Rhamnusium testaceipenne Pic, 1897 5. Rhagium bifasciatum Fabricius, 1775 6. Rhagium mordax (De Geer, 1775) 7. Rhagium sycophanta (Schrank, 1781) 8. Rhagium inquisitor (Linnaeus, 1758) 9. Stenocorus meridianus (Linnaeus, 1758) 10. Anisorus quercus (Götz, 1783) 11. Dinoptera collaris (Linnaeus, 1758) 12. Cortodera flavimana (Waltl, 1838) 13. Cortodera humeralis (Schaller, 1783) 14. Grammoptera abdominalis (Stephens, 1831) 15. Grammoptera ruficornis (Fabricius, 1781) 16. Grammoptera ustulata (Schaller, 1783) 17. Fallacia elegans Faldermann, 1837 18. Alosterna tabacicolor (De Geer, 1775) 19. Vadonia bisignata (Brullé, 1832) 20. Vadonia imitatrix (Daniel et Daniel, 1891) 21. Vadonia moesiaca (Daniel, 1891) 22. Vadonia monostigma Ganglbauer, 1881 23. Vadonia unipunctata (Fabricius, 1787) 24. Pseudovadonia livida (Fabricius, 1776) 25. Stictoleptura cordigera (Füsslins, 1775) 26. Stictoleptura fulva (DeGeer, 1775) 27. Stictoleptura pallens (Brullé, 1832) ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______925

28. Stictoleptura rubra (Linnaeus, 1758) 29. Stictoleptura scutellata (Fabricius, 1781) 30. Pachytodes erraticus (Dalman, 1817) 31. Leptura quadrifasciata Linnaeus, 1758 32. Strangalia attenuata (Linnaeus, 1758) 33. Rutpela maculata (Poda, 1761) 34. Stenurella bifasciata (Müller, 1776) 35. Stenurella samai Rapuzzi, 1995 36. Stenurella septempunctata (Fabricius, 1792) NECYDALINAE 1. Necydalis ulmi Chevrolat, 1838 ASEMINAE 1. Alocerus moesiacus (Frivaldsky, 1838) 2. Arhopalus ferus (Mulsant, 1839) 3. Arhopalus rusticus (Linnaeus, 1758) CERAMBYCINAE 1. Trichoferus holosericeus (Rossi, 1790) 2. Stromatium unicolor (Olivier, 1795) 3. Cerambyx cerdo Linnaeus, 1758 4. Cerambyx dux (Faldermann, 1837) 5. Cerambyx miles Bonelli, 1812 6. Cerambyx nodulosus Germar, 1817 7. Cerambyx welensii (Küster, 1846) 8. Cerambyx scopolii Fusslins, 1775 9. Rosalia alpina (Linnaeus, 1758) 10. Purpuricenus kaehleri (Linnaeus, 1758) 11. Aromia moschata (Linnaeus, 1758) 12. Gracilia minuta (Fabricius, 1781) 13. Penichroa fasciata (Stephens, 1831) 14. Certallum ebulinum (Linnaeus, 1767) 15. Stenopterus flavicornis Küster, 1846 16. Stenopterus rufus (Linnaeus, 1767) 17. Callimus angulatus (Schrank, 1789) 18. Lampropterus femoratus (Germar, 1824) 19. Nathrius brevipennis (Mulsant, 1839) 20. Glaphyra kiesenwetteri (Mulsant et Rey, 1861) 21. Glaphyra umbellatarum (Schreber, 1759) 22. Hylotrupes bajulus (Linnaeus, 1758) 23. Ropalopus clavipes (Fabricius, 1775) 24. Ropalopus femoratus (Linnaeus, 1758) 25. Ropalopus macropus (Germar, 1824) 26. Pyrrhidium sanguineum (Linnaeus, 1758) 27. Phymatodes femoralis (Menetries, 1832) 28. Phymatodes testaceus (Linnaeus, 1758) 29. Poecilium alni (Linnaeus, 1767) 30. Poecilium pusillum (Fabricius, 1787) 31. Paraclytus sexguttatus (Adams, 1817) 32. Anaglyptus arabicus (Küster, 1847) 33. Anaglyptus mysticus (Linnaeus, 1758) 34. Plagionotus arcuatus (Linnaeus, 1758) 35. Plagionotus bobelayei (Brullé, 1832) 36. Plagionotus detritus (Linnaeus, 1758) 37. Plagionotus floralis (Pallas, 1773) 38. Chlorophorus figuratus (Scopoli, 1763) 39. Chlorophorus varius (Müller, 1766) 40. Xylotrechus antilope (Schönherr, 1817) 41. Xylotrechus arvicola (Olivier, 1795) 42. Rusticoclytus rusticus (Linnaeus, 1758) 43. Clytus arietis (Linnaeus, 1758) 44. Clytus rhamni Germar, 1817 45. Clytus tropicus (Panzer, 1795) LAMIINAE 1. Mesosa curculionoides (Linnaeus, 1761) 2. Mesosa nebulosa (Fabricius, 1781) 3. Lamia textor (Linnaeus, 1758) 4. Herophila tristis (Linnaeus, 1767) 5. Morimus asper (Sulzer, 1776) 926 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______

6. Morimus ganglbaueri Reitter, 1894 7. Morimus orientalis (Reitter, 1894) 8. Dorcadion aethiops (Scopoli, 1763) 9. Dorcadion fulvum (Scopoli, 1763) 10. Dorcadion hybridum Ganglbauer, 1883 11. Dorcadion ingeae Peks, 1993 12. Dorcadion albolineatum Küster, 1847 13. Dorcadion atritarse Pic, 1931 14. Dorcadion breuningi Heyrovsky, 1943 15. Dorcadion condensatum Küster, 1852 16. Dorcadion divisum Germar, 1839 17. Dorcadion equestre (Laxman, 1770) 18. Dorcadion ferruginipes Menetries, 1836 19. Dorcadion gallipolitanum Thomson, 1867 20. Dorcadion kindermanni Waltl, 1838 21. Dorcadion lugubre Kraatz, 1873 22. Dorcadion margheritae Breuning, 1964 23. Dorcadion obsoletum Kraatz, 1873 24. Dorcadion olympicum Kraatz, 1873 25. Dorcadion pedestre (Poda, 1761) 26. Dorcadion pseudobithyniense Breuning, 1962 27. Dorcadion quadripustulatum Kraatz, 1873 28. Dorcadion regulare Pic, 1931 29. Dorcadion septemlineatum Waltl, 1838 30. Dorcadion sturmi Frivaldsky, 1837 31. Dorcadion smyrnense (Linneaus, 1757) 32. Dorcadion tauricum Waltl, 1838 33. Dorcadion quadrimaculatum Küster, 1848 34. Neodorcadion bilineatum (Germar, 1824) 35. Neodorcadion exornatum (Frivaldsky, 1835) 36. Neodorcadion laqueatum (Waltl, 1808) 37. Neodorcadion orientale Ganglbauer, 1884 38. Neodorcadion pelleti (Mulsant et Rey, 1863) 39. Anaesthetis testacea (Fabricius, 1781) 40. Pogonocerus hispidulus (Piller et Mitterpacher, 1783) 41. Aegomorphus clavipes (Schrank, 1781) 42. Acanthocinus aedilis (Linnaeus, 1758) 43. Acanthocinus griseus (Fabricius, 1792) 44. Leiopus femoratus Fairmaire, 1859 45. Leiopus nebulosus (Linnaeus, 1758) 46. Exocentrus adspersus Mulsant, 1846 47. Exocentrus lusitanus (Linnaeus, 1767) 48. Exocentrus punctipennis Mulsant et Guillebeau, 1856 49. Tetrops praeustus (Linnaeus, 1758) 50. Saperda carcharias (Linnaeus, 1758) 51. Saperda octopunctata (Scopoli, 1772) 52. Saperda perforata (Pallas, 1773) 53. Saperda populnea (Linnaeus, 1758) 54. Saperda punctata (Linnaeus, 1767) 55. Saperda quercus (Charpentier, 1825) 56. Saperda scalaris (Linnaeus, 1758) 57. Oberea oculata (Linnaeus, 1758) 58. Oberea erythrocephala (Schrank, 1776) 59. Pilemia tigrina Mulsant, 1851 60. Phytoecia (Helladia) humeralis (Waltl, 1838) 61. Phytoecia (Musaria) affinis boeberi Ganglbauer, 1884 62. Phytoecia (Musaria) tuerki Ganglbauer, 1884 63. Phytoecia (Musaria) wachanrui Mulsant, 1851 64. Phytoecia (Neomusaria) balcanica (Frivaldsky, 1835) 65. Phytoecia (Neomusaria) merkli Ganglbauer, 1884 66. Phytoecia (Neomusaria) pauliraputii (Sama, 1993) 67. Phytoecia caerulea (Scopoli, 1772) 68. Phytoecia cylindrica (Linnaeus, 1758) 69. Phytoecia geniculata Mulsant, 1863 70. Phytoecia icterica (Schaller, 1783) 71. Phytoecia nigricornis (Fabricius, 1781) 72. Phytoecia pustulata (Schrank, 1776) ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______927

73. Phytoecia virgula (Charpentier, 1825) 74. Opsilia coerulescens (Scopoli, 1763) 75. Calamobius filum (Rossi, 1790) 76. Agapanthia cardui (Linnaeus, 1767) 77. Agapanthia cynarae (Germar, 1817) 78. Agapanthia kirbyi (Gyllenhal, 1817) 79. Agapanthia lateralis Ganglbauer, 1884 80. Agapanthia villosoviridescens (De Geer, 1775) 81. Agapanthia violacea (Fabricius, 1775) 82. Agapanthiola leucaspis (Steven, 1817)

Unfortunately, this list included a wrong data of a species for European Turkey as Dorcadion pseudobithyniense Breuning, 1962 which is distributed only in Anatolian Part of Marmara Region. Also this list included lacking data of 4 species for European Turkey. Two of them were overlooked by Özdikmen (2008) as Dorcadion johannisfranci Pesarini & Sabbadini, 2007 and Pedostrangalia verticalis (Germar, 1822). According to Pesarini & Sabbadini (2007), a male paratype of D. johannisfranci is from Edirne province in European Turkey. Interestingly, Danilevsky in Löbl & Smetana (2010) also gave it only for Anatolia (possibly printing error). Besides, Pedostrangalia verticalis (Germar, 1822) was recorded by Bringmann (1996) for European Turkey. In addition, Chlorophorus sartor (Müller, 1766) was not presented in the above list wrongly despite determining in the text for both European and Asian Turkey. Also Dorcadion lineatocolle Kraatz, 1873 occurs in European Turkey according to Özdikmen (2010). Thus, the fauna of European Turkey consists of 175 species of 6 subfamilies according to the list. At the beginning of this year, sixth volume of Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera was published by Löbl & Smetana. The parts of Prioninae, Dorcadionini and others were respecitively prepared by A. Drumont & Z. Komiya, M. L. Danilevsky, and G. Sama & I. Löbl in this book. In the work that included many missing data for longicorn beetles fauna of Turkey, 122 species of 67 genera of 6 subfamilies were mentioned for European Turkey. Some of these species were given by both Özdikmen (2008) and Löbl & Smetana (2010) for European Turkey. These 107 common species are

PRIONINAE 1. Ergates faber (Linnaeus, 1761) 2. Rhaesus serricollis (Motschulsky, 1838) 3. Aegosoma scabricorne (Scopoli, 1763) 4. Prionus coriarius (Linnaeus, 1758) 5. Mesoprionus besikanus (Fairmaire, 1855) LEPTURINAE 1. Rhagium bifasciatum Fabricius, 1775 2. Rhagium sycophanta (Schrank, 1781) 3. Rhagium inquisitor (Linnaeus, 1758) 4. Stenocorus meridianus (Linnaeus, 1758) 5. Dinoptera collaris (Linnaeus, 1758) 6. Cortodera flavimana (Waltl, 1838) 7. Cortodera humeralis (Schaller, 1783) 8. Alosterna tabacicolor (De Geer, 1775) 9. Vadonia moesiaca (Daniel, 1891) 10. Vadonia unipunctata (Fabricius, 1787) 11. Pseudovadonia livida (Fabricius, 1776) 12. Stictoleptura fulva (DeGeer, 1775) 13. Stictoleptura pallens (Brullé, 1832) 14. Stictoleptura scutellata (Fabricius, 1781) 15. Pachytodes erraticus (Dalman, 1817) 16. Leptura quadrifasciata Linnaeus, 1758 928 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______

17. Strangalia attenuata (Linnaeus, 1758) 18. Rutpela maculata (Poda, 1761) 19. Stenurella bifasciata (Müller, 1776) 20. Stenurella samai Rapuzzi, 1995 NECYDALINAE 1. Necydalis ulmi Chevrolat, 1838 ASEMINAE 1. Alocerus moesiacus (Frivaldsky, 1838) CERAMBYCINAE 1. Stromatium unicolor (Olivier, 1795) 2. Cerambyx cerdo Linnaeus, 1758 3. Cerambyx miles Bonelli, 1812 4. Cerambyx nodulosus Germar, 1817 5. Cerambyx scopolii Fusslins, 1775 6. Purpuricenus kaehleri (Linnaeus, 1758) 7. Aromia moschata (Linnaeus, 1758) 8. Gracilia minuta (Fabricius, 1781) 9. Penichroa fasciata (Stephens, 1831) 10. Certallum ebulinum (Linnaeus, 1767) 11. Stenopterus flavicornis Küster, 1846 12. Stenopterus rufus (Linnaeus, 1767) 13. Callimus angulatus (Schrank, 1789) 14. Lampropterus femoratus (Germar, 1824) 15. Glaphyra umbellatarum (Schreber, 1759) 16. Hylotrupes bajulus (Linnaeus, 1758) 17. Ropalopus clavipes (Fabricius, 1775) 18. Ropalopus femoratus (Linnaeus, 1758) 19. Ropalopus macropus (Germar, 1824) 20. Pyrrhidium sanguineum (Linnaeus, 1758) 21. Phymatodes testaceus (Linnaeus, 1758) 22. Poecilium alni (Linnaeus, 1767) 23. Paraclytus sexguttatus (Adams, 1817) 24. Anaglyptus mysticus (Linnaeus, 1758) 25. Plagionotus arcuatus (Linnaeus, 1758) 26. Plagionotus bobelayei (Brullé, 1832) 27. Plagionotus detritus (Linnaeus, 1758) 28. Plagionotus floralis (Pallas, 1773) 29. Chlorophorus varius (Müller, 1766) 30. Xylotrechus antilope (Schönherr, 1817) 31. Xylotrechus arvicola (Olivier, 1795) 32. Clytus arietis (Linnaeus, 1758) 33. Clytus rhamni Germar, 1817 34. Clytus tropicus (Panzer, 1795) LAMIINAE 1. Mesosa curculionoides (Linnaeus, 1761) 2. Mesosa nebulosa (Fabricius, 1781) 3. Herophila tristis (Linnaeus, 1767) 4. Morimus orientalis (Reitter, 1894) 5. Dorcadion hybridum Ganglbauer, 1883 6. Dorcadion ingeae Peks, 1993 7. Dorcadion breuningi Heyrovsky, 1943 8. Dorcadion condensatum Küster, 1852 9. Dorcadion divisum Germar, 1839 10. Dorcadion equestre (Laxman, 1770) 11. Dorcadion ferruginipes Menetries, 1836 12. Dorcadion gallipolitanum Thomson, 1867 13. Dorcadion regulare Pic, 1931 14. Dorcadion septemlineatum Waltl, 1838 15. Dorcadion tauricum Waltl, 1838 16. Dorcadion quadrimaculatum Küster, 1848 17. Neodorcadion exornatum (Frivaldsky, 1835) 18. Neodorcadion laqueatum (Waltl, 1808) 19. Neodorcadion orientale Ganglbauer, 1884 20. Neodorcadion pelleti (Mulsant et Rey, 1863) 21. Aegomorphus clavipes (Schrank, 1781) 22. Acanthocinus aedilis (Linnaeus, 1758) 23. Acanthocinus griseus (Fabricius, 1792) ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______929

24. Leiopus femoratus Fairmaire, 1859 25. Leiopus nebulosus (Linnaeus, 1758) 26. Exocentrus adspersus Mulsant, 1846 27. Tetrops praeustus (Linnaeus, 1758) 28. Saperda carcharias (Linnaeus, 1758) 29. Saperda perforata (Pallas, 1773) 30. Saperda punctata (Linnaeus, 1767) 31. Saperda scalaris (Linnaeus, 1758) 32. Oberea oculata (Linnaeus, 1758) 33. Oberea erythrocephala (Schrank, 1776) 34. Phytoecia (Neomusaria) balcanica (Frivaldsky, 1835) 35. Phytoecia caerulea (Scopoli, 1772) 36. Phytoecia geniculata Mulsant, 1863 37. Phytoecia icterica (Schaller, 1783) 38. Phytoecia nigricornis (Fabricius, 1781) 39. Phytoecia virgula (Charpentier, 1825) 40. Opsilia coerulescens (Scopoli, 1763) 41. Calamobius filum (Rossi, 1790) 42. Agapanthia cynarae (Germar, 1817) 43. Agapanthia kirbyi (Gyllenhal, 1817) 44. Agapanthia lateralis Ganglbauer, 1884 45. Agapanthia violacea (Fabricius, 1775) 46. Agapanthiola leucaspis (Steven, 1817)

Thereby, 66 mentioned taxa in Özdikmen (2008) and Pedostrangalia verticalis (Germar, 1822), Dorcadion johannisfranci Pesarini & Sabbadini, 2007 and Dorcadion lineatocolle Kraatz, 1873 were never mentioned by Löbl & Smetana (2010) for European Turkey. Sama in Löbl & Smetana (2010) stated that the Turkish records of Acatay, Schmitschek, Alkan, Gül-Zümreoğlu, Lodos and others are mostly wrongs. These records based on obvious misidentifications. He, therefore, omitted them in the Catalogue. However, the records of these 66 taxa do not base on only the mentioned authors. A necessary explanation therefore, is presented on these taxa below.

LEPTURINAE (17 species)

Xylosteus caucasicola Plavilstshikov, 1936 probably distributes only in whole North Turkey for Turkey. Sama (1993) given that Xylosteus caucasicola is a subspecies of X. spinolae. However, according to Miroshnikov (1998) such as taxonomic transformation is unsuccessful. He regarded X. caucasicola as a distinct species. The populations from European Turkey can belong to a new taxon. As an indication of this consideration, Miroshnikov (2000) described Xylosteus kadleci from Bolu province as a new species. However, such a species has never been described yet. Xylosteus kadleci is endemic to Turkey and distributes only in North Turkey. According to some authors (even including the author Miroshnikov, 2000), X. kadleci might only be a subspecies of X. caucasicola. Recently, also Sama in Löbl & Smetama (2010) accepted it as a subspecies of X. caucasicola. According to him, the nominotypical subspecies does not occur in Turkey on the contrary of his works. X. caucasicola was mentioned by Sama & Rapuzzi (1999) and Sama (2002) for European Turkey as X. spinolae caucasicola. Thereby, the record of European Turkey of X. caucasicola is based on Sama & Rapuzzi (1999) and Sama (2002). Xylosteus spinolae Frivaldsky, 1838 was reported only by Winkler (1924-1932) for European Turkey. So this record may be doubtful. Rhamnusium graecum Schaufuss, 1862 was reported by Demelt (1963), Althoff & Danilevsky (1997) and Danilevsky (2010) for European Turkey. Rhamnusium testaceipenne Pic, 1897 was reported only by Winkler (1924-1932) for European Turkey. So this record may be doubtful. Rhagium mordax (De Geer, 1775) was reported by Althoff & Danilevsky (1997) for European Turkey. Anisorus quercus (Götz, 1783) was reported by Althoff & Danilevsky (1997) for European Turkey. 930 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______

Grammoptera abdominalis (Stephens, 1831) was reported by Özdikmen (2008) for European Turkey. Grammoptera ruficornis (Fabricius, 1781) was based on the records of İstanbul province for European Turkey. Grammoptera ustulata (Schaller, 1783) was reported by Özdikmen (2008) for European Turkey. Fallacia elegans Faldermann, 1837 was reported by Özdikmen (2008) for European Turkey. Vadonia bisignata (Brullé, 1832) was reported by Althoff & Danilevsky (1997) for European Turkey. Vadonia imitatrix (Daniel et Daniel, 1891) was reported only by Winkler (1924-1932) for European Turkey. So this record may be doubtful. Vadonia monostigma Ganglbauer, 1881 was reported only by Winkler (1924-1932) for European Turkey. So this record may be doubtful. Stictoleptura cordigera (Füsslins, 1775) was reported by different authors for European Turkey. Stictoleptura rubra (Linnaeus, 1758) was reported only by Öymen (1987) and Lodos (1998) for European Turkey. So this record may be doubtful. Pedostrangalia verticalis (Germar, 1822) occurs in European Turkey undoubtedly. It was reported by Bringmann (1996) for European Turkey. Stenurella septempunctata (Fabricius, 1792) occurs in European Turkey undoubtedly. It was reported by Schmitschek (1944) and unpublished information in Özdikmen (2007, 2008) from İstanbul and Kırklareli provinces for European Turkey.

ASEMINAE (2 species)

Arhopalus ferus (Mulsant, 1839) occurs in European Turkey undoubtedly. It was reported by unpublished information in Özdikmen (2007, 2008) from Kırklareli provinces for European Turkey. Arhopalus rusticus (Linnaeus, 1758) occurs in European Turkey undoubtedly. However, it has been reported by Öymen (1987) from İstanbul province for European Turkey.

CERAMBYCINAE (11 species)

Trichoferus holosericeus (Rossi, 1790) occurs in European Turkey undoubtedly. However, it has been reported by Öymen (1987) from İstanbul province for European Turkey. Cerambyx dux (Faldermann, 1837) occurs in European Turkey undoubtedly. It has been reported by Acatay (1943) and Özdikmen & Demir (2006) from İstanbul and Kırklareli provinces for European Turkey. Cerambyx welensii (Küster, 1846) occurs in European Turkey undoubtedly. It has been reported by different authors only from İstanbul province for European Turkey. Rosalia alpina (Linnaeus, 1758) occurs in European Turkey undoubtedly. It has been reported from İstanbul and Kırklareli provinces for European Turkey. Nathrius brevipennis (Mulsant, 1839) occurs in European Turkey undoubtedly. However, it has been reported only from İstanbul province for European Turkey. Glaphyra kiesenwetteri (Mulsant et Rey, 1861) occurs in European Turkey undoubtedly. It has been reported by Althoff & Danilevsky (1997) and Danilevsky (2010) for European Turkey. Phymatodes femoralis (Menetries, 1832); at the first view, it seems as dubious species for European Turkey. However, it occurs very likely in European Turkey. Probably the record of Acatay (1943) is right. Poecilium pusillum (Fabricius, 1787) occurs in European Turkey undoubtedly according to distribution area of this species. So the records of Schmitschek (1944) and Öymen (1987) are right. Anaglyptus arabicus (Küster, 1847) occurs in European Turkey undoubtedly. It has been reported by Althoff & Danilevsky (1997) and Danilevsky (2010) for European Turkey. ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______931

Chlorophorus figuratus (Scopoli, 1763) occurs in European Turkey undoubtedly. It has been reported by different authors (including Sama, 2002) for European Turkey. Rusticoclytus rusticus (Linnaeus, 1758) occurs in European Turkey undoubtedly. It has been reported by Sekendiz (1974) from Kırklareli province for European Turkey.

LAMIINAE (39 species)

Lamia textor (Linnaeus, 1758) occurs in European Turkey undoubtedly. It has been reported by Althoff & Danilevsky (1997) and Danilevsky (2010) for European Turkey. Morimus asper (Sulzer, 1776) occurs in European Turkey undoubtedly. It has been reported by Althoff & Danilevsky (1997) for European Turkey. Morimus ganglbaueri Reitter, 1894 occurs in European Turkey undoubtedly. However, it accepted as a synonym of M. asper in the present text like Sama in Löbl & Smetana (2010). Dorcadion aethiops (Scopoli, 1763) occurs in European Turkey undoubtedly according to distribution area of this species (Özdikmen, 2010). So Edirne record of Önalp (1990) for European Turkey seems to be right. Dorcadion fulvum (Scopoli, 1763) was reported only by Aurivillius (1921) and Winkler (1924-1932) for European Turkey. So this record may be doubtful. Dorcadion albolineatum Küster, 1847 occurs in European Turkey undoubtedly according to distribution area of this endemic species (Özdikmen, 2010). Anyway, it was described from İstanbul province. Dorcadion atritarse Pic, 1931 occurs in European Turkey undoubtedly. It has been reported by Adlbauer (1988) and Althoff & Danilevsky (1997) for European Turkey. Dorcadion johannisfranci Pesarini & Sabbadini, 2007 occurs in European Turkey undoubtedly. It has been reported by Pesarini & Sabbadini (2007) as paratype from Edirne province for European Turkey. Dorcadion kindermanni Waltl, 1838 was reported only by Winkler (1924-1932) for European Turkey. So this record may be doubtful. Dorcadion lineatocolle Kraatz, 1873 occurs in European Turkey undoubtedly according to Özdikmen (2010). Dorcadion lugubre Kraatz, 1873 occurs in European Turkey undoubtedly according to distribution area of this species (Özdikmen, 2010). So the record of Önalp (1990) for European Turkey seems to be right. Dorcadion margheritae Breuning, 1964 occurs in European Turkey undoubtedly according to distribution area of this species (Özdikmen, 2010). It has been reported by Althoff & Danilevsky (1997) for European Turkey. Dorcadion obsoletum Kraatz, 1873 occurs in European Turkey undoubtedly. It has been reported by different authors for European Turkey. It was accepted as a synonym of D. olympicum olympicum by Danilevsky in Löbl & Smetana (2010). Dorcadion olympicum Kraatz, 1873 occurs in European Turkey undoubtedly according to distribution area of this species (Özdikmen, 2010). Dorcadion pedestre (Poda, 1761) has been reported only by Önalp (1990) and Lodos (1998) for Turkey. According to Özdikmen (2010), if the records are right, the species probably is distributed only in European Turkey for Turkey according to the distribution area of this species. So these records may be doubtful. Dorcadion pseudobithyniense Breuning, 1962 does not occur in European Turkey undoubtedly. It is endemic to NW Anatolia. Dorcadion quadripustulatum Kraatz, 1873 was reported only by Winkler (1924- 1932) for European Turkey. So this record may be doubtful. Dorcadion sturmi Frivaldsky, 1837 occurs in European Turkey undoubtedly according to distribution area of this species (Özdikmen, 2010). It has been reported by different authors for European Turkey. Dorcadion smyrnense (Linneaus, 1757) was reported only by Winkler (1924-1932) for European Turkey. So this record may be doubtful. Neodorcadion bilineatum (Germar, 1824) occurs in European Turkey undoubtedly. It has been reported by different authors for European Turkey. 932 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______

Neodorcadion orientale Ganglbauer, 1884 was reported only by Winkler (1924-1932) for European Turkey. Other records of İstanbul belong to Anatolian parts of the province. So this record may be doubtful. Anaesthetis testacea (Fabricius, 1781) occurs in European Turkey undoubtedly. It has been reported by different authors for European Turkey. Pogonocerus hispidulus (Piller et Mitterpacher, 1783) occurs in European Turkey undoubtedly according to distribution area of this species (Özdikmen, 2007). However, it has been reported only by Acatay (1943) and Öymen (1987) for European Turkey. So the records seem to be right. Exocentrus lusitanus (Linnaeus, 1767) occurs in European Turkey undoubtedly. It has been reported by different authors for European Turkey. Exocentrus punctipennis Mulsant & Guillebeau, 1856 occurs in European Turkey undoubtedly according to distribution area of this species (Özdikmen, 2007). Saperda octopunctata (Scopoli, 1772) occurs in European Turkey undoubtedly according to distribution area of this species (Özdikmen, 2007). However, it has been reported only by Schmitschek (1944) for European Turkey. So the record seems to be right. Saperda populnea (Linnaeus, 1758) occurs in European Turkey undoubtedly according to distribution area of this species (Özdikmen, 2007). Saperda quercus (Charpentier, 1825) occurs in European Turkey undoubtedly according to distribution area of this species (Özdikmen, 2007). It has been reported by Althoff & Danilevsky (1997) and Danilevsky (2010) for European Turkey. Pilemia tigrina Mulsant, 1851 occurs in European Turkey undoubtedly according to distribution area of this species (Özdikmen, 2007; Özdikmen & Turgut, 2010). However, it has been reported only by Winkler (1924-1932) for European Turkey. Phytoecia (Helladia) humeralis (Waltl, 1838) occurs in European Turkey undoubtedly. It has been reported only by Breuning & Villiers (1967) from Edirne province for European Turkey. Phytoecia (Musaria) affinis boeberi Ganglbauer, 1884 has not been reported by any published work for European Turkey. So this record may be doubtful. Phytoecia (Musaria) tuerki Ganglbauer, 1884 has been reported only by Danilevsky (2010) for European Turkey. However, it seems that occurs in European Turkey undoubtedly. Phytoecia (Musaria) wachanrui Mulsant, 1851 was reported only by Winkler (1924- 1932) for European Turkey. So this record may be doubtful. Phytoecia (Neomusaria) merkli Ganglbauer, 1884 was reported only by Winkler (1924-1932) for European Turkey. So this record may be doubtful. Phytoecia (Neomusaria) pauliraputii (Sama, 1993) was reported only by Winkler (1924-1932) for European Turkey. So this record may be doubtful. Phytoecia cylindrica (Linnaeus, 1758) occurs in European Turkey undoubtedly according to distribution area of this species (Özdikmen, 2007). It has been reported by Althoff & Danilevsky (1997) and Danilevsky (2010) for European Turkey. Phytoecia pustulata (Schrank, 1776) occurs in European Turkey undoubtedly according to distribution area of this species (Özdikmen, 2007). It has been reported by Althoff & Danilevsky (1997) and Danilevsky (2010) for European Turkey. Agapanthia cardui (Linnaeus, 1767) occurs in European Turkey undoubtedly according to distribution area of this species (Özdikmen, 2007). It has been reported by different authors for European Turkey. Agapanthia villosoviridescens (De Geer, 1775) occurs in European Turkey undoubtedly according to distribution area of this species (Özdikmen, 2007). It has been reported by Önalp (1989), Althoff & Danilevsky (1997) and Danilevsky (2010) for European Turkey.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______933 Furthermore, the following 15 taxa in Löbl & Smetana (2010) were not mentioned by Özdikmen (2008) for European Turkey. They are given with specific remarks as follows:

PRIONINAE

Prinobius myardi myardi Mulsant, 1842 was mentioned by Özdikmen (2008) only for Asian Part of Marmara Region and other parts of Turkey. Besides, he also gave the records of İstanbul province. So the report of Drumont & Komiya in Löbl & Smetana (2010: 90) should be confirmed. The species has Turano-Europeo-Mediterranean chorotype.

LEPTURINAE

Brachyta balcanica Hampe, 1870 was given by Özdikmen (2008) only for Gümüşhane province in Northern Anatolia, and he mentioned this species be represented very likely in Marmara Region. However, the record of Kırklareli province in European Turkey of Rejzek et al. (2003) was overlooked by Özdikmen (2008). So the report of Sama & Löbl in Löbl & Smetana (2010: 120) should be confirmed. Since the species has Balkano-Anatolian chorotype.

Pedostrangalia revestita (Linnaeus, 1767) was given by Özdikmen (2007) only for Gümüşhane and Antalya provinces from Anatolia. Özdikmen (2008), therefore, does not include it for Marmara Region. Any published record except Sama & Löbl in Löbl & Smetana (2010: 110) has not been known for European Turkey yet. In addition to this, Bringmann (1996) mentioned this species for South Bulgarian territory near European Turkey. So the report of Sama & Löbl in Löbl & Smetana (2010: 110) should be confirmed. Since the species has European chorotype.

Leptura aurulenta Fabricius, 1792 has not been recorded by any published work for Turkey. However, Sama & Löbl in Löbl & Smetana (2010: 104) gave the species for European and Asian Turkey. Also Turgut et al. (2010) gave firstly the species from İstanbul province (Şile) for Asian Part of Marmara Region. So the report of Sama & Löbl in Löbl & Smetana (2010: 104) should be confirmed. Since the species has W-Palaearctic chorotype.

ASEMINAE

Drymochares starcki ivani Sama & Rapuzzi, 1993 has not been recorded by any published work for European Turkey. Sama & Löbl in Löbl & Smetana (2010: 140) gave the subspecies only for European Turkey. This taxon, however, was described by Sama & Rapuzzi (1993) from Bolu province (Abant) in North-Western Anatolia. So the report of Sama & Löbl in Löbl & Smetana (2010: 140) should not be confirmed now. Their record is wrong clearly (probably printing error). Since the subspecies has Anatolian chorotype.

Saphanus piceus (Laicharting, 1784) has not been recorded by any published work for Turkey and European Turkey. Özdikmen & Turgut (2006) stated that “there is no published record from Turkey. However, this species collected in Turkey is preserved in the collection of Stanislav Kadlec (Czechia) according to Danilevsky (2004)”. Saphanus piceus ganglbaueri Bransick, 1886 was firstly mentioned by Sama & Löbl in Löbl & Smetana (2010: 140) only for European Turkey. So the report of Sama & Löbl in Löbl & Smetana (2010: 140) should be confirmed. Since the subspecies has Balkano-Anatolian chorotype.

CERAMBYCINAE

Purpuricenus budensis (Götz, 1783) was mentioned by Özdikmen (2008) only for Asian Part of Marmara Region and other parts of Turkey. However, this species was recorded by Özdikmen (2007) from Edirne province in European Turkey. Sama & Löbl in Löbl & Smetana (2010: 198) gave the species for European and Asian Turkey rightly. So the 934 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______report of Sama & Löbl in Löbl & Smetana (2010: 198) should be confirmed. Since the species has Turan0-Europeo-Mediterranean chorotype.

Purpuricenus desfontainei inhumeralis Pic, 1891 was mentioned by Özdikmen (2008) only for Asian Part of Marmara Region and other parts of Turkey. However, Sama & Löbl in Löbl & Smetana (2010: 198) gave the species for European and Asian Turkey. So the report of Sama & Löbl in Löbl & Smetana (2010: 198) should be confirmed. Since the subspecies has Balkano-Anatolian chorotype.

Ropalopus lederi (Ganglbauer, 1882) was mentioned by Özdikmen (2007) only for North Anatolia (Amasya province: Merzifon) for Turkey on the base of the records of Adlbauer (1992) and Sama (1996). Sama & Löbl in Löbl & Smetana (2010: 155) gave the species only for European Turkey for Turkey on the contrary of the records of Adlbauer (1992) and Sama (1996). So the report of Sama & Löbl in Löbl & Smetana (2010: 155) should not be confirmed now. Their record is wrong clearly (probably printing error). Since the species has Turanian (Ponto-Caspian) chorotype.

LAMIINAE

Parmena pontocircassica Danilevsky & Miroshnikov, 1985 was mentioned by Özdikmen (2007) only for North-Eastern Anatolia (Artvin province) for Turkey on the base of the records of Sama (1994, 1996) and Tauzin (2000). Sama & Löbl in Löbl & Smetana (2010: 290) gave the species only for European Turkey for Turkey on the contrary of the records. So the report of Sama & Löbl in Löbl & Smetana (2010: 290) should not be confirmed now. Their record is wrong clearly (probably printing error). Since the species has Turanian (Ponto-Caspian) chorotype.

Parmena slamai Sama, 1986 has not been recorded by any published work for Turkey and European Turkey. Sama & Löbl in Löbl & Smetana (2010: 290) gave the species only for European Turkey for Turkey. This species was described by Sama (1986) from Crete. According to Sama & Löbl in Löbl & Smetana (2010: 290), it occurs in Crete, Rhodos Islands and European Turkey. So the record of Sama & Löbl in Löbl & Smetana (2010: 290) should be belong to Asian Turkey (=Anatolia) [not European Turkey (=Thrace)]. Their record probably is a printing error. Since the species has E-Mediterranean (Aegean) chorotype.

Dorcadion striolatum Kraatz, 1873 was mentioned by Özdikmen (2007, 2010) only for North-Eastern Anatolia for Turkey on the base of the records of Danilevsky & Miroshnikov (1985) and Önalp (1990). Danilevsky in Löbl & Smetana (2010: 253) gave the species only for European Turkey for Turkey on the contrary of the records. So the report of Danilevsky in Löbl & Smetana (2010: 253) should not be confirmed now. His record is wrong clearly (probably printing error). Since the species has SW-Asiatic (Anatolo-Caucasian + Irano- Caucasian + Irano-Anatolian) chorotype.

Dorcadion weyersi Fairmaire, 1866 was mentioned by Özdikmen (2010) only for Western Anatolia. Danilevsky in Löbl & Smetana (2010: 255) gave the species only for European Turkey on the contrary of the type locality of this species. So the report of Danilevsky in Löbl & Smetana (2010: 253) should not be confirmed now. His record is wrong clearly (probably printing error). Since the species has Anatolian chorotype.

Pogonocherus perroudi perroudi Mulsant, 1839 was mentioned by Özdikmen (2008) only for Asian Part of Marmara Region and other parts of Turkey. Besides, he also gave the records of İstanbul province. So the report of Sama & Löbl in Löbl & Smetana (2010: 313) should be confirmed. The species has Mediterranean chorotype.

Coptosia albovittigera (Heyden, 1863) was mentioned by Özdikmen (2008) only for Asian Part of Marmara Region and other parts of Turkey. Sama & Löbl in Löbl & Smetana (2010: 292) gave the species for both European and Asian Turkey. So the report of Sama & Löbl in Löbl & Smetana (2010: 292) should be confirmed according to distribution area of this species. Since the species has Turano-Mediterranean (Balkano-Anatolian) chorotype. ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______935 Consequently, the Longicorn Beetles Fauna of European Turkey consist of 184 species of 6 subfamilies with the 9 confirmed taxa as Prinobius myardi myardi Mulsant, 1842 for the subfamily Prioninae; Brachyta balcanica Hampe, 1870; Pedostrangalia revestita (Linnaeus, 1767) and Leptura aurulenta Fabricius, 1792 for the subfamily Lepturinae; Saphanus piceus ganglbaueri Bransick, 1886 for the subfamily Aseminae; Purpuricenus budensis (Götz, 1783) and Purpuricenus desfontainei inhumeralis Pic, 1891 for the subfamily Cerambycinae; and Pogonocherus perroudi perroudi Mulsant, 1839 and Coptosia albovittigera (Heyden, 1863) for the subfamily Lamiinae. Morimus ganglbaueri Reitter, 1894 that was given by Özdikmen (2008) for European Turkey, accepted as a synonym of Morimus asper (Sulzer, 1776) in the present text. So the fauna includes 183 species. Finally, a revised list of Cerambycidae fauna of European Turkey is presented here as follows. In the list, the marks [(*), (*O), (*NMO), (*LS), (*NMLS) and (*CT)] were used (*) for endemic taxa to Turkey, (*O) for mentioned taxa in Özdikmen (2008), (*NMO) for not mentioned taxa in Özdikmen (2008), (*LS) for mentioned taxa in Löbl & Smetana (2010), (*NMLS) for not mentioned taxa in Löbl & Smetana (2010), (*CT) for confirmed taxa in Löbl & Smetana (2010) at the end of taxon name. In addition, dubious taxa for European Turkey in former references [e.g. Winkler (1924-1932) and some Turkish authors that mentioned in Sama in Löbl & Smetana (2010)] marked with the sign !.

LONGICORN BEETLES FAUNA OF EUROPEAN TURKEY

Family CERAMBYCIDAE (6 subfamilies, 39 tribes, 78 genera, 183 species + 2 subspecies)

Subfamily PRIONINAE Latreille, 1802 (5 tribes, 6 genera, 6 species)

Tribe ERGATINI Fairmaire, 1864 (1 genus, 1 species) Genus ERGATES Serville, 1832 Ergates faber (Linnaeus, 1761) E. faber faber (Linnaeus, 1761) (*O) (*LS) Tribe MACROTOMINI Thomson, 1861 (1 genus, 1 species) Genus PRINOBIUS Mulsant, 1842 Prinobius myardi Mulsant, 1842 P. myardi myardi Mulsant, 1842 (*NMO) (*LS) (*CT) Tribe REMPHANINI Lacordaire, 1868 (1 genus, 1 species) Genus RHAESUS Motschulsky, 1875 Rhaesus serricollis (Motschulsky, 1838) (*O) (*LS) Tribe AEGOSOMATINI Thomson, 1861 (1 genus, 1 species) Genus AEGOSOMA Serville, 1832 Aegosoma scabricorne (Scopoli, 1763) (*O) (*LS) Tribe PRIONINI Latreille, 1802 (2 genera, 2 species) Genus MESOPRIONUS Jakovlev, 1887 Mesoprionus besikanus (Fairmaire, 1855) (*O) (*LS) Genus PRIONUS Geoffroy, 1762 Prionus coriarius (Linnaeus, 1758) (*O) (*LS)

936 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______Subfamily LEPTURINAE Latreille, 1802 (4 tribes, 20 genera, 40 species)

Tribe XYLOSTEINI Fairmaire, 1864 (1 genus, 2 species) Genus XYLOSTEUS Frivaldszky, 1837 Xylosteus caucasicola Plavilstshikov, 1936 (*O) (*NMLS) !Xylosteus spinolae Frivaldszky, 1838 (*O) (*NMLS) Tribe RHAMNUSIINI Sama, 2009 (1 genus, 2 species) Genus RHAMNUSIUM Latreille, 1829 Rhamnusium graecum Schaufuss, 1862 (*O) (*NMLS) !Rhamnusium testaceipenne Pic, 1897 (*O) (*NMLS) RHAGIINI Mulsant, 1839 (7 genera, 11 species) Genus RHAGIUM Fabricius, 1775 Subgenus HAGRIUM Villiers, 1978 Rhagium bifasciatum Fabricius, 1775 (*O) (*LS) Subgenus MEGARHAGIUM Reitter, 1913 Rhagium mordax (DeGeer, 1775) (*O) (*NMLS) Rhagiumsycophanta (Schrank, 1781) (*O) (*LS) Subgenus RHAGIUM Fabricius, 1775 Rhagium inquisitor (Linnaeus, 1758) R. inquisitor inquisitor (Linnaeus, 1758) (*O) (*LS) Genus STENOCORUS Geoffroy, 1762 Stenocorus meridianus (Linnaeus, 1758) (*O) (*LS) Genus ANISORUS Mulsant, 1862 Anisorus quercus (Götz, 1783) A. quercus quercus (Götz, 1783) (*O) (*NMLS) Genus BRACHYTA Fairmaire, 1864 Brachyta balcanica Hampe, 1870 (*NMO) (*LS) (*CT) Genus DINOPTERA Mulsant, 1863 Dinoptera collaris (Linnaeus, 1758) (*O) (*LS) Genus CORTODERA Mulsant, 1863 Cortodera flavimana (Waltl, 1838) (*O) (*LS) Cortodera humeralis (Schaller, 1783) C. humeralis humeralis (Schaller, 1783) (*O) (*LS) Genus FALLACIA Mulsant & Rey, 1863 Fallacia elegans (Faldermann, 1837) (*O) (*NMLS) Tribe LEPTURINI Latreille, 1802 (11 genera, 25 species) Genus GRAMMOPTERA Serville, 1835 Subgenus GRAMMOPTERA Serville, 1835 Grammoptera abdominalis (Stephens, 1831) (*O) (*NMLS) Grammoptera ruficornis (Fabricius, 1781) G. ruficornis ruficornis (Fabricius, 1781) (*O) (*NMLS) Grammoptera ustulata (Schaller, 1783) (*O) (*NMLS) Genus ALOSTERNA Mulsant, 1863 Alosterna tabacicolor (DeGeer, 1775) A. tabacicolor tabacicolor (DeGeer, 1775) (*O) (*LS) Genus VADONIA Mulsant, 1863 Vadonia bisignata (Brulle, 1832) V. bisignata bisignata (Brulle, 1832) (*O) (*NMLS) !Vadonia imitatrix (Daniel & Daniel, 1891) (*O) (*NMLS) Vadonia moesiaca (Daniel & Daniel, 1891) (*O) (*LS) !Vadonia monostigma (Ganlbauer, 1882) (*) (*O) (*NMLS) Vadonia unipunctata (Fabricius, 1787) V. unipunctata unipunctata (Fabricius, 1787) (*O) (*LS) Genus PSEUDOVADONIA Lobanov et al., 1981 Pseudovadonia livida (Fabricius, 1777) P. livida livida (Fabricius, 1777) (*O) (*LS) Genus STICTOLEPTURA Casey, 1924 Subgenus AREDOLPONA Nakane & Ohbayashi, 1957 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______937

Stictoleptura rubra (Linnaeus, 1758) S. rubra rubra (Linnaeus, 1758) (*O) (*NMLS) Subgenus STICTOLEPTURA Casey, 1924 Stictoleptura cordigera (Fuessly, 1775) S. cordigera cordigera (Fuessly, 1775) (*O) (*NMLS) Stictoleptura fulva (DeGeer, 1775) (*O) (*LS) Stictoleptura pallens (Brulle, 1832) (*O) (*LS) Stictoleptura scutellata (Fabricius, 1781) S. scutellata scutellata (Fabricius, 1781) (*O) (*LS) Genus PEDOSTRANGALIA Sokolov, 1897 Subgenus PEDOSTRANGALIA Sokolov, 1897 Pedostrangalia revestita (Linnaeus, 1767) (*NMO) (*LS) (*CT)

Subgenus NEOSPHENALIA Löbl, 2010 Pedostrangalia verticalis (Germar, 1822) (*NMO) (*NMLS) Genus PACHYTODES Pic, 1891 Pachytodes erraticus (Dalman, 1817) P. erraticus erraticus (Dalman, 1817) (*O) (*LS) Genus LEPTURA Linnaeus, 1758 Leptura aurulenta Fabricius, 1792 (*NMO) (*LS) (*CT) Leptura quadrifasciata Linnaeus, 1758 L. quadrifasciata quadrifasciata Linnaeus, 1758 (*O) (*LS) Genus STRANGALIA Serville, 1835 Strangalia attenuata (Linnaeus, 1758) (*O) (*LS) Genus RUTPELA Nakane & Ohbayashi, 1957 Rutpela maculata (Poda, 1761) R. maculata maculata (Poda, 1761) (*O) (*LS) Genus STENURELLA Villiers, 1974 Stenurella bifasciata (Müller, 1776) S. bifasciata bifasciata (Müller, 1776) (*O) (*LS) Stenurella samai Rapuzzi, 1995 (*O) (*LS) Stenurella septempunctata (Fabricius, 1792) S. septempunctata suturata (Reiche & Saulcy, 1858) (*O) (*NMLS)

Subfamily NECYDALINAE Latreille, 1825 (1 tribe, 1 genus, 1 species)

Tribe NECYDALINI Latreille, 1825 (1 genus, 1 species) Genus NECYDALIS Linnaeus, 1758 Subgenus NECYDALIS Linnaeus, 1758 Necydalis ulmi Chevrolat, 1838 (*O) (*LS)

Subfamily ASEMINAE Thomson, 1860 (3 tribes, 3 genera, 4 species)

Tribe SAPHANINI Gistel, 1856 (1 genus, 1 species) Genus SAPHANUS Serville, 1834 Saphanus piceus (Laicharting, 1784) S. piceus ganglbaueri Bransick, 1886 (*NMO) (*LS) (*CT) Tribe ANISARTHRONINI Mamaev & Danilevsky, 1973 (1 genus, 1 species) Genus ALOCERUS Mulsant, 1862 Alocerus moesiacus (Frivaldszky, 1837) (*O) (*LS) Tribe ASEMINI Thomson, 1860 (1 genus, 2 species) Genus ARHOPALUS Serville, 1832 Arhopalus ferus (Mulsant, 1839) (*O) (*NMLS) Arhopalus rusticus (Linnaeus, 1758) (*O) (*NMLS)

938 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______Subfamily CERAMBYCINAE Latreille, 1802 (14 tribes, 26 genera, 48 species)

Tribe HESPEROPHANINI Mulsant, 1839 (2 genera, 2 species) Genus TRICHOFERUS Wollaston, 1854 Trichoferus holosericeus (Rossi, 1790) (*O) (*NMLS) Genus STROMATIUM Serville, 1834 Stromatium unicolor (Olivier, 1795) (*O) (*LS) Tribe CERAMBYCINI Latreille, 1802 (1 genus, 6 species) Genus CERAMBYX Linnaeus, 1758 Subgenus CERAMBYX Linnaeus, 1758 Cerambyx cerdo Linnaeus, 1758 C. cerdo cerdo Linnaeus, 1758 (*O) (*LS) Cerambyx dux (Faldermann, 1837) (*O) (*NMLS) Cerambyx miles Bonelli, 1812 (*O) (*LS) Cerambyx nodulosus Germar, 1817 (*O) (*LS) Cerambyx welensii (Küster, 1845) (*O) (*NMLS) Subgenus MICROCERAMBYX Miksic & Georgijevic, 1973 Cerambyx scopolii Fuessly, 1775 C. scopolii scopolii Fuessly, 1775 (*O) (*LS) Tribe ROSALIINI Fairmaire, 1864 (1 genus, 1 species) Genus ROSALIA Serville, 1834 Subgenus ROSALIA Serville, 1834 Rosalia alpina (Linnaeus, 1758) R. alpina alpina (Linnaeus, 1758) (*O) (*NMLS) Tribe PURPURICENINI Thomson, 1860 (1 genus, 3 species) Genus PURPURICENUS Dejean, 1821 Subgenus PURPURICENUS Dejean, 1821 Purpuricenus budensis (Götz, 1783) (*NMO) (*LS) (*CT) Purpuricenus desfontainei (Fabricius, 1792) P. desfontainei inhumeralis Pic, 1891 (*NMO) (*LS) (*CT) Purpuricenus kaehleri (Linnaeus, 1758) P. kaehleri kaehleri (Linnaeus, 1758) (*O) (*LS) Tribe CALLICHROMATINI Swainson & Shuckard, 1840 (1 genus, 1 species) Genus AROMIA Serville, 1834 Aromia moschata (Linnaeus, 1758) A. moschata moschata (Linnaeus, 1758) (*O) (*LS) Tribe GRACILIINI Mulsant, 1839 (2 genera, 2 species) Genus GRACILIA Serville, 1834 Gracilia minuta (Fabricius, 1781) (*O) (*LS) Genus PENICHROA Stephens, 1839 Penichroa fasciata (Stephens, 1831) (*O) (*LS) Tribe CERTALLINI Fairmaire, 1864 (1 genus, 1 species) Genus CERTALLUM Dejean, 1821 Certallum ebulinum (Linnaeus, 1767) (*O) (*LS) Tribe STENOPTERINI Gistel, 1848 (3 genera, 4 species) Genus STENOPTERUS Illiger, 1804 Stenopterus flavicornis Küster, 1846 (*O) (*LS) Stenopterus rufus (Linnaeus, 1767) S. rufus geniculatus Kraatz, 1863 (*O) (*LS) Genus CALLIMUS Illiger, 1804 Callimus angulatus (Schrank, 1789) C. angulatus angulatus (Schrank, 1789) (*O) (*LS) Genus LAMPROPTERUS Mulsant, 1862 Subgenus LAMPROPTERUS Mulsant, 1862 Lampropterus femoratus (Germar, 1824) (*O) (*LS) Tribe NATHRIINI Arnett, 1962 (1 genus, 1 species) Genus NATHRIUS Brethes, 1916 Nathrius brevipennis (Mulsant, 1839) (*O) (*NMLS) ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______939

Tribe MOLORCHINI Gistel, 1848 (1 genus, 2 species) Genus GLAPHYRA Newman, 1840 Subgenus GLAPHYRA Newman, 1840 Glaphyra kiesenwetteri (Mulsant & Rey, 1861) G. kiesenwetteri hircus (Abeille de Perrin, 1881) (*O) (*NMLS) Glaphyra umbellatarum (Schreber, 1759) (*O) (*LS) Tribe HYLOTRUPINI Zagajkevitch, 1991 (1 genus, 1 species) Genus HYLOTRUPES Serville, 1834 Hylotrupes bajulus (Linnaeus, 1758) (*O) (*LS) Tribe CALLIDIINI Kirby, 1837 (4 genera, 8 species) Genus ROPALOPUS Mulsant, 1839 Subgenus ROPALOPUS Mulsant, 1839 Ropalopus clavipes (Fabricius, 1775) (*O) (*LS) Ropalopus femoratus (Linnaeus, 1758) (*O) (*LS) Ropalopus macropus (Germar, 1824) (*O) (*LS) Genus PYRRHIDIUM Fairmaire, 1864 Pyrrhidium sanguineum Linnaeus, 1758 (*O) (*LS) Genus PHYMATODES Mulsant, 1839 Subgenus PHYMATODES Mulsant, 1839 Phymatodes testaceus (Linnaeus, 1758) (*O) (*LS) Subgenus MELASMETUS Reitter, 1913 Phymatodes femoralis (Menetries, 1832) P. femoralis demelti Heyrovsky, 1962 (*) (*O) (*NMLS) Genus POECILIUM Fairmaire, 1864 Poecilium alni (Linnaeus, 1767) P. alni alni (Linnaeus, 1767) (*O) (*LS) Poecilium pusillum (Fabricius, 1787) P. pusillum pusillum (Fabricius, 1787) (*O) (*NMLS) Tribe ANAGLYPTINI Lacordaire, 1868 (2 genera, 3 species) Genus PARACLYTUS Bates, 1884 Paraclytus sexguttatus (Adams, 1817) (*O) (*LS) Genus ANAGLYPTUS Mulsant, 1839 Subgenus ANAGLYPTUS Mulsant, 1839 Anaglyptus arabicus (Küster, 1847) (*O) (*NMLS) Anaglyptus mysticus (Linnaeus, 1758) (*O) (*LS) Tribe CLYTINI Mulsant, 1839 (5 genera, 13 species) Genus PLAGIONOTUS Mulsant, 1842 Subgenus PLAGIONOTUS Mulsant, 1842 Plagionotus arcuatus (Linnaeus, 1758) (*O) (*LS) Plagionotus detritus (Linnaeus, 1758) (*O) (*LS) Subgenus ECHINOCERUS Mulsant, 1862 Plagionotus floralis (Pallas, 1773) (*O) (*LS) Subgenus NEOPLAGIONOTUS Kasatkin, 2005 Plagionotus bobelayei (Brulle, 1832) (*O) (*LS) Genus CHLOROPHORUS Chevrolat, 1863 Chlorophorus figuratus (Scopoli, 1763) (*O) (*NMLS) Chlorophorus sartor (Müller, 1766) (*NMO) (*LS) (*CT) Chlorophorus varius (Müller, 1776) C. varius varius (Müller, 1776) (*O) (*LS) Genus XYLOTRECHUS Chevrolat, 1860 Subgenus XYLOTRECHUS Chevrolat, 1860 Xylotrechus antilope (Shoenherr, 1817) X. antilope antilope (Shoenherr, 1817) (*O) (*LS) Xylotrechus arvicola (Olivier, 1795) (*O) (*LS) Genus RUSTICOCLYTUS Vives, 1977 Rusticoclytus rusticus (Linnaeus, 1758) (*O) (*NMLS) Genus CLYTUS Laicharting, 1784 Clytus arietis (Linnaeus, 1758) C. arietis arietis (Linnaeus, 1758) (*O) (*LS) 940 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______

Clytus rhamni Germar, 1817 C. rhamni rhamni Germar, 1817 (*O) (*LS) Clytus tropicus (Panzer, 1795) (*O) (*LS)

Subfamily LAMIINAE Latreille, 1825 (12 tribes, 22 genera, 84 species + 2 subspecies)

Tribe MESOSINI Mulsant, 1839 (1 genus, 2 species) Genus MESOSA Latreille, 1829 Subgenus MESOSA Latreille, 1829 Mesosa curculionoides (Linnaeus, 1760) (*O) (*LS) Subgenus APLOCNEMIA Stephens, 1831 Mesosa nebulosa (Fabricius, 1781) M. nebulosa nebulosa (Fabricius, 1781) (*O) (*LS) Tribe LAMIINI Latreille, 1825 (3 genera, 4 species) Genus LAMIA Fabricius, 1775 Lamia textor (Linnaeus, 1758) (*O) (*NMLS) Genus HEROPHILA Mulsant, 1862 Herophila tristis (Linnaeus, 1767) H. tristis tristis (Linnaeus, 1767) (*O) (*LS) Genus MORIMUS Brulle, 1832 Morimus asper (Sulzer, 1776) (*O) (*NMLS) Morimus orientalis Reitter, 1894 (*O) (*LS) Tribe DORCADIINI Latreille, 1825 (2 genera, 32 species + 2 subspecies) Genus DORCADION Dalman, 1817 Subgenus CARINATODORCADION Breuning, 1943 Dorcadion aethiops (Scopoli, 1763) D. aethiops aethiops (Scopoli, 1763) (*O) (*NMLS) Dorcadion fulvum (Scopoli, 1763) !D. fulvum fulvum (Scopoli, 1763) (*O) (*NMLS) Dorcadion hybridum Ganglbauer, 1884 D. hybridum hybridum Ganglbauer, 1884 (*O) (*LS) Dorcadion ingeae Peks, 1993 (*) (*O) (*LS) Subgenus CRIBRIDORCADION Pic, 1901 *Dorcadion albolineatum Küster, 1847 (*) (*O) (*NMLS) Dorcadion atritarse Pic, 1931 (*O) (*NMLS) Dorcadion breuningi Heyrovsky, 1943 (*O) (*LS) Dorcadion condensatum Küster, 1852 (*O) (*LS) Dorcadion divisum Germar, 1839 (*O) (*LS) D. divisum mytilinense Kraatz, 1873 (*O) (*NMLS) D. divisum parteinterruptum Breuning, 1962 (*) (*O) (*NMLS) Dorcadion equestre (Laxmann, 1770) D. equestre reclinatum Kraatz, 1892 (*O) (*LS) Dorcadion ferruginipes Ménétriés, 1836 (*O) (*LS) Dorcadion gallipolitanum Thomson, 1867 D. gallipolitanum gallipolitanum Thomson, 1867 (*O) (*LS) Dorcadion johannisfranci Pesarini & Sabbadini, 2007 (*NMO) (*NMLS) !Dorcadion kindermanni Waltl, 1838 (*) (*O) (*NMLS) Dorcadion lineatocolle Kraatz, 1873 (*NMO) (*NMLS) Dorcadion lugubre Kraatz, 1873 D. lugubre lugubre Kraatz, 1873 (*O) (*NMLS) Dorcadion margheritae Breuning, 1964 (*O) (*NMLS) Dorcadion obsoletum Kraatz, 1873 (*O) (*NMLS) Dorcadion olympicum Ganglbauer, 1882 D. olympicum olympicum Ganglbauer, 1882 (*O) (*NMLS) Dorcadion pedestre (Poda, 1761) !D. pedestre pedestre (Poda, 1761) (*O) (*NMLS) !Dorcadion quadripustulatum Kraatz, 1873 (*) (*O) (*NMLS) Dorcadion regulare Pic, 1931 (*O) (*LS) ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______941

Dorcadion septemlineatum Waltl, 1838 D. septemlineatum septemlineatum Waltl, 1838 (*O) (*LS) !Dorcadion smyrnense (Linnaeus, 1757) (*) (*O) (*NMLS) Dorcadion sturmi Frivaldsky, 1837 (*O) (*NMLS) Dorcadion tauricum Waltl, 1838 (*O) (*LS) Subgenus MACULATODORCADION Breuning, 1943 Dorcadion quadrimaculatum Küster, 1848 D. quadrimaculatum quadrimaculatum Küster, 1848 (*O) (*LS) D. quadrimaculatum nodicorne Tournier, 1872 (*O) (*LS) Genus NEODORCADION Ganglbauer, 1884 Neodorcadion bilineatum (Germar, 1824) (*O) (*NMLS) Neodorcadion exornatum (Frivaldsky, 1835) (*O) (*LS) Neodorcadion laqueatum (Waltl, 1838) (*O) (*LS) !Neodorcadion orientale Ganglbauer, 1884 (*) (*O) (*NMLS) Neodorcadion pelleti (Mulsant & Rey, 1863) (*O) (*LS) Tribe APODASYINI Lacordaire, 1872 (1 genus, 1 species) Genus ANAESTHETIS Dejean, 1835 Anaesthetis testacea (Fabricius, 1781) A. testacea testacea (Fabricius, 1781) (*O) (*NMLS) Tribe POGONOCHERINI Mulsant, 1839 (1 genus, 2 species) Genus POGONOCHERUS Dejean, 1821 Pogonocherus hispidulus Piller & Mitterpacher, 1783 (*O) (*NMLS) Pogonocherus perroudi Mulsant, 1839 P. perroudi perroudi Mulsant, 1839 (*NMO) (*LS) (*CT) Tribe ACANTHODERINI Thomson, 1860 (1 genus, 1 species) Genus AEGOMORPHUS Haldeman, 1847 Aegomorphus clavipes (Leder, 1880) (*O) (*LS) Tribe ACANTHOCININI Blanchard, 1845 (2 genera, 4 species) Genus ACANTHOCINUS Dejean, 1821 Acanthocinus aedilis (Linnaeus, 1758) (*O) (*LS) Acanthocinus griseus (Fabricius, 1792) (*O) (*LS) Genus LEIOPUS Serville, 1835 Leiopus femoratus Fairmaire, 1859 (*O) (*LS) Leiopus nebulosus (Linnaeus, 1758) L. nebulosus nebulosus (Linnaeus, 1758) (*O) (*LS) Tribe EXOCENTRINI Pascoe, 1864 (1 genus, 3 species) Genus EXOCENTRUS Dejean, 1835 Exocentrus adspersus Mulsant, 1846 (*O) (*LS) Exocentrus lusitanus (Linnaeus, 1767) (*O) (*NMLS) Exocentrus punctipennis Mulsant & Guillebeau, 1856 (*O) (*NMLS) Tribe TETROPINI Portevin, 1927 (1 genus, 1 species) Genus TETROPS Kirby, 1826 Tetrops praeustus (Linnaeus, 1758) T. praeustus praeustus (Linnaeus, 1758) (*O) (*LS) Tribe SAPERDINI Mulsant, 1839 (1 genus, 7 species) Genus SAPERDA Fabricius, 1775 Subgenus SAPERDA Fabricius, 1775 Saperda carcharias (Linnaeus, 1758) (*O) (*LS) Subgenus LOPEZCOLONIA Alonso-Zarazaga, 1998 Saperda octopunctata (Scopoli, 1772) (*O) (*NMLS) Saperda perforata (Pallas, 1773) (*O) (*LS) Saperda punctata (Linnaeus, 1767) (*O) (*LS) Saperda scalaris (Linnaeus, 1758) S. scalaris scalaris (Linnaeus, 1758) (*O) (*LS) Subgenus COMPSIDIA Mulsant, 1839 Saperda populnea (Linnaeus, 1758) (*O) (*NMLS) Saperda quercus Charpentier, 1825 S. quercus quercus Charpentier, 1825 (*O) (*NMLS)

942 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______

Tribe PHYTOECIINI Mulsant, 1839 (5 genera, 19 species) Genus OBEREA Dejean, 1835 Subgenus OBEREA Dejean, 1835 Oberea oculata (Linnaeus, 1758) (*O) (*LS) Subgenus AMAUROSTOMA Müller, 1906 Oberea erythrocephala (Schrank, 1776) O. erythrocephala erythrocephala (Schrank, 1776) (*O) (*LS) Genus PILEMIA Fairmaire, 1864 Pilemia tigrina (Mulsant, 1851) (*O) (*NMLS) Genus COPTOSIA Fairmaire, 1864 Subgenus COPTOSIA Fairmaire, 1864 Coptosia albovittigera (Heyden, 1863) (*NMO) (*LS) (*CT) Genus PHYTOECIA Dejean, 1835 Subgenus HELLADIA Fairmaire, 1864 Phytoecia humeralis (Waltl, 1838) P. humeralis humeralis (Waltl, 1838) (*O) (*NMLS) Subgenus MUSARIA Thomson, 1864 Phytoecia affinis (Harrer, 1784) !P. affinis boeberi Ganglbauer, 1884 (*O) (*NMLS) Phytoecia tuerki Ganglbauer, 1884 (*O) (*NMLS) !Phytoecia wachanrui Mulsant, 1851 (*O) (*NMLS) Subgenus NEOMUSARIA Plavilstshikov, 1928 Phytoecia balcanica (Frivalvdszky, 1835) (*O) (*LS) !Phytoecia merkli Ganglbauer, 1884 (*O) (*NMLS) !Phytoecia pauliraputii (Sama, 1993) (*) (*O) (*NMLS) Subgenus PHYTOECIA Dejean, 1835 Phytoecia caerulea (Scopoli, 1772) P. caerulea caerulea (Scopoli, 1772) (*O) (*LS) Phytoecia cylindrica (Linnaeus, 1758) (*O) (*NMLS) Phytoecia geniculata Mulsant, 1862 (*O) (*LS) Phytoecia icterica (Schaller, 1783) (*O) (*LS) Phytoecia nigricornis (Fabricius, 1782) (*O) (*LS) Phytoecia pustulata (Schrank, 1776) P. pustulata pustulata (Schrank, 1776) (*O) (*NMLS) Phytoecia virgula (Charpentier, 1825) (*O) (*LS) Genus OPSILIA Mulsant, 1862 Opsilia coerulescens (Scopoli, 1763) (*O) (*LS) Tribe AGAPANTHIINI Mulsant, 1839 (3 genera, 8 species) Genus CALAMOBIUS Guerin-Meneville, 1847 Calamobius filum (Rossi, 1790) (*O) (*LS) Genus AGAPANTHIA Serville, 1835 Subgenus SYNTHAPSIA Pesarini & Sabbadini, 2004 Agapanthia kirbyi (Gyllenhal, 1817) (*O) (*LS) Subgenus EPOPTES Gistel, 1857 Agapanthia cynarae (Germar, 1817) A. cynarae cynarae (Germar, 1817) (*O) (*LS) *Agapanthia lateralis Ganglbauer, 1884 (*) (*O) (*LS) Agapanthia villosoviridescens (DeGeer, 1775) (*O) (*NMLS) Subgenus AGAPANTHIA Serville, 1835 Agapanthia cardui (Linnaeus, 1767) (*O) (*NMLS) Subgenus SMARAGDULA Pesarini & Sabbadini, 2004 Agapanthia violacea (Fabricius, 1775) (*O) (*LS) Genus AGAPANTHIOLA Ganglbauer, 1900 Agapanthiola leucaspis (Steven, 1817) (*O) (*LS)

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______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______945 INTRODUCTION TO ASSASIAN BUGS (HET.: REDUVIIDAE) IN MASHHAD REGION (KHORASAN RAZAVI PROVINCE) AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION

Mahboobeh Rahimi*, Mehdi Modarres Awal* and Ameneh Hashemi Mehneh*

* Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, IRAN. E-mail: [email protected]

[Rahimi, M., Modarres Awal M. & Mehneh, A. H. 2010. Introduction to assasian bugs (Het.: Reduviidae) in Mashhad region (Khorasan Razavi province) and their distribution. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 5, suppl.: 945-948]

ABSTRACT: Due to limited available studies information about Reduviidae is rare in Iran and the world (Dispons & Villiers, 1967; Maldonado-Capriles, 1990; Modarres Awal, 1997). Reduviidae family is one of the most important bugs in the world, especially in biological control of pests. Some of these bugs are predator of pest insects such as aphids, psylls and thrips. A survey was conducted during 2007-2009 and the results showed that 20 species of 8 genera, Ectomocoris, Coranus, Reduvius, Oncocephalus, Rhynocoris, Holotrichius, Pirates and Nagusta were collected from studied areas and among them Coranus aegyptius (Fabricius, 1775), was the predominant species. Coranus subapterus (De Geer, 1773), Holotrichius mesoleucus (Kiritshenko, 1914) and Oncocephalus squalid (Rossi, 1790) have never been recorded in Iran. These species are marked with an asterisk. Lack of the information about these insects was the reason to identifing them in Mashhad, Iran. These species could be very promising agents for pest biocontrol.

KEY WORDS: Fauna, Reduviidae, Mashhad, Iran.

Reduviidae is a large insect family in the world, with about 3000-6000 species, 29 subfamilies. Reduviidae, which also called assassin bugs, ambush bugs or thread-legged bugs, many of those are predators of pest insects such as aphids and thrips. Reduviid bugs are valuable predators in situation where a variety of insect pests occur and they should be conserved and augmented for their utilization in biocontrol programs (Ambrose, 1999). Reduviid predators are larger than other predaceous bugs, their nymphal instars and adults consuming considerable numbers of preys (Schaefer, 1988).

MATERIAL AND METHOD

The study was conducted from 2007-2009 with collecting samples from different areas in Mashhad region. Methods sampling were used such as trap, net and hand. Various of studied location were Torogh, Bandegolestan, Golmakan, Razaviyeh, Ahmad Abad and Field of Agricultural College (FAC). The samples were identified by Dr. David Redei from Hungary Musem of Natural History.

RESULTS

In total of 20 species from 8 genera in Reduviidae family were collected from the studies areas which are as following:

Reduviidae Latreille, 1807 Subfamily Harpactorinae Amyot and Serville, 1843 Coranus aegyptius (Fabricius, 1775) 946 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______

Material studied: Mashhad: 2 specimens, May 2008; 3 specimens, June 2008; Mashhad (Torogh): 3 specimens, August 2008.On ground and grasses. Note: In Iran this species has been reported from East Azarbaijan province (Baroughi, 1978; Perrier, 1935; Modarres Awal, 1996).

Coranus contraries (Reuter, 1881) Material studied: Mashhad (FAC): 3 specimens, July 2008; Mashhad (Torogh): 2 specimens, October 2007. On grasses. Note: In Iran this species has been reported from Khorasan Razavi province (Modarres Awal, 1997).

Coranus subapterus (De Geer, 1773)* Material studied: Chenaran (Golmakan): 1 specimen, May 2008; Mashhad: 3 specimens, July 2008; Mashhad (Torogh): 2 specimens, October 2008. On alfalfa and ground.

Nagusta goedeli (Stal, 1859) Material studied: Mashhad (F A C): 2 specimens, June 2008; Mashhad (Torogh): 1 specimen, June 2007; 1 specimen, November 2007. On grasses and ground. Note: In Iran this species has been reported from East Azarbaijan and Khorasan Razavi provinces (Modarres Awal, 1996, 1997).

Rhynocoris christophi (Jakovlev, 1877) Material studied: Chenaran (Golmakan):1 specimen, August 2008; Mashhad: 2 specimen, March 2007. On grasses. Note: In Iran this species has been reported from Semnan province from Putshkov, 2002.

Rhynocoris ibericus (Kolenati, 1857) Material studied: Mashhad (Torogh): 2 specimens, March 2009. On grasses. Note: In Iran this species has been reported from Khorasan Razavi province (Modarres Awal, 1997).

Rhynocoris iracundus (Poda, 1761) Material studied: Mashhad: 2 specimens, October 2007; Mashhad (Ahmad Abad): 2 specimen, August 2008; Mashhad (Razaviyeh): 3 specimens, July 2008. On ground. Note: In Iran this species has been reported from East Azarbaijan and Khorasan Razavi provinces (Modarres Awal, 1997).

Rhinocoris punctiventris (Herrich- Schaeffer, 1848) Material studied: Mashhad: 1 specimen, September 2007; Mashhad (Torogh): 2 specimens, April 2008. On ground.

Rhynocoris rubricoxa (Bergroth, 1890) Material studied: Mashhad (Bande Golestan): 2 specimens, September 2007. On ground. Note: In Iran this species has been reported from East Azarbaijan province (Modarres Awal, 1997).

Subfamily Peiratinae Stal, 1859 Pirates hybridus (Scopoli, 1763) Material studied: Mashhad: 1 specimen , March 2009; 1 specimen, May 2008; Mashhad (Bande Golestan): 2 specimens, June 2008. On ground. Note: In Iran this species has been reported from East Azarbaijan and Khorasan Razavi provinces (Modarres Awal, 1997).

Ectomocoris ululans (Rossi, 1790) Material studied: Mashhad (Bande Golestan): 2 specimens, August 2008; Mashhad (Torogh): 4 specimens, April 2008. On grasses. ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______947

Note: in Iran this species has been reported from Khorasan Razavi province (Modarres Awal, 1997).

Subfamily Reduviinae Latreille, 1807 Holotrichius apterus (Jakovlev, 1877) Material studied: Chenaran (Golmakan): 3 specimens, June 2008. On grasses. Note: in Iran this species has been reported from Khorasan province (Modarres Awal, 1997).

Holotrichius mesoleucus (Kiritshenko, 1914)* Material studied: Mashhad (Ahmad Abad): 2 specimens, July 2008. On grasses. Note: The female of this species is introduced for the first time in world and found in this study.

Reduvius fedtschenkianus (Oshanin, 1871) Material studied: Mashhad: 1 specimen, May 2008; 1 specimen, July 2008; Mashhad (Ahmad Abad):1 specimen, August 2008; Mashhad (Bande Golestan): 1 specimen , July 2007. On grasses and ground. Note: In Iran this species has been reported from Khorasan Razavi province (Modarres Awal, 1996).

Reduvius jakovleffi (Reuter, 1892) Material studied: Mashhad: 1 specimen, April 2008; 1 specimen, June 2007; Mashhad (Torogh): 2 specimens, June 2008. On grasses and ground. Note: In Iran this species has been reported from East Azarbaijan and Khorasan Razavi provinces (Modarres Awal, 1996).

Reduvius pallipes (Klug, 1830) Material studied: Mashhad: 2 specimens, July 2008. Mashhad (Ahmad Abad): 3 specimens, September 2008. On grasses. Note: In Iran this species has been reported from East Azarbaijan and Khorasan Razavi provinces (Modarres Awal, 1996).

Reduvius personatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Material studied: Mashhad (F.A.C): 2 specimens, March 2007. On ground. Note: In Iran this species has been reported from East Azarbaijan province (Modarres Awal, 1987).

Reduvius testaceus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1845) Material studied: Chenaran (Golmakan): 1 specimen, March 2008; Mashhad: 2 specimens, April 2007; Mashhad (Torogh): 2 specimens, September 2008. On alfalfa and grasses. Note: In Iran this species has been reported from Ardabil and East Azarbaijan provinces (Baroughi, 1978; Modarres Awal, 1996 ).

Subfamily Stenopodainae Amyot and Serville, 1843 Oncocephalus squalidus (Rossi, 1790)* Material studied: Mashhad: 2 specimens, July 2007: Mashhad (Ahmad Abad): 1 specimens, July 2008. On grasses.

Oncocephalus impictipes (Jakovlev, 1885) Material studied: Mashhad: 3 specimens, April 2008.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank Dr. David Redei from Hungary Musem of Natural History for identification and confirmation of specimens. 948 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______LITERATURE CITED

Ambrose, D. P. 1999. Assassin Bugs. Science Publishers, Inc., Enfield, New Hampshire, U.S.A. 337 pp.

Baroughi, H. 1987. Etude de la faune entomologique (Tabriz et environs), 2, order des heteropteres. Ibid., 12: 1-33.

Dispons, P. & Villiers, A. 1967. Contribution à la faune de l’Iran. 2. Héteroptèra Reduviidae [J]. Annales de la Société entomologique de France (n.s.), 3 (4): 1067-1085.

Maldonado-Capriles, J. 1990. Systematic catalogue of the Reduviidae of the world (Insecta: Heteroptera) [M]. A special edition of Caribbean Journal of Science, Puerto Rico, 694 pp.

Modarres Awal, M. 1996. Studies on some Cimicomorpha and Pentatomorpha (Het.) fauna in Ardabil province. Ibid., 10 (1): 102-112.

Modarres Awal, M. 1997. Family Reduviidae (Heteroptera), p. 81[A]. In: (ed.) List of agricultural pests and their natural enemies in Iran [M]. Ferdowsi University Press, 429 pp.

Modarres Awal, M. 1987. Collecting and determining of the fauna of Heteroptera in Ardabil area and Research Station of University of Tabriz in Moghan. Ibid., 9 (1,2): 15-28.

Perrier, T. 1935. La faune de la France. Tome 4, hemipteres, anoploures, mallophages, lepidopteres. Librairie Delagrave, Paris, 243 pp.

Putshkov, P. V. 2002. Rhynocoris persicus (Heteroptera, Reduviidae): Three species or one? Vestnik zoologii, 36 (5): 27-34.

Schaefer, C. W. 1988. Reduviidae as agent of biological control; In: Bicovas, K.S. Ananthasubramanian, P. venkatesan and S. Sivaraman (eds.). Loyola College, Madras. 1: 27-33.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______949 A NEW SPECIES OF PSEUDONEURECLIPSIS FROM NORTH EASTERN TURKEY (THRICOPTERA, POLYCENTROPODIDAE)

Füsun Sipahiler*

* Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Eğitim Fakültesi, OFMA Eğitimi Bölümü, TR-06800 Beytepe, Ankara / TÜRKİYE. E-mail: [email protected]

[Sipahiler, F. 2011. A new species of Pseudoneureclipsis from north eastern Turkey (Trichoptera: Polycentropodidae). Munis Entomology & Zoology, 5, suppl.: 949-952]

ABSTRACT: A new species of Trichoptera, Pseudoneureclipsis kelkitensis sp. n., (Polycentropodidae) discovered from northeastern Turkey is described and illustrated. It is related to P. iranicus Malicky, 1982 and P. gudulensis Çakın, 1983. The taxonomy of the genus Pseudoneureclipsis Ulmer, 1913 is discussed.

KEY WORDS: Trichoptera, new species, taxonomy, Pseudoneureclipsis, Polycentropodidae, northeastern Turkey.

The genus Pseudoneureclipsis Ulmer, 1913 is represented in the west Palaearctic Region by eight species, which are found in the Mediterranean Region and Iran. Most of the species of the genus are found in the Oriental Region. In Turkey, three species are known. P. gudulensis Çakın, 1983 (in Çakın & Malicky, 1983) was described from Kirmir Stream in central Anatolia; the second species is P. graograman Malicky, 1987, found in Botan Stream in southeastern Turkey. The third species, P. kelkitensis sp. n., is found in the north eastern Turkey. These three species are only known from the type places and they are not closely related to each other.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Specimens were collected by light trap with blacklight tube (6 Watt), which was set up near the Kelkit Stream. The collected material was preserved in 75% ethyl alcohol and deposited in my collection in Hacettepe University Department of Biology Education. The figures were drawn using a Zeiss Stemi SV 6 microscope.

Pseudoneureclipsis kelkitensis sp. n. (Figs. 1-8)

Material. Holotype ♂and paratypes 60 ♂, 161 ♀: Turkey, Tokat, Reşadiye, 10 km east of Reşadiye, Kelkit River, 6.8.2007, 40° 23 N, 37° 15 E, (at light), (Code of depository: E-187) leg. and coll. Sipahiler.

Antennae yellowish, annulated with brown; the head and the thorax are dorsally dark brown; wings brown; the anterior wing scarcely spotted near margin; the legs are pale brown; the length of the anterior wing of males is 4.5-5.5 mm, of females 5.5- 6 mm.

Male genitalia (Figs.1-5). In lateral view, the ventral portion of segment IX is triangular; the dorsal portion is very narrow; the preanal appendages are broad and short; the ventral portion is broadly triangle. The dorsal complex is composed 950 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______of one pair of side lobes, one median lobe and a large membranous thin lobe beneath it; the side lobes are rounded apically; the ventral surface and the apical margin have short and thick bristles; the ventral portions are elongated forming rather thin bands that connect to the phallic apparatus; there is a transversal sclerite bridge between the connection places, located on the ventral surface of the phallic apparatus; the median lobe is rounded on the sides; narrow in the middle; its median part is without hairs; the median lobe is connected to the lateral lobes via membranous parts; the third lobe is membranous; located beneath the median lobe; longer than it; the apical margin is roundly excised medially. In lateral view, the first segment of the inferior appendages is broad, the posterior edge is rounded; the basal-dorsal segment has a broad basal portion, of which the surroundings is strongly sclerotized, connected to the first segment via intersegmental membrane; its distal portion is finger-shaped; in ventral view, the first segments are directed on the sides; the inner surface has a hairy area on the inner margin. The phallic apparatus is thick at the base, slender in the middle, dilating on the distal portion, which is mostly membranous with one pair of sclerotized spines at the apex and one pair located subdistally; the locations of these spines vary on the macerated specimens.

Female genitalia (Figs. 6-8). Sternite VIII is divided into three lobes; the lateral lobes are oval; the half of the inner margins is strongly sclerotized; the distal margin of the median part is V-shaped excised, forming side projections, of which the distal edges are broad; rather smooth; sclerotized. Segment IX is narrower; the dorsomedian portion is sclerotized; the sides are weakly sclerotized; the anterior edge is sclerotized on the sides; roundly and largely excised in ventral view; segment X has three pairs of digitiform appendages.

Remarks: The genus Pseudoneureclipsis Ulmer, 1913 belongs to the subfamily Pseudoneureclipsinae established by Ulmer (1951) within Polycentropodidae with the other subfamilies Hyalopsychinae Lestage, 1925, Polycentropodinae Ulmer, 1903 and Dipseudopsinae Ulmer, 1904. The latter of these was considered a family by Ross (1967). The subfamily Pseudoneureclepsinae was transferred from Polycentropodidae to the family Dipseudopsidae (Li et al., 2001) based mainly on the synapomorphic character of the female sternum VIII, which is as single plate in both females of Dipseudopsis Walker, 1852 (Weaver & Malicky, 1994) and Pseudoneureclipsis palmonii Flint, 1967. The new species of the genus Pseudoneureclipsis differs in many features from the generic description given by Li et al. (2001). In the male genitalia the dorsal complex has four lobes; the lateral lobes are connected to the phallic apparatus, corresponding to a “subphallic process”, which is found in some species as sclerotized side projections of the phallic apparatus. The “basodorsal process of the inferior appendages” (Li et al., 2001) of this species is connected via a thin membrane to the first segment, and so it could be regarded as the second segment of the inferior appendages (Malicky, 2001). In the paper by Li et al (2001), the description of the female genitalia was given according to the figure of P. palmonii Filint, 1967 (Botosaneanu, 1992), in which sternum VIII is undivided. In the new species sternum VIII is divided into a pair of lateral lobes, resembling those of the females of the species belonging to the subfamily Polycentropodinae (Malicky, 2004). Therefore, P. kelkitensis sp. n. is placed in the family Polycentropodidae. Pseudoneureclipsis kelkitensis sp. n., is well characterized by many features of male and female genitalia. In the male genitalia the connections between the lobes of the dorsal complex and the phallic apparatus, and the connection of the ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______951 second segment of the inferior appendages via an intersegmental membrane to the first segment are the primitive characters of this species. It is related to P. iranicus Malicky, 1982 described from southern Iran (Malicky, 1982), but differs from this species by the following features: In P. iranicus the phallic apparatus is without side lobes connected with the dorsal complex; the dorsal complex has three lobes; the preanal appendages are basally narrow. In P. kelkitensis sp. n., the phallic apparatus has side connections; the dorsal complex with four lobes; the preanal appendages basally broad. It is also related to P. gudulensis Çakın, 1983 (Çakın & Malicky, 1983), described from Ankara, which has a simple phallic apparatus without sclerites and the side lobes.

Etymology: This species is named after the river from which the type specimens were collected.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The study was supported by grant no. 0601704001 from Hacettepe University Scientific Research Centre.

LITERATURE CITED

Botosaneanu, L. 1992. Trichoptera of the Levant, Fauna Palaestina, Insecta VI, The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Jerusalem, 291 pp.

Çakın, F. & Malicky, H. 1983. Neue Köcherfliegen (Trichoptera) aus der Türkei und von der Balkanhalbinsel. Entomologische Zeitschrift (Essen), 93 (19): 281-284.

Li, J. Y., Morse, C. J. & Tachet, H. 2001. Pseudoneureclipsinae in Dipseudopsidae (Trichoptera, Hydropsychoidea), with descriptions of two new species of Pseudoneureclipsis from East Asia. Aquatic Insects, 23: 107-117.

Malicky, H. 2001. Notes on the taxonomy of Rhadicoleptus, Ptilocolepus and Pseudoneureclipsis. Braueria, 28: 19-20.

Malicky, H. 2004. Atlas of European Trichoptera. Second Edition, Springer, 359 pp.

Ross, H. H. 1967. The evolution and past dispersal of the Trichoptera. Annual Review of Entomology, 12: 169-206.

Ulmer, G. 1951. Köcherfliegen (Trichopteren) von den Sunda-Inseln. Teil 1. Archiv für Hydrobiologie. Suppl., 19: 1-528.

Weaver, J. S. III & Malicky, H. 1994. The genus Dipseudopsis Walker from Asia (Trichoptera, Dipseudopsidae). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 137: 95-142.

952 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______

Figures 1-5: Pseudoneureclipsis kelkitensis sp. n. Male genitalia in 1. lateral, 2. dorsal, 3. ventral view, 4. phallic apparatus dorsal, 5. phallic apparatus, lateral view.

Figures 6-8: Pseudoneureclipsis kelkitensis sp. n. Female genitalia in 6. lateral, 7. dorsal, 8. ventral view.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______953 DESCRIPTION OF CROSSOTUS KADLECI FROM YEMEN (COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE: LAMIINAE)

Gianfranco Sama* and Jérôme Sudre **

* Via Raffaello Sanzio 84, I–47023 Cesena, ITALY. E-mail: [email protected] ** La Vy du Crêt, Faramaz, 74520 Vulbens, FRANCE. E-mail: [email protected]

[Sama, G. & Sudre, J. 2010. Description of Crossotus kadleci from Yemen (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Lamiinae). Munis Entomology & Zoology, 5, Suppl.: 953-956]

ABSTRACT: Crossotus kadleci sp. n. from Yemen is described and depicted.

KEY WORDS: Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Lamiinae, Ceroplesini, Crossotina, Crossotus, Yemen, new species.

Acronyms CJS Collection Jérôme Sudre, Vulbens, France GSC Collection Gianfranco Sama, Cesena, Italy MRC Collection Martin Rejzek, Norwich, United Kingdom NMP Narodny Museum Prague (Collection Stanislav Kadlec) PKC Collection Petr Kabátek, Prague, Czech Republic

According to Adlbauer (in Löbl & Smetana, 2010) the genus Crossotus Audinet-Serville, 1835, mostly distributed through tropical Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, includes three species known to occur in Yemen: C. arabicus Gahan, 1896, C. katbeh Sama, 2000 and C. strigifrons (Fairmaire, 1886). During the years 2005-2007, in the course of two zoological expeditions conducted in Yemen, the Czech entomologists Petr Kabátek, Stanislav Kadlec and Martin Rejzek collected many very interesting specimens of Coleoptera belonging to different subfamilies of Cerambycidae. Among them various species of the genus Crossotus Audinet-Serville, 1835, including some taxa which we regard as new to the Science. One of them, quite distinct from all known species, is described in the present article.

Crossotus kadleci n. sp. (Fig. 1) Material examined: Holotype ♂: S Yemen, Lawdar NE Aden, N13°53’ E45°48’, 1145m, 22.X.2005, leg. P. Kabátek (GSC). Paratypes. 1 ♂, 1 ♀: W Yemen, Jabal Bura NEE Al Hudaydah, N14°53’ E43°26’, 557m, ex l., 19/21.III.2007, leg. P. Kabátek ; 2 ♀♀: idem, N14°52’ E43°24’, 261-600m, 9/11.IV.2007, leg. P. Kabátek; 5 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀: idem, N14°52’ E43°24’], 225-600m, 30.X/1.XI.2005, leg. P. Kabátek; 3♂♂: idem, N14°52’ E43°24’, 225-600m, 30.X/1.XI.2005, leg. P. Kabátek; 1 ♂, 2 ♀: 15mm: SW Yemen, Sūq ad Dabad SWW Ta’izz, N13° 32’ E43° 57’, 1208m, 26.X.2005 ex larva, leg. P. Kabátek (GSC, PKC); 2 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀: W Yemen, Jabal Bura NEE Al Hudaydah, N14°52’ E43°24’, 225-600m, ex l., 30.X/1.XI.2007, leg. S. Kadlec (NMP); 3 ♀♀: idem, 19/21.III.2007, leg. S. Kadlec (NMP); 1♀: idem, 11.IV.2007, leg. S. Kadlec (NMP); 2 ♀♀: W Yemen, Jabal Bura NEE Al Hudaydah, N14°52’ E43°24’, 225-600m, 30.X/1.XI.2007, leg. M. Rejzek; 4 ♂♂: W Yemen, Jabal Bura NEE Al Hudaydah, N14°53’ E43°26’, 557m, 19/21.III.2007, leg. M. Rejzek; 1 ♂, 17 ♀♀: W Yemen, Jabal Bura NEE Al Hudaydah, N14°52’ E43°24’, 261-600m, 9-11.IV.2007, leg. M. Rejzek (GSC, MRC); 1 ♀: environs de Sanaa, II. 2000 (CJS). 954 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______Description: Length 13 – 20 mm (holotype 17 mm). Integument black or black brown, the whole body clothed with gray, white and golden-brown mixed recumbent pubescence. Head with eyes moderately small, the lower lobes about as long as temples or shorter than them, antennal tubercles prominent, vertex without oblique smooth carinae or lines. Pronotum conspicuously transverse, distinctly broader at base, with an obtuse, conical spine on each side, the disc with five feebly raised elevations and some sparse, deep punctures, covered at base with dense pubescence, without a distinct prebasal smooth line. Scutellum subquadrate, densely clothed with white and cinereous pubescence and a vague median, longitudinal band of golden-brown pubescence. Elytra strongly convex, tapering behind, separately rounded at apices, surface sparsely and finely punctate, each elytron with a moderately dense brush of golden hairs behind the base on each side of the scutellum and with two tufts of golden and black pubescence, one sub-basal and a smaller one just beyond the middle. Legs short and robust. Antennae longer than body (male) or scarcely shorter than it (female), densely clothed with cinereous and grey pubescence; segments 4th to 11th shortly annulated at base with lighter pubescence, two first segments without hairs on ventral surface, ventral side of 3th – 5th segments sparsely fringed with short semi erect setae, the following ones only with 2-3 setae at apex. Abdomen densely clothed with whitish recumbent hairs, with several small glabrous points; last sternite of female with a deep transverse depression in the middle before the apex and, with a round shining area at the middle of the base (Fig. 2). Female genitalia: spermatheca very small (1,5 mm) in comparison to the body length (18 mm) and without longitudinal subparallel furrows (Fig. 3) (see Sama & Rapuzzi, 2006).

Etymology: We are pleased to name this new species in honour and memory of our late friend Stanislav Kadlec.

Discussion: The new species does not resemble any known species of Crossotus especially from the Arabian Peninsula. Based on the key proposed by Breuning in his revision (Breuning, 1942), the new species could be referred to C. aethiops Distant, 1898, because of the small eyes lower lobes and the elytral tufts with black hairs. The head with the vertex without oblique smooth carinae or lines, the pronotum conspicuously transverse, the elytral pattern and the antennae not fringed on ventral side make C. kadleci immediately distinguishable from all known species of the genus.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are grateful to the mentioned collagues and friends Petr Kabátek and Martin Rejzek for the loan of the type material. For access to the Kadlec’s collection we wish to thank Jiří Haiek (National Museum (Natural History), Department of Entomology, Prague.

LITERATURE CITED

Adlbauer, K. 2010. Cerambycidae, Western Palaearctic taxa: Arabian Peninsula, pp. 84-334. In: Löbl I. & Smetana A. (eds.): Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera. 6. Chrysomeloidea. Apollo Books, Stenstrup: 924 pp.

Breuning, S. 1942. Etudes sur les Lamiaires. X. Crossotini Thoms. Novitates entomologicae, 72-84 (3e suppl.): 7-101.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______955

Sama, G. & Rapuzzi, P. 2006. Preliminary report on a recent survey of the Egyptian Cerambycidae, with description of three new species. Quaderni di Studi e notizie di Storia naturale della Romagna, 23: 179-194.

Figure 1. Crossotus kadleci n. sp.: paratype ♀.

Figure 2. Crossotus kadleci n. sp., paratype ♀: abdomen.

956 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______

Figure 3. Crossotus kadleci n. sp., paratype ♀ : spermatheca (scale: 0.5 mm)

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______957 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF ASILIDAE (DIPTERA: BRACHYCERA) FROM AZARBAIJAN PROVINCES (IRAN)

Behrooz Shoeibi* and Yones Karimpour

* Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection, Urmia University, Urmia, IRAN. E-mail: [email protected]

[Shoeibi, B. & Karimpour, Y. 2010. Contributions to the knowledge of Asilidae (Diptera: Brachycera) from Azarbaijan Provinces (Iran). Munis Entomology & Zoology, 5, suppl.: 957-963]

ABSTRACT: A list of 16 species of Asilidae (Insecta: Diptera) belonging to 4 subfamilies, 12 genera collected, in Azarbaijan Provinces (northwest of Iran) are given. Two species, namely Aneomochtherus micrasiaticus, Erax sedulous are new records for the fauna of Iran. Additionally 15 species are recorded for the first time from Azarbaijan provinces. Synonyms and distributional data for each species are included.

KEY WORDS: Asilidae, Iran, Fauna, Azarbaijan.

The robber flies are included in the Asilidae (Brachycera), with 7,029 species (Geller-Grimm, 2008) belonging to 518 genera (Geller-Grimm, 2003) distributed throughout the world. Records of preys taken by robber flies indicate that they are often opportunistic predators, feeding upon any insect that they can catch. The majority of the larvae live in soil but those of the Laphriinae and Laphystiinae occur in decaying logs and stumps, where they feed on larvae and pupae of other insects (Geller-Grimm, 2002). Even if many entomologists ignored their role in the past (Lehr, 1958), several recent studies have been dedicated to the predation of Asilidae (Londt 1993, 1995, 2006). With 1107 occurrences, Asilidae, compiled in Carto Fauna Flora had a relatively good covering of the Iranian territory excepting the two large deserts, at northern Dacht-é Kavir (Great Salt Desert) and southeastern Dacht-é Lut (sandy rockery desert) (Map 1). Investigations on Asilidae in Iran are strongly restricted and have been conducted principally by foreign researchers. Portschinsky (1873) described 2 new species, followed by Bigot (1880), Hermann (1905), Becker and Stein (1913), Engel (1930), Oldroyd (1958), Janssens (1961), Abbassian-Lintzen (1964a, b), Tsacas (1968) and Theodor (1980) that contributed to the knowledge of Iranian fauna. More recently Timon-David (1955), Geller-Grimm & Hradsky (1999), Tomasovic (1999a, 2002) have described some new species. Nowadays 237 species were described to live in Iran (Lehr et al., 2007; Ghahari et al., 2007a, b; Hayat et al., 2008; Saghaei et al. 2008). Papers by Abbassian-Lintzen (1964a), Lehr (1988) and Hayat et al. (2008) constitute few faunistical reports on Asilidae of the Azarbaijan provinces, but none of them focused specifically on the species from this area.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The robber flies were collected at different localities (between 35° 57′ and 39° 22′ N, and between 44° 37′ and 48° 20′ E) in the East & West Azarbaijan provinces where they are located in northwest of Iran, during 2008-2009. They were captured by sweep net in flight or when they were landing on the ground. 958 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______The specimens determind by G. Tomasovic. Data were gathered from the literature of Oldroyd (1958), Abassian-Lintzen (1965a & b), Ghahari et al. (2007), Lehr et al. (2007) and collected specimens preserved in the collections of Gembloux Agro- Bio Tech (GxABT, Belgium) and the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (IRSNB). The general distribution of the species was made with the references to Geller-Grimm (2008). The whole material has been deposited deposited in the insect collection of the Urmia University.

RESULTS

The list of asilidae includes 16 species belonging to 12 genera and 4 subfamilies: Apocleinae (2, genera; 2 species), Asilinae(6, genera; 8, species), Dasypogoninae(1, genus; 1, species), Stenopogoninae(3, genera; 5, species). Of these two species Aneomochtherus micrasiaticus (Tsacas, 1968), Erax sedulus (Richter, 1963) are new records for the fauna of Iran. All the identified species are new for the fauna of Azarbaijan Provinces except Dasypogon irinelae (Weinberg, 1986) which were previously reported by Hayat et al. (2008) from west Azarbaijan.

I-Subfamily Apocleinae Papavero 1973

Engelopogon cingulifer (Becker, 1913) Synonym: Machimus / Acanthopleura: Engel, 1927. Material Examined: Maragheh (East Azarbaijan Province), 26♂, 27♀, 12-19.VI.2009; Urmia (West Azarbaijan Province), 13♂, 7♀, 20.VI-14.VIII. 2009. Iranian records: Sistan & Baluchestan Province, Khorasan Province (Becker & Stein, 1913), Iran (Engel, 1930). Distribution outside Iran: Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan (Hayat et al., 2008). Biology: The specimens were found on hills sandy soil.

Polyphonius laevigatus Loew, 1848 Material Examined: Khoy (West Azarbaijan Province), 2♂, 5.VI.2009. Iranian records: Khuzestan Province (Oldroyd, 1958). Distribution outside Iran: Albania, Azerbaijan, Greece, Palestine, Turkey, Syria. Biology: The specimens were found on sandy soil.

II- Subfamily Asilinae Latreille, 1802

Aneomochtherus micrasiaticus (Tsacas, 1968) Synonym: Neomochtherus mundus micrasiaticus. Material Examined: Ourmia (West Azarbaijan Province), 1♂, 15.VI.2008. Iranian records: This is a new record for the fauna of Iran. Distribution outside Iran: Palaearctic, Afrotropical, Asia, Greece, Turkey. Biology: Genus Aneomochtherus Lehr 1996. The type species was Neomochtherus mundus micrasiaticus Tsacas, 1968 labelled from Asia Minor. The genus contained 64 species: 57 Palaearctic, 6 Afrotropical and 1 Oriental. In Iran 6 species were actually known (Hayat et al., 2008). The species is the predator of grasshoppers especially Acridella robusta Uvarov (Orthoptera: Acrididae).

Didysmachus picipes (Meigen, 1820) Material Examined: Naqadeh (West Azarbaijan Province), 2♂, 14.V.2008, 3♀, 11.VI.2008. Iranian records: Fars Province, Yazd Province (Lehr et al., 2007). Distribution outside Iran: Austria, Albania, Czech Republic, Switzerland, Denmark, Germany, France, Hungary, Italy, Norway, The Netherlands, Poland, Romania, former ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______959

Yugoslavia, Sweden, Finland, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Ukraine, Russia (North, Central and South European territory, West Siberia), Kazakhstan, Turkey (Lehr, 1996). Biology: Silvius caucasicus (Olsufjev, 1937) (Diptera: Tabanidae) as a prey was reported ( Lehr et al., 2007).

Dysmachus praemorsus (Loew, 1854) Material Examined:Azarshar (East Azarbaijan Province), 1♂, 15 .VI.2006,3♀, 18.VI.2007. Iranian records: Fars Province (shiraz) (Lehr et al., 2007). Distribution outside Iran: Austria, Albania, Bulgaria, Germany, France, Hungary, Poland, Romania, forme Yugoslavia, Ukraine, Turkey (Lehr et al., 2007). Biology: Tabanus filipjevi Olsufjev, 1937 (Diptera: Tabanidae) as a prey was reported ( Lehr et al., 2007).

Dysmachus tricuspis (Loew, 1848) Material Examined: Marand (East Azarbaijan Province), 3♂, 15.VI.2007. Iranian records: Esfahan Province (Lehr et al., 2007). Distribution outside Iran: Albania, Greece, Romania, Turkey, Tunisia. Biology: Phryxe vulgaris (Fallén, 1810) (Diptera: Tachinidae) as a prey was reported ( Lehr et al., 2007).

Erax sedulus Richter, 1963 Material Examined: Ourmia (West Azarbaijan Province), Sir Mountain 4 ♂, 2 ♀, 18.IV.2008. Iranian records: This is a new record for the fauna of Iran. But another species namely Erax grootaerti Tomasovic, 2002 was recorded from shiraz (Hayat et al., 2007). Distribution outside Iran: Russia.

Eutolmus fascialis (Loew, 1848) Material Examined: Hashtrood (East Azarbaijan Province), 3♂ , 12.VI.2009 ; 7♂, 2 ♀ , 26.VI.2009. Iranian records: Tehran Province (Damavand)(Lehr et al., 2007). Distribution outside Iran: forme Yugoslavia, Palestine, Turkey (Lehr et al., 2007). Biology: Dasyrhamphis umbrinus (Meigen, 1820) (Diptera: Tachinidae) as a prey was reported.

Eutolmus parricida (Loew, 1848) Material Examined: Myandoab (West Azarbaijan Province) 4♂, 28.V.2007, Myaneh (East Azarbaijan Province), 8♂, 5♀, 12VI.2009 ; Bonab (East Azarbaijan Province), 1♂, 3♀, 14.VI.2009 ; Malekan (East Azarbaijan Province) 1♂, 26.VI.2009. Iranian records: Mazandaran Province (Ramsar, Nooshahr) (Hayat et al., 2008). Distribution outside Iran: Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Turkey. Biology: This species was found preying on Ramonda spathulata (Fallén, 1820) (Diptera: Tachinidae) (Lehr et al., 2007); Sphex oxianus Gussakovsky (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) (Hayat et al., 2008).

Machimus rusticus (Meigen, 1820) Synonyms: Asilus genualis Zeller, 1840; A. obscures Meigen, 1820. Material Examined: Tabriz (East Azarbaijan Province), 8 ♂, 9 ♀,13.VI.2009 ; Salmas (West Azarbaijan Province), 4 ♂, 4 ♀, 28.V.2008. Iranian records: Mazandaran Province (Sari), Esfahan Province (Khomeini shahr) (Ghahari et al., 2007a), Khorasan, Bojnord (Hayat et al., 2008). Distribution outside Iran: Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Kazakhstan, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Turkey, United Kingdom (Hayat et al., 2008). Biology: This species was observed preying on Papilio demoleus demoleus L. (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Amphicoma sp. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea), Sphaerophoria scripta 960 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______

(Linnaeus) (Diptera: Syrphidae), and Thymelicus sylvestris Poda (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) were determined as prey in Turkey (Hayat & Alaoglu, 1996b; Hayat, 1997).

III -Subfamily Dasypogoninae Macquart, 1838

Dasypogon irinelae Weinberg, 1986 Material Examined: Mahabad (West Azarbaijan Province), 2♂, 3♀, 14.VIII.2008. Iranian records: This species has been recorded from Oshnavieh (West Azarbaijan Province), as a new for the Iranian fauna on May 1998 (Hayat et al., 2008). Distribution outside Iran: Azerbaijan, Turkey (Hayat et al., 2008). Biology: This species was collected with Chalybion (Chalybion) flebile (Lepelletier de Saint- Fargeu, 1845) (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) as prey. Among the prey of this species, Camptopus lateralis (Germar) (Hemiptera: Alydidae), Eristalis tenax (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Syrphidae), Systropha culvicornis (Scopoli) (Hymenoptera: Halictidae), Megabombus (Thoracobombus) sylvarum daghestanicus (Radoszkowski), Pyrobombus soroeensis (Fabricius), and Apis mellifera Linnaeus (Hymenoptera: Apidae) were noted (Hayat & Alaoglu, 1996a; Hayat, 1997; Ozbek & Hayat, 1999). The ethology of this species was also studied by Hayat & Calıskan (2003).

IV- Subfamily Stenopogoninae Hull, 1962

Heteropogon nubilus (Wiedemann, 1820) Material Examined: Boukan (West Azarbaijan Province), 2♂, 2♀, 5.VI.2009. Iranian records: Fars Province (Abadeh, Eghlid), (Lehr et al. 2007). Distribution outside Iran: Spain, Portugal, Jordan, Morocco, Algeria, Palestine, Tunisia, Turkey. Biology: Campylomma liebknechti Girault, 1934 (Heteroptera: Miridae) in Abadeh and Tetrix tartara tartara (Bolivar, 1887) (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) in Eghlid were recorded as preys (Lehr et al. 2007).

Holopogon imbecillus Loew, 1871 Material Examined: Tekab (West Azarbaijan Province), 2♀, 14.VIII.2008 . Iranian records: Tehran Province, Ob Ali bei (Oldroyd, 1958). Distribution outside Iran: Middle Asia including, Armenia and Azerbaijan (Hayat et al., 2008). Biology: The specimens were found on hills sandy soil.

Stenopogon elongatus (Meigen, 1804) Synonymy: Asilus loewi Schiner, 1866 (nomen nudum). Material Examined: Ourmia (West Azarbaijan Province), 1 ♀, 1.VI.2009; Pyranshahr (West Azarbaijan Province), 9 ♂, 5 ♀, 5.VI.2009; Sardasht (West Azarbaijan Province), 1 ♀ 27.VI.2008. Iranian Records: Iran (Lehr, 1988) in Kuzestan province (Khajehzadeh, 2004). Distribution outside Iran: Egypt, France, Greece, Hungary, Palestine, Romania, Russia, Tunisia, Turkey, West Sahara. Biology: The species is a powerful predator of grasshoppers, Locusta migratoria L., and Dociostaurus maroccanus (Thunberg) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in Kuzestan province (Khajehzadeh, 2004).

Stenopogon laevigatus (Loew, 1851) Synonymy: Dasypogon bicolor Bigot, 1878. Material Examined: Ourmia (West Azarbaijan Province), 2♀, 22.V.2008, 2♂, 23.VI.2008; Bonab (East Azarbaijan Province), 3 ♂, 1 ♀, 5.VI.2009; Ajabshir (East Azarbaijan Province), 1♀ , 20.VI.2009. Iranian Records: Fars Province (Abbassian-Lintzen, 1964a), Golestan Province, Bandar- Torkman (Hayat et al., 2008). Distribution outside Iran: Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Turkey. ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______961

Biology: This species was collected with Calliphora vomitoria Linnaeus (Diptera: Calliphoridae) as prey. Muscina sp. (Diptera: Muscidae), Chrysotoxum sp. and Pipizella sp. (Diptera: Syrphidae), Tabanus bromius Linnaeus (Diptera: Tabanidae) and Apis mellifera Linnaeus (Hymenoptera: Apidae) were recorded as prey of this species by Hayat & Alaoglu (1994) and Hayat (1997). Ozbek & Hayat (1999) emphasised the importance of this species as predator of A. mellifera in Erzurum, Turkey.

Stenopogon sciron superbus (Portschinsky, 1873) Material Examined: Maragheh (East Azarbaijan Province), 2♀, 26.VI.2009; Ourmia (West Azarbaijan Province), 2 ♀, 14.VIII.2008. Iranian Records: Sistan & Baluchestan Province (Oldroyd, 1958), Iran (Engel, 1930). Distribution outside Iran: Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Russia(Hayat et al., 2008).

DISCUSSION

During the course of the 2-year study period, 16 species of Asilidae were collected and identified. The total number of Asilid species recorded for Azarbaijan Provinces is 28. Both East & west Azarbaijan Provinces are large region incorporating various biogeographical areas and we expect that a large number of species remain to be discovered. As it seems that Asilid species in Iran are important predators of other insects (Lehr et al., 2007; Hayat et al., 2008), further study of their occurrence and biology, especially prey specificity, should be encouraged.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors are indebted to Dr. G. Tomasovic from Belgium for invaluable helps in identification the materials.

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Map 1. Distribution of Asilidae compiled in Carto Fauna Flora from Iran. 964 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______A SYNOPSIS OF TURKISH RHAGIUM F., 1775 WITH ZOOGEOGRAPHICAL REMARKS (COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE: LEPTURINAE)

Hüseyin Özdikmen* and Semra Turgut*

* Gazi Üniversitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi, Biyoloji Bölümü, 06500 Ankara / Türkiye. E- mails: [email protected] and [email protected]

[Özdikmen, H. & Turgut, S. 2010. A synopsis of Turkish Rhagium F., 1775 with zoogeographical remarks (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lepturinae). Munis Entomology & Zoology, 5, suppl.: 964-976]

ABSTRACT: All taxa of the genus Rhagium F., 1775 in Turkey are evaluated and summarized with taxonomical and zoogeographical remarks. Some new faunistical data are given for Turkey in the text. A checklist for Turkish taxa is also given.

KEY WORDS: Rhagium, Rhagiini, Lepturinae, Cerambycidae, Coleoptera, Turkey.

The genus Rhagium Fabricius, 1775 is a group of insects belonging to the most attractive taxa for especially forestry researchers. As commonly accepted the genus is represented by seventeen species of three subgenera in the whole world fauna from America to Japan in Holarctic region. The members of the genus feed in conifers and deciduous trees. They develops under the bark or in the wood (only the species R. bifasciatum F., 1775) of host plants of the genera Picea, Abies, Pinus, Larix as conifers and chiefly Quercus, Fagus, Castanea, Corylus, Alnus, Betula, Tilia, Ulmus, Acer as deciduous trees. Therefore the species of the genus are important in forestry. However, the Turkish forestry researches on Rhagium species was began by Schmitschek (1944). The works of Turkish forestry researchers who are Acatay (1948, 1961, 1963, 1968), Alkan (1946), Defne (1954), Çanakçıoğlu (1956, 1983), Besçeli (1969), Tosun (1975), Sekendiz (1981), Öymen (1987), Yüksel (1996) and Alkan & Eroğlu (2001) followed it. Unfortunately, five species as R. inquisitor (Linnaeus, 1758), R. mordax (DeGeer, 1775), R. sycophanta (Schrank, 1781), R. bifasciatum Fabricius, 1775 and R. fasciculatum Faldermann, 1837 among the Rhagium species of Turkey have been studied by all references mentioned above. Time to time by beginning at last of nineteen century, foreign researchers have been carried out some works on Turkish species. For example, a new Rhagium species, R. elmaliense, from S Turkey has been described by Schmid (1999) recently.

ARRANGEMENT OF INFORMATION

Information in the present text is given in following order: The subfamily and the tribe names are given simply. For the genus and subgenus names, the type species are provided under the taxon names. For each species, the whole subspecies are provided under the taxon names. The data, Other names, Material examined, Records in Turkey, Range, Chorotype and Known host plants for Turkey under the title for each taxon is given. Other names. In these parts, as possible as the whole other names including all infraspecific names (synonym, variety, morpha, form, aberration etc.) are provided. Material examined. Material examined that is provided for only some taxons covers the original records for Turkey. The materials were collected by A. Y. Okutaner from Giresun province in Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey in 2009. They are deposited in Gazi University (Ankara). ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______965

Records in Turkey. On the first line are given the abbreviations of the provinces and lands in Turkey. These parts include previous records that have been given by various authors in different literatures. The whole records are evaluated as only concerning province and land in related reference. The records are accompanied by the authors and publication date of related reference in paranthesis. Range. In these parts, the whole distribution areas in the world are provided for each taxon. Chorotype. The present zoogeographical characterization is based on the chorotype classification of Anatolian fauna, recently proposed by Vigna Taglianti et al. (1999). In the text, as possible as one chorotype description can be identificated for each taxon. Known host plants for Turkey. In some species, the host plants of collected specimens from Turkey are given by cited references. In other species, host plants have been not recorded for Turkey until now.

ABREVIATIONS OF THE PROVINCES AND LANDS IN TURKEY

ADANA (AD) ELAZIĞ (EL) MANİSA (MN) ADIYAMAN (ADY) ERZİNCAN (ER) MARDİN (MR) AFYON (AF) ERZURUM (EZ) MUĞLA (MG) AĞRI (AG) ESKİŞEHİR (ES) MUŞ (MU) AKSARAY (AK) GAZİANTEP (GA) NEVŞEHİR (NE) AMASYA (AM) GİRESUN (GI) NİĞDE (NI) ANKARA (AN) GÜMÜŞHANE (GU) ORDU (OR) ANTALYA (ANT) HAKKARİ (HA) OSMANİYE (OS) ARDAHAN (AR) HATAY (HT) RİZE (RI) ARTVİN (ART) IĞDIR (IG) SAKARYA (SA) AYDIN (AY) ISPARTA (IP) SAMSUN (SM) BALIKESİR (BL) İÇEL (IC) SİİRT (SI) BARTIN (BR) İSTANBUL (IS) SİNOP (SN) BATMAN (BA) İZMİR (IZ) SİVAS (SV) BAYBURT (BY) KAHRAMANMARAŞ (KA) ŞANLIURFA (SU) BİLECİK (BI) KARABÜK (KR) ŞIRNAK (SK) BİNGÖL (BN) KARAMAN (KM) TEKİRDAĞ (TE) BİTLİS (BT) KARS (KAR) TOKAT (TO) BOLU (BO) KASTAMONU (KS) TRABZON (TB) BURDUR (BU) KAYSERİ (KY) TUNCELİ (TU) BURSA (BS) KIRIKKALE (KI) UŞAK (US) ÇANAKKALE (CA) KIRKLARELİ (KK) VAN (VA) ÇANKIRI (CN) KIRŞEHİR (KIR) YALOVA (YA) ÇORUM (CO) KİLİS (KL) YOZGAT (YO) DENİZLİ (DE) KOCAELİ (KO) ZONGULDAK (ZO) DİYARBAKIR (DI) KONYA (KN) THRACIA (EUROPEAN TUR.) (TRA) DÜZCE (DU) KÜTAHYA (KU) TURKEY (TUR) EDİRNE (ED) MALATYA (MA)

Subfamily LEPTURINAE Latreille, 1802

According to Bousquet et al. (2009), it includes eight tribes in the world as Desmocerini Blanchard, 1845; Encyclopini LeConte, 1873; Lepturini Latreille, 1802; Oxymirini Danilevsky, 1997; Rhagiini Kirby, 1837; Rhamnusiini Sama, 2009; Teledapini Pascoe, 1871 and Xylosteini Reitter, 1913.

Tribe RHAGIINI Mulsant, 1839 = Rhagiadae Kirby, 1837: 178 = Toxotaires Mulsant, 1839: 230 = Pachytes Motschulsky, 1849: 60 = Stenocoritae Thomson, 1861: 156 = Toxoti LeConte and Horn, 1883: 313 = Pachytini Portevin, 1934: 119 (key), 129 966 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______Type genus: Rhagium Fabricius, 1775 It includes genera more than thirty in the world fauna. In general, the members of the tribe Rhagiini differ from others by prosternum with a deep, transverse groove in front of anterior coxae and by pronotum with lateral knolls. Body is robust but slightly tapering posteriorly. Head is deeply constricted posteriorly. Antennae inserted before eyes or on the level of anterior magrin of eyes. Pronotum has or not lateral spines or granules.

Genus RHAGIUM Fabricius, 1775 = Hargium Samouelle, 1819: 210 = Harpium; Reitter, 1912: 6 = Allorhagium Kolbe, 1884: 270

Type species: Cerambyx inquisitor Linnaeus, 1758

Body robust, medium sized. Cervix elongate. Head square-shaped, robust, and with a medial, longitudinal groove; Temples distinct. Antennae rather short and thick, with apices barely reaching beyond pronotal base. Eyes bulge, finely faceted, poorly emarginate. Pronotum with lateral, medial spines. Elytra wide, subparallel with fine longitudinal keels, rounded apically; mesosternum with longitudinal, smooth keel; abdominal segments usually with medial elevations. It differs from other closely related genera by temples not very convex; by third antennal segment rather long, fourth segment short and third segment not much shorter than fifth; by lateral humps or tubercules of pronotum like a spine and by elytra with clear keels. The genus Rhagium Fabricius, 1775 species are distributed in Holarctic region in the world. Traditionally, it divided three subgenera as the nominotypical subgenus Rhagium Fabricius, 1775; Hagrium Villiers, 1978 and Megarhagium Reitter, 1913. As commonly accepted the genus has sixteen species in the world fauna from America to Japan. The subgenus Hagrium Villiers, 1978 is monotypic. It includes only the European species, R. bifasciatum Fabricius, 1775. The other subgenus Megarhagium Reitter, 1912 includes nine species as R. caucasicum Reitter, 1889 (SW-Asiatic), R. elmaliense Schmid, 1999 (Anatolian), R. fasciculatum Faldermann, 1837 (SW-Asiatic), R. iranum Heller, 1924 (Iranian), R. mordax (DeGeer, 1775) (Sibero-European), R. phrygium Daniel, 1906 (Anatolian), R. pygmaeum Ganglbauer, 1881 (SW-Asiatic), R. sycophanta (Schrank, 1781) (Sibero-European) and R. syriacum Pic, 1892 (SW-Asiatic) [Palaearctic]. As commonly accepted that the nominotypical subgenus Rhagium Fabricius, 1775 includes seven species as R. femorale Ohbayashi, 1994 (Japanese), R. heyrovskyi Podaný, 1964 (Japanese), R. inquisitor (Linnaeus, 1758) (Holarctic), R. japonicum Bates, 1884 (E-Palaearctic), R. morrisonense Kano, 1933 (Taiwan), R. pseudojaponicum Podaný, 1964 (E-Palaearctic) and R. qinghaiensis Chen & Chiang, 2000 (Chineese). In addition to this, the synonymy of all American Rhagium species with R. inquisitor inquisitor proposed by Linsley & Chemsak (1972). Therefore, e.g. Chemsak et al. (1992) and Monné & Bezark (2009) mentioned only one species as R. inquisitor for all American Rhagium. However, Vitali (2009) rightly stated that “Linsley & Chemsak (1972)‘s approach can not be accepted since erroneous from a biogeographic point of view. Accordingly, R. inquisitor resulted widespread from Spain to Middle Siberia, replaced by the ssp. rugipenne in Eastern Siberia, and widespread again in North America. Moreover, while only one species is widespread from North Africa to Mexico, 5 endemic taxa inhabit the only Japan. Actually, the North American taxa evidently differ from the typical inquisitor and constitute ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______967 different entities.“ So Vitali (2009) accepted Podaný’s (1964) worldwide revision and gave all American Rhagium as separate species as R. americanum Podaný, 1964; R. canadense Podaný, 1964; R. cariniventre Casey, 1913; R. lineatum (Olivier, 1795); R. mexicanum Casey, 1913; R. montanum Casey, 1913 and R. quadricostatum Podaný, 1964. However, the status of American Rhagium species is unclear now. In Palaearctic region, the genus, therefore, is represented by all species in the whole world fauna. In Europe, it is represented by widely distributed four species of three subgenera as R. bifasciatum Fabricius, 1775; R. mordax (DeGeer, 1775); R. sycophanta (Schrank, 1781) and R. inquisitor (Linnaeus, 1758). The Turkish Rhagium is represented by nine species of three subgenera as R. bifasciatum Fabricius, 1775; R. caucasicum Reitter, 1889; R. elmaliense Schmid, 1999; R. fasciculatum Faldermann, 1837; R. mordax (DeGeer, 1775); R. phrygium Daniel, 1906; R. sycophanta (Schrank, 1781); R. syriacum Pic, 1892 and R. inquisitor (Linnaeus, 1758). In addition to this, R. pygmaeum Ganglbauer, 1881 was recorded by Lodos (1998) for Turkey. However, Lodos’s (1998) list is unrealistic. The species occurs only in Iran and Caucasus (Talysh). So it is not confirmed for Turkey now, but it may be present in NE Turkey. The Turkish Rhagium Fabricius, 1775 taxa are presented as follows:

Subgenus RHAGIUM Fabricius, 1775

Type species: Cerambyx inquisitor Linnaeus, 1758

It differs from other subgenera by head swollen and punctured behind eyes and by the eyes with barely pointed out round neckline. This subgenus is represented only by one species in Turkey.

R. inquisitor (Linnaeus, 1758) ssp. inquisitor Linnaeus, 1758 ssp. schtschukini Semenov, 1897 nom. rest. ssp. rugipenne Reitter, 1898 ssp. fortipes Reitter, 1898 ssp. cedri Reymond, 1954

Original combination. - Cerambyx inquisitor Linnaeus, 1758

Other names. - nubecula Bergstran, 1778; minutum Fabricius, 1787; indagator Fabricius, 1787; exile Gmelin, 1790; lineatum Olivier, 1795; indagatrix Latreille, 1804; minor Voet, 1804-1806; investigator Mulsant, 1839; investigator Mannerheim, 1852; sibiricum Pic, 1905; californicum Casey, 1913; crassipes Casey, 1913; parvicorne Casey, 1913; boreale Casey, 1913; cariniventre Casey, 1913; thoracicum Casey, 1913; montanum Casey, 1913; mexicanum Casey, 1913; iberonis Erichson, 1916; sudeticum Plavilstshikov, 1915; interruptelineata Krahmer, 1957; mediofasciata Krahmer, 1957; brunnea Krahmer, 1957; canadense Podaný, 1964; americanum Podaný, 1964; quadricostatum Podaný, 1964; papayanum Podaný, 1978; nigra Podaný, 1978.

This species distributes rather widely in Turkey. It has five distinct subspecies in the World. In Turkey, it is represented by three subspecies. R. inquisitor schtschukini Semenov, 1897 of which original spelling is “Rhagium (Alorrhagium) schtschukini” not “stshukini” according to Plavilstshikov (1915), occurs only in NE Turkey; R. inquisitor fortipes Reitter, 1898 which was described from Akbez in Hatay province of Turkey, not Syria occurs only in SE 968 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______Turkey and the nominative R. inquisitor inquisitor (Linnaeus, 1758) occurs in other parts of Turkey. Known other subspecies R. inquisitor cedri Reymond, 1954 occurs only in N Africa (Morocco and Algeria), and R. inquisitor rugipenne Reitter, 1898 occurs in European Russia, Siberia, China and Mongolia. According to Sama (2002), R. japonicum Bates, 1884 occurs in Kunashir Island to Japan is a subspecies of R. inquisitor.

Material examined. - Giresun prov.: Eğribel pass-Kümbet plateau, 1-15.06.2009, leg. A. Y. Okutaner, 20 specimens. The specimens were collected from a pheromone trap. The present specimens belong to the nominotypical subspecies.

Records in Turkey. - AM-AN-ANT-ART-BO-BS-BU-DU-EZ-GI-GU-IS-KR-KAR- KS-OR-RI-SA-SN-TB-TRA-TUR (Plavilstshikov, 1915; Alkan, 1946; Schmitschek, 1944; Acatay, 1948, 1961, 1963, 1968; Defne, 1954; Çanakçıoğlu, 1956; Demelt, 1967; Tosun, 1975; Sekendiz, 1981; Lobanov et al., 1981; Önder et al., 1987; Althoff & Danilevsky, 1997; Sama, 1982; Çanakçıoğlu, 1983; Öymen, 1987; Adlbauer, 1992; Yüksel, 1996; Lodos, 1998; Tozlu, 2001a; Tozlu et al., 2002; Sama, 2002; Özdikmen & Şahin, 2006; Özdikmen, 2007).

Range. - Europe (from Portugal and Spain to European Russia and European Kazakhstan), North Africa (Algeria, Morocco), Siberia, Far East Russia, Mongolia, China, Japan, Caucasus, Turkey, North America (Canada, America, Mexico).

Chorotype. - Holarctic.

Known host plants for Turkey. – Abies (Alkan, 1946; Adlbauer, 1992; Yüksel, 1996); Abies bornmuelleriana (Schimitschek, 1944; Çanakçıoğlu, 1956; Çanakçıoğlu, 1983); Abies cilicica (Tosun, 1975;Çanakçıoğlu, 1983); Abies nordmanniana (Çanakçıoğlu, 1983); Juniperus excelsa (Tosun, 1975); Picea excelsa (Çanakçıoğlu, 1983); Picea orientalis (Schimitschek, 1944; Sekendiz, 1981; Çanakçıoğlu, 1983; Yüksel, 1996; Alkan & Eroğlu, 2001); Pinus (Alkan, 1946; Demelt, 1967; Adlbauer, 1992); Pinus brutia (Öymen, 1987); Pinus nigra (Öymen, 1987); Pinus sylvestris (Schimitschek, 1944; Çanakçıoğlu, 1983; Yüksel, 1996; Alkan, 2000; Tozlu, 2001; Hoskovec & Rejzek, 2009).

Subgenus HAGRIUM Villiers, 1978

Type species: Rhagium bifasciatum Fabricius, 1775

It differs from the nominative subgenus by head not swollen and punctured behind eyes and the other subgenus Megarhagium by long antennae extending distinctly behind the elytral base, by pronotum with smooth, longitudinal, median line and by abdominal sternites with a median, smooth line, without any keel. This monotypic subgenus is represented in Turkey.

R. bifasciatum Fabricius, 1775

Other names. - ornatum Fabricius, 1775; maculatum Goeze, 1777; bicolor Olivier, 1795; parisanum Geoffroy, 1785; elegans Herbst, 1786; anglicum Gmelin, 1790; nigrolineatum Donovan, 1801; bimaculatum Marsham, 1802; varium Voet, 1804-1806; unifasciatum Mulsant, 1839; ecoffeti Mulsant, 1839; lituratum Fügner, 1891; latefasciatum Pic, 1891; fasciatum Pic, 1891; infasciatum Pic, 1898; gravei Hubenthal, 1902; rufum Prell, 1908; deyrollei Pic, 1909; medionotatum Pic, 1910; mediofasciatum Pic, 1912; bistrinotatum Pic, ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______969

1914; connexum Everts, 1918; ictericum Schleicher, 1924; simoni Blair, 1940; blairi Kaufmann, 1946; virgatum Kaufmann, 1946; dvoraki Niedl, 1953; apicepunctatum Podaný, 1964; klinzingi Podaný, 1964; montanum Nüssler, 1969; andreae Villiers, 1978.

This species distributes rather widely in Turkey (mostly in N Turkey).

Material examined. - Giresun prov.: Eğribel pass-Kümbet plateau, 1-15.06.2009, leg. A. Y. Okutaner, 4 specimens. The specimens were collected from a pheromone trap.

Records in Turkey. - AM-ANT-ART-BO-BU-DU-EZ-GI-GU-IP-IS-KR-KAR-KS- KK-KO-NI-OR-RI-SA-SN-TB-ZO-TRA-TUR (Plavilstshikov, 1915, 1936; Schimitschek, 1944; Acatay, 1948, 1961, 1968; Defne, 1954; Villiers, 1967; Besçeli, 1969; Sekendiz, 1974; Tosun, 1975; Lobanov et al., 1981; Sama, 1982; Çanakçıoğlu, 1983, 1993; Danilevsky & Miroshnikov, 1985; Önder et al., 1987; Öymen, 1987; Svacha & Danilevsky, 1988; Adlbauer, 1992; Yüksel, 1996; Althoff & Danilevsky, 1997; Çanakçıoğlu & Mol, 1998; Lodos, 1998; Alkan & Eroğlu, 2001; Tozlu, 2001a,b; Sama, 2002; Tozlu et al., 2002; Özdikmen & Şahin, 2006; Hoskovec & Rejzek, 2009).

Range. - Europe (from Portugal and Spain to European Russia), North Africa (erroneous), Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Near East, Turkey.

Chorotype. - European or Turano-Europeo-Mediterranean. According to Sama (2002), the record of Plavilstshikov (1936) from North Africa is erroneous.

Known host plants for Turkey. – Abies bornmuelleriana ((Schimitschek, 1944; Besçeli, 1969; Çanakçıoğlu, 1983; Öymen, 1987); Abies cilicica (Tosun, 1975; Çanakçıoğlu, 1983); Abies nordmanniana (Çanakçıoğlu, 1983); Picea orientalis (Yüksel, 1996; Alkan & Eroğlu, 2001); Pinus (Adlbauer, 1992); Pinus sylvestris (Schimitschek, 1944; Çanakçıoğlu, 1983; Alkan & Eroğlu, 2001; Tozlu, 2001a); Populus tremula (Sekendiz, 1974; Çanakçıoğlu, 1983; Tozlu, 2001b).

Subgenus MEGARHAGIUM REITTER, 1913

Type species: Cerambyx sycophanta Schrank, 1781

It differs from the nominative subgenus by head not swollen and punctured behind eyes and the other subgenus Hagrium by shortened antennae hardly reaching the elytral base, by pronotum without smooth median line and by abdominal sternites with large, longitudinal, median keel. This subgenus is represented by seven species in Turkey.

R. caucasicum (Reitter, 1889) ssp. caucasicum Reitter, 1889 ssp. semicorne Holzschuh, 1974

Original combination. – Rhagium mordax var. caucasicum Reitter, 1889

This species probably distributes only in N Turkey due to it has been recorded only by Plavilstshikov (1936) from Kars prov. (Kağızman) as a exact locality in Turkey until now. It is represented only by the nominative subspecies in Turkey. Known other subspecies, R. caucasicum semicorne Holzschuh, 1974 which 970 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______described originally as R. semicorne was ranked by Danilevsky (1992) as subspecies. It occurs in Caucasus (Azerbaijan) and Iran.

Records in Turkey. - KAR-TUR (Plavilstshikov, 1915, 1936; Lobanov et al., 1981; Danilevsky & Miroshnikov, 1985; Svacha & Danilevsky, 1988).

Range. - Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Turkey, Iran.

Chorotype. - SW-Asiatic (Anatolo-Caucasian + Irano-Caucasian + Irano- Anatolian).

R. elmaliense Schmid, 1999

This species distributes only in S Turkey. It has been known only from the type locality (Antalya prov.: Elmalı) until now.

Records in Turkey. - ANT-TUR (Schmid, 1999; Sama, 2002).

Range. - Turkey.

Chorotype. - Anatolian.

R. fasciculatum Faldermann, 1837

Other names. – rufipes Motschulsky, 1838.

This species distributes only in N Turkey.

Records in Turkey. - ART-BO-GI-KAR-RI-SN-TB-TUR (Plavilstshikov, 1936; Defne, 1954; Demelt, 1967; Villiers, 1967; Lobanov et al., 1981; Danilevsky & Miroshnikov, 1985; Svacha & Danilevsky, 1988; Lodos, 1998; Tauzin, 2000; Sama, 2002; Tozlu et al., 2002; Özdikmen & Şahin, 2006; Özdikmen, 2007; Hoskovec & Rejzek, 2009).

Range. - Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Turkey, Iran.

Chorotype. - SW-Asiatic (Anatolo-Caucasian + Irano-Caucasian + Irano- Anatolian).

R. mordax (DeGeer, 1775)

Original combination. – Leptura mordax DeGeer, 1775

Other names. - inquisitor Stroem, 1765 (preocc.); bifasciatum Schrank, 1781; linnei Laicharting, 1784; vulgare Samouelle, 1819; klenkai Heyrovsky, 1914; ? altaiense Plavilstshikov, 1915; bimaculatum Jacobson, 1926; morvandicum Pic, 1927.

This species distributes mostly in N Turkey.

Records in Turkey. - ART-GI-KR-OR-RI-TB-TRA-TUR (Acatay, 1948, 1961, 1968; Besçeli, 1969; Yüksel, 1996; Althoff & Danilevsky, 1997; Lodos, 1998; Alkan & Eroğlu, 2001). Range. - Europe (from Spain to European Russia), Siberia, Kazakhstan, Turkey. ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______971 Chorotype. - Sibero-European.

Known host plants for Turkey. – Quercus (Besçeli, 1969); Picea orientalis (Yüksel, 1996).

R. phrygium Daniel, 1906

Original combination. – Rhagium (Hargium) phrygium Daniel, 1906

This species was described by Daniel (1906) from Konya prov.: Akşehir (CS Turkey) based on a female specimen according to Plavilstshikov (1915). In 1985, Adlbauer gave description of the male. It distributes only in CS and S Turkey (Taurus Mts.) according to published references. However, Hoskovec & Rejzek (2009) stated that this species was also collected from Syria (Jabal an Nusayriyah Mts.) and Muş province of Turkey in their website entitled longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae) of the West Palaearctic region.

Adlbauer (1988) stated that “this rare Rhagium species has been known only from unique specimens in Adlbauer (1985) up to now. Body long is changed between 12 and 18 mm in males and 13-21 mm in females. The bright colouring is straw-yellow in some bright specimens, rather red-brown in the other specimens. Dark drawing on the elytrons is only seldom distinctively stronger than mentioned that in the original description, in the prevailing majority of the cases, if it is reduced or even further. On the other hand, the golden brown hairs (especially on the pronotum develops noticeably) develops stronger mostly”.

Records in Turkey. - IC-KN-TUR (Plavilstshikov, 1915; Winkler, 1924-1932; Adlbauer, 1985, 1988; Sama, 2002).

Range. - Turkey.

Chorotype. - Anatolian.

Known host plants for Turkey. – Philadelphus, Quercus, Cornus, Pistacia (Adlbauer, 1988).

R. sycophanta (Schrank, 1781)

Original combination. – Cerambyx sycophanta Schrank, 1781

Other names. - mordax Herbst, 1784; inquisitor Olivier, 1795; scrutator Olivier, 1795; cephalotes Voet, 1804-1806; grandiceps Thomson, 1866; latefasciatum Müller, 1890; apicefasciatum Heyrovsky, 1952.

This species distributes only in N Turkey. According to Sama (2002), Plavilstshikov (1936) erroneously listed Asia Minor. The present record is the first for Giresun province.

Material examined. - Giresun prov.: Eğribel pass-Kümbet plateau, 1-15.06.2009, leg. A. Y. Okutaner, 14 specimens. The specimens were collected from a pheromone trap. 972 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______Records in Turkey. - TB-TRA-TUR (Plavilstshikov, 1915, 1936; Lobanov et al., 1981; Svacha & Danilevsky, 1988; Althoff & Danilevsky, 1997; Lodos, 1998; Alkan & Eroğlu, 2001).

Range. - Europe (from Spain to European Russia), Siberia, Turkey.

Chorotype. - Sibero-European.

R. syriacum Pic, 1892

Original combination. – Rhagium mordax F. (sycophanta Sch.) var. syriacum Pic, 1892

This species distributes only in S Turkey (Amanos Mts.). The type locality of the species is Akbez in Hatay province of Turkey, not Syria. So this species is endemic to Turkey. There is chiefly two polemics on this species. Firtsly, this is a real species or not. This species was described by Pic (1892) as a variation of R. sycophanta. It is so close to R. sycophanta. He mentioned only “clear band of elytrons passing to a ruddy shade melted in posterior part with the rest of drawings” in the original description. Even it was given by Plavilstshikov (1915) as an aberration of R. sycophanta. He stated that “this form is only a simple aberration, but not race of R. sycophanta”. However, Sama (2002) gave the taxon in his key as a separate species. He mentioned it with the species R. phrygium Daniel, 1906 in the same article (seventh article) in his key. He did not give any diagnostic character to separate them. Anyway, the second polemic is the synonymy between R. syriacum Pic, 1892 (from Amanos Mts.) and R. phrygium Daniel, 1906 (from Taurus Mts.) from S Turkey. These taxa are not synonym. Since, R. syriacum has the same coloration and pubescent especially on the pronotum and elytra with R. sycophanta except posterior parts of elytra. R. phrygium easily distinguished from R. syriacum and R. sycophanta by stronger pronotal and elytral pubescence especially except other diagnostic characters. Finally, the status of this taxon still needs to be clarified with examination of the type specimen for the present.

The original description of Pic (1892) as follows: Rhagium mordax F. (sycophanta Sch.) var. syriacum “Bande claire des élytres passant à une teinte rougeâtre fondue dans sa partia posterieure avec le reste des dessins”.

Records in Turkey. – HT-TUR (Pic, 1892; Lodos, 1998; Sama, 2002).

Range. - Turkey.

Chorotype. - Anatolian.

A CHECKLIST OF THE TURKISH RHAGIUM TAXA

Turkish Rhagium taxa comprise of nine species with four subspecies of three subgenera. The endemic species are marked with (E).

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______973 Genus RHAGIUM Fabricius, 1775

Subgenus RHAGIUM Fabricius, 1775 Rhagium inquisitor (Linnaeus, 1758) Rhagium inquisitor inquisitor (Linnaeus, 1758) Rhagium inquisitor schtschukini Semenov, 1897 Rhagium inquisitor fortipes Reitter, 1898 (E)

Subgenus HAGRIUM Villiers, 1978 Rhagium bifasciatum Fabricius, 1775

Subgenus MEGARHAGIUM Reitter, 1913 Rhagium caucasicum Reitter, 1889 Rhagium caucasicum caucasicum Reitter, 1889 Rhagium elmaliense Schmid, 1999 (E) Rhagium fasciculatum Faldermann, 1837 Rhagium mordax (Degeer, 1775) Rhagium phrygium Daniel, 1906 (E) Rhagium sycophanta (Schrank, 1781) Rhagium syriacum Pic, 1892 (E)

ZOOGEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS

The present list consists of 9 species of the genus Rhagium from Turkey. 33.33 % of the recorded species as R. elmaliense Schmid, 1999; R. phrygium Daniel, 1906 and R. syriacum Pic, 1892 are endemic to Turkey. 22.22 % of the recorded species as R. caucasicum Reitter, 1889 and R. fasciculatum Faldermann, 1837 have an SW-Asiatic (Anatolo-Caucasian + Irano-Caucasian + Irano-Anatolian) chorotype and also 22.22 % of the recorded species as R. mordax (DeGeer, 1775) and R. sycophanta (Schrank, 1781) have an Sibero-European chorotype. 11.11 % of the recorded species as only the species R. bifasciatum Fabricius, 1775 has an European chorotype and also 11.11 % of the recorded species as only the species R. inquisitor (Linnaeus, 1758) has an Holarctic chorotype (Fig. 1).

Figure 1. Zoogeographical composition of the Rhagium fauna of Turkey. 974 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______LITERATURE CITED

Acatay, A. 1948. Zararlı orman böcekleri, Teşhis anahtarı. T. C. Tarım Bakanlığı Orman Genel Müdürlüğü Yay., İstanbul, 76: 113 pp.

Acatay, A. 1961. Zararlı orman böcekleri, Teşhis anahtarı. İstanbul Üniversitesi Yay., İstanbul, 938: 152 pp.

Acatay, A. 1963. Tatbiki orman entomolojisi. İstanbul Üniversitesi Yay., İstanbul, 1068: 169 pp.

Acatay, A. 1968. Zararlı orman böcekleri, Teşhis anahtarı. İstanbul Üniversitesi Yay., İstanbul, 1358: 153 pp.

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______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______977 INTRODUCTION PENTATOMIDS BUGS (PENTATOMIDAE: PENTATOMINAE AND SCUTELLERINAE) FROM MASHHAD REGION AND URBAN (KHORASAN RAZAVI PROVINCE) AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION

Ameneh Hashemi Mehneh*, Mehdi Modarres Awal* and Mahboobeh Rahimi*

* Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, IRAN. E-mail: [email protected]

[Mehneh, A. H., Modarres Awal M. & Rahimi, M. 2010. Introduction Pentatomids bugs (Pentatomidae: Pentatominae and Scutellerinae) from Mashhad region and urban (Khorasan Razavi province) and their distribution. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 5, suppl.: 977-981]

ABSTRACT: During this study, Heteroptera fauna belonging to the Pentatomidae family (subfamilies Pentatominae and Scutellerinae) were collected from Mashhad region, Khorasan Razavi province (NE Iran). Sampling area were different sites, especially weeds during 2008-2009. Totally 27 species from 16 genus were identified. Among them Carpocoris coreanus Distant, 1899, was the predominant species in studied areas. The species Antheminia pusio (Kolenati, 1846) was identified for the first time from Khorasan Razavi province.

KEY WORDS: Pentatominae, Scutellerinae, Khorasan Razavi, Mashhad.

Pentatomid bugs are the largest and the most widespread family in order Heteroptera. More than 100 species was reported from Iran. A number of species from this family are important agricultural pests (Kavar et al., 2006) and cause significant damage on various crops such as wheat and cotton. Pentatomids fauna in Khorasan Razavi province was studied by Linnavuori & Modarres Awal (1998, 1999) and Modarres awal (2008).

MATERIAL AND METHOD

Sampling was conducted using sweet net on the different hosts, especially weeds. In order to collect pentatomid bugs in Mashhad region sampling sites included Mashhad, Razaviyeh, Torogh, Field of Agricultural College (FAC), Chaheshk and Golmakan areas. Key traits were morphology and position of head, antennae, thorax, wings, especially pygophore and parameres in male genitalia. Some species have been identified and confirmed by Dr. D. A. Rider from North Dakota State University.

RESULTS

In total, 27 species of 16 genera from subfamilies Pentatominae and Scutellerinae were collected. List of the species is presented.

Suborder Pentatomomorpha Family Pentatomidae Leach, 1815 Subfamily Pentatominae Amyot and Serville, 1843

978 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______Acrosternum arabicum Wagner, 1959 Material studied: Mashhad (FAC): 2 specimens, May 2008. On alfalfa. Note: In Iran, this species has been reported from Sistan and Balouchestan, Gilan, Golestan, Kerman, Khorasan Razavi, Khorasan Shomali, Mazandaran, Semnan, Tehran, Zanjan and Yazd provinces (Hoberlandt, 1995; Linnavuori, 2008).

Acrosternum breviceps (Jakovlev, 1889) Material studied: Golmakan: 1 specimen, June 2008; Mashhad (FAC): 1 specimen, March 2009; Mashhad (Razaviyeh): 2 specimens, June 2008. On alfalfa and grasses.

Aelia acuminata (Linnaeus, 1758) Material studied: Mashhad (FAC): 3 specimens, July 2008; Mashhad (Torogh): 2 specimens, August 2008. On wild gramineae. Note: In Iran, this species has been reported from Ardabil, Azarbaijan, Esfahan, Fars, Gilan, Golestan, Kermanshah, Khorasan Razavi, Khorasan Shomali, Lorestan, Mazandaran, Tehran, Zanjan and Yazd provinces (Hoberlandt, 1995; Modarres Awal, 1997; Linnavuori, 2008).

Alloeoglypta pretiosa Kiritshenko, 1952 Material studied: Chaheshk: 1 specimen, August 2008; Mashhad: 2 specimens, April 2008; Mashhad (FAC): 3 specimens, July 2008; Mashhad (Torogh): 2 specimens, August 2008. On poplar and grasses.

Antheminia lunulata (Goeze, 1778) Material studied: Mashhad: 1 specimen, September 2008; Mashhad (FAC): 1 specimen, October 2008; Mashhad (Razaviyeh): 2 specimens, June 2008. On ground. Note: In Iran, this species has been reported from Ardabil, Fars, Ghazvin, Gilan, Golestan, Kerman, Khorasan Razavi, Khorasan Shomali, Mazandaran, Semnan, Yazd and Zanjan provinces (Hoberlandt, 1995; Linnavuori, 2008).

Antheminia pusio (Kolenati, 1846) Material studied: Mashhad (FAC): 2 specimens, May 2008. On grasses.

Apodiphus amygdali (Germar, 1817) Material studied: Chaheshk: 2 specimens, June 2008; Golmakan: 1 specimen, September 2008. On poplar.

Apodiphus integriceps Horváth, 1888 Material studied: Mashhad (Torogh): 2 specimens, August 2008. On pine. Note: In Iran, this species has been reported from Ghazvin, Hormozgan, Khorasan Junoubi, Khorasan Razavi, Kerman, Kermanshah and Tehran provinces (Hoberlandt, 1995; Modarres Awal, 1997; Linna- vuori, 2008).

Brachynema germari (Kolenati, 1846) Material studied: Golmakan: 2 specimens, June 2008; Mashhad: 2 specimens, September 2008; Mashhad (Torogh): 1 specimen, July 2008. On grasses.

Carpocoris coreanus Distant, 1899 Material studied: Golmakan: 4 specimens, May 2008; 1 specimen March 2009; Mashhad: 2 specimens, April 2008; 1 specimen, July 2008; Mashhad (FAC): 3 specimens, May 2008; 2 specimens, July 2008; 2 specimens, February 2009; Mashhad (Torogh): 2 specimens, April 2008; 3 specimens, August 2008. on alfalfa and grasses. Note: Carpocoris coreanus Distant, 1899 is the predominant species in collected areas. The diagnostic trait of species, pygophore and paramere drawing is presented in figure 1.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______979 Chroantha ornatula (Herrich-Schaeffer, 1842) Material studied: Chaheshk: 4 specimens, October 2008; 2 specimens, February 2009; Mashhad (Torogh): 2 specimens, August 2008. On grasses and ground. Note: In Iran, this species has been reported from Sistan and Balouchestan, East Azarbaijan, Fars, Ghazvin, Gilan, Hormozgan, Kerman, Khorasan Razavi, Khorasan Shomali, Markazi, Mazandaran, Semnan, Tehran, Yazd and Zanjan provinces (Hoberlandt, 1995; Modarres Awal, 1997; Linnavuori, 2008).

Cnephosa flavomarginata Jakovlev, 1880 Material studied: Mashhad: 1 specimen, April 2008; Mashhad (FAC): 1 specimen, July 2008. On ground.

Codophila maculicollis (Dallas, 1851) Material studied: Golmakan: 2 specimens, June 2008. On grasses. Note: In Iran, this species has been reported from Sistan and Balouchestan, Fars, Kerman, Khorasan Razavi, and Khuzestan provinces (Hoberlandt, 1995; Modarres Awal, 1997).

Codophila varia (Fabricius, 1787) Material studied: Chaheshk: 2 specimens, August 2008; Mashhad: 3 specimens, May 2008; 1 specimen, July 2008; Mashhad (FAC): 2 specimens, July 2008. On grasses. Note: In Iran, this species has been reported from Ardabil, East Azarbaijan, Fars, Gilan, Golestan, Khorasan Razavi, Khorasan Shomali, Mazandaran, Semnan, Tehran and Zanjan provinces (Hober- landt, 1995; Modarres Awal, 1997; Linnavuori, 2008).

Dolycoris penicillatus Horváth, 1904 Material studied: Golmakan: 2 specimens, May 2008; Mashhad (FAC): 1 specimen, May 2008; 2 specimens, March 2009; Mashhad (Razaviyeh): 2 specimens, August 2008; 1 specimen, September 2008. On poa, grasses and wheat. Note: In Iran, this species has been reported from Ardabil, Boushehr, East Azarbaijan, Esfahan, Fars, Ghazvin, Hormozgan, Kerman, Kermanshah, Khorasan Razavi, Khorasan Shomali, Kohkilouye and Boyer Ahmad, Khuzestan, Lorestan, Markazi, Semnan, Sistan and Balouchestan, Tehran and Yazd provinces (Hoberlandt, 1995; Modarres Awal, 1997; Linnavuori, 2008).

Eurydema ornata (Linnaeus, 1758) Material studied: Chaheshk: 1 specimen, June 2008; Mashhad: 1 specimen, July 2008; Mashhad (FAC): 2 specimens, May 2008. On grasses and ground. Note: In Iran, this species has been reported from Ardabil, Azarbaijan, Sistan and Balouchestan, Esfahan, Gilan, Golestan, Kerman, Kermanshah, Khorasan Razavi, Khorasan Shomali, Khuzestan, Lorestan, Mazandaran, Tehran and Zanjan provinces (Hoberlandt, 1995; Modarres Awal, 1997; Li- nnavuori, 2008).

Eurydema ventralis (Kolenati, 1846) Material studied: Mashhad: 2 specimens, September 2008; Mashhad (FAC): 1 specimen, July 2008. On wild crucifereae family plants.

Eysarcoris ventralis (Westwood, 1837) Material studied: Mashhad: 2 specimens, October 2008; Mashhad (FAC): 1 specimen, May 2008; Mashhad (Razaviyeh): 1 specimen, June 2008; 4 specimens, August 2008; Mashhad (Torogh): 2 specimens, July 2008; 1 specimen, August 2008. On grasses. Note: In Iran, this species has been reported from Ardabil, Sistan and Balouchestan, Fars, Gilan, Golestan, Kerman, Khorasan Razavi, Khorasan Shomali, Khuzestan, Lorestan, Markazi, Mazandaran, Semnan, Tehran, Yazd and Zanjan provinces (Hoberlandt, 1995; Modarres Awal, 1997; Linnavuori, 2008).

Holcostethus capitatus (Jakovlev, 1889) Material studied: Mashhad: 2 specimens, July 2008. On grasses.

980 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______Mustha spinulosa (Lefebvre, 1831) Material studied: Mashhad: 1 specimens, April 2008. On ground. Note: In Iran, this species has been reported from Azarbaijan, Fars, Gilan, Golestan, Khorasan Razavi, Khorasan Shomali, Mazandaran, Semnan and Tehran provinces (Hoberlandt, 1995; Modarres Awal, 1997; Linnavuori, 2008).

Nezara viridula (Linnaeus, 1758) Material studied: Chaheshk: 1 specimen, August 2008; Golmakan: 1 specimen, September 2008. On grasses. Note: In Iran this species has been reported from Ardabil, Fars, Gilan, Golestan, Mazandaran, Kerman, Khorasan, Kordestan, Khuzestan and Zanjan provinces (Hoberlandt, 1995; Modarres Awal, 1997; Linnavuori, 2008).

Palomena prasina (Linnaeus, 1761) Material studied: Mashhad (Torogh): 2 specimens, July 2008. On grasses.

Pausias martini (Puton, 1890) Material studied: Mashhad (FAC): 2 specimens, October 2008. On ground. Note: In Iran, this species has been reported from Ardabil, Esfahan, Fars, Gilan, Kerman, Khorasan, Kordestan, Semnan and Tehran provinces (Hoberlandt, 1995; Modarres Awal, 1997; Linnavuori, 2008).

Rhaphigaster brevispina Horvath, 1889 Material studied: Chaheshk: 1 specimen, August 2008; Mashhad: 2 specimens, September 2008; 1 specimen, February 2009. On grasses and ground. Note: In Iran, this species has been reported from Ardabil, Fars, Gilan, Khorasan Razavi and Tehran provinces (Linnavuori, 2008; Modarres Awal, 2008).

Stagonomus amoenus (Brullé, 1832) Material studied: Golmakan: 2 specimens, May 2008. On ground.

Subfamily Scutellerinae Leach, 1815

Graphosoma lineatum (Linnaeus, 1758) Material studied: Golmakan; 1 specimen, June 2008; Mashhad: 2 specimen, July 2008. On ground. Note: In Iran, this species has been reported from East Azarbaijan, Ghazvin, Gilan, Golestan, Khorasan Razavi, Khorasan Shomali, Mazandaran, Tehran and Zanjan provinces (Hoberlandt, 1995; Modarres Awal, 1997; Linnavuori, 2008).

Graphosoma semipunctatum (Fabricius, 1775) Material studied: Chaheshk: 1 specimen, June 2008; Mashhad (FAC): 1 specimen, May 2008. On grasses. Note: In Iran, this species has been reported from Azarbaijan, Fars, Gilan, Kerman, Khorasan Razavi, Semnan and Tehran provinces (Hoberlandt, 1995; Modarres Awal, 1997; Linnavuori, 2008).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank Dr. D. A. Rider from North Dakota State University for identification and confirmation of some specimens.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______981 LITERATURE CITED

Havaskary, M., Hossein Pour, F. & Modarres Awal, M. 2010. Cimicomorpha and Pentatomomorpha (Heteroptera) of alfalfa from Mashhad and vicinity, Ne Iran.

Hoberlandt, L. 1995. Resultsof the Czechoslovak-Iranian entomological expeditions to Iran 1970, 1973 and 1977. Heteroptera: Acanthosomatidae, Cydnidae, Scutelleridae, Pentatomidae. Acta Entomologica National Museum of Praha, 44: 213-270.

Linnavuori, R. E. 2008. Studies on the Acantosomatidae, Scutelleridae and Pentatomidae (Heteroptera of Gilan) and the adjacent provinces in northern Iran, Acta Entomologica Musei Natonalis Pragae, 48 (1): 1-21.

Modarres Awal, M. 1993. Study Pentatomomorpha (Het.) fauna in north of Khorasan, Ferdowsi University publishing, 121-144 pp.

Modarres Awal, M. 1997. List of Agricultural pests and their natural enemies in Iran, Ferdowsi University Press, Heteroptera section, 76-82 pp.

Modarres Awal, M. 2008. Contribution to Heteroptera fauna of Khorasan Razavi province of Iran. Turk entomol. Derg., 32 (4): 248-251.

Rider, D. A. 2007. Identifications, Montana State University, MTEC. Available from: http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/ndsu/rider/ Pentatomoidea/Identifications/MTEC.htm (visited January, 2009).

Figure1. Carpocoris coreanus Distant, 1899: A- Pygophore, B- Right paramere

982 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______INVERTEBRATE INFESTATION IN LOGGERHEAD TURTLE (CARETTA CARETTA) NESTS, IN DALYAN, TURKEY

Raşit Urhan*, Yusuf Katılmış* and Mehmet Yüksel*

* Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts & Sciences, Pamukkale University, Denizli, TURKEY. E-mail: [email protected] or [email protected]

[Urhan, R., Katılmış, Y. & Yüksel, M. 2010. Invertebrate infestation in Loggerhead Turtle (Caretta caretta) nests, in Dalyan, Turkey. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 5, suppl.: 982-985]

ABSTRACT: Some invertebrates’ infestation in loggerhead turtle nests, Caretta caretta, was investigated during the summer of 2008 on Dalyan İztuzu beach, Turkey. The specimens, identified to order, family or genus levels, from representing 5 orders were recorded as infesting nests of loggerhead turtles. These invertebrate groups are Pimelia sp (Tenebrionidae: Coleoptera), Muscidae (Diptera), Rhodacarellus sp. (Mesostigmata: Acari), Cryptostigmata (Acari) and Oligochaeta. We give the infestation level and effects of these invertebrate. In this study invertebrate infestation was recorded for the first time in loggerhead sea turtle nests in Dalyan İztuzu Beach. We estimate that these invertebrate groups infest the sea turtle nests in the other beaches of Turkey.

KEY WORDS: Caretta caretta, nest, invertebrate infestation, Pimelia, Dalyan beach, Turkey.

The presence of larvae from two dipteran families (Phoridae and Sarcophagidae) in marine turtle nests have been reported (Lopes, 1982; Andrade et al., 1992; Broderick & Hancock, 1997; McGowan et al., 2001a, b). Larvae of the dipteran family Phoridae have been determined in nests of green (Fowler, 1979) and hawksbill turtles (Bjorndal et al., 1985) in Costa Rica. However Eumacronychia sternalis (Sarcophagidae, Diptera) was recorded to infest green turtle eggs on the Pacific coast of Mexico (Lopes 1982). Sarcophagids of the genera Phorosinella and Eusenotainia were reported in nests of leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) and olive ridley turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea) in Mexico (Andrade et al., 1992). Türkozan & Baran (1996) first reported coleopteran infestation in the eastern Mediterranean. Broderick & Hancock (1997) mentioned various insect groups infesting marine turtle eggs in northern Cyprus. Türkozan (2000) also found these types of infestations on another beach (Kızılot beach, central Mediterranean coast of Turkey). Eleven dipterans species were recorded in turtle nests in northern Cyprus. On Fethiye beach Tenebrionid larvae caused the most damage by penetrating the eggs and hatchlings of loggerhead turtles, destroying 8.1% of the eggs in infested nests and 0.6% of hatchlings (Baran et al., 2001). Recently some invertebrate infestation was also reported on Dalaman beach. Pimelia sp. (Tenebrionidae) and Muscidae larvae were found 36% and 39% respectively of loggerhead turtle nests (Katilmis et al., 2006). The most significant factor was depth of the egg chamber for Diptera infestation on sea turtle nests (McGowan et al., 2001b; Katılmış & Urhan, 2007a). Muscidae and Tenebrionidae larvae found in Nile Soft-shelled Turtle Trionyx triunguis nests in Kükürtlü Lake (Dalaman, Turkey) (Katılmış & Urhan, 2007b). In this study our aim was to determine the impact and level of infestation of invertebrates, infesting loggerhead turtle nest on Dalyan beach.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______983 MATERIAL AND METHODS

This study was carried out during the hatching seasons (July-September) 2008 on Dalyan İz tuzu Beach, which is one of the main nesting sites for loggerhead turtles. Only intact nests were examined in this work, while nests that were partly predated by foxes and dogs were excluded. One week after the first emergence, nests were excavated to examine their contents. For each nest, the number of infested eggs and hatchlings, of empty eggshells, of dead hatchlings and embryos and the number of surviving hatchlings were counted. The locations of larvae and other invertebrates within the nests were recorded and the specimens were preserved in 70% alcohol. Invertebrates were identified to the family or order level according to standard literature sources (Krantz, 1978; Anon., 1987; Booth et al., 1990; Karg, 1993; Elzinga, 2000). The distance of each nest to the landward vegetation and to the low waterline as well as the depth and width of the egg chambers were measured.

RESULTS

A total of 60 intact loggerhead turtle nests were investigated in terms of the invertebrate faunal composition of the eggs and hatchlings at Dalyan İztuzu beach from July to September 2008. The diversity of invertebrates found in loggerhead turtle nests and their percentage are given in Tab. 1. Pimelia sp. (Tenebrionidae) larvae were found 8 (13.3%) out of 60 loggerhead turtle nests. Larval damage in the form of egg penetration was recorded in 53 eggs in 8 nests, but this represents only 11.01 % of the total eggs laid in 8 nests (Fig. 1a). It was determined that Pimelia larvae damage the embryos in penetration eggs. These larvae were generally observed in the eggs of the top of the nest chamber. Larvae of Muscidae (Diptera) were observed in empty eggshells, in eggs perforated by Pimelia larvae, in nest sands and in the soft tissues of dead hatchlings. Muscidae larvae were found 11 (18.3%) out of 60 loggerhead turtle nests. Enchytridae specimens (Oligochaeta) were observed on empty eggshells, in perforated eggs punctured by Pimelia larvae, and in the sand columns of nests. These specimens were found in 17 (28.3%) nests from nests. Oligochaeta speciemens were counted about average 90-100 individuals in one egg. Another group observed in the nests was acarines (Acari) species (Fig. 1b). Rhodacarellus sp. (Rhodacaridae: Acari) speciemens in 3 nests and Cryptostigmata (Acari) speciemens in only 1 nest were found from examined totally 60 nests. This group was just observed in eggs. These acarines were very small and very abundant, they could not all be counted in each nest examined. A total of 111 acarines was counted in a single egg.

DISCUSSION

Insect larvae were found in 9 % of the green turtle nests and 23 % of loggerhead turtle nests at Alagadi in northern Cyprus (Broderick & Hancock, 1997). On Fethiye Beach Loggerhead sea turtle nests were infested %50 by Tenebrionidae larvae and %41.5 by Muscidae larvae (Baran et al., 2001). These levels on Dalaman Beach for loggerhead sea turtle nests was found (Pimelia 36%, Muscidae 39%) in 2002 and (Pimelia sp. 33.9%, Muscidae 33.9%) in 2003 (Katılmış et al., 2006; Katılmış & Urhan, 2007a). These percentages were (Tenebrionidae 50%, Muscidae 80% in 2002) and (Tenebrionidae 29%, Muscidae 45.9% in 2003) calculated for Nile soft-shelled turtle nests in Dalaman (Katılmış & Urhan, 2007b). Loggerhead sea turtle nests were infested 18.3% by Muscidae larvae and 13.3% by Pimelia larvae on Dalyan Beach. 984 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______Tenebrionidae, Muscidae, Acari and Oligochaete individuals were recorded on Kızılot, Fethiye and Dalaman Beach from Turkey (Türkozan, 2000; Baran et al., 2001; Katılmış et al., 2006; Katılmış & Urhan, 2007a). In this study invertebrate infestaion was recorded for the first time in loggerhead sea turtle nests in Dalyan İztuzu Beach. We estimate that these invertebrate groups infest the sea turtle nests in the other beaches of Turkey.

LITERATURE CITED

Andrade, R. M., Flores, R. L., Fragosa, S. R., Lopez, C. S., Sarti, L. M. Torres, M. L. & Vasquez, G. B. 1992. Effecto de las larvas de diptero sobre el huevo y las crias de turtuga marina en el playon de Mexiquillo, Michoacán, In: N. M. Benabib and L. M. Sarti (eds) Memorias Del VI Encuentro Interuniversitaro Sobre Tortugas Marinas en México. Publicaciones de la sociedat Herpetologica Mexicana, 1: 27-37.

Anonymous, 1987. Manual of nearctic Diptera. Volume 2. Ontario, Biosystematics Research Centre Ottawa, Monograph no 28.

Baran, I., Özdemir, A., Ilgaz, C. & Türkozan, O. 2001. Impact of some invertebrates on eggs and hatchlings of Loggerhead turtle, Caretta caretta, in Turkey. Zoology in the Middle East, 24: 9-17.

Bjorndal, K. A., Carr, A., Meylan A. B. & Mortimer, J. A. 1985. Reproductive biology of the hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) at Tortuguera, Costa Rica, with notes on the ecology of the species in the Caribbean. Biological Conservation, 34: 353-368.

Booth, R. G., Cox, M. L. & Madge, R. B. 1990. IIE Guides to Insects of Impartance to Man. 3. Coleoptera, Cambridge: The University Press, 384 pp.

Broderick, A. C. & Hancock, E. G. 1997. Insect Infestation of Mediterranean Marine Turtle Eggs. Herpetogical Review, 28 (4): 190-191.

Elzinga, R. J. 2000. Fundamentals of Entomology, New Jersey, Prentice Hall. Inc, 495 pp.

Fowler, L. 1979. Hatching success and nest predation in the green sea turtle, Chelonia mydas, Tortuguero, Costa Rica. Ecology, 60: 946-955.

Karg, W. 1993. Acari (Acarina), Milben Parasitiformes (Anactinochaeta), Cohors Gamasina Leach, Raubmilben. In: Die Tierwelt Deutschlands und der angrenzenden Meeresteile nach ihren Merkmalen und nach ihrer Lebensweise, 59. Teil, 2. Überarbeitete Auflage, VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena, 523 pp.

Katılmış, Y., Urhan, R., Kaska, Y. & Başkale, E. 2006. Invertebrate Infestation on Eggs and Hatchlings of the Loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta), in Dalaman, Turkey. Biodiversity and Conservation, 15: 3721-3730.

Katılmış, Y. & Urhan, R. 2007a. Physical factors influencing Muscidae and Pimelia sp. (Tenebrionidae) infestation of Loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) nests on Dalaman Beach, Turkey. Journal of Natural History, 41 (1–4): 213–218.

Katılmış, Y. & Urhan, R. 2007b. Insects and mites infestation on eggs and hatchlings of the Nile Soft- Shelled Turtle (Trionyx triunguis) in Kükürtlü Lake (Dalaman, Turkey). Zoology in the Middle East, 40: 39-44.

Krantz, G. W. 1978. A Manual of Acarology, Oregon State Univercity, II. Edition, Corvallis, USA, 509 pp.

Lopes, H. S. 1982. On Eumacronychia sternalis Allen (Diptera, Sarcophagidae) with larvae living on eggs and hatchlings of the East Pacific green turtle, Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 42: 425-429.

McGowan, A., Broderick, A. C., Deeming, J., Godley, B. J. & Hancock, E. G. 2001a. Dipterian infestation of loggerhead (Caretta caretta) and green (Chelonia mydas) sea turtle nests in Nothern Cyprus. Journal of Natural History, 35: 573-581.

McGowan, A., Rowe, L. V., Broderick, A. C. & Godley, B. J. 2001b. Nest Factors Predisposing Loggerhead Sea Turtle (Caretta caretta) Clutches to Infestation by Dipteran Larvae on Northern Cyprus. Copeia, 3: 808-812. ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______985

Türkozan, O. & Baran, I. 1996. Research on the loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) of Fethiye Beaches. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 20: 183-188.

Türkozan, O. 2000. Reproductive ecology of the loggerhead (Caretta caretta) on Fethiye and Kızılot Beaches Turkey. Chelonia Conservation and Biology, 3 (4): 686-692.

Table 1. The diversity of invertebrates found in the loggerhead turtle nests on Dalyan beach.

No. of Nest Invertebrates observed Percent Nest (%) No. of individuals observed Pimelia sp. 8 13,3 5 Muscidae 11 18,3 37 Oligochaete 17 28,3 Average 90-100 in 1 egg Rhodacarellus sp. 3 5 87 Cryptostigmata 1 1,6 111 individuals in 1 egg

a b

Figure 1. a. Perforated egg by Pimelia sp., b. Acari specimens in egg.

986 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______NEW NAMES FOR SOME PREOCCUPIED SPECIFIC AND SUBSPECIFIC EPITHETS IN THE FAMILY FORMICIDAE (HYMENOPTERA)

Hüseyin Özdikmen*

* Gazi Üniversitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi, Biyoloji Bölümü, 06500 Ankara / TÜRKİYE. E- mail: [email protected]

[Özdikmen, H. 2010. New names for some preoccupied specific and subspecific epithets ın the family Formicidae (Hymenoptera). Munis Entomology & Zoology, 5, suppl.: 986- 1000]

ABSTRACT. According to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN, 1999), Tapinoma luteum emeryi (Forel, 1910) (Dolichoderinae: Tapinomini);Neivamyrmex mexicanus (Enzmann, 1952) (Ecitoninae: Ecitonini); †Formica parvula Dlussky, 1967 (Formicinae: Formicini); Crematogaster longispina boliviana Wheeler, 1925; Crematogaster subnuda formosae Wheeler, 1909; Crematogaster longiceps Forel, 1910 (Myrmicinae: Crematogastrini); Monomorium creticum (Emery, 1908); †Solenopsis major Théobald, 1937 (Myrmicinae: Solenopsidini); Pachycondyla ambigua (Weber, 1942); Pachycondyla apicalis (Smith, 1857); Pachycondyla arcuata (Karawaiew, 1925); Pachycondyla crassa ilgii Forel, 1910; Pachycondyla rubra javana (Forel, 1905); Pachycondyla nimba (Bernard, 1953); Pachycondyla sculpturata (Karawaiew, 1925) and Pachycondyla tarsata striata (Santschi, 1930) (Ponerinae: Ponerini) are not correct because the specific or subspecific epithets are illegitimate. The author request the replacement names of the specific and subspecific epithets emeryi (Forel, 1910); mexicanus (Enzmann, 1952); parvula Dlussky, 1967; boliviana Wheeler, 1925; formosae Wheeler, 1909; longiceps Forel, 1910; creticum (Emery, 1908); major Théobald, 1937; ambigua (Weber, 1942); apicalis (Smith, 1857); arcuata (Karawaiew, 1925); ilgii Forel, 1910; javana (Forel, 1905); nimba (Bernard, 1953); sculpturata (Karawaiew, 1925) and striata (Santschi, 1930) and he suggest natalicum nom. nov., enzmanni nom. nov., egecomerta nom. nov., nura nom. nov., nigrosubnuda nom. nov., longicephala nom. nov., pseudoepixenus nom. nov., alena nom. nov., gulera nom. nov., terminalis nom. nov., karawaiewi nom. nov., gamzea nom. nov., minirubra nom. nov., neonimba nom. nov., sumatrana nom. nov. and kaya nom. nov. resppectively. Accordingly, new combinations are herein proposed for the species and subspecies: Tapinoma luteum natalicum nom. nov. pro Tapinoma luteum emeryi (Forel, 1910) syn. n., Neivamyrmex enzmanni nom. nov. pro Neivamyrmex mexicanus (Enzmann, 1952) syn. n., †Formica egecomerta nom. nov. pro †Formica parvula Dlussky, 1967 syn. n., Crematogaster longispina nura nom. nov. pro Crematogaster longispina boliviana Wheeler, 1925 syn. n., Crematogaster subnuda nigrosubnuda nom. nov. pro Crematogaster subnuda formosae Wheeler, 1909 syn. n., Crematogaster longicephala nom. nov. pro Crematogaster longiceps Forel, 1910 syn. n., Monomorium pseudoepixenus nom. nov. pro Monomorium creticum (Emery, 1908) syn. n., †Solenopsis alena nom. nov. pro †Solenopsis major Théobald, 1937 syn. n., Pachycondyla gulera nom. nov. pro Pachycondyla ambigua (Weber, 1942) syn. n., Pachycondyla terminalis nom. nov. pro Pachycondyla apicalis (Smith, 1857) syn. n., Pachycondyla karawaiewi nom. nov. pro Pachycondyla arcuata (Karawaiew, 1925) syn. n., Pachycondyla crassa gamzea nom. nov. pro Pachycondyla crassa ilgii Forel, 1910 syn. n., Pachycondyla rubra minirubra nom. nov. pro Pachycondyla rubra javana (Forel, 1905) syn. n., Pachycondyla neonimba nom. nov. pro Pachycondyla nimba (Bernard, 1953) syn. n., Pachycondyla sumatrana nom. nov. pro Pachycondyla sculpturata (Karawaiew, 1925) syn. n., Pachycondyla tarsata kaya nom. nov. pro Pachycondyla tarsata striata (Santschi, 1930) syn. n..

KEY WORDS. Nomenclatural changes, homonymy, replacement names, Hymenoptera, Formicidae.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______987 Family FORMICIDAE

Subfamily DOLICHODERINAE Tribe TAPINOMINI

Genus TAPINOMA Förster, 1850 Species TAPINOMA LUTEUM (Emery, 1895) Subspecies TAPINOMA LUTEUM NATALICUM nom. nov. Tapinoma luteum emeryi (Forel, 1910). Note sur quelques fourmis d'Afrique. Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique, 54 (D): 447. (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Formicidae). Preoccupied by Tapinoma emeryi (Ashmead, 1905). New Hymenoptera from the Philippines. Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, 29: 111. (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Formicidae).

The names Tapinoma emeryi (Ashmead, 1905) and Tapinoma luteum emeryi (Forel, 1910) were included in the family Formicidae. The specific epithet emeryi was initially introduced by Ashmead (1905) with the original combination Aphomyrmex emeryi Ashmead, 1905 from Manila, Philippines. It is still used as a valid species name. Fisher & Bolton (2007: 66) transferred it to the genus Tapinoma as a species. Subsequently, Forel (1910a) also described a new subspecies from Natal, South Africa with the same species group epithet as Technomyrmex luteus ssp. emeryi Forel, 1910 by original combination. It is also still used as a valid subspecies name. Bolton (1995) transferred it to the genus Pachycondyla and cataloged it as a subspecies. Tapinoma emeryi (Ashmead, 1905) has priority over Tapinoma luteum emeryi (Forel, 1910). Thus, Tapinoma luteum emeryi (Forel, 1910) is illegitimate and consequently can not be correct. The name Tapinoma luteum emeryi (Forel, 1910) is a secondary junior homonym of the name Tapinoma emeryi (Ashmead, 1905). According to Article 60 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (1999), it must be rejected and replaced. It has no synonym. So I propose for the species group epithet emeryi (Forel, 1910) the replacement name natalicum nom. nov..

Etimology: The name is dedicated to Natal that is the type species of the preexisting subspecies Tapinoma luteum emeryi (Forel, 1910).

Summary of nomenclatural changes: Species Tapinoma luteum (Emery, 1895) [orig. comb.: Technomyrmex luteus Emery, 1895 from Makapan, South Africa] Subspecies Tapinoma luteum luteum (Emery, 1895) Subspecies Tapinoma luteum natalicum nom. nov. pro Tapinoma luteum emeryi (Forel, 1910) syn. n., [nec Tapinoma emeryi (Ashmead, 1905)] [orig. comb.: Technomyrmex luteus ssp. emeryi Forel, 1910 from Natal, South Africa]

Subfamily ECITONINAE Tribe ECITONINI

Genus NEIVAMYRMEX Borgmeier, 1894 Species NEIVAMYRMEX ENZMANNI nom. nov. Neivamyrmex mexicanus (Enzmann, 1952). Woitkowskia, a new genus of army ants. Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science, 59: 445. (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Formicidae). Preoccupied by Neivamyrmex pilosus mexicanus (Smith, 1859). Catalogue of 988 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______

Hymenopterous insects in the collections of the British Museum. Part VII. Dorylidae and Thynnidae, London. P. 7. (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Formicidae).

The names Neivamyrmex pilosus mexicanus (Smith, 1859) and Neivamyrmex mexicanus (Enzmann, 1952) were included in the family Formicidae. The subspecific epithet mexicanus was initially introduced by Smith (1859) with the original combination Labidus mexicanus Smith, 1859 from Mexico. It is still used as a valid species name. Bolton (1995) cataloged it as a subspecies. Subsequently, Enzmann (1952) also described a new species from Mexico with the same species group epithet as Woitkowskia mexicana Enzmann, 1952 by original combination. It is also still used as a valid species name. Neivamyrmex pilosus mexicanus (Smith, 1859) has priority over Neivamyrmex mexicanus (Enzmann, 1952). Thus, Neivamyrmex mexicanus (Enzmann, 1952) is illegitimate and consequently can not be correct. The name Neivamyrmex mexicanus (Enzmann, 1952) is a secondary junior homonym of the name Neivamyrmex pilosus mexicanus (Smith, 1859). According to Article 60 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (1999), it must be rejected and replaced. It has no synonym. So I propose for the specific epithet mexicanus (Enzmann, 1952) the replacement name enzmanni nom. nov..

Etimology: The name is dedicated to E. V. Enzmann who is current author name of the preexisting species Neivamyrmex mexicanus.

Summary of nomenclatural changes: Species Neivamyrmex enzmanni nom. nov. pro Neivamyrmex mexicanus (Enzmann, 1952) syn. n., [nec Neivamyrmex pilosus mexicanus (Smith, 1859)] [orig. comb.: Woitkowskia mexicana Enzmann, 1952 from Mexico]

Subfamily FORMICINAE Tribe FORMICINI

Genus FORMICA Linnaeus, 1758 Species †FORMICA PARVULA nom. nov. †Formica parvula Dlussky, 1967. [Ants of the genus Formica from Baltic amber.] Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal, 1967 (2): 83. (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Formicidae). Preoccupied by †Formica parvula Presl, 1822. Additamenta ad faunam protogaeam, sistens descriptiones aliquot animalium in succino inclusorum. Pages 191-210 in Anonymous. Deliciae Pragenses, historiam naturalem spectantes. 1., Pragae. p. 196. (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Formicidae).

The names †Formica parvula Presl, 1822 and †Formica parvula Dlussky, 1967 were included in the family Formicidae. The specific epithet parvula was initially introduced by Presl (1822) with the original combination †Formica parvula Presl, 1822. It is still used as a valid species name. Bolton (1995) cataloged it as a species. Subsequently, Dlussky (1967) also described a new fossil species from Baltic Amber with the same specific epithet as Formica parvula Dlussky, 1967 by original combination. It is also still used as a valid species name. Bolton (1995) cataloged it as a species and placed in fusca species group. †Formica parvula Presl, 1822 has priority over †Formica parvula Dlussky, 1967. Thus, †Formica parvula Dlussky, 1967 is illegitimate and consequently can not be correct. The name †Formica parvula Dlussky, 1967 is a primary junior ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______989 homonym of the name †Formica parvula Presl, 1822. According to Article 60 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (1999), it must be rejected and replaced. It has no synonym. So I propose for the specific epithet parvula Dlussky, 1967 the replacement name egecomerta nom. nov..

Etimology: The name is dedicated to the memory of Ege Cömert (Turkey).

Summary of nomenclatural changes: Species †Formica egecomerta nom. nov. pro †Formica parvula Dlussky, 1967 syn. n., [nec †Formica parvula Presl, 1822] [orig. comb.: †Formica parvula Dlussky, 1967 from Baltic Amber]

Subfamily MYRMICINAE Tribe CREMATOGASTRINI

Genus CREMATOGASTER Lund, 1831

Species CREMATOGASTER LONGISPINA Emery, 1890 Subsp. CREMATOGASTER LONGISPINA NURA nom. nov. Crematogaster longispina boliviana Wheeler, 1925. Neotropical ants in the collections of the Royal Museum of Stockholm. Part I. Arkiv för Zoologi, 17 (A8): 25. (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Formicidae). Preoccupied by Crematogaster boliviana (Wheeler, 1922). Neotropical ants of the genera Carebara, Tranopelta and Tranopeltoides, new genus. American Museum Novitates, 48: 13. (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Formicidae).

The names Crematogaster boliviana (Wheeler, 1922) and Crematogaster longispina boliviana Wheeler, 1925 were included in the family Formicidae. The specific epithet boliviana was initially introduced by Wheeler (1922) with the original combination Tranopeltoides bolivianus Wheeler, 1922 from San Firmin, Bolivia. It is still used as a valid species name. Bolton (1995) cataloged and placed in subgenus Crematogaster (Orthocrema). Subsequently, Wheeler (1925) described a new variety of the species Crematogaster longispina from Mojos, Bolivia with the same subspecific epithet as Crematogaster (Orthocrema) longispina var. boliviana Wheeler, 1925 by original combination. It is also still used as a valid subspecies name. Crematogaster boliviana (Wheeler, 1922) has priority over Crematogaster longispina boliviana Wheeler, 1925. Thus, Crematogaster longispina boliviana Wheeler, 1925 is illegitimate and consequently can not be correct. The name Crematogaster longispina boliviana Wheeler, 1925 is a junior homonym of the name Crematogaster boliviana (Wheeler, 1922). According to Article 60 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (1999), it must be rejected and replaced. It has no synonym. So I propose for the subspecific epithet boliviana Wheeler, 1925 the replacement name nura nom. nov..

Etimology: The name is dedicated to Naciye Nur Topcu (Turkey).

Summary of nomenclatural changes: Species Crematogaster longispina Emery, 1890 [orig. comb.: Crematogaster longispina Emery, 1890 from Neotrpical region] Subspecies Crematogaster longispina longispina Emery, 1890 Subspecies Crematogaster longispina naumannae Forel, 1921 [orig. comb.: Crematogaster longispina r. naumannae Forel, 1921 from Quito, Ecuador]

990 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______

Subspecies Crematogaster longispina nura nom. nov. pro Crematogaster longispina boliviana Wheeler, 1925 syn. n., [nec Crematogaster boliviana (Wheeler, 1922)] [orig. comb.: Crematogaster longispina var. boliviana Wheeler, 1925 from Mojos, Bolivia]

Species CREMATOGASTER SUBNUDA Mayr, 1879 Subsp. CREMATOGASTER SUBNUDA NIGROSUBNUDA nom. nov. Crematogaster subnuda formosae Wheeler, 1909. Ants of Formosa and the Philippines. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 26: 336. (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Formicidae). Preoccupied by Crematogaster formosa Mayr, 1870. Neue Formiciden. Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 20: 991, 994. (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Formicidae)

The names Crematogaster formosa Mayr, 1870 and Crematogaster subnuda formosae Wheeler, 1909 were included in the family Formicidae. The specific epithet formosa was initially introduced by Mayr (1870) with the original combination Crematogaster formosa Mayr, 1870 from Mexico. It is still used as a valid species name. Subsequently, Wheeler (1909) also described a new variety of the species Crematogaster subnuda from Formosa with the same subspecific epithet as Crematogaster subnuda var. formosae Wheeler, 1909 by original combination. It is also still used as a valid subspecies name. Crematogaster formosa Mayr, 1870 has priority over Crematogaster subnuda formosae Wheeler, 1909. Thus, Crematogaster subnuda formosae Wheeler, 1909 is illegitimate and consequently can not be correct. The name Crematogaster subnuda formosae Wheeler, 1909 is a primary junior homonym of the name Crematogaster formosa Mayr, 1870. According to Articles 58.1 and 60 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (1999), it must be rejected and replaced. It has no synonym. So I propose for the subspecific epithet formosae Wheeler, 1909 the replacement name nigrosubnuda nom. nov..

Etimology: after differing from the typical subnuda in its darker color.

Summary of nomenclatural changes: Species Crematogaster subnuda Mayr, 1879 [orig. comb.: Crematogaster subnuda Mayr, 1879 from Calcutta, India] Subspecies Crematogaster subnuda subnuda Mayr, 1879 Subspecies Crematogaster subnuda discinodis Emery, 1893 [orig. comb.: Crematogaster discinodis Emery, 1893 from Singapore] Subspecies Crematogaster subnuda nigrosubnuda nom. nov. pro Crematogaster subnuda formosae Wheeler, 1909 syn. n., [nec Crematogaster formosa Mayr, 1870] [orig. comb.: Crematogaster subnuda var. formosae Wheeler, 1909 from Formosa]

Species CREMATOGASTER LONGICEPHALA nom. nov. Crematogaster longiceps Forel, 1910. Formicides australiens reçus de MM. Froggatt et Rowland Turner. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 18: 32. (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Formicidae). Preoccupied by Crematogaster longiceps Santschi, 1909. Formicides nouveaux ou peu connus du Congo Français. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 78: 376. (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Formicidae)

The names Crematogaster longiceps Santschi, 1909 and Crematogaster longiceps Forel, 1910 were included in the family Formicidae. ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______991 The specific epithet longiceps was initially introduced by Santschi (1909) with the original combination Crematogaster longiceps Santschi, 1909 from Sudan. It is still used as a valid species name. Subsequently, Forel (1910b) also described a new species from Tennants Creek, C Australia with the same specific epithet as Crematogaster longiceps Forel, 1910 by original combination. It is also still used as a valid species name. Crematogaster longiceps Santschi, 1909 has priority over Crematogaster longiceps Forel, 1910. Thus, Crematogaster longiceps Forel, 1910 is illegitimate and consequently can not be correct. The name Crematogaster longiceps Forel, 1910 is a primary junior homonym of the name Crematogaster longiceps Santschi, 1909. According to Article 60 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (1999), it must be rejected and replaced. It has no synonym. So I propose for the specific epithet longiceps Forel, 1910 the replacement name longicephala nom. nov..

Etimology: after its long head.

Summary of nomenclatural changes: Species Crematogaster longicephala nom. nov. pro Crematogaster longiceps Forel, 1910 syn. n., [nec Crematogaster longiceps Santschi, 1909] [orig. comb.: Crematogaster longiceps Forel, 1910 from Australia]

Tribe SOLENOPSIDINI

Genus MONOMORIUM Mayr, 1855 Species MONOMORIUM PSEUDOEPIXENUS nom. nov. Monomorium creticum (Emery, 1908). Beiträge zur Monographie der Formiciden des paläarktischen Faunengebietes. (Hym.). 4. Parasitische und Gast-Myrmicinen mit Ausnahme von Strongylognathus. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1908: 558. (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Formicidae). Preoccupied by Monomorium creticum Emery, 1895. Sopra alcune formiche della fauna Mediterranea. Memorie della R. Accademia delle Scienze dell'Istituto di Bologna, (5) 5: 59-75. (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Formicidae)

The names Monomorium creticum Emery, 1895 and Monomorium creticum (Emery, 1908) were included in the family Formicidae. The specific epithet creticum was initially introduced by Emery (1895) with the original combination Monomorium abeillei var. creticum Emery, 1895 from Catovotri, Crete. It is still used as a valid species name. Bolton (1995) cataloged it as a species. Subsequently, Emery (1908) also described a new species from Retimo, Crete with the same specific epithet as Epixenus creticus Emery, 1908 by original combination. It is also still used as a valid species name. Bolton (1995) cataloged it as a species. Monomorium creticum Emery, 1895 has priority over Monomorium creticum (Emery, 1908). Thus, Monomorium creticum (Emery, 1908) is illegitimate and consequently can not be correct. The name Monomorium creticum (Emery, 1908) is a primary junior homonym of the name Monomorium creticum Emery, 1895. According to Article 60 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (1999), it must be rejected and replaced. It has no synonym. So I propose for the specific epithet creticum (Emery, 1908) the replacement name pseudoepixenus nom. nov..

992 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______Etimology: after its original description “Epixenus? creticus n. sp.”.

Summary of nomenclatural changes: Species Monomorium pseudoepixenus nom. nov. pro Monomorium creticum (Emery, 1908) syn. n., [nec Monomorium creticum Emery, 1895] [orig. comb.: Epixenus creticus Emery, 1908 from Crete]

Genus SOLENOPSIS Westwood, 1840 Species †SOLENOPSIS ALENA nom. nov. †Solenopsis major Théobald, 1937. Les insectes fossiles des terrains oligocenes de France. p. 201. Preoccupied by Solenopsis basalis major Forel, 1913. Fourmis d'Argentine, du Brésil, du Guatémala & de Cuba. Reçues de MM. Bruch, Prof. v. Ihering, Mlle Baez, M. Peper et M. Rovereto. Bulletin de la Société Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles, 49: 220. (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Solenopsidini).

The names Solenopsis basalis major Forel, 1913 and Solenopsis major Théobald, 1937 were included in the family Formicidae. The species group epithet major was initially introduced by Forel (1913) with the original combination Solenopsis basalis var. major Forel, 1913. It is still used as a valid subspecies name. Bolton (1995) cataloged it as a subspecies. Subsequently, Théobald (1937) described a new fossil species of the genus Solenopsis with the same specific epithet as †Solenopsis major Théobald, 1937 by original combination. It is also still used as a valid species name. Bolton (1995) cataloged it as a species. Solenopsis basalis major Forel, 1913 has priority over †Solenopsis major Théobald, 1937. Thus, †Solenopsis major Théobald, 1937 is illegitimate and consequently can not be correct. The name †Solenopsis major Théobald, 1937 is a primary junior homonym of the name Solenopsis basalis major Forel, 1913. According to Article 60 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (1999), it must be rejected and replaced. It has no synonym. So I propose for the subspecific epithet major Théobald, 1937 the replacement name alena nom. nov..

Etimology: The name is dedicated to beautiful Russian girl Alena (?Gumerova) (Russia).

Summary of nomenclatural changes:

Species †Solenopsis alena nom. nov. pro †Solenopsis major Théobald, 1937 syn. n., [nec Solenopsis basalis major Forel, 1913]

Subfamily PONERINAE Tribe PONERINI

Genus PACHYCONDYLA Smith, 1858 Species PACHYCONDYLA GULERA nom. nov. Pachycondyla ambigua (Weber, 1942). New doryline, cerapachyine and ponerine ants from the Imatong Mountains, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 44: 46. (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Formicidae). Preoccupied by Pachycondyla ambigua André, 1890. Matériaux pour servir a la faune myrmécologique de Sierra-Leone (Afrique occidentale). Revue d'Entomologie. Caen., 9: 316. (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Formicidae). ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______993 The names Pachycondyla ambigua André, 1890 and Pachycondyla ambigua (Weber, 1942) were included in the family Formicidae. The specific epithet ambigua was initially introduced by André (1890) with the original combination Pachycondyla ambigua André, 1890 from Sierra-Leone, W Africa. It is still used as a valid species name. Bolton (1995) cataloged it as a species. Subsequently, Weber (1942) also described a new species from Imatong Mountains, Sudan with the same specific epithet as Ponera ambigua Weber, 1942 by original combination. It is also still used as a valid species name. Bolton (1995) transferred it to the genus Pachycondyla and cataloged it as a species. Pachycondyla ambigua André, 1890 has priority over Pachycondyla ambigua (Weber, 1942). Thus, Pachycondyla ambigua (Weber, 1942) is illegitimate and consequently can not be correct. The name Pachycondyla ambigua (Weber, 1942) is a secondary junior homonym of the name Pachycondyla ambigua André, 1890. According to Article 60 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (1999), it must be rejected and replaced. It has no synonym. So I propose for the specific epithet ambigua (Weber, 1942) the replacement name gulera nom. nov..

Etimology: The name is dedicated to Güler Ortaç (Turkey).

Summary of nomenclatural changes: Species Pachycondyla gulera nom. nov. pro Pachycondyla ambigua (Weber, 1942) syn. n., [nec Pachycondyla ambigua André, 1890] [orig. comb.: Ponera ambigua Weber, 1942 from Sudan]

Species PACHYCONDYLA TERMINALIS nom. nov. Pachycondyla apicalis (Smith, 1857). Catalogue of the hymenopterous insects collected at Sarawak, Borneo; Mount Ophir, Malacca; and at Singapore, by A. R. Wallace. Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology, 2: 42-88. (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Formicidae). Preoccupied by Pachycondyla apicalis (Latreille, 1802). Histoire naturelle des fourmis, et recueil de memoires et d'observations sur les abeilles, les araignees, les faucheurs, et autres insectes. Paris. p. 204. (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Formicidae).

The names Pachycondyla apicalis (Latreille, 1802) and Pachycondyla apicalis (Smith, 1857) were included in the family Formicidae. The specific epithet apicalis was initially introduced by Latreille (1802) with the original combination Formica apicalis Latreille, 1802. It is still used as a valid species name. Bolton (1995) transferred it to the genus Pachycondyla and cataloged it as a species. Subsequently, Smith (1857) also described a new species from Borneo (Sarawak) with the same specific epithet as Ponera apicalis Smith, 1857 by original combination. It is also still used as a valid species name. Bolton (1995) transferred it to the genus Pachycondyla and cataloged it as a species. Pachycondyla apicalis (Latreille, 1802) has priority over Pachycondyla apicalis (Smith, 1857). Thus, Pachycondyla apicalis (Smith, 1857) is illegitimate and consequently can not be correct. The name Pachycondyla apicalis (Smith, 1857) is a secondary junior homonym of the name Pachycondyla apicalis (Latreille, 1802). According to Article 60 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (1999), it must be rejected and replaced. It has only one synonym name as terminalis Smith, 1871 that is an unavailable name. So I propose for the 994 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______specific epithet apicalis (Smith, 1857) the replacement name terminalis nom. nov..

Etimology: After the unavailable name “terminalis” of Smith.

Summary of nomenclatural changes: Species Pachycondyla terminalis nom. nov. pro Pachycondyla apicalis (Smith, 1857) syn. n., [nec Pachycondyla apicalis (Latreille, 1802)] [orig. comb.: Ponera apicalis Smith, 1857 from Borneo]

Species PACHYCONDYLA KARAWAIEWI nom. nov. Pachycondyla arcuata (Karawaiew, 1925). Ponerinen (Fam. Formicidae) aus dem Indo- Australischen Gebiet (Fortsetzung). Konowia, 4: 125. (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Formicidae). Preoccupied by Pachycondyla annamita arcuata (Forel, 1900). Les formicides de l'Empire des Indes et de Ceylan. Part VII. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 13: 322. (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Formicidae).

The names Pachycondyla annamita arcuata (Forel, 1900) and Pachycondyla arcuata (Karawaiew, 1925) were included in the family Formicidae. The species group epithet arcuata was initially introduced by Forel (1900) with the original combination Ectomomyrmex annamitus var. arcuatus Forel, 1900 from India. It is still used as a valid subspecies name. Bolton (1995) cataloged it as a subspecies. Subsequently, Karawaiew (1925) also described a new variety of Euponera luteipes from Tjibodas, Indonesia with the same species group epithet as Euponera (Brachyponera) luteipes var. arcuata Karawaiew, 1925 by original combination. It is also still used as a valid species name. Bolton (1995) transferred it to the genus Pachycondyla and cataloged it as a species. Pachycondyla annamita arcuata (Forel, 1900) has priority over Pachycondyla arcuata (Karawaiew, 1925). Thus, Pachycondyla arcuata (Karawaiew, 1925) is illegitimate and consequently can not be correct. The name Pachycondyla arcuata (Karawaiew, 1925) is a secondary junior homonym of the name Pachycondyla annamita arcuata (Forel, 1900). According to Article 60 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (1999), it must be rejected and replaced. It has no synonym. So I propose for the specific epithet arcuata (Karawaiew, 1925) the replacement name karawaiewi nom. nov..

Etimology: The name is dedicated to W. Karawaiew who is current author name of the preexisting species Pachycondyla arcuata.

Summary of nomenclatural changes: Species Pachycondyla karawaiewi nom. nov. pro Pachycondyla arcuata (Karawaiew, 1925) syn. n., [nec Pachycondyla annamita arcuata (Forel, 1900)] [orig. comb.: Euponera (Brachyponera) luteipes var. arcuata Karawaiew, 1925 from Indonesia]

Species PACHYCONDYLA CRASSA Emery, 1877 Subspecies PACHYCONDYLA CRASSA GAMZEA nom. nov. Pachycondyla crassa ilgii Forel, 1910. Ameisen aus der Kolonie Erythräa. Gesammelt von Prof. Dr. K. Escherich (nebst einigen in West-Abessinien von Herrn A. Ilg gesammelten Ameisen). Zoologische Jahrbücher Abteilung für Systematik Ökologie und Geographie der Tiere, 29: 244. (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Formicidae). Preoccupied by Pachycondyla ilgii ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______995

(Forel, 1894). Abessinische und andere afrikanische Ameisen, gesammelt von Herrn Ingenieur Alfred Ilg, von Herrn Dr. Liengme, von Herrn Pfarrer Missionar P. Berthoud, Herrn Dr. Arth. Müller, etc. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 9: 76. (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Formicidae).

The names Pachycondyla ilgii (Forel, 1894) and Pachycondyla crassa ilgii Forel, 1910 were included in the family Formicidae. The specific epithet ilgii was initially introduced by Forel (1894) with the original combination Ophthalmopone ilgii Forel, 1894 from Ethiopia. It is still used as a valid species name. Bolton (1995) transferred it to the genus Pachycondyla and cataloged it as a species. Subsequently, Forel (1910c) also described a new variety from W Ethiopia with the same species group epithet as Pachycondyla (Bothroponera) crassa var. ilgii Forel, 1910 by original combination. It is also still used as a valid subspecies name. Bolton (1995) cataloged it as a subspecies. Pachycondyla ilgii (Forel, 1894) has priority over Pachycondyla crassa ilgii Forel, 1910. Thus, Pachycondyla crassa ilgii Forel, 1910 is illegitimate and consequently can not be correct. The name Pachycondyla crassa ilgii Forel, 1910 is a secondary junior homonym of the name Pachycondyla ilgii (Forel, 1894). According to Article 60 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (1999), it must be rejected and replaced. It has no synonym. So I propose for the species group epithet ilgii Forel, 1910 the replacement name gamzea nom. nov..

Etimology: The name is dedicated to Gamze Köse (Turkey).

Summary of nomenclatural changes: Species Pachycondyla crassa (Emery, 1877) [orig. comb.: Ponera crassa Emery 1877 from Sciotel, Eritrea, Africa] Subspecies Pachycondyla crassa crassa (Emery, 1877) Subspecies Pachycondyla crassa crassior (Santschi, 1930) [orig. comb.: Bothroponera crassa var. crassior Santschi, 1930 from E Africa] Subspecies Pachycondyla crassa gamzea nom. nov. pro Pachycondyla crassa ilgii Forel, 1910 syn. n., [nec Pachycondyla ilgii (Forel, 1894)] [orig. comb.: Pachycondyla (Bothroponera) crassa var. ilgii Forel, 1910 from W Ethiopia]

Species PACHYCONDYLA RUBRA (Smith, 1857) Subspecies PACHYCONDYLA RUBRA MINIRUBRA nom. nov. Pachycondyla rubra javana (Forel, 1905). Ameisen aus Java. Gesammelt von Prof. Karl Kraepelin, 1904. Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten, 22: 6. (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Formicidae). Preoccupied by Pachycondyla javana (Mayr, 1867). Adnotationes in monographiam formicidarum Indo-Neerlandicarum. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, (2) 2 (10): 85. (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Formicidae).

The names Pachycondyla javana (Mayr, 1867) and Pachycondyla rubra javana (Forel, 1905) were included in the family Formicidae. The specific epithet javana was initially introduced by Mayr (1867) with the original combination Ectomomyrmex javanus Mayr, 1867 from Java. It is still used as a valid species name. Bolton (1995) cataloged it as a species. Subsequently, Forel (1905) also described a new variety from Buitenzorg, Java with the same species group epithet as Euponera (Mesoponera) rubra var. javana Forel, 1905 by original combination. It is also still used as a valid subspecies name. Bolton (1995) cataloged it as a subspecies. 996 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______Pachycondyla javana (Mayr, 1867) has priority over Pachycondyla rubra javana (Forel, 1905). Thus, Pachycondyla rubra javana (Forel, 1905) is illegitimate and consequently can not be correct. The name Pachycondyla rubra javana (Forel, 1905) is a secondary junior homonym of the name Pachycondyla javana (Mayr, 1867). According to Article 60 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (1999), it must be rejected and replaced. It has no synonym. So I propose for the species group epithet javana (Forel, 1905) the replacement name minirubra nom. nov..

Etimology: After its body lenght shorter than the typical form.

Summary of nomenclatural changes: Species Pachycondyla rubra (Smith, 1857) [orig. comb.: Ponera rubra Smith, 1857 from Singapore] Subspecies Pachycondyla rubra rubra (Smith, 1857) Subspecies Pachycondyla rubra minirubra nom. nov. pro Pachycondyla rubra javana (Forel, 1905) syn. n., [nec Pachycondyla javana (Mayr, 1867)] [orig. comb.: Euponera (Mesoponera) rubra var. javana Forel, 1905 from Java]

Species PACHYCONDYLA NEONIMBA nom. nov. Pachycondyla nimba (Bernard, 1953). La reserve naturelle integrale du Mt Nimba. XI. Hymenopteres Formicidae. Memoires de l'Institut Français d'Afrique Noire, 19: 188. (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Formicidae). Preoccupied by Pachycondyla silvestrii nimba (Bernard, 1953). La reserve naturelle integrale du Mt Nimba. XI. Hymenopteres Formicidae. Memoires de l'Institut Français d'Afrique Noire, 19: 190. (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Formicidae).

The names Pachycondyla silvestrii nimba (Bernard, 1953) and Pachycondyla nimba (Bernard, 1953) were included in the family Formicidae. The species group epithet nimba was initially introduced by Bernard (1953: 188) with the original combination Bothroponera silvestrii r. nimba Bernard, 1953 from Nimba Mountains, W Africa. It is still used as a valid subspecies name. Bolton (1995) cataloged it as a species. In the same work, Bernard (1953: 190) also described a new species from Nimba Mountains, W Africa with the same species group epithet as Euponera (Mesoponera) nimba Bernard, 1953 by original combination. It is also still used as a valid species name. Bolton (1995) transferred it to the genus Pachycondyla and cataloged it as a species. Pachycondyla silvestrii nimba (Bernard, 1953: 188) has priority over Pachycondyla nimba (Bernard, 1953: 190). Thus, Pachycondyla nimba (Bernard, 1953) is illegitimate and consequently can not be correct. The name Pachycondyla nimba (Bernard, 1953) is a secondary junior homonym of the name Pachycondyla silvestrii nimba (Bernard, 1953). According to Article 60 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (1999), it must be rejected and replaced. It has no synonym. So I propose for the specific epithet nimba (Bernard, 1953) the replacement name neonimba nom. nov..

Etimology: after the Latin prefix –neo (meaning “new” in English).

Summary of nomenclatural changes: Species Pachycondyla neonimba nom. nov. pro Pachycondyla nimba (Bernard, 1953) syn. n., [nec Pachycondyla silvestrii nimba (Bernard, 1953)] ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______997

[orig. comb.: Euponera (Mesoponera) nimba Bernard, 1953 from W Africa]

Species PACHYCONDYLA SUMATRANA nom. nov. Pachycondyla sculpturata (Karawaiew, 1925). Ponerinen (Fam. Formicidae) aus dem Indo- Australischen Gebiet (Fortsetzung). Konowia, 4: 122. (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Formicidae). Preoccupied by Pachycondyla pumicosa sculpturata Santschi, 1912. Fourmis d'Afrique et de Madagascar. Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique, 56: 151. (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Formicidae).

The names Pachycondyla pumicosa sculpturata Santschi, 1912 and Pachycondyla sculpturata (Karawaiew, 1925) were included in the family Formicidae. The species group epithet sculpturata was initially introduced by Santschi (1912) with the original combination Pachycondyla (Bothroponera) sculpturata Santschi, 1912 from Zambezia, Mozambique. It is still used as a valid subspecies name. Bolton (1995) cataloged it as a subspecies. Subsequently, Karawaiew (1925) also described a new species from Sumatra with the same species group epithet as Pachycondila (Ectomomyrmex) sculpturata Karawaiew, 1925 by original combination. It is also still used as a valid species name. Bolton (1995) cataloged it as a species. Pachycondyla pumicosa sculpturata Santschi, 1912 has priority over Pachycondyla sculpturata (Karawaiew, 1925). Thus, Pachycondyla sculpturata (Karawaiew, 1925) is illegitimate and consequently can not be correct. The name Pachycondyla sculpturata (Karawaiew, 1925) is a secondary junior homonym of the name Pachycondyla pumicosa sculpturata Santschi, 1912. According to Article 60 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (1999), it must be rejected and replaced. It has no synonym. So I propose for the specific epithet sculpturata (Karawaiew, 1925) the replacement name sumatrana nom. nov..

Etimology: The name is dedicated to the type locality of the preexisting species Pachycondyla sculpturata.

Summary of nomenclatural changes: Species Pachycondyla sumatrana nom. nov. pro Pachycondyla sculpturata (Karawaiew, 1925) syn. n., [nec Pachycondyla pumicosa sculpturata Santschi, 1912] [orig. comb.: Pachycondyla (Ectomomyrmex) sculpturata Karawaiew, 1925 from Sumatra]

Species PACHYCONDYLA TARSATA (Fabricius, 1798) Subspecies PACHYCONDYLA TARSATA KAYA nom. nov. Pachycondyla tarsata striata (Santschi, 1930). Description de formicides éthiopiens nouveaux ou peu connus. V. Bulletin et Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belge, 70: 53. (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Formicidae). Preoccupied by Pachycondyla striata Smith, 1858. Catalogue of the hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part VI. Formicidae. London. p. 106. (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Formicidae).

The names Pachycondyla striata Smith, 1858 and Pachycondyla tarsata striata (Santschi, 1930) were included in the family Formicidae. The specific epithet striata was initially introduced by Smith (1858) with the original combination Pachycondyla striata Smith, 1858 from Rio. It is still used as a valid species name. Bolton (1995) cataloged it as a species. Subsequently, Santschi (1930) also described a new variety from Dahomey, Ethiopia with the same species group epithet as Paltothyreus tarsatus var. 998 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______striatus Santschi, 1930 by original combination. It is also still used as a valid subspecies name. Bolton (1995) cataloged it as a subspecies. Pachycondyla striata Smith, 1858 has priority over Pachycondyla tarsata striata (Santschi, 1930). Thus, Pachycondyla tarsata striata (Santschi, 1930) is illegitimate and consequently can not be correct. The name Pachycondyla tarsata striata (Santschi, 1930) is a secondary junior homonym of the name Pachycondyla striata Smith, 1858. According to Article 60 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (1999), it must be rejected and replaced. It has no synonym. So I propose for the species group epithet striata (Santschi, 1930) the replacement name kaya nom. nov..

Etimology: The name is dedicated to Gamze Kaya (Turkey).

Summary of nomenclatural changes: Species Pachycondyla tarsata (Fabricius, 1798) [orig. comb.: Formica tarsata Fabricius, 1798 from Africa] Subspecies Pachycondyla tarsata delagoensis (Emery, 1899) [orig. comb.: Paltothyreus tarsatus var. delagoensis Emery, 1899 from Delagoa Bay, (Africa)] Subspecies Pachycondyla tarsata kaya nom. nov. pro Pachycondyla tarsata striata (Santschi, 1930) syn. n., [nec Pachycondyla striata Smith, 1858] [orig. comb.: Paltothyreus tarsatus var. striatus Santschi, 1930 from Dahomey, Ethiopia (Africa)] Subspecies Pachycondyla tarsata mediana (Santschi, 1919) [orig. comb.: Paltothyreus tarsatus var. mediana Santschi, 1919 from Congo, Cameroon (Africa] Subspecies Pachycondyla tarsata robusta (Santschi, 1919) [orig. comb.: Paltothyreus tarsatus var. robusta Santschi, 1919 from Somalia (Africa] Subspecies Pachycondyla tarsata striatidens (Santschi, 1919) [orig. comb.: Paltothyreus tarsatus var. striatidens Santschi, 1919 from Kibwey (E Africa] Subspecies Pachycondyla tarsata subopaca (Santschi, 1919) [orig. comb.: Paltothyreus tarsatus var. subopaca Santschi, 1919 from Gabon (Africa] Subspecies Pachycondyla tarsata tarsata (Fabricius, 1798)

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______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1001 PROSTIGMATID SOIL MITES OF ALFALFA FIELDS IN NORTHWEST OF IRAN (EAST AZERBAIJAN PROVINCE) WITH ONE GENUS, SUBGENUS AND FOUR SPECIES AS NEW RECORDS

Parisa Lotfollahi*, Karim Haddad Irani-Nejad*, Mohammad Bagheri** and Mostafa Valizade***

* Department of Plant Protection, faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, IRAN. E- mails: [email protected]; [email protected] ** Department of Plant Protection, faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, IRAN. *** Department of Crop Production and Plant Breeding, faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, IRAN.

[Lotfollahi, P., Irani-Nejad, K. H., Bagheri, M. & Valizade, M. 2010. Prostigmatid soil mites of alfalfa fields in northwest of Iran (East Azerbaijan province) including one genus, subgenus and four species as new records. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 5, suppl.: 1001-1010]

ABSTRACT: Prostigmatic soil mite fauna of alfalfa fields of six regions in Northwest of Iran (East Azerbaijan) including Soofian, Payam, Zenooz, Marand, Shabestar and Jolfa was studied at three different times of the year 2006 (mid-May, mid-July and mid-September), based on Nested design. In this study 24 species, 26 genera and 17 families belonging to 8 superfamilies were identified in which 1 genus and 1 species were new records for mite fauna of Iran and 4 genera and 4 species were new records for mite fauna of east Azerbaijan province. Results showed that the maximum mean number was obtained in Shabestar at mid-September. This study confirms that at the case of high temperature and low humidity, the diversity and frequency of mites are increased.

KEY WORDS: Alfalfa, soil, East Azerbaijan, Fauna, Prostigmata.

Prostigmatid mites are found in various habitats which have a lot of morphological and biological diversity. Members of some families such as Bdellidae, Cunaxidae, Tydeidae, Stigmaeidae, Trombidiidae have Predatory behavior, some like Tetranychidae, Tenuipalpidae are herbivorous and families such as Terpnacaridae are rusty feeder. Therefore the terrestrial, aquatic, predator, herbivorous, rusty feeder mites and parasite of birds, small mammals and arthropods are found between prostigmatid mites (Bedano, 2004). Obligative herbivores such as members of Superfamilies Eriophyoidea and Tetranychoidea, and even predatory ones like Anystidae and Bdellidae might be found randomly in soil samples Obligative parasite of Invertebrates (Pyemotidae and Carboacaridae) and also some species that live in air microhabitats due to migration could be transferred to the soil habitat being found in the samples Such disorders causes problems in mites faunestic studies and role of them in soil (Kethley, 1990). Reviewing literature revealed that in Iran, some faunistic studies have been done by Khanjani & Euckermann (2002), Khalil-Manesh (1972), Sepasgozarian (1976), Daneshvar (1977), Nozari (1992), Soroush (1994), Nourbakhsh & Kamali (1995), Mosaddegh (1996), Taghavi Amshi (1996), Barymani Varandi (1996), Haddad Irani-Nejad (1996), Jamali Zavvare (2000), rastegar (2002), Haji Qanbar (2001), Bagheri (2007), and many other internal specialist (Kamali et al., 2001). Totally, more than 1040 species of mites reported from Iran (Kamali et al., 2001; Khanjani & Haddad Irani-Nejad, 2005). This study aimed to investigate the occurrence and species diversity of soil prostigmatid mite fauna of alfalfa fields of six regions in Northwest of Iran (East Azerbaijan Province). 1002 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______MATERIALS AND METHODS

Prostigmatic soil mite fauna of alfalfa fields in Northwest of East Azebaijan province (six regions including Soofian, Payam, Zenooz, Marand, Shabestar and Jolfa) was studied at three different times of the year 2006 (mid-May, mid-July and mid-September), based on Nested design (Snedecor and Cochran, 1967). Three fields in each of the six regions with three samples in each field were selected and sampling of them was conducted at three different times Soil samples were taken of maximum depth of 25 cm Specimens were transferred to the acarological laboratory of Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz. Mites were extracted by using the Berlese funnel. Mites were cleared by using Lactoglyserin and nesbit solutions (Krantz, 1978). Cleared specimens were slide mounted in Hoyer's medium. Type specimens are held in the Acarological Collection, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.

RESULTS

In this study 24 species, 26 genera and 17 families belonging to 8 superfamilies were identified in which 1 genus and 1 species were new records for mite fauna of Iran and 4 genera and 4 species were new records for mite fauna of east Azerbaijan province. Results indicated that the maximum number of prostigmatid mites was obtained in Shabestar which obtained in mid-September.

Key to the prostigmatid families collected from soil of alfalfa fields in Northwest of Iran, East Azarbaijan province:

1-Females (rarely males) with a pair of anterolateral prodorsal stigmata and associated trachea; setae e and f, im and ip are in the same sclerite ……………………..….……….…………...…. 17 - Females and males with stigmata between cheliceral bases or on posterodorsal margin of gnathosoma, or stigmata absent; setae e and f, im and ip are not in the same sclerite or they are absent …………………………………………………………………….…………………………………...…………. 2

2- With prodorsal trichobothria ……………………………………………….……………………………...…….. 3 - Without prodorsal trichobothria ……………………………………………………………………..………….. 13

3- Palpal tibia with one claw-like seta whitch inserted on distal portion (Superfamily Trombidoidea) ……………………………………………………………..………………..……...…… Trombidiidae - Palpal tibia without one claw-like seta ………………………………………………...………………..……… 4

4-With trichobothria on tibia IV (Superfamily Bdelloidea) ……………………………………………….. 5 - Without trichobothria on tibia IV …………………………………...…………..……………………….….….. 6

5-Palpi long, antenniform, often elbowed, typically with long distal setae …………….… Bdellidae -Palpi extending beyond gnathosoma or barely equal to chelae in length, terminating in a tarsal claw ……………………………………………………………………………………………..………. Cunaxidae

6-With two pairs of prodorsal trichobothria (Superfamily Pachygnathoidea) ……………….…….. 7 - With one pairs of prodorsal trichobothria ………………………………….………………………...... …….. 8

7-Pretarsus of legs I-IV with three claws ………………………..………………………..….. Bimichaelidae - Pretarsus of legs I-IV with one claw ………………………………………..………...…….. Nanorchestidae

8- Pretarsus of legs II-IV without claws and only with one empodium; oesophagus sclerotinized and like a blade like structure extending within prodorsum …….. Alicorhagididae ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1003

- Pretarsus of legs II-IV with one pair of claws and one empodium; sclerotinization of oesophagus not extended to prodorsum …………………………..……..………………………….……...….. 9

9- Palpa with five segments ………………………………………….………………………..…… Terpnacaridae - Palpa with four segments ……………………………………………………………………….…………..……… 10

10- Tarsus I with Famulus and at least with one curved solonidia (Superfamily Eupodoidea) …………………………………….....……………………………………………………………………………...………….. 11 - Tarsus I without Famulus and curved solonidia (Superfamily Tydeoidea) ………………….…… 12

11-Subcapitulum with two pairs of setae …………………………….………………….………….. Eupodidae - Subcapitulum with four pairs of setae …………………………………………………....……… Rhagidiidae

12-With an ereinetal organ opining in the distal portion of tibia I, consisting of an inverted sac-like structure in a narrow duct whitch opens at or near the insertion of a simple or highly modified seta ………………………………………………………………………………………………… Ereynetidae - Without ereinetal organ …………………………………………...……………………………….……. Tydeidae

13-Female genital operature transverse, rarely appearing triangular; pretarsal claws with tenent hairs (Superfamily Tetranychoidea) ………………………………………………………...…………. 14 - Female genital operature longitudinal; pretarsal claws without tenent hairs (Superfamily Raphignathoidea) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 16

14-Palpa simple and without tibial claw …………………………………………………..…… Tenuipalpidae - Palpa with tibial claw …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 15

15-Tarsus I with two bulbous solonidia ………..………………….………….……….….…. Linotetranydae - Tarsus I without two bulbous solonidia ……………..………………………………………. Tetranychidae

16-Cheliceral bases fused to form a stylophore into whitch a pair of sinous peritremes extend ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…. Caligonellidae -Peritremes and stigmata absent ………………………………..……………………….………….. Stigmaeidae

17- Femora and genu IV fused in females; in males leg IV with four segments (Superfamily Tarsonemoidea) ………………………………………………………………………………...…..….. Tarsonemidae - Femora and genu IV not fused in females; in males leg IV with five segments (Superfamily Pyemotoidea) ……………………………………………………………………………………...…… Caraboacaridae

Superfamily Bdelloidea Dugès, 1834 Family Bdellidae Duges, 1834 Spinabdella cronini (Baker & Balock, 1962) Materials examined and associations: 1 specimens, Soofian, mid-May 2006; 2 specimens, Payam, mid-May and mid-September 2006; 3 specimens, Marand, mid-July 2006; 1 specimens, Jolfa, mid-May 2006; 4 specimens, Shabestar, mid-September 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: Hamedan (Khanjani, 1996; East Azerbaijan (Fathipur, 1994; Bagheri et al., 2007). Comments: This is the third record for the province.

Family Cunaxidae Thor, 1902

Key to the cunaxid species collected from soil of alfalfa fields in Northwest of Iran, East Azarbaijan province: - With three segmented palpa ……………………………….…….…… Pulaeus martini den Heyer, 1981 - With five segmented palpa ………….…………….………. Pseudobonzia saaymani Den Heyer, 1977 1004 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______Pulaeus martini den Heyer, 1981 Materials examined and associations: 3 specimens, Soofian, mid-May, mid-July and mid-September 2006; 3 specimens, Jolfa, mid-May and mid-September 2006; 1 specimen, Shabestar, mid-September 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: East Azerbaijan (Bagheri et al., 2007). Comments: This is the second record for the province.

Pseudobonzia saaymani Den Heyer, 1977 Materials examined and associations: 2 specimens, Jolfa, mid- September 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: There is no provincial record of this species in Iran. Comments: This is the first record in Iran.

Superfamily Pachygnathoidea (Lindquist 1998) Family Bimichaelidae Womersley, 1944 Alycus sp. Materials examined and associations: 3 specimens, Payam, mid- July 2006; 1 specimen, Marand, mid-July 2006; 2 specimens, Jolfa, mid- July 2006; 1 specimen, Shabestar, mid- September 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: There is no provincial record of this genus in Iran. Comments: This is the first record in Iran. Identification at species level is on going.

Family Nanorchestidae Grandjean, 1937 Spleorchestes pratensis Willmann, 1936 Materials examined and associations: 7 specimens, Payam, mid- September 2006; 3 specimens, Shabestar, mid- July 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: East Azerbaijan (Bagheri et al., 2007). Comments: This is the second record for the province.

Family Alicorhagiidae Grandjean, 1939 Alicorhagidia ustiata Theron, Meyer & Ryke, 1970 Materials examined and associations: 3 specimens, Soofian, mid- September 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: East Azerbaijan (Bagheri et al., 2007). Comments: This is the second record for the province.

Family Terpnacaridae Grandjean, 1939 Terpnacarus gibbosus (Womersley, 1944) Materials examined and associations: 1 specimen, Marand, mid- July 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: West Azerbaijan (Hajiqanbar & Momen, 2006). Comments: This is the second record of T. gibbus in Iran and new for the province.

Superfamily Eupodoidea Koch, 1842 Family Eupodidae Koch, 1882

Key to the Eupodid species collected from soil of alfalfa fields in Northwest of Iran, East Azarbaijan province:

1-vi club shaped ……………………………………………………………………………..……….. Cocceupodes sp. - vi not club shaped ………………………………………………..…………………………….……………………….. 2

2- With recognizable sejugal furrow in females …………………….……...... …………. Claveupodes sp. - Without recognizable sejugal furrow in females ………………………………. Eupodes sigmoidensis

Cocceupodes sp. Materials examined and associations: 2 specimens, Shabestar, mid- July 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: East Azerbaijan (Bagheri et al., 2007). Comments: This is the second record of for the province. Identification at species level is on going. ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1005 Claveupodes sp. Materials examined and associations: 2 specimens, Soofian, mid- July and mid- September 2006; 1 specimens, Payam, mid- July 2006; 1 specimens, Zenooz, mid- September 2006; 5 specimens, Shabestar, mid-May, mid- July and mid- September 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: East Azerbaijan (Bagheri et al., 2007). Comments: This is the second record for the province. Identification at species level is on going.

Eupodes sigmoidensis Stradtmann & Golf, 1947 Materials examined and associations: 3 specimens, Soofian, mid- July 2006; 2 specimens, Marand, mid- September 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: Hamedan (Khanjani, 1996); East Azerbaijan (Bagheri et al., 2007). Comments: This is the second record of E. sigmoidensis for the province.

Family Rhagidiidae Oudemans, 1922 Coccorhagidia clavifrons (Canestrini, 1886) Materials examined and associations: 2 specimens, Zenooz, mid- September 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: Hamedan (Khanjani, 1996); East Azerbaijan (Bagheri et al., 2007). Comments: This is the second record for the province.

Robustocheles mucronata (Willmann, 1936) Materials examined and associations: 2 specimens, Marand, mid-May 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: Fars (Ostovan, 1993); East Azerbaijan (Bagheri et al., 2007). Comments: This is the second record for the province.

Superfamily Tydeoidea Kramer, 1877 Family Tydeidae Kramer, 1877

Key to the tydeid species collected from soil of alfalfa fields in Northwest of Iran, East Azarbaijan province:

-With three setae in femora II ……………………………………..……………………………….…… Lorrya sp. - With two setae in femora II …………………………….……………………………………………… Tydeus sp.

Lorrya sp. Materials examined and associations: 3 specimens, Soofian, mid- September 2006; 2 specimens, Payam, mid- September 2006; 3 specimens, Marand, mid-May, mid-July and mid- September 2006; 1 specimens, shabestar, mid- July 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: East Azerbaijan (Bagheri et al., 2007). Comments: This is the second record for the province.

Tydeus sp. Materials examined and associations: 3 specimens, Soofian, mid- July and mid- September 2006; 1 specimen, Payam, mid-September 2006; 2 specimens, Marand, mid- September 2006; 2 specimens, Shabestar, mid- July 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: Khoozestan, Mazandaran, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari and west Azerbaijan (Kamali et al., 2001); East Azerbaijan (Bagheri et al, 2007). Comments: This is the second record for the province.

Family Ereynetidae Oudemans, 1931 Ereynetes sabinensis Baker 1945 Materials examined and associations: 5 specimens, Soofian, mid- September 2006; 2 specimens, Marand, mid-May 2006; 2 specimens, Zenooz, mid-May 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: East Azerbaijan (Bagheri et al., 2007). 1006 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______

Comments: This is the second record in Iran.

Superfamily Tetranychoidea Donnadieu, 1876 Family Linotetranidae Baker & Pritchard, 1953 Linotetranus niknami Bagheri et al., 2008 Materials examined and associations: 2 specimens, Shabestar, mid- September 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: East Azerbaijan (Bagheri et al., 2008). Comments: This species was described by Bagheri, Haddad Irani-Nejad, Kamali, Khanjani, Saboori and Lotfollahi (2008).

Family Tetranychidae Donnadieu, 1875 Tetranychus urticae Koch, 1836 Materials examined and associations: 2 specimens, Jolfa, mid-May 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: Several provinces of Iran (Kamali et al., 2001). Comments: This species is phytophagous.

Family Tenuipalpidae Berlese, 1913 Cenopalpus spinosus (Donnadieu, 1875) Materials examined and associations: 3 specimens, Soofian, mid- July 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: Mazandaran (Kamali et al., 2001); East Azerbaijan (Bagheri et al., 2007). Comments: This species is phytophagous.

Superfamily Raphignatoidea Kramer, 1877 Family Caligonellidae Grandjean, 1944 Molotrognathus bahariensis Ueckermann & Khanjani, 2002 Materials examined and associations: 3 specimens, Shabestar, mid-May 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: Hamedan (Ueckermann & Khanjani, 2003); East Azerbaijan (Bagheri et al., 2007). Comments: This is the second record for the province.

Family Stigmaeidae Oudemans, 1931

Key to the Stigmaeid species collected from soil of alfalfa fields in Northwest of Iran, East Azerbaijan province:

1-Chelicera partly fused ………………………………………………….…….. Cheylostigmaeus iranensis - Chelicera not fused ………………..………………..………………………………………………….…………… 2

2-With 9-16 dorsal shields ……………………………………………….…………………………………….…… 3 - With 3-4 dorsal shields …………………………………………………..………………………………..….…… 4

3-With 12 tactile setae in Tarsus I …………………………………………………….... Stigmaeus malekii - With 13 tactile setae in Tarsus I ………….…...... …….… Stigmaeus elongates

4- With 3 dorsal shields …………………………….……..…………………………………………..……………. 5 - With 4 dorsal shields ………………..…………..…………………………………………………………..…….. 6

5- Central part of the section between the third and fourth leg without reticulation and is only pointed ……………………………………………………………..……....….……. Eustigmaeus sculptus -not as above …...... ……. Eustigmaeus nasrinae

6- With 6 tactile setae in femora I ………………………………....……. Ledermuelleriopsis plumose - With 5 tactile setae in femora I ……………………………………………... Ledermuelleriopsis zahiri

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1007 Cheylostigmaeus iranensis Khanjani & Ueckermann, 2002 Materials examined and associations: 2 specimens, Soofian, mid- July 2006; 5 specimens, Marand, mid-May, mid-July and mid-September 2006; 1 specimen, Zenooz, mid- May 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: Hamedan (Khanjani & Ueckermann, 2002); East Azerbaijan (Bagheri et al., 2007). Comments: This is the second record for the province.

Stigmaeus malekii Haddad, Bagheri & Khanjani, 2006 Materials examined and associations: 1 specimen, Marand, mid-July 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: East Azerbaijan (Haddad Irani-Nejad, 2006). Comments: This is the second record for Iran.

Stigmaeus elongatus Berlese, 1886 Materials examined and associations: 1 specimen, Soofian, mid- July 2006; 1 specimen, Marand, mid-July 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: Hamedan (Khanjani & Ueckermann, 2002); East Azerbaijan (Bagheri et al., 2006). Comments: This is the second record for the province.

Eustigmaeus sculptus Dogan, Ayyildiz & Fan, 2003 Materials examined and associations: 2 specimens, Shabestar, mid-May and mid- September 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: East Azerbaijan (Bagheri et al., 2006). Comments: This is the second record for Iran.

Eustigmaeus nasrinae Khanjani & Ueckermann, 2002 Materials examined and associations: 1 specimen, Soofian, mid- September 2006; 2 specimens, Shabestar, mid-September 2006; 1 specimen, Marand, mid- September 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: Hamedan (Khanjani & Ueckermann, 2002). Comments: This is the first and second record for the province and Iran.

Ledermulleriopsis plumosa Willmann, 1951 Materials examined and associations: 1 specimen, Soofian, mid-July 2006; 1 specimen, Marand, mid- September 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: Hamedan (Khanjani & Ueckermann, 2002); East Azerbaijan (Bagheri et al., 2006). Comments: This is the second record for the province.

Ledermulleriopsis zahiri Khanjani & Ueckermann, 2002 Materials examined and associations: 1 specimen, Payam, mid-July 2006; 2 specimens, Shabestar, mid-September 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: Hamedan (Khanjani & Ueckermann, 2002); East Azerbaijan (Bagheri et al., 2006). Comments: This is the second record for the province.

Superfamily Pyemotoidea Oudemans, 1937 Family Caraboacaridae Mahunka, 1970 Carboacarus stammeri Krczal, 1959 Materials examined and associations: 2 specimens, Soofian, mid-September 2006; 1 specimen, Zenooz, mid-September 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: Tehran (Mirjamali et al., 2008). Comments: This is the first and second record for the province and Iran respectively.

Superfamily Tarsonemoidea Canestrini & Fanzago, 1877 Family Tarsonemidae (Lindquist, 1986)

1008 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______Key to the Tarsonemid species collected from soil of alfalfa fields in Northwest of Iran, East Azarbaijan province:

-v1 and sc2 equal in length ……………………………………………… Tarsonemus (Tarsonemus) fusarii - v1 shorter than sc2 ………………………………….……… Steneotarsonemus (Steneotarsonemus) sp.

Tarsonemus (Tarsonemus) fusarii Cooreman, 1941 Materials examined and associations: 4 specimens, Soofian, mid-September 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: Hamedan (Khanjani,1996); Mazandaran (Faraji & Kamali, 1993); Khorasan (Hagiqanbar, 2009). Comments: This is the forth record in Iran and new for the province.

Steneotarsonemus (Steneotarsonemus) sp. Materials examined and associations: 2 specimens, Soofian, mid-September 2006; 1 specimens, Zenooz, mid-September 2006; 1 specimens, Shabestar, mid- September 2006. Previous provincial records for Iran: There is no provincial record of this genus in Iranian literature. Comments: This is the first record for the province. Identification of these specimens at the species level is on going.

DISCUSSION

Distribution of this order during three different sampling times showed increasing trend from mid-May to mid-September. But trend of families Eupodidae, Rhagidiidae, Bdellidae, Ereynetidae and Cunaxidae was different. For example, although all families had quite increesing trend, but Eupodidae showed highest mean number in mid-July; Bdellidae increasing trend was similar to Eupodidae but with low changes; Rhagidiidae had lowest number in mid-July whitch was similar to Cunaxidae and Ereynetidae although had low changes. This proccess may show that members of families Eupodidae and Bdellidae are termophilic and families Rhagidiidae, Cunaxidae and Ereynetidae are psychrophilic. Maximum number of this order was obtained in Shabestar at mid-September. In general, the number of mites from high to low was in Soofian, Marand, Shabestar, Zenooz, Jolfa and Payam respectively. Dependance of mites diversity and frequency has been shown by many studies like Bedano et al. (2005), Toros & Emekci (1989), Fathi Poor (1994) and Ardashir (2004) whitch confirmes the results of this study. In general, at the case of high temprature and low humidity, the diversity and frequency of mites are increased. Of 30 species identified in this survey, some were phytophagous such as Tetranychus urticae (Tatranychidae) and Chenopalpus spinosus (Tenuipalpidae) and some like Pulaeus martini, Pseudobonzia saaymani (Cunaxidae), Molotrognathus bahariensis (Caligonellidae), Cheylostigmaeus iranensis, Stigmaeus malekii, S. elongatus, Eustigmaeus sculptus, E. nasrinae, Ledermulleriopsis plumosa and L. zahiri (Stigmaeidae) were predacious that their presense are important for maintaince of phytophagous and saprophagus mites equilibrium in soil.

ACKNOWLEGEMENTS

This project was supported by the research division of the University of Tabriz, Iran, which is greatly appreciated. Also the authors are grateful to Dr. Ueckermann (South Africa) and Dr. Zacharda (Czech) for their kind cooperetion.

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______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1011 A PRELIMINARY LIST OF HETEROPTERA COLLECTED IN MARDIN AND SIIRT PROVINCES FROM SOUTH- EASTERN ANATOLIA OF TURKEY (HEMIPTERA)

Armand Matocq* and İnanç Özgen**

* Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Départment Systématique & Evolution (Entomologie), 45 rue Buffon, F – 75005 Paris, FRANCE. E-mail: [email protected] ** Plant Protection, Department of Agricultural Faculty of Dicle University, Diyarbakır, TURKEY. E-mail: [email protected]

[Matocq, A. & Özgen, İ. 2010. A preliminary list of Heteroptera collected in Mardin and Siirt provinces from South-Eastern Anatolia of Turkey (Hemiptera). Munis Entomology & Zoology, 5, suppl. : 1011-1019]

ABSTRACT: Fifty eight species and subspecies of Hemiptera, Heteroptera are recorded from Mardin and Siirt provinces. Specimens were collected by light trap in Pistachio and Cherry orchards during July and August 2009. The species belong to 50 genera and 11 families. The two best represented families are Miridae and Lygaeidae (respectively 16 genera and 27 genera). No species appears to be pest for agriculture, but surprisingly no representative of Pentatomidae, Scutelleridae or Tingidae were captured by the light trap. Eight species and subspecies (seven mirids and one reduviid) are newly reported for Turkey.

KEY WORDS: Hemiptera, Heteroptera, fauna, Southeastern Anatolia, Turkey.

Heteroptera species of the Southeastern Turkey are still poorly known and, as far as we know, no faunistic list exists until now for the suborder for this part of Turkey. Nevertheless some data exist. Puton (1892) and Puton & Noualhier (1895) were probably the first to bring important information most concerning the Eastern mediterranean region: they gave a list of more than 200 heteropteran species and subspecies collected in Akbez, in “Amanos Mountains (North of Syria)”, a locality now in Turkey (Hatay province). Other interesting data can be found in Horvath (1901), and other publications, these ones being summarized and taken into account by Hoberlandt (1955) in his list of the terrestrial Heteroptera of Turkey (862 reported species). Wagner (1959) also investigated Heteroptera fauna in Southeastern Anatolia (51 species), mainly around Diyarbakır province. Later, several papers were published given additional data on the Eastern mediterranean region: Lodos et al. (1998), Lodos & Önder (1978, 1979, 1980, 1982, 1983) on the pentatomoid fauna. The more recent papers concerning Southeastern Turkey are: Çınar et al. (2004) on Tingidae (2), Anthocoridae (1) and Reduviidae (1); Özgen et al. (2005) on Tingid species. Finally, in their “Catalogue of Turkey”, Önder et al. (2006) listed a total of 1526 heteropteran species/subspecies for the whole Turkey, in which they have included southeastern species. True bugs specimens were recently collected around Mardin and Siirt country (Southeastern Turkey), in three localities. A first list of the collected Heteroptera is given in the present paper, with preliminary comments. Further investigations are currently made and will complete the present list, with the aim to better know heteropteran fauna in the region, mainly in Diyarbakır, Elazığ and Mardin.

1012 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______MATERIAL AND METHODS

Prospected localities Locality I: Siirt (Merkez), alt. 896 m, in Pistachio orchard. The trees were 15 years old and each prospected parcels covered an area of 15 acres. In this orchard there was also vineyard agro-ecosystem. Siirt (Merkez) area is located near the Botan river (approximately 4 kilometers). Locality II: Siirt (Aydnlar) ), alt. 860 m, in Pistachio orchard. The trees were 15 years old and each prospected parcels covered an area of 15 acres. Locality III: Mardin (Ömerli), alt. 920 m, in Cherry orchard. The trees were 5 years old and each prospected area covered an area of 10 acres. In the vicinity grow Quercus trees. Specimens were collected by the second author and identified by the first author.

Methods and date of capture Collections were made by light traps, between the 1th-VII and the 1th-IX-2009. DDVP insecticid was added in the traps. Contents of the trap were collected each week. Specimens were kept in dry condition.

Identification Identifications were made with the several handbooks and publications concerning palaearctic heteropteran fauna (mainly: Stichel, 1933-1958; Wagner, 1974a, 1974b, 1975; Wagner & Weber, 1964, 1978; Pericart, 1999; Heiss & Pericart, 2007; Moulet, 1995; Putshkov & Moulet, 2009; Linnavuori, 1972, 1984, 2006).

Specimens are preserved in Dicle University (I. Özgen) in Diyarbakır and for a small part in the A. Matocq collection (Paris). Species are listed below following the classification adopted in the five volumes of the Catalogue of the Heteroptera of the Palaearctic Region (Aukema & Rieger (eds) 1995, 1996, 1999, 2001, 2006). Roman numerals (I, II, III) refer to the above three localities. The species marked by an asterisc “*” are not mentioned in the catalogue of Önder et al. (2006).

RESULTS

NEPOMORPHA

Family CORIXIDAE Leach, 1815 Subfamily Corixinae Leach, 1815 Tribe Corixini Leach, 1815

Corixa sp.: I. The single female specimen collected cannot be identified in the absence of male specimens.

CIMICOMORPHA

Family ANTHOCORIDAE Fieber, 1836 Subfamily Lyctocorinae Reuter, 1884 Tribe Xylocorini Carayon, 1972

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1013 Xylocoris (Proxylocoris) galactinus (Fieber, 1836): I. The species is widely distributed in Europe, Asia and North America (Önder et al., 2006).

Family NABIDAE A. Costa, 1853 Subfamily Nabinae A. Costa, 1853 Tribe Nabini A. Costa, 1853

Nabis (Tropiconabis) capsiformis Germar, 1838: II. Nabis pseudoferus orientarius Remane, 1962: I.

Family REDUVIIDAE Latreille, 1807 Subfamily Peiratinae Amyot & serville, 1843

* Ectomocoris (Ectomocoris) caucasicus Linnavuori, 1972. The species is distributed in South Russia, Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia and was not mentioned for Turkey until now as far as we know. Peirates hybridus (Scopoli, 1763): I.

Subfamily Reduviinae Latreille, 1807

Reduvius pallipes Klug, 1830: II. Reduvius ciliatus Jakovlev, 1879: III.

Family MIRIDAE Hahn, 1833 Subfamily Deraeocorinae Douglas & Scott, 1865 Tribe Deraeocorini Douglas & Scott, 1865

Alloeotomus cyprius (Wagner, 1953): II. Deraeocoris (Camptobrochis) punctulatus Fallén, 1807): II. Deraeocoris (Camptobrochis) pallens pallens (Reuter, 1904): I.

Subfamily Cylapinae Kirkaldy, 1903 Tribu Dicyphini Reuter, 1883

Macrolophus pygmaeus (Rambur, 1839): I.

Subfamily Mirinae Hahn, 1833 Tribe Mirini Hahn, 1833

Charagochilus gyllenhalii (Fallén, 1807): II. Lygus gemellatus gemellatus (Herrich-Schaeffer, 1835): I. Nanopsallus carduellus (Horvath, 1888): I Phytocoris sp.: II. A single female too damaged. Polymerus (Poeciloscytus) vulneratus (Panzer, 1806): I. Stenodema (Stenodema) turanica Reuter, 1904): I. Trigonotylus pulchellus (Hahn, 1834): I Trigonotylus ruficornis (Geoffroy, 1785): I.

Subfamily Orthotylinae Van Duzee, 1916 Tribe Orthotylini Van Duzee, 1916

1014 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______*Pseudoloxops sangrudanus Linnavuori, 2006: II. This species recently described was only known from Iran until now. Reuteria sp.: I. A single male damaged. *Orthotylus (Parapachylops) junipericola armoricanus Ehanno & Matocq, 1990 or O. (P.) junipericola balcanicus Josifov, 1974: II. Single male. The two subspecies are very similar and it is necessary to study further specimens to settle.

Subfamily Phylinae Douglas & Scott, 1865 Tribe Hallodapini Van Duzee, 1916

Acrorrhinium conspersum Noualhier, 1895: II. * Acrorrhinium atricorne Linnavuori, 2006: I. Only known from Iran * Glaphyrocoris ebikh Linnavuori, 1984: I. Only known from Iraq Hallodapus pseudoconcolor (Linnavuori, 1984): I.

Tribe Phylini Douglas & Scott

Auchenocrepis reuteri Jakovlev, 1876: I * Badezorus signaticornis (Reuter, 1904): I. Known from North Africa and Asia Minor. Campylomma verbasci (Meyer-Dür, 1843): I. * Campylomma celatum Wagner, 1969: I. Known from North Africa. Ectagela guttata Schmidt, 1939: II. Known from North Africa, Asia Minor and tropical Africa. Plagiognathus (Plagiognathus) bipunctatus Reuter, 1883: II. Tuponia ayasensis Wagner, 1963: I. * Yotvata pulcherrima Linnavuori, 1984: I. Only known from Iraq.

LEPTOPODOMORPHA

Family LEPTOPODIDAE Brullé, 1836 Subfamily Leptopodinae Brullé, 1836

Patapius spinosus (Rossi, 1790): II.

Family SALDIDAE Amyot & serville, 1843

Saldula sp.: I. The single female specimen collected was too damaged for the identification to species.

PENTATOMOMORPHA

Family ARADIDAE Brull, 1836 Subfamily Aradinae Brullé, 1836

Aradus flavicornis Dalman, 1823: I.

Family CYDNIDAE Billberg, 1820 Subfamily Sehirinae Amyot & Serville, 1843 Tribe Sehirini Amyot & Serville, 1843

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1015 Ochetostethus sp.: I. The single female specimen collected cannot be identified in the absence of male specimens.

Tribe Geotomini Wagner, 1963

Geotomus sp.: I. Only a single female specimen was collected and cannot be identified in the absence of male specimens.

Tribe Amaurocorini Wagner, 1963

Amaurocoris curtus (Brullé, 1838): I.

Family LYGAEIDAE Schilling, 1829 Subfamily Orsillinae Stal, 1872 Tribe Nysiini Uhler, 1876

Nysius cymoides (Spinola, 1837): II. A very common species.

Subfamily Oxycareninae Stal, 1862

Leptodemus minutus (Jakovlev, 1876): II. Oxycarenus (Euoxycarenus) pallens (Herrich-Schaeffer, 1850): I.

Subfamily Rhyparochrominae Amyot & Serville, 1843 Tribe Antillocorini Ashlock, 1964

Tropistethus lanternae Linnavuori, 1960: I.

Tribe Drymini Stal, 1872

Scolopostethus sp.: III. A single female specimen damaged.

Tribe Gonianotini Stal, 1884

Emblethis angustus Montandon, 1890:I. Emblethis denticollis Horvath, 1878: I.

Tribe Lethaeini Stal, 1872

Camptocera glaberrima (Walker, 1872): I. Lethaeus picipes (Herrich-Schaeffer, 1850): I.

Tribe Megalonotini Slater, 1957

Lamprodema maura (F., 1803): II. Megalonotus colon Puton, 1874: II. Megalonotus maximus (Puton, 1895): I.

Tribe Rhyparochromini Amyot & Serville, 1843

Beosus quadripunctatus (Müller, 1766).: I. Peritrechus rhomboidalis Puton, 1877: I. 1016 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______Peritrechus flavicornis Jakovlev,1877: I. Xanthochilus saturnius (Rossi, 1790): I.

Family RHOPALIDAE Amyot & serville, 1843 Subfamily Rhopalinae Amyot & serville, 1843 Tribe Rhopalini Amyot & serville, 1843

Liorhyssus hyalinus (F., 1794): III. Maccevethus errans ssp. caucasicus (Kolenati, 1845): I.

COMMENTS

In our sample, 58 species or subspecies are represented. They belong to 50 genera and 11 families. Surprisingly, no representative of three large heteropteran families was present: Pentatomidae, Scutelleridae and Tingidae specimens were missing. We cannot explain this absence which is, at first sight, odd and incomprehensible. The two best represented families are Miridae and Lygaeidae (respectively 16 genera and 27 genera). In Miridae, there are four entomophagous species belonging to the tribes Deraeocorini and Dicyphini (Alloeotomus cyprius, Deraeocoris (Camptobrochis) punctulatus, D. (Camptobrochis) pallens pallens, Macrolophus pygmaeus). These species can be regarded as useful for agriculture. All the recorded lygaeid species are phytophagous and without agricultural impact. Eight species or subspecies (seven mirids and one reduviid, all marked by an asterisk in the list) were not mentioned as present in Turkey in the Palaearctic catalogue of Aukema & Rieger or in the catalogue of Önder et al. (2006) restricted to the Turkey. These records could be new for Turkey. Among them, it is surprising to collect in Turkey the mirid subspecies identified “Orthotylus (Parapachylops) junipericola armoricanus or O. (P) junipericola balcanicus”, because it is only known from France and Spain for the former taxa and from Bulgaria for the latter. Nevertheless one can remind that Carapezza (1997) divided the seven subspecies of junipericola into two groups of subspecies: a North- African one and an European-Anatolian, the latter including both O. (P.) junipericola armoricanus / O. (P.) junipericola balcanicus. Our inventory of the heteropteran species present in the region (Diyarbakır, Elazığ, Mardin) go on, using additional complementary methods. The next list of species, still in preparation and restricted to the terrestrial true bugs, will be considerably much long and will include Pentatomidae, Scutelleridae and Tingidae specimens.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Authors would like to thank Dr. Domimique PLUOT-SIGWALT (Departement Systematique & Evolution Entomologie Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris) for her contributions.

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Wagner, E. & Weber, H. H. 1978. Die Miridae Hahn 1831 des Mittelmeerraumes und der Makaronesischen Inseln (Hemiptera, Heteroptera). Nachtr ge zu den Teil 1-3. Entomologische Abhandlungen herausgegeben vom staatlichen Museum für Tierkunde Dresde: 42: 96 p.

1020 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______TOXICITY OF SEVERAL INSECTICIDES TO WHITE PEACH SCALE, PSEUDAULACASPIS PENTAGONA TARGIONI (HEMIPTERA: DIASPIDIDAE)

Mahdie Bazrafshan*, Jabraeil Razmjou*, Mohammad Reza Damavandian** and Hooshang Rafiee Dastjerdi*

* Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, IRAN. E-mail: [email protected] ** Plant Protection Department, University of Agriculture and Natural Recourses, Sari, IRAN.

[Bazrafshan, M., Razmjou, J., Damavandian, M. R. & Dastjerdi, H. R. 2010. Toxicity of several insecticides to white peach scale, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona Targioni (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Munis Entomology & Zoology, 5, suppl.: 1020-1024]

ABSTRACT: White peach scale, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona Targioni, as a common pest of peach, has become the most important pest of peach in Iran. We tested the effect of five insecticides including, diazinon, azinphosmethyl, chlorpyrifos, methoxyfenozide, spinnosad and mineral oil on the adult stage of white peach scale. Experiments were done under laboratory conditions (22 ± 2 °C and 60 ± 5 % RH). Toxicity of various insecticides to P. pentagona was assessed by dipping method (infested branches to scale dipping in solutions of insecticides for 10 S). In all treatments, the mortality percentage was determined after 24 h. Bioassay results showed that chlorpyrifos had high toxicity on white peach scale. The LC90 values were 11636.94, 12243.03, 14181.02, 17254.60, 21603.60 and 30954.77ppm for chlorpyrifos, diazinon, azinphosmethyl, mineral oil, spinosad and methoxyfenozide, respectively. Mineral oil had the moderate toxic effect on P. pentagona; thus the use of mineral oil to prevent the build-up of the pest population could be a useful alternative to other insecticides or mixed with them because of its least adverse effects on human and environment.

KEY WORDS: Pseudaulacaspis pentagona, mineral oil, insecticides, environment.

White peach scale, considered as a key pest of world gardens, is a polyphagous scale insect with a world wide distribution (Crause, 1990; Abbasipour, 2007). This scale is a serious pest of peach orchard, and its damage occurs on trunks and branches of the host plants (Kuitert, 1967). Pseudaulacaspis pentagona overwinters as fertile females and ovipositing females (Duyn & Murphey, 1971; Trencheva, 2004). Diverse methods including sex pheromones traps and natural enemies, has been utilized for decreasing of the pest population (Rosen, 1973; Heath et al. 1979; McLaughlin, 1990; Uygun & Elekcioglu, 1998; Erler & Trunc, 2001). Besides these methods, insecticides application is common tactic in controlling of white peach scale but population suppressing of this pest by this tool is difficult because the scales protect themselves very effectively with their hard and waxy armor (Duyn & Murphey, 1971; Draga, 2005). Duyn and Murphey (1971) studied the effect of several insecticides on controlling of P. pentagona population so that ethion plus oil and parathion plus oil were reported very effective when applied to crawler stage. Alternative control methods and new selective compounds that are less disruptive to beneficial arthropods are needed for an effective pest management program. The adaptation of integrated pest management (IPM) often requires the integration of biologically based on controls with chemical pesticides (Rongai et al. 2008) because broad spectrum insecticides, especially organophosphates, are extremely toxic to non target organisms including natural enemies. An alternative ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1021 in the management of scale pest consists of application of oil spray (Moretti et al. 2002). Mineral oil spray has been used for many centuries in agriculture for pest control (Najar-Rodriguez et al. 2008). They seem to be promising insecticides for IPM program because they have high toxicity on insects and very low on vertebrates (Mensah et al. 2005). The mineral oil is usually less toxic to natural enemies than conventional insecticides (Yang et al. 2006). Oil molecules degrade relatively quickly by microbes, oxidation to harmless molecules (Yang et al. 2006). In recent years, the toxicity of insecticides to humans and wildlife has caused much public concern and led to use of safe chemical materials for pests control (Nicoli, 2008). In current study, efficacies of diazinon, azinfosmethyl, chlorpyrifos, methoxyfenozide, spinosad and a mineral oil were assessed against P. pentagona under laboratory conditions.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Pieces of peach branches covered by white peach scales in adult stage were obtained from peach orchard in Sari region, Mazandaran province, Iran. The infested branches were transferred to laboratory and experiments were done on branches at the same day under laboratory conditions (22 ± 2 °C and 60 ± 5 % RH). Treatments applied in bioassays were consisted of diazinon (Diazinon®) 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000 and 8000ppm, azinophosmethyl (Gusathion M®) 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000 and 7000ppm, chlorpyrifos (Dorsban®) 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 and 6000ppm, spinosad (Tracer®) 2000, 4000, 6000, 7000 and 8000ppm, methoxyfenozide (Runner®) 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 and 7000ppm and mineral oil (Volk®) 4000, 5000, 6000,7000 and 8000ppm and distilled water as a control. Five concentrations of each chemical and three to five replicates at different days were used in all experiments. Toxicity of various insecticides to P. pentagona was assessed by branches (infested branches to scale) dipping in different solutions of insecticides for 10 s. Treated branches were transferred to Petri dishes (9 cm in diameter). The mortality percentage was determined after 24 h. The data were analyzed using the probit procedures with SPSS for Windows® release 13.0 (SPSS Institute, 2004).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The results of LC50 and LC90 estimations for white peach scale are shown in Table 1. In current study, methoxyfenozide had the least toxic effect (LC90 = 30954.77 ppm) and chlorpyrifos had highest toxic effect (LC90 = 11636.94 ppm) to the white peach scale in adult stage. At all, the toxicity of insecticides on the white peach scale was less than their toxicities on other insects. Based on the estimated LC90, the toxicities of all insecticides tested can be rated in following order chlorpyrifos> diazinon>azinphosmethyl> mineral oil> spinosad> methoxyfenozide (Table 1). Our results were similar to Duyn & Morphey (1971) findings. They declared that the chemical control of P. pentagona in adult stage is very difficult. The toxicity of commercial insecticides to white peach scale has been studied by several workers. For example, Kuitert (1967) tested six insecticides against P. pentagona. Diazinon plus oil and Ethion plus oil had high toxicity to white peach scale at crawler and immature stages of pest. Findings of Hill et al. (2006) showed that buprofezin was effective for controlling of white peach scale at crawler stage. 1022 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______Management of the white peach scale is very difficult, because the scales protect themselves very effectively with their hard and waxy armor. Sometimes, the female offspring sheltering under their mother armor, thus making some heavy infestations consist of layers of the scales (Kuitert, 1967; Hamon, 1983). Thus the control of white peach scale in adult stage was required to high concentration of insecticide, that it is detrimental to the ecosystems and serious consequences for the human health and the environment. Control methods are often best directed at the crawler stages which are the most vulnerable (Bobb et al. 1973). Traditional methods of white peach scale control have included various insecticidal oils as well as a number of other insecticides (Hamon, 1983). According to findings of Hill et al. (2006), chemical control of white peach scale in adult stage is difficult. They suggested that, for sufficient control of the pest, insecticide applications must employ during dormant period and in crawler stage of scale at the first generation. Over the past few years, information has continued to accumulate that modern formulation superior spray oils are safe and effective means of controlling a wide range of arthropod pest such as scales, mites, whitefly, mealybugs, aphids, psylla, and fruit-feeding Lepidoptera (Davidson et al. 1991; Coll & Abd-Rabou, 1998; Mensah, 2005; Najar-Rodriguez, 2008). The mineral oil alone may be an efficient means of controlling P. pentagona in peach, since oil is virtually non-toxic to human and has little impact on the wide range of predator and parasite insects (Coll & Abd-Rabou, 1998; Yang et al. 2006). Coll & Abd-Rabou (1998) were evaluated the effects of oil emulsion spray on Parlatoria ziziphi Lucas and three associated parasitoid species on grapefruit, Citrus paradise. Oil spray was highly toxic to black parlatoria and had the low toxicity to its parasitoid, Encarsia citrina. The mineral oil is desirable when dealing with the problems of pest resurgence, secondary pest outbreaks, and insecticide resistance. Mineral oil don’t have a quick knockdown effect (versus synthetic insecticides), thus farmers don’t consider oil for controlling of pests when their economic threshold are reach. Although the use of mineral oil enhanced the risk of phytotoxicity, but the most accumulation of white peach scale on peach trees is on trunks and main brunches, then high concentration of mineral oil can be utilized on trunks and branches. Also, the risks of acute phytotoxicity will decrease when oil treatment is applied in dormant season. According to Sadof & Sclar (2000) the use of mineral oil on euonymus scale at dormant season gave the high level of control than mobile stages of the insects during the summer. Bobb et al. (1973) reported that the application of two dormant oil treatments at two week intervals were effective for controlling of white peach scale. Consequently, in current study we find that mineral oil had the moderate toxic effect on P. pentagona; thus the use of mineral oil to prevent the build-up of the pest population could be a useful alternative to other insecticides or mixed with them.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We would like to thank the Agricultural and Natural Resources University of Sari. Also, F. Arab from Fajr Company and S. Tavakkoli from University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Sari, are acknowledged for their assistance in the experiment. This experiment carried out in department of plant protection, University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Sari. The experiment was financially supported by University of Mohaghegh Ardabili.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1023 LITERATURE CITED

Abbasipour, H. 2007. Developmental time and fecundity of white peach scale, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzetti) (Homoptera: Diaspididae), on potato, kiwi and mulberry hosts in Iran. Pakistan Journal of Biological Science, 10 (8): 3220-3223.

Bobb, M. L., Weidhaas, G. R. Y. A. & Ponton, L. F. 1973. White peach scale: life history and control studies. Journal of Economic Entomology, 66: 1290-1293.

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Crause, C. 1990. The white peach scale, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzetti) (Homoptera: Diaspidae) a pest of economic importance on Grandilla. International Symposium on the Culture of Subtropical and Tropical Fruits and Crops, ISHS Acta Horticulturae, 275: 655-662.

Davidson, N. A., Dibble, J. E., Flint, M. L., Marer, P. J. & Goye, A. 1991. Managing insects and mites with spray oils. Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California Publication, 3347.

Draga, G. 2005. Efficacy of some insecticides in control of mulberry scale Pseudaulacaspis pentagona Targioni-Tozzetti. Pesticide i fitomedicina, 20: 115-123.

Erler, F. & Trunc, I. 2001. A survey (1992-1996) of natural enemies of diaspididae species in Antalya, Turkey. Phytoparasitica, 29: 299-305.

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Gossard, H. A. 1902. Two peach scales. Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin, 61: 492-298.

Hamon, A. B. 1983. White peach scale, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targ. - Tozz.) (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae). Entomology Circular No 253 Florida Department of Agricultural and Consumer Services. Division of Plant Industry, 2 pp.

Heath, R. R., Mclaughlin, J. R., Tumlinson, J. H., Ashley, T. R. & Doolittle, R. E. 1979. Identification of the white peach scale sex pheromone. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 5: 941-953.

Hill, M. G., Pollini, A., Ceroni, M. R., Spinelli, R. & Dobson, S. J. 2006. Controlling white peach of Subtropical and Tropical Fruits and Crops, ISHS Acta Horticulturae, 753: 693-702. (http://www.actahort.org/books/753/753_91.htm)

Kuitert, L. C. 1967. Observations on the biology bionomics and control of white peach scale, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targ.). Florida State Horticultural Society, 80: 376-381.

McLaughlin, J. R. 1990. Behavioral response of male white peach scale to the sex pheromone (R, Z)- 3- 9-dimethyl-6-isopropenyl-3-9-decadien-1-ol propionate and corresponding alcohol. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 16: 749-756.

Mensah, R. K., Liang, W., Gibbs, D., Coates, R. & Johanson, D. 2005. Evaluation of nC27 petroleum spray oil for activity against Helicoverpa spp. On commercial cotton fields in Australia. Inteational Journal of Pest management, 51: 63-70.

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Najar-Rodriguez, A. J., Lavidis, N. A., Mensah, R. K., Choy, P. T. & Walter, G. H. 2008. The toxicological effects of petroleum spray oils on insects – Evidence for an alternative mode of action and possible new control options. Food and chemical toxicology, 46: 3003-3014.

Nicoli, G. 2008. Biological control of exotic pests in Italy: recent experiences and perspectives. Bulletin OEPP / EPPO Bulletin, 27: 69-75.

1024 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______

Rongai, D., Cerato, C., Lazzeri, L., Palmieri, S. & Patalano, G. 2008. Vegetable oil formulation as biopesticide to control California red scale (Aonidiella aurantii Maskell). Journal of pesticides Science, 81(4): 179-185.

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Sadof, C. S. & Sclar, D. C. 2000. Effects of horticultural oil and foliaror soil-applied systemic insecticides on euonymus scale in pachysandra. Journal of Arboriculture, 26: 120-124.

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Trencheva, K. G. 2004. Life history of Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Homoptera: Diaspididae) on Prunus persica var. nectarina in Proceeding of the X International Symposium on Scale Insect Studies 19-23 April, Adana, Turkey.

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Van Duyn, J. & Murphey, M. 1971. Life history and control of white peach scale,Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Homoptera: Coccoidea).Florida Entomologist, 54:91–93.

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Table 1. Toxicity of some insecticides to Pseudaulacaspis pentagona in laboratory conditions.

2 Insecticide n LC50 95% CL LC90 95% CL X df Slope±SE

774.38- 12644.62- Methoxyfenoizide 296 2473.55 30954.77 0.695* 3 1.17 ± 0.42 3361.00 47763.96

3153.97- 13020.83- Spinosad 304 4225.73 21602.60 1.787* 3 1.80 ± 0.42 5287.07 79497.85

4165.28- 11132.64- Mineral oil 369 5260.86 17254.60 2.925* 3 2.48 ± 0.78 6046.24 106787.64

2904.63- 9399.68- Azinphosmethyl 305 4132.39 14181.02 0.112* 3 2.39 ± 0.71 4877.79 64251.38

4014.29- 9363.53- Diazinon 347 4824.78 12243.03 0.180* 3 3.17 ± 0.742 5404.11 24479.49

2569.55- 7939.05- Chlorpyrifos 340 3292.18 11636.94 1.067* 3 2.33 ± 0.56 3893.30 31823.27

* No significant at P< 0.01

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1025 BIOLOGY AND EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON LARVAL DEVELOPMENT TIME OF CHIRONOMUS RIPARIUS MEIGEN (DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE) UNDER LABORATORY CONDITIONS

Ahad Sahragard* and Mahyar Rafatifard

* Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, University of Guilan, Rasht, IRAN. E-mails: [email protected] , [email protected]

[Sahragard, A. & Rafatifard, M. 2010. Biology and effect of temperature on larval development time of Chironomus riparius Meigen (Diptera: Chironomidae) under laboratory conditions. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 5, suppl.: 1025-1033]

ABSTRACT: Biology of Chironomus riparius was studied at 26±1 oC. Larval development time of C. riparius was also studied at six temperatures (18 ± 1, 22 ± 1, 24 ± 1, 26 ± 1, 28 ± 1 and 30± 1 oC, respectively). The sex ratio of this chironomid was 0.58 0.033. Mean number of eggs in each gelatinous egg mass and percentage of egg hatch were 509.38 42.27 and 97.47 0.64, respectively. Females preferred sites with red colors for oviposition. Incubation period before hatching of eggs, larval and pupal development period and adult longevity were 3.76 0.39, 22.5 1.38, 1 0 and 2.30 0.17 days at 26 ± 1 oC, respectively. The shortest and the longest larval development period were at 22, 24±1 and 18 ± 1 oC, respectively. Developmental rate increased with increasing temperature to 26 oC.

KEY WORDS: Developmental rate, Chironomus riparius, ovipostion sites, percentage of egg hatch, sex ratio.

The ability of chironomid species to exist under certain conditions, such as low levels of dissolved oxygen, wide range of temperature, pH, salinity and depth of water has been achieved largely by behavioral and physiological adaptation with relatively slight morphological change. The short life cycles and high densities of many species have provided basic information on productivity and population dynamics (Cranston, 1995). The aquatic larvae of non-biting midges (Diptera: Chironomidae) are widely used in fresh water environmental monitoring. They are sensitive to many pollutants, easy to culture and have a short life cycle, which make them suitable for biomonitoring (Ingersoll and Nelson, 1990). In a study, it was revealed that Chironomus riparius was fairly tolerant to low pH and high iron, although sensitivity among stages varied. For example, midge eggs were more tolerant than larvae. Conversely, midge larvae were the least tolerant life stages to iron. It was concluded that the greater tolerance of midge eggs to iron may be due their encasement in a gelatinous egg mass (Roush et al., 1997). It has also been found that the persistence of this fast growing opportunistic chironomid species (i.e. Chironomus riparius) in organically enriched aquatic ecosystems is independent of the contamination level of the sediment (Ristola, 2000; De Haas et al., 2006). Tube-building is initiated by first and second instar larva with sediment of nutrients at the bottom of aquarium. Larvae of C. riparius construct tubes using the mouthparts and salivary secretions to gather sediments and attach them together (Edgar & Meadows, 1969). The ability of chironomids to construct tubes decreases the risk of predation by vertebrates and invertebrates (Walde & Davies, 1984; Hershey, 1985, 1987; Macchiusi & Baker, 1991). Halpern et al. (2002) showed that larvae without the tube were significantly more sensitive to copper and chloramines than larvae with salty and silty tube. They concluded that in 1026 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______addition to its role in feeding, respiration and anti-predator shelter, the tube protects its habitant from toxic substances. There are some factors that make chironomid larvae as a rich food for many organisms such as both juvenile and adult fish (Armitage, 1995).These parameters are: high value of protein (56% for chironomids larvae) (Sugden, 1973), high digestibility 73.6% (De La Noue and Choubert, 1985), high capability of reproduction, and the apparent function in small quantities as a growth promoter in fish diet (Yashouv, 1956; Yashouv & Ben-Shachar, 1967). Quality and quantity of food and habitat quality play an important role in determining the growth, development rate and survival of chironomid larvae (Johannsson, 1980; Sankarperumal & Pandian, 1991; Parren et al., 1993; Stanko- Mishic et al., 1999; De Haas et al., 2006; Vogt et al., 2007). However, temperature constitutes a major controlling factor in larval growth (Tokeshi, 1995). A number of studies have demonstrated that growth rate of larvae increased at higher temperatures. For example, Menzie (1981) reported that in a laboratory rearing experiment, Cricotopus sylvestris (Fabricius) completed larval development in 28 days at 15 oC and in 10 days at 22 oC, while Kostantinov (1985) documented for the same species 21 days at 18 oC and 14 days at 22 oC. Larvae of Chironomus crassicaudatus Malloch were reared at nine constant temperatures. The slowest development was at 15 oC, with developmental rate peaking between 25 and 27.5 oC. However, developmental rate increased rapidly as temperature increased up to 20 oC, slowed between 20 and 27.5 oC and there was a decrease at temperature higher than 27.5 oC (Frouz et al., 2002). Chironomus riparius Meigen, is one of the most important species used in fish cultivation and it has been reported that larvae of C. riparius are most often associated with high nutrition/low oxygen condition (Ferrington & Crisp, 1989). This chironomid is widely distributed in Guilan province (North of Iran, Southern coast of Caspian Sea). The aim of this study was to investigate biological parameters and the influence of temperatures on larval development of C. riparius.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Glass aquariums (50 25 30 cm) containing dechlorinated tap water 25 cm in depth were used to rear the larvae of C. riparius. The tap water chemistry values were: pH 7.1, Ca 112 ppm, K 3.8 ppm, Na 112.6 ppm, Mg 17.76 ppm, HCO3- 244 ppm, Cl 177.5 and conductivity 1.18 mS/cm. Water temperature was adjusted with a heater tube at 26±1 oC. Each aquarium was aerated with an air pump connected to an air stone. Water temperature was also checked by a thermometer attached to the front side of aquarium. In order to study biological parameters of C. riparius, aquariums (25 16 35 cm) filled up to about 30 cm with water were used. The aquariums were covered with a cloth net and the water temperature and oxygen was adjusted as above. All experiments were conducted in a glasshouse (5.60 4.30 2.45 m) at day light regime so that adult insects could swarm and mate readily (Armitage, 1995). Several plastic water pans (50 15 cm) filled with water placed in the floor of glasshouse for adult females to oviposit. Sex ratio was determined by recording the number of adults emerging from each aquarium daily. In order to establish rearing of C. riparius in the glasshouse, collection was made in two following ways: 1) Water pans (50 15 cm) containing water with 20 cm in depth were placed outside the glasshouse to collect the insect gelatinous egg masses. They were then ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1027 observed daily and egg masses were detached from water pan sides by forceps and transferred to rearing aquariums. After egg hatching, chicken manure was added to the aquariums for larvae to feed (Sahragard & Rafati Fard, 2006). 2) Larvae of C. riparius were directly collected from the bottom of standing water (ponds and ditches) in the area using an aquarium net (9 11.5 cm). To do this, the bottom of the pond was first agitated and floated larvae were then collected with an aquarium net. These larvae were treated as above. Keys (Cranston, 2002) were used to identify the chironomid to the genus level. Dr. John Martin of Melbourne University in Australia made species identification. This was done through cytotaxonomy by obtaining both polytene chromosome squashes and DNA typing.

Effect of color on female oviposition In order to determine the effect of color on the rate of oviposition, plastic water pans (31 cm D and 10cm H) containing water with 5 cm in depth were used. Water pans were white, red, blue and yellow in color. The experiment was carried out in 4 treatments (colors) and 3 replicates in a completely randomized design. The water pans were randomly placed on the glasshouse floor. Females flying in the glasshouse were allowed to oviposit in these water pans. The water pans were observed daily and number of egg masses was recorded in each pan. This observation was made for five consecutive days.

Number of eggs in each egg mass and percentage of egg hatch Thirteen egg masses were randomly taken from water pans and the number of eggs per each egg mass was determined under a stereomicroscope. The egg masses were observed twice a day (8:00 am and 14:00 pm) in order to determine number and percentage of egg hatch.

Effect of temperature on larval development In order to determine the effect of different temperatures on larval development period, each egg mass was separately introduced to rearing units (aquariums) with different level of temperatures (18± 1, 22 ±1, 24±1, 26±1, 28±1, and 30±1 oC) regimes. After egg hatch, the larvae were fed on chicken manure (Sahragard and Rafati Fard, 2006) and were observed daily till pupation. Appearance of pupae was considered as a criterion for the larval development period. This was continued until the last pupae appeared. Egg incubation, pupal period and adult longevity were measured at 26±1 oC. Data analysis was performed with SAS 6.12 and SPSS 9. Means were compared with Duncan's multiple range test.

RESULTS

Effect of color on female oviposition Female C. riparius preferred significantly sites with red colors (4.67±1.89) for oviposition, while the preference for blue, yellow and white colored water pans were 0.2 0.2, 0.2 0.2 and 0 0.0 (Mean S.E.) egg masses, respectively. Mean development time of different stages of Chironomus riparius at 26 1oC are shown in (Table 1). Mean pupal period of C. riparius was very short compared to larval development time. Sex ratio (female proportion) of this chironomid was 0.58 0.033 (n=30).

1028 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______Number of eggs in each egg mass and percentage of egg hatch Adult males and females of C. riparius differed in color and size, females were darker and brown (5.2 1.46 mm long), but males were greenish (6.4 0.54 mm long). Antennae in males were plumose and more obvious than those of females. Results showed that C. riparius female adult produced a single egg mass. Eggs were 336 2.43 m long and 122 1.4 m wide (n=20). Mean number of eggs per each egg mass was 509.38 42.27 (n=13). Percentage of eggs hatch in C. riparius was 97.78 0.68.

Effect of temperature on larval development Mean larval developmental time of C. riparius significantly varied at different constant temperatures (p<0.01, Table 2), the shortest was at 24 1 or 22 1 oC, and the longest at 18 1 oC. Larval developmental rate increased with increasing temperature up to 26 oC (Fig.1), but it seemed to be constant from 22 to 26 oC.

DISCUSSION

Eggs of C. riparius were deposited in a gelatinous matrix arranged helically and attached to water pan at the water edge by a slender stalk at one end. Only in the Telmatogetoninae, eggs are laid singly, without benefit of a gelatinous matrix (Nolte, 1993). C. riparius produced a single egg mass as many other chironomids, but Wensler and Rempel (1962) deduced from a study of ovarian structure of Chironomus plumosus L. that this chironomid was capable of producing up to three egg masses. Eggs of C. riparius are elliptical in shape and newly laid eggs are green brownish. According to Nolte (1993) chironomid eggs are most commonly elliptical or reniform although they are deltoid in Eukiefferiella claripennis (Lundbeck), Telmatogeton japonicus (Tokunaga) and some Orthocladius. Nolte (1993) reported that egg size varied considerably depending on the species. The smallest eggs, those of Corynoneura and Thienemanniella, were around 170 m long and 70 m wide, while Tanypus punctipennis (Meigen), a large Tanypodine, produced eggs that may be as long as 612 m and 135 m wide. The egg size of C. riparius (336 2.43 m long and 122 1.4 m wide) is in the range of other Chironomid species. Typical egg masses of freshwater chironomids contain from 20 or 30 eggs in the case of some smaller species, to 2000 or more for larger species. The highest recorded number of eggs in a single mass was 3300, for Chironomus (Camptochironomus) tentans (Fabricius) (Nolte, 1993). Based on the number of eggs laid in each egg mass (i.e. 509.38 42.27 or less than 2000), this species is categorized as larger species. High percentage of eggs hatch (i.e. 97.78 0.68) was obtained for C. riparius at 26±1 oC which is in accordance with other studies. As Williams (1981) reported that mortality among Thienemanniella vittata (Edwards) eggs was strongly influenced by temperature; the survival rate with 90% hatching successfully was obtained at 15 oC, but only 28% at 20 oC. Eggs of Chironomus pulcher hatched after only 48 hours with a mere 1% mortality at 25 - 30 oC (DeJoux, 1971). Research has shown that the temperature influences embryonic development of insects, as eggs of T. vittata hatched in a minimum of 4 days at 20oC, 6 days at 15 oC, 13 days at 10 oC and 31 days at 5 oC. C. tentans eggs developed fully in 17.5 days at 8.8 oC and 3 days at 22.1 oC (Pinder, 1995). Frouz et al. (2002) found that the male eggs of Chironomus crassicaudatus (Malloch) hatched in 48h at 25 oC and in 39h at 27.5 oC. They also found that the female eggs hatched in 48 and 36h ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1029 at 25 and 27.5 oC, respectively. Eggs of C. riparius hatched in a range of 2-6 days at 26±1 oC which is somehow different with other species. Larval development time of C. riparius was significantly influenced by temperature, as it was shortest at 22 1 or 24 1 oC, and the longest at 18 1oC. Similar results have been found in other chironomids. Comparison of growth in Paratendipes albimanus (Meigen) at three different temperatures (10, 15 and 20 oC) also proved that larval growth was enhanced at higher temperatures (Ward and Cummins, 1979). Larval developmental period of Glyptotendipes paripes (Edwards) at 20, 22.5, 25, 27.5 and 30 oC was 30, 30, 33.7, 22 and 21 days, respectively (Lobinske et al., 2002). Frouz et al. (2002) reported that larval developmental time in males of C. crassicaudatus at mentioned temperatures was 38, 36, 35, 31 and 31 days, respectively whereas in females was 42, 38, 41, 37 and 41 days, respectively. Stevens (2003) studied development and survival of Chironomus tepperi (Skuse) from 12.5 to 37.5 oC (2.5 oC interval) and showed that developmental rate increased with increasing temperature up to 32.5 oC, but fell at 35 oC. There was an increase in larval developmental rate of C. riparius as temperature increased but there was a curvilinear relationship in the whole range of temperatures tested. Variable and similar relationships have also been found in other chironomid species. Pery and Garric (2006) at five temperatures from 15 to 27 oC found that the growth rate of C. riparius increased linearly with temperature as a consequence of quicker food ingestion. Frouz et al. (2002) showed that relationship between temperature and developmental rates of C. crassicaudatus varied among different developmental stages. In fourth instar larvae, the developmental rate increased at low temperatures, peaked at 20 oC, and then decreased. They also showed that relationship between temperature and developmental rate follows a bell-shaped curve. In the other words, a wide optimum at higher temperatures was observed, whereas developmental rate was reduced at lower temperatures as described by Maier et al. (1990) for Chironomus decorus (Johannsen). A similar wide plateau of developmental rate at higher temperatures has also been observed in other aquatic insects (Rueda et al., 1990). The developmental rates may be affected by many factors, e.g. manipulation of chironomids during the rearing process (Nolte, 1995) and rearing isolated larvae or colony rearing (Beiver, 1971; McLachlan, 1983). Pupal duration has been recorded from few hours to several days as in long- lived Podominae (Cranston, 1995). Mean pupal developmental time in male of C. crassicaudatus at 25 and 27.5 oC was 24 and 22 hours, respectively. This period for female pupa was 23 and 27 hours, respectively (Frouz et al., 2002). Lobinske et al. (2002) reported that mean pupal duration of G. paripes at 25 and 27.5 oC was 355 ± 73 and 363 ±109 hours, respectively. The pupal period obtained for C. riparius in this study was different with that of latter species and very close to former ones. Mean adult longevity of G. paripes at 25 and 27.5 oC was 42 and 39 hours, respectively (Lobinske et al., 2002). Longevity of C. riparius adult females was very similar to G. paripes.

Conclusion: According to the results, temperature affected highly larval development time and developmental rate of C. riparius. Larval developmental time was significantly varied at different constant temperatures, as the most favorable condition for larval development was at 22-26 oC.

1030 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are grateful to the Organization for Management and Planning of the Government of Iran and the Vice-chancellor for Research and Technology of the University of Guilan for financial support and providing us with research facilities. We are also grateful to Dr. Jon Martin, at the Dept. of Genetics in the University of Melbourne, Australia for identifying the chironomid species.

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Frouz , J., Ali, A. & Lobinske, R. J. 2002. Influence of temperature on developmental rate, wing length, and larval head capsule size of pestiferous midge Chironomus crassicaudatus (Diptera: Chironomidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 95 (4): 699-705.

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Lobinske, R. J, Ali, A. & Frouz, J. 2002. Laboratory estimation of Degree-Day developmental requirements of Glypyotendipes paripes (Diptera: Chironomidae). Environmental Entomology, 31 (4): 608-611.

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Table 1. Development time (Mean S.E.) of different stages of Chironomus riparius at 26 1oC (in days).

Developmental Min. Max. Mean S.E. stage Egg 2 6 3.76 0.39 Lava 12 33 22.5 1.38 Pupa 1 1 1 0 Female adult 1 3 2.30 0.17

Table 2. Larval development time (Mean S.E.) of Chironomus riparius at different constant temperatures (in days).

Temperature (oC) Days 18± 1 22 1 24 1 26 1 28 1 30 1

Min. 30 13 12 12 14 14

Max. 41 30 31 33 56 38

Mean 35.5 21.5 21.5 22.5 35.0 26.0 S.E. 1.04b 1.25a 1.32a 1.38a 1.9b 1.47a

Data in column followed by different letters are significantly different (p<0.01) (Duncan test)

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1033

) 0.05

day

/ 1 ( 0.04

0.03

y = -0.0004x2 + 0.0181x - 0.1755 0.02 R2 = 0.5217

0.01

Larval developmental rate Larvaldevelopmental 0 15 20 25 30 35 Temperature

Figure 1. Larval developmental rate of Chironomus riparius at different constant temperatures (ºC).

1034 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION NATIVE BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS IN DIFFERENT HABITAT FROM WEST AZERBAIJAN AND EVALUATE EFFECTS ON INDIAN MOTH PLODIA INTERPUNCTELLA (HUBNER) (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE)

Shahram Aramideh*, Mohammad Hassan Saferalizadeh*, Ali Asghar Pourmirza*, Mahmuod Rezazadeh Bari*, Mansureh Keshavarzi** and Mahdi Mohseniazar*

*Department of Plant Protection, Institute Biotechnology, University of Urmia, Urmia, IRAN. E-mail: [email protected] **Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj, IRAN.

[Aramideh, S., Saferalizadeh, M. H., Pourmirza, A. A., Bari, M. R., Keshavarzi, M. & Mohseniazar, M. 2010. Isolation and identification native Bacillus thuringiensis in different habitat from West Azerbaijan and evaluate effects on Indian moth Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Munis Entomology & Zoology, 5, suppl.: 1034-1039]

ABSTRACT: The bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis is characterized by the production crystalline parasporal inclusion in stationary phase in sporulation growth stage with insecticide activity. This bacterium can be isolated and identified from different environment with navel toxin and can be evaluated toxicity against different host. In this report, 48 native strains were isolated from 740 samples by acetate selection method. All isolates were characterized by crystal morphology and toxicity against 2nd instars Indian moth (Plodia interpunctella) larvae. Majority of strains (58%) had bipyramidal crystals. 16 isolates had percentage mortality more than 75% and 11 Isolates namely wz-105, wz-111, wz- 120, wz-122, wz-125, wz-149, wz-155, wz-157, wz-184, wz-187 and wz-189 had percentage mortality (>90%) equal or more than B.thuringiensis kurstaki as positive control.

KEY WORDS: B.thuringiensis, Isolates, Plodia interpunctella, toxicity.

Stored-product moths as Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella, one of the economically important lepidopteran pests, are mostly controlled chemically, especially due to the desirable cost/efficiency ratio of chemical control (Zettler & Arthur, 2000). However, the increasing resistance to some chemical insecticides, as well as the presence of insecticidal residues after chemical treatment, advocate for alternatives to chemical pesticides, including biological control (Arthur, 1996; Kramer et al., 2000, Flinn et al., 2006). Several entomopathogenic microorganisms are used for the biological control of insect pests and one of the most widely used is B. thuringiensis (Bt) (Samsonov et al., 1997). Stored-product moths are susceptible to B. thuringiensis (Johnson & McGaughey, 1996). B. thuringiensis is a Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium, which during the sporulation phase produces a protein crystal. The crystal proteins (cry and cyt) are toxic against a large number of insects, mainly species of the Lepidoptera, Diptera and Coleoptera orders (Feitelson et al., 1992; Schnepf et al., 1998), some of which are important pests in agriculture or vectors of human diseases. B. thuringiensis has been isolated from different natural sources, as soil (Arango et al., 2002), dead or sick insects (Kaelin et al., 1994; Bernhard et al., 1997), stored plant products (Hongyu et al., 2000a), phylloplane (Maduell et al., 2002) and other natural sources (Iriarte et al., 1998). ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1035 In this study, the distribution, frequency and diversity of B. thuringiensis were assessed in different environments of WA province of Iran. B. thunrngiensis isolates were differentiated on the basis of crystal morphology and toxicity on Plodia interpunctella.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Sample collection Totally, 740 samples were collected from 11 locations in West Azerbaijan province. B. thuringiensis subspecies were isolated from uncultivated site that have no history of treatment with B. thuringiensis products include soil, beaches, forests, stored product, agricultural fields, insect cadavers and grasslands. Soil samples were collected by scraping off surface material with spatula and then obtaining a 10g sample from 5-15cm below the surface. All samples were stored in sterile plastic bags at ambient temperature.

B.thuringiensis isolation The samples were processed by acetate selective method (Travers et al., 1987) in four concentrations of acetate sodium (0.2, 0.25, 0.3 and 0.35M.) (pH=6.8). Each concentration was applied for 186 samples. In this procedure, acetate inhibits germination of B. thuringiensis spores, so other spore germinates and non-spore forming bacteria eliminated by heat treatment (7min at 80ºС). The surviving spores were plated and grown on nutrient agar and incubated at 30°C for 24 h to obtain colonies. Anywhere from 5 to 20 different colony types were usually obtained. The colonies were cultured onto T3 medium (3g tryptone, 2g tryptose, 1.5 g yeast extract, 0.05M sodium phosphate [pH=6.8], 0.005g of MnCl2 per liter) for 4-5 days and studied for crystal morphology and bioassay tests.

Crystal morphology Smears of bacterial strains were stained with coomassie brilliant blue solution (0.25% coomassie brilliant blue, 50% ethanol and 7% acetic acid) for 3min, washed with tap water, dried, and observed under a light microscope without cover and oil emersion (Fadel et al., 1988).

Bioassay The activity of B. thuringiensis isolates against insects of order lepidoptera was tested using Plodia interpunctella. For toxicity testing, spore-crystal preparations were grown on T3 plates. The spores and crystals from the agar were floated on 10ml of sterile water and suspension was stored in sterile vials until it was tested. Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was reared in clear plastic containers (50 cm length, 20 cm width, 10 cm height) on a 2:1:0.25:0.50:0.25:0.25 mixture of rough wheat bran, corn flour, dry yeast, honey, milk powder, glycerin containing approximately 250 g sterilized food (Ozkan, 2006).From each isolate five ml spore-crystal suspension sprayed on 1.5 gr artificial food on Petri dish and air dried at room temperature. Then ten 2nd instars larvae of P. interpunctella were released on this contaminated food. A standard strain B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki was used as positive and sterile distilled water as negative control. Each isolate was tested on 30 larvae in three replicates and mortality recorded after incubation at 20±2°C for 48h.

1036 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______RESULTS

The inability of B. thuringiensis strains to germinate in the presence of acetate buffer allows screening of organism from samples. One hundred eighty six samples were tested for each four concentrations acetate-buffered medium. More Bt isolate obtain from Samples that incubated in 0.25 M. acetate at 4 h (56.25%). Soil samples were the most abundant and diverse sources of B. thuringiensis. From 3010 different colonies of spore-forming bacteria, 48 B. thuringiensis isolates were obtained after microscopic observation. The average of Bt index was 6.4% (48 isolate from 740 sample). Most strains were isolated from Urmia soil but the highest Bt index was obtained in Khoy (Table1). After screening of the isolates for the presence of parasporal bodies, all 48 isolates showed the B. thuringiensis parasporal bodies and were divided into eight classes based on crystal morphology: Spherical (S); Bipyramidal (BP); Cubical (Cu); Irregular (I); Cubical Plus Bipyramidal (Cu+BP); Spherical Plus Bipyramidal (S+BP); Cubical Plus Spherical (CU+S); and (Unknown)(UN). The results indicated that crystals produced by B. thuringiensis isolates from West Azerbaijan habitat were Bipyramidal crystals with 17 isolates (35.41%), Spherical and Bipyramidal+Spherical classes with 8 isolates (16.66%) and others classes with 3 isolates (6.25%) (Fig 1). There was a wide range of toxicity to Plodia interpunctella in the isolates with mortality ranging from 10 to 100%. The distribution of mortality for the 48 isolates was separated into 4 groups. 12 (25%), 12 (25%), 8 (20%) and 16 (30%) isolates/percentage were distributed in 0-25%, 25-50%, 50-75% and 75-100% mortality groups; respectively. 16 isolates had percentage mortality more than 75%. Among them, 11 isolates namely wz-105, wz-111, wz-120, wz-122, wz-125, wz- 149, wz-155, wz-157, wz-184, wz-187 and wz-189 were highly toxic on P. interpunctella (90-100% mortality) (Table 2). The results clearly show that isolates wz-149 were more effective (100% mortality) than the other isolates and standard strain.

DISCUSSION

Primarily identification of Bt is based on the presence of crystalline inclusions (Rampersad & Ammons, 2005). In the present study, from 3010 stained bacterial colonies in 48 isolate crystalline inclusions were observed under light microscopy, and were identified as Bt Based on the shape and size. The 48 new isolates of Bt were characterized into seven groups and no identified (unknown) (Fig. 1). Martin & Travers (1989) have isolated B. thuringiensis from several locations in Eastern Asia. They found that isolates with bipyramidal and spherical crystals were the most common. In this study majority of the isolates (58.32%) showed the presence of bipyramidal crystals. The diversity in the dominancy of parasporal shapes between West Azerbaijan Iran habitats and Eastern Asia might be related to the difference in sample location, habitat and genetic variation. An average Bt index (the ratio of crystal producing isolates of Bt to all isolates) was found to be 0.064 for all samples (48 isolates from 740 samples) but the index changed according to sample types and origins. However, Martin and Travers (1989) found the highest Bt index (0.85) in the soil samples collected from Asia. This may be related to climate and geographic conditions. The abundance of B. thuringiensis was the highest in soil samples. Unlike this study, Hongyu et al., (2000b) and Bernhard et al., (1997) reported that B. thuringiensis is more abundant in stored product environments than soil. However, in our ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1037 study, among the stored product samples, only 6% of B. thuringiensis strains were isolated, but soil samples were the most abundant and diverse sources of B. thuringiensis (66%). Plodia interpunctella, selected for resistance to Btk (Van Rie et al., 1990), but in this research some isolate were very toxic to P. interpunctella. 11 isolates were highly toxic on P. interpunctella (90-100%mortality). Bioassay results obtained in the present study show that some of the isolate (wz-149) was more toxic than the standard strain (B. thuringiensis kurstaki). It is important to discover new B. thuringiensis strains that can be effectively used in the biological control of insect pests.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank Dr. Safavi, Dr Akbarian & Dr. Youbert Ghusta for their comments and assistance in manuscript preparation, and from Mr. Kamyar Hassanzadeh, Mr. Bakhshaei, Ms. Seyfi & Ms. Yousef Dost for their assistance with the insect bioassays.

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1038 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______

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Martin P. A. W. & Travers, R. S. 1989. Worldwide Abundance and Distribution of Bacillus thuringiensis Isolates. Applied Environmental Microbiology, 55: 2437-2442.

Ozkan, C. 2006. Laboratory rearing of the solitary egg-larval parasitoid, Chelonus oculator Panzer (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on a newly recorded factitious host Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Journal of Pest Science, 79: 27–29.

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Samsonov, P., Padrón, R. I., Pardo, C., Cabrera, J. & De al Riva, G. A. 1997. Bacillus thuringiensis from biodiversity to biotechnology. Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, 19: 202-219.

Schnepf, E., Crickmore, N., Van Rie, J., Lereclus, D., Baum, J., Feitelson, J., Zeigler, D. & Dean, D. 1998. Bacillus thuringiensis and its pesticidal crystal proteins. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 62: 775–806.

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Van Rie, J., Jansens, S., Höfte, H., Degheele, D. & Van Mellaert. H. 1990. Receptors on the brush border membrane of the insect midgut as determinants of the specificity of Bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxins. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 56: 1378-1385.

Zettler, J. L. & Arthur, F. H. 2000. Chemical control of stored product insects with fumigants and residual treatments, crop protection, 19: 577–582.

Table 1- Distribution of B. thuringiensis isolates in samples collected from different localities of WA province.

No of Bt index Location No of colonies No of isolates samples (%)a Orumie 337 2120 14 0.041 Mahabad 49 170 4 0.081 Khoy 34 80 5 0.147 Salmas 39 85 2 0.051

Shahindezh 39 77 4 0.102

Miyandoab 36 84 2 0.055

Bokan 40 70 2 0.05

Naghadeh 46 90 4 0.08 Oshnaviyeh 46 88 5 0.108 Mako 34 72 3 0.088 Sardasht 40 74 3 0.075 Total 740 3010 48 0.064 a Bt index is the ratio of Bt isolates producing crystal to all isolates in each sample group ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1039

Table 2-Classification of the B. thuringiensis isolates according to their toxicity levels against Plodia interpunctella after 48h.

Plodia interpunctella Percent of Isolate name morality No. of % of isolates isolates Isolates causing a wz-77, wz-108, wz-117, wz-160, wz-166, mortality of 0- 12 25 wz-172, wz-179, wz-270, wz-500, wz-555, 25% wz-666 and wz-734

Isolates causing a wz-116, wz-130, wz-141, wz-154, wz-183, mortality of 25- 12 25 wz-200, wz-216, wz-300, wz-352, wz-400 , 50% wz-401 and wz-600

Isolates causing a wz-101, wz-172, wz-178, wz-182, wz-186, mortality of 50- 8 20 wz-188, wz-192 and wz-193 75%

wz-102, wz-105, wz-107, wz-111, wz-120, Isolates causing a wz-122, wz-125, wz-149, wz-155, wz-157, mortality of 16 30 wz-159,wz-181, wz-184, wz-187 wz-189 >75% and wz-190

50

45

40 34.41 35

30

25 16.6 16.66

Percentage 20

15

10 6.25 6.25 6.25 6.25 6.25

5

0 Bipyramidal Spherical Cubical Irregular Cubical and Spherical and Cubical and unknown Bipyramidal Bipyramidal Spherical

Crystal Morphology

Figure 1. Percentage distribution of crystal morphologies of B. thuringiens.

1040 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______MIXED EFFECTS OF 1,8-CINEOLE, BOTANICAL CONSTITUENT, AND REDUCED ATMOSPHERE PRESSURE ON STORED PRODUCTS BEETLES IN LABORATORY CONDITION

Arman Abdolmaleki*, Mohammad Hasan Safaralizadeh* and Seyed Ali Safavi*

* Departement of Crop Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, P.O. Box 57135- 165, Urmia, IRAN. E-mail: [email protected]

[Abdolmaleki, A., Saferalizadeh, M. H. & Safavi, S. A. 2010. Mixed effects of 1,8- Cineole, botanical constituent, and reduced atmosphere pressure on stored products beetles in laboratory condition. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 5, suppl.: 1040-1047]

ABSTRACT: Controlled atmosphere is efficient way to control of stored-product insects. 1,8- Cineole as main component of Eucalyptus spp. has high toxicity on insects. Toxicity of 1,8- Cineole at low pressure was performed against two most common stored-product insects, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) and Tribolium Castaneum (Herbst) in two time, at three different pressure (Normal pressure, 100 mm Hg, 150 mm Hg). LD50 values of 1,8-Cineole fumigant toxicity in 12 h and 24 h for C. maculatus and T. Castaneum in normal atmosphere pressure of Urmia (Iran) (653 mm Hg) were 275.6, 201.5, 452.2 and 265.1 µl/l air, respectively. LD50 values of 1,8-Cineole fumigant toxicity plus reduced atmosphere pressure in 100 mm Hg, in 12 & 24 h for mentioned insects were 193.5, 118.3, 331.7 and 176.8 µl/l air, and in 150 mm Hg were 210.3, 151.5, 381.4 and 214.7 µl/l air, respectively. Results have been shown that insects susceptibility to 1,8-Cineole, had significant enhancement by reduction in pressure of atmosphere. Toxicity of 1,8-Cineole at reduced pressures was strongly influenced by ambient time. Application of integrated management by essential oils and physical practices such as reduced atmosphere pressure has potential efficacy for stored-product pests control.

KEY WORDS: Reduced pressure, 1,8-Cineole, Callosobruchus maculatus, Tribolium castaneum.

Agricultural and animal stored products are attacked by more than 1200 species of pests (Rajendran, 2002). In many storage systems, fumigants are the most economical and common tool for managing stored product pests not only due to their ability to kill a broad spectrum of pests but because of their easy penetration into commodity with leaving minimal residue (Mueller, 1990). Because of these reasons, Methyl bromide and phosphine are widely common fumigants (Lee et al., 2004). But due to following reasons currently, few chemicals are available for use as fumigants that meet all of these constraints. Due to potential ozone-depleting property and high toxicity to warm-blooded animals including human kind of methyl bromide, this most effective fumigant except for control quarantine pest was restricted (Dansi et al., 1984; Anonymous, 1991). Fumigation by phosphine which is widely using may become increasingly districted in use as it makes resistance of stored product insects to this fumigant and some arguments about the genotoxicity potential of phosphine (Bell, 1995; Meaklim, 1998). Essential oils are potential alternative material to currently used fumigants (Lee et al., 2001). Plant products, like essential oils and their components were used for fumigation since it is believed that extracts from plants may have the advantage over conventional fumigants in terms of low mammalian toxicity, Rapid degradation and local availability (Rajendran et al., 2008). Some of the ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1041 plants which have medicinal properties are Cupressus sempervirens, Eucalyptus spp., Salvia hydrangea and Artemsia spp.. Essential oils contain components that have ovicidal, repellent, antifeedant, sterilization and toxic effects in insects (Nawrot, 1994; Isman, 2006). Among extracts of various aromatic plants, Eucalyptus spp. extracts specially 1,8-Cineole as main component has high toxicity on insects (Lee et al., 2000). In current study 1,8-Cineole was selected as fumigant material which their toxicity previously had been proved in small jars (250 ml). But this study was undertaken to investigate toxicity and amount of using of this fumigant in bigger containers (9000 ml). In other hand controlled atmosphere including low oxygen, high carbon dioxide concentrations and reduced pressure are efficient ways to control stored- product insects especially on adult stage. Modified atmosphere treatments are healthy and environmental friendly ways for controlling pests that damage a large number of stored-products. In several developed countries, they have been adopted as feasible alternative treatments since the use of methyl bromide was phased out in 2005. Modified atmosphere was used for many years and were tested in the laboratory and under industrial conditions for the control of various insects and mites species (Fleurat-Lessard, 1990; Adler et al., 2000; Navarro, 2006). Low pressure through producing low O2 concentration and high concentration of CO2 can control stored-product insects in storages (Philips et al., 2010). Some stored-product insects, like Sitophilus oryzae (L.), Sitophilus granaries (L.), Trogoderma granarium (Everts), Ephestia cautella (Walker), Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), Lasioderma serricorne (F.), Ephestia elutella (Hubner) and Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) were previously investigated for mortality under low pressure (Bare, 1948; Calderon, 1983; Navarro & Donhaye, 1987; Locatelli & Daolio, 1993; Finkelman et al., 2004; Mbata et al., 2004, 2005, 2009). Toxicity of propylene oxide (PPO) and methyl bromide at low pressure against some stored-product insects was investigated by Isikber et al. (2004) and Donhaye and Navarro (1989) but investigation of interaction between reduced pressure and essential oils was investigated firstly in this study. Due to this reason much information is not available. The aim of this study was increase the toxicity of 1,8-Cineole as main constituent of Eucalyptus spp. by reduction atmosphere pressure

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Tests were carried out on adult stage of two stored-product beetle pests, Callosobruchus maculatus and Tribolium castaneum.

Test insects All experimented insects were obtained from cultures reared at 29±2ºC and 65±5% relative humidity (r.h.) in darkness on a diet of bean for C. maculatus and wheat meal for T. castaneum using standard culture techniques. In the first stage, 1,8-Cineole and reduced pressure were tested separately against insects in a without grain space. In the second stage the effect of 1,8- Cineole and reduced pressure together were determined. This study was carried out on adult stage 1-3 days old of C. maculatus and T. castaneum. Each test was replicated three times on three different days. All of experiments were done in two times, 12 and 24 h. Mortality was recorded, 24 h after termination of exposure. As Isikber et.al (2004) said, temperature and relative humidity were very effective on 1042 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______low pressure experiments, due to this reason all of experiments were carried out in incubator with 30±2ºC and 40±5% relative humidity.

Materials of experiments The tested 1,8-Cineole was 98% and supplied by Merck Co. Ltd. All doses used in this study are expressed as commercial formulations. Reduced pressures made by vacuum pump Model DSE42 in containers with 9 liters capacity and were equipped by two gates for input and output air and one manometer and one septum for injection fumigant which Number 1Whatman papers were placed below the septum to capture the injected essential oil and to produce a large surface area for evaporation.

Dosing and fumigation procedures Preliminary dose-mortality tests were done before each experiment. Those insects that did not move when lightly probed or shaken in the light and mild heat were considered dead. 9000 ml tight containers were used as a fumigant and reduced pressure chamber. Adults of C. maculatus and T. castaneum were fumigated by 1,8-Cineole for 12 and 24 h in 9000 ml containers, separately. Tested insects were confined in cages districted with 40 mesh wire gauze. Each cage was contained 30 insects and 2 g of food. Each container was capped with tight screwed lid. The appropriate amount of each concentration of 1,8-Cineole was injected in container with an oxford sampler through a septum, located in the center of the cap. In each test, the control container was treated identically except that no 1,8-Cineole was injected in container. After exposure, the insects were transferred to clean jars containing rearing medium. To select appropriate pressures for interaction tests, preliminary tests carried out in containers which have been explained above and by vacuum pump. Normal pressure of experiments in Urmia city (Iran) (653 mm Hg) calculated by way offered by Evett et al. (1988). After preliminary tests, 100±5 mm Hg and 150±5 mm Hg was selected as co-experimenting factor. In last stage interaction tests between 1,8-Cineole and reduced pressure on adult stage of C. maculatus and T. castaneum carried out. For perform this experiment, air of containers was vacuumed by vacuum pump through a gate located on lid of container, then 1,8- Cineole was injected through a septum by an oxford sampler.

Data analysis Mortality data were analyzed with SPSS software (SPSS Inc, 1993). Probit analysis was used to determinate LD50 and LD95 values. The values significance of χ2 was estimated according to Robertson and Preisler (1992). Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's honestly significant difference (HSD) test to estimate statistical differences between means at α = 0.05.

RESULTS

Tables 1, 2, 3 and 4 shows probit mortality regression data for 1,8-Cineole lonely and at 100 and 150 mm Hg against adult stage of C. mculatus and T. castaneum at 12 h after exposure. There was a remarkable difference in susceptibility to 1,8-Cineole at different atmosphere pressures. In table 1 results shows that the LD50 ranged from 193.5 µl/l air to 275.6 µl/l air, reflecting increasing susceptibilities on the order of normal pressure, 100 mm Hg and 150 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1043 mm Hg. Similarly, LD95 ranged from 1416.7 µl/l air to 1931.9 µl/l air, reflecting increasing susceptibilities by atmosphere pressure reduction at 12 h after exposure on adults of C. maculatus. Table 2 shows the LD50 values ranged from 118.3 µl/l air to 201.5 µl/l air, reflecting increasing susceptibilities on the order of normal pressure, 100 mm Hg and 150 mm Hg. Similarly, LD95 ranged from 702.7 µl/l air to 1178.8 µl/l air, reflecting increasing susceptibilities by atmosphere pressure reduction at 24 h after exposure on adults of C. maculatus. In table 3 the LD50 values ranged from 331.7 µl/l air to 452.2 µl/l air, and LD95 ranged from 1167.4 µl/l air to 1401.3 µl/l air, reflecting increasing susceptibilities on the order of normal pressure, 100 mm Hg and 150 mm Hg is observable, which reflecting increasing susceptibilities by atmosphere pressure reduction at 12 h after exposure on adults of T. castaneum. Table 4 shows probit analysis data of experiments on T. castaneum at 24h after exposure. This table shows that LD50 values ranged from 176.8 µl/l air to 265.1 µl/l air, reflecting increasing susceptibilities on the order of normal pressure, 100 mm Hg and 150 mm Hg. Similarly, LD95 ranged from 2109.2 µl/l air to 2908.9 µl/l air, reflecting increasing susceptibilities by atmosphere pressure reduction. Percent reduction of LD50 values of 1,8-Cineole ranged from 18.5 to 41.2 and percent reduction of LD95 values of 1,8-Cineole from 12.4 to 33.8 in two experimented pests. This comparison shows that in all of experiments, drops in dosages to reach LD50 and LD95 in C. maculatus are more than T. castaneum. The most drops in LD50 and LD95 is depends on C .maculatus in treatment 24 h exposure in 100 mm Hg pressure. The lowest drops in LD50 and LD95 is depends on C.maculatus in treatment 12 h exposure in 150 mm Hg pressure.

DISCUSSION

Unfortunately, 1,8-Cineole despite advantages such as another essential oils and their components have low pressure (<1 mm Hg at 20º C) when compared with phosphine (vapour pressure (31.92 mm Hg at 23º C), methyl bromide (1250 mm Hg at 20º C) and sulphuryl floride (12087 mm Hg at 20º C) (Rajendran, 2002). Earlier studies like as Lee et al. (2003) were tested 1,8–Cineole on T. castaneum, sitophilus oryzae and Oryzaephilus surinamensis and Stamopoulos et al. (2007) on T. confusom. Current study performed to determine fumigant toxicity of 1,8-Cineole. Obtained LC50 and LC95 values in this study were more than results of earlier studies. These differences were caused due to performing experiments in very high capacity relative by previously researches and because of 1,8-Cineole low pressure (Rajendran, 2002) this increasing LC50 and LC95 values seems rationale. Previously, many studies were performed on mortality properties of modified atmosphere and reduced pressure on stored-product insects (Bare, 1948; El Nahal, 1953; Calderon, 1968; Calderon, 1983; Navarro, 1987; Locatelli, 1993; Finkelman et. al, 2004; Mbata et. al, 2004, 2005, 2009). Reduced pressure or vacuum causes low O2 and high CO2 concentrations by metabolic arrest and losses water through opened spiracle is lethal for insects (Philips et al., 2010; Mitcham et al., 2006). Influence of low pressure and CO2 was studied by Navarro et al. (2004) and Isikber et al. (2002). Their results showed that the combination of propylene Oxide with low pressure or CO2 can provide a potential alternative to methyl 1044 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______bromide for quarantine treatment of commodities where rapid disinfestations techniques and high level of insect mortality are essential. Toxicity of methyl bromide alone and in combination with carbon dioxide or under reduced pressure was studied by Donhaye et al. (1989). Their results, showed significant difference between methyl bromide alone and mixed by CO2 and reduced pressure. In current study results showed that effect of 1,8-Cineole in reduced pressures were more than normal pressure. This occurrence was conducted due to opening insect's spiracles and increase the rate respiration to gain appropriate O2 for perform enough metabolism to be alive (Mitcham, 2006) . This reaction to low level of O2 causes to absorb more doses of fumigant. As can be expected in lower pressure (100 mm Hg) and more exposure time (24 h) LC50 and LC95 values due to more reduction of O2 and increase CO2 concentrations more reduced. Preliminary experiments showed that C. maculatus is more susceptible than T. castaneum. This order causes most effectiveness by reduced pressure on consumed doses in C. maculatus than T. castaneum. Another probability advantage of this combined method (Reduced pressure and 1,8-Cineole), is reduction of flammability of 1,8-Cineole in lower O2 and higher CO2 concentrations. Clearly, furthermore studies are needed to prove this claim. 1,8-Cineole was found to be effective against tested insects, however it was less toxic than methyl bromide and phosphine. The use of low pressure of 100 mm Hg appears to have synergetic effect on these species mortality as evidenced by significant reductions in LC50 and LC95 values. These results showed that the combination of 1,8-Cineole with low pressure can render this essential oil to potential replacement of methyl bromide and phosphine. More another research is needed to obtain toxicity data on other stored-product insects, on its absorption by different commodities, and on its power of penetration into bulk storage commodities.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to acknowledge the financial support provided to this research by the University of Urmia in Iran. I thank to Dr. Shahram Aramideh for his useful guidance. Also first author expressed best regards to my colleagues Iman Sharifian and Ramin Tandorost for technical assistance.

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Dansi, L., Van Velson, F. L. & Vander Geuden, C. A. 1984. Methyl bromide: carcinogenetic effects in the rat fore stomach. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 72: 262-271.

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Isikber, A. A., Navarro, S., Finkelman, S., Rinder, M. & Dias, R. 2004. Influence of temperature on Toxicity of Propylene Oxide at Low Pressure against Tribolium castaneum. Journal of Phytoparasitica, 32 (5): 451-458.

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Lee, B. H., Annis, P. C., Tumaalii, F., Choi, W. S. 2004. Fumigant toxicity of essential oils from the Myrtceae family and 1,8-Cineole against 3 major stored-grain insects. Journl of Stored Product Research, 40: 553-564.

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Table 1. Toxicity of 1, 8-cineole to C. maculatus in 3 pressure exposed 12 h at 29±2 in 9000 ml containers.

Three replicates (30 insects per replicate) were tested in each treatment. a Pearson's X2 goodness-of-fit ** b tests: all values of ρ>0.05 and the data fits regression model. significant in level %1. LD50 percent which reduced in each controlled atmosphere pressure.

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Table 2. Toxicity of 1, 8-cineole to C. maculatus in 3 pressure exposed 24 h at 29±2 in 9000 ml containers.

Three replicates (30 insects per replicate) were tested in each treatment. a Pearson's X2 goodness-of-fit ** b tests: all values of ρ>0.05 and the data fits regression model. significant in level %1. LD50 percent which reduced in each controlled atmosphere pressure.

Table 3. Toxicity of 1, 8-cineole to T. castaneum in 3 pressure exposed 12 h at 29±2 in 9000 ml containers.

Three replicates (30 insects per replicate) were tested in each treatment. a Pearson's X2 goodness-of-fit ** b tests: all values of ρ>0.05 and the data fits regression model. significant in level %1. LD50 percent which reduced in each controlled atmosphere pressure.

Table 4. Toxicity of 1, 8-cineole to T. castaneum in 3 pressure exposed 24 h at 29±2 in 9000 ml containers.

Three replicates (30 insects per replicate) were tested in each treatment. a Pearson's X2 goodness-of-fit ** b tests: all values of ρ>0.05 and the data fits regression model. significant in level %1. LD50 percent which reduced in each controlled atmosphere pressure.

1048 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______TOXICITY OF SELECTED INSECTICIDES TO PIERIS BRASSICAE L. (LEPIDOPTERA: PIERIDAE)

Bernadet Sahak*, Ali Asghar Pourmirza and Youbert Ghosta

* Department of Plant Protection, Agricultural Faculty, Urmia University, West Azarbaijan, IRAN. E-mail: [email protected]

[Sahak, B., Pourmirza, A. A. & Ghosta, Y. 2010. Toxicity of selected insecticides to Pieris brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Munis Entomology & Zoology, 5, suppl.: 1048- 1053]

ABSTRACT: The toxicity of carbaryl, pirimicarb (pirimor) and commercial formulation of neem using leaf dip and larval-dip techniques against second and third instars of Pieris brassicae L. larvae was determined. Larval mortalities rates were significantly higher with carbaryl and pirimor compared to the neem in the larval-dip bioassays 24-h after treatment. In the leaf-dip bioassays, the highest concentrations of carbaryl and pirimor caused 80% to 100% mortalities of larvae. Neem exhibited a significant lethal and antifeedant effects on second and third instars larvae, although the effect was slow and varied among the different larval instars. Quick cessation of food consumption of larvae on treated leaves was observed. Consequently, there was a negligible damage on the insecticide treated leaves. Based on the data collected in the current study it could be speculated that carbaryl and pirimor may have unduly residue on treated plants, therefore; neem extract is merit to be considered as a suitable control agent against P. brassicae larvae.

KEY WORDS: Bioassay, Cabbage, Large white butterfly, Leaf-dip technique.

Cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata) is an important vegetable crop grown in many countries in the worldwide (Mazlan & Mumford, 2004). Several pests attack cabbage and the most serious damage is caused mainly by the larvae of several species such as: small white butterfly (Pieris rapae L.), large white butterfly (Pieris brassicae L.), cabbage moth (Mamestra brassicae L.), and diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella L.). All larval stages of large butterflies feed on foliage (Jankowska, 2006). Among them cabbage butterfly, Pieris brassicae L., is a cosmopolitan, polyvoltine insect (Spieth, 2002) and found wherever cruciferous vegetables are grown (Younas et al., 2004). Sometimes massive outbreaks of P. brassicae may occur and injury on cabbage cultures may be extensive (Metaspalu et al., 2009). The control of P. brassicae on vegetables is usually accomplished with the use of conventional chemical insecticides (Zafar et al., 2002). The damage notably affects the value of this crop because its consumption and sale happen when it is still fresh (Cartea et al., 2009). Synthetic insecticides have been in use for more than 50 years and have resulted in fast, economical and effective pest control (Gossa, 2007). Insecticides application is the dominant method for controlling Pieris brassicae in cruciferous crops because of a low market tolerance for pest damage and the lack of reliable alternative pest control options (Lundgren & Heimpel, 2003). Because larvae feed on the marketable portion of the crop, synthetic insecticides likely will remain an essential tool for successful cabbage production. However, their use should be minimized to prevent or at least delay development of resistance (Hill & Foster, 2000). The sole use of biological control may not always be sufficient to manage insect pest populations and supplementary insecticide treatments may be needed. Undoubtedly, compatibility between natural enemies and insecticides is a primary concern in programs of integrated pest management (Jalali & Leeuwen, 2009). Pirimor has good activity on aphids and also offer bee safety (Palumbo & Tickes, ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1049 2003). Pirimor is a selective systemic insecticide with contact, stomach and respiratory action, has been found to be useful in the implementation of IPM against aphids (Cabral et al., 2007). Neem extracts, a very complex tetranortriterpenoids, has been effectively used against >400 species of insects, including many key crop pests, and has proved to be one of the most promising plant ingredients for integrated pest management at the present time. It is being used for the control of forest and crop pests, as an alternative to chemical insecticides. Several reports have described the antifeedant, repellent and growth modifying neem properties on the insects (Mikami & Ventura, 2008). Effects on Lepidopteran larvae have been documented, and this insect order seems to be particularly sensitive (Calvo & Molina, 2003). Neem extracts are usually safe for beneficial organisms, such as bees, predators and parasitoids, mammals, for the environment and with minimal residual effects (Pavela, 2009). Concerns about the further development of resistance and undue residue have made the search for less hazardous chemical imperative. Our interest for this study stemmed from reports in which they reported neem extract with good characteristics in pest control programs. With retrospect, the objectives of this study were to compare the effects of insecticides in question on Pieris brassicae larvae. Also determine the effects of commercial neem extract antifeedant activity to the larvae under laboratory conditions.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

For laboratory experiments, eggs of P. brassicae (second generation) were collected from cabbage fields, at Urmia (a town in West Azarbadijan province) in July and August 2009. Resultant larvae were reared on fresh leaves of cabbage plants in the laboratory under short-day conditions (L12:D12) at 20–22 oC. Pirimor and carbaryl water suspension in five concentrations (250, 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 ppm) and neem water emulsions in five concentrations (1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 %) and untreated control groups were tested. Freshly cut leaves of cabbage were individually dipped in a prepared insecticide solution for 10 seconds and after air-drying for 30 minutes, each leaf was placed in a separate 14.5 cm diameter Petri dish. Control leaves were treated similarly with tap water. Filter paper was placed inside a plastic petri dish and treated leaf tissue was placed on top of the filter paper. Fifteen randomly selected second and third instar larva were released in each petri dish and allowed to feed on fresh leaves. Each test was replicated four times. During the experiment, temperature varied from 22 to 24°C, day/night light period was 12/12 h and relative air humidity was 80— 85%. For carbaryl and pirimor, larval mortality was determined 24-h after treatment and for neem the mortality rate was scored 48, 72, 96 and 120 h post treatment. One-way analysis variance (ANOVA) was employed to compare the means. LC50 values were estimated by likelihood program of probit analysis using SPSS 16 software.

RESULTS

Statistical analysis of the data indicated that there were significant differences among the means of treatments (P < 0.01). Larvae exposed to carbaryl and pirimor in the leaf- dip bioassay technique had significantly higher mortality rates when compared to the neem extract treatment. The duration of the bioassay was an important factor affecting larval response 1050 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______to tested insecticides. The responses of second and third instars larvae did differ in bioassays with pirimor and carbaryl at 24-h post treatment. Third instar larvae were significantly less susceptible to the insecticides compared to the second instar cohorts. LC50 values of carbaryl and pirimor on second instar were lower than LC50 values for third instar (Table 1 and 2). Neem extract exhibited a significant lethal effect on larvae, although it was slow and varied among the larval instars. Forty-eight h. post treatment mortality increased and a direct positive relationship between mortality rates and concentrations was detected. The result of treated food consumption for second and third instars larvae showed that within first 24-h post treatment, no mortality has been recorded. Whereas, after 48-h, at the highest concentration of neem, dead larvae were observed. During this period of time, the larval color became brown and also food consumption cessation was detected. At 96-h post-treatment the toxicity increased corresponding to the applied concentration of neem (Table 3). Larval weight was a significant factor in bioassays which affecting the response of P. brassicae larvae. When second instar larvae were introduced on treated leaf-disks, they stopped feeding, became moribund and experienced dying process. Therefore, the larvae did not cause noticeable damage. When third instar larvae were introduced on treated leaf-disks, they normally initiated food consumption for a certain period of time, but after a while, a permanent food consumption cessation was occurred. Therefore, some degree of damage occurred on the treated leaves.

DISCUSSION

Among the cabbage pests, P. brassicae is one the most destructive pests worldwide. The larvae feed on the foliage of plants and can completely defoliate and destroy the plant. Several biological control agents have been recognized, however in the outbreak of the pest, application of insecticide is the only tool to suppress the pest population. Larval age and time length of exposure were significant factors affecting the response of P. brassicae to insecticides. Larval mortalities rates were significantly higher with chemical insecticides when compared with neem extract (botanical insecticide). Hill et al. (2000) showed that carbaryl was highly toxic to P. xylostella larvae. In the present study in leaf-dip bioassays, larval mortality on leaves treated with pirimor or carbaryl was significantly higher than those treated with neem. It has been reported that an application of a tank mix of crude PlxyGV inoculum and Pirimor (a selective pesticide, specific to aphids) caused a reduction in efficacy on P. xylostella larvae of the PlxyGV. In this case it is speculated that Pirimor could be acting as a feeding deterrent to P. xylostella (Ogutu et al., 2002). Botanical products are useful and desirable tools in most pest management programs because they can be effective and often complement the actions of natural enemies (Jogar et al., 2009). Generally, neem extract is effective against P. brassicae larvae with significant lethal and antifeedant effects accompanied by significant reduction in food consumption. Lethal and antifeedant effects of neem extracts or neem-based insecticides on P. xylostella larvae have been well documented (Perera et al., 2000). These results are well in agreement with the findings of the current study. Likewise, Zabel et al. (2002) reported high antifeedant effect of neem on Lymantria dispar and Leptinotarsa decemlineata. According to Liang et al. (2003) results, Agroneem, Ecozin and Neemix had lethal effects on the diamondback moth larvae, and neem oil reduced larval survival of ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1051 Helicoverpa armigera (Ma et al., 2000). Our data showed that neem was toxic to larvae and all larvae died priori to pupation. A direct relationship between concentration and mortality rate was detected. In conclusion, the older larvae (third instar) could inflect some degrees of damage on the treated leaves. Therefore, in order to prevent foliage damage, insecticides such as neem should be applied as early as possible against second instar larvae.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to acknowledge the financial support provided to this research by the Urmia University.

LITERATURE CITTED

Cabral, S., Garcia, P. & Soares, A. O. 2007. Effects of pirimicarb, buprofezin and pymetrozine on survival, development and reproduction of Coccinella undecimpunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Biocontrol Science and Technology, 18: 307-318.

Calvo, D. & Molina, J. M. 2003. Effects of a commercial Neem (Azadirachta indica) extract on streblote panda larvae. Phytoparasitica, 31 (4): 365-370.

Cartea, M. E., Padilla, G., Vilar, M. & Velasco, P. 2009. Incidence of the major Brassica pests in Northwestern Spain. Plant Resistance, 102 (2): 767-773.

Fettig, C. J., Degomez, T. E., Gibson, K. E., Dabney, C. P. & Borys, R. R. 2006. Effectiveness of Permethrin Plus-C (Masterline) and Carbaryl (Sevin SL) for protecting individual, high-value pines (Pinus) from bark beetle attack. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry, 32 (5): 247-252.

Gossa, M. W. 2007. Effects of neem extracts on the feeding, survival, longevity and fecundity of African Bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Cotton. A thesis submitted to the school of graduate studies of Addis Ababa University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in biology. 98 pp.

Hill, T. A. & Foster, R. E. 2000. Effect of insecticides on the diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) and its parasitoid Diadegma insulare (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 93 (3): 763-768.

Jalali, M. A. & Leeuwen, T. V. 2009. Toxicity of selected insecticides to the two-spot ladybird Adalia bipunctata. Phytoparasitica, 37: 323-326.

Jankwska, B. 2006. The occurrence of some lepidoptera pests on different cabbage vegetables. Journal of Plant Protection Research, 46: 181-190.

Jogar, K., Metspalu, L., Hiiesaar, K., Loorist, L., Ploomi, A., Kuusik, A. & Luik, A. 2009. Influence of NeemAzal-T/S on Mamestra brassicae L. Scientific Works of the Lithuanian Institute of the Horticulture and Lithuanian University of Agriculture, 28 (3): 85-92.

Liang, G. M., Chen, W. & Liu, T. X. 2003. Effects of tree neem-based insecticides on diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Crop Protection, 22: 333–340.

Lundgren, J. & Heimple, G. E. 2003. Augmentation of Trichogramma brassicae for control of cruciferous Lepidoptera. International Symposium on Biological Control of Arthropods, pp. 160- 166.

Ma, D. L., Gordh, G. & Zalucki, M. P. 2000. Biological effects of azadirachtin on Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) fed on cotton and artificial diet. Australian Journal of Entomology, 39: 301–304.

Mazlan, N. & Mumford, J. 2004. Insecticide use in cabbage pest management in the Cameron Highlands, Malaysia. Crop Protection, 24:31-39.

Metaspalu, L., Hiiesaar, K., Jogar, K., Svilponis, E., Ploomi, A., Kivimagi, I., Luik, A. & Menshikova, N. 2009. Oviposition preference of Pieris brassicae (L.) on different Brassica oleracea var. capitatal cultivars. Agronomy Research, 7: 456 - 411.

1052 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______

Mikami, A. Y. & Ventura, M. U. 2008. Repellent, Antifeedant and Insecticidal Effects of Neem oil on Microtheca punctigera. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 51: 1121-1126.

Ogutu, W. O., Oduor, G. l., Pamell, M., Miano, D. W., Ogol, C., Grywacz, D. & Poole, J. 2002. Evaluation of a naturally occurring baculovirus for the management of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. in Kenya. Cirad.fr/papers/ogutu.doc.

Palumbo, J. C. & Tickes, B. 2003. Management of aphids in brassica seed crops with selective insecticides. The University of Arizona College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Available from: http://ag.arizona.edu/pubs/crops/az1323.

Pavela, R. 2009. Effectiveness of some botanical insecticides against Spodoptera littoralis Boisduvala (Lepidoptera: Noctudiae), Myzus persicae Sulzer (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). Plant Protection Science, 45: 161-167.

Perera, D. R., Armstrong, G. & Senanayake, N. 2000. Effect of antifeedants on the diamondback moth (Plutellae xylostella) and its parasitoid Cotesia plutellae. Pest Management Sciences, 56: 486–490.

Spieth, H. R. 2002. Estivation and hibernation of Pieris brassicae (L.) in southern Spain: synchronization of two complex behavioral patterns. Population Ecology, 44: 273–280.

Younas, M., Naeem, M., Raqib, A. & Masud, S. 2004. Population dynamics of cabbage butterfly (Pieris brassicae L.) and cabbage aphids (Brevicoryne brassicae) on five cultivars of cauliflower at Peshawar. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 3 (3): 391-393.

Zabel, A., Manojlovic, B., Rajkovic, S., Stankovic, S. & Kostic, M. 2002. Effect of Neem extract on Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) and Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say. (Coloptera: Chrysomelidae). Journal of Pest Science, 75: 19-25.

Zafar, A. U., Nasir, I. A., Shahid, A. A., Rahi, M. S. & Riazuddin, S. 2002. Performance evaluation of camb biopesticides to control cabbage butterfly (Pieris brassicae) in cauliflower crop. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 5 (10): 1041-1043.

Table 1. Mortality (Mean ± SE) and LC50 values of second instar larvae of P. brassicae exposed to two different insecticides.

2 Concentration Mean ± SE LC50 χ Sig Intercept ± SE CV (ppm) Pirimori

250 1.75 ± 0.47 500 4.5 ± 0.64 1000 9.2 ± 0.47 703 8.5 0.00 0.476 ± 0.09 12.34% 1500 12 ± 0.7 2000 15 ± 0.0

Carbaryl

250 1. 5±0.64 500 4±0.41 1000 10.25±0.47 693 2.58 0.00 0.537±0.095 10.66% 1500 13±0.41 2000 14.5±0.28 Controls -

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1053

Table 2. Mortality (Mean ± SE) and LC50 values of third instar of P. brassicae larvae exposed to two different insecticides.

2 Concentration Mean ± SE LC50 χ Sig Intercept ± SE CV (ppm) Pirimori

250 1.75±0.47 500 4.5±0.64 1000 9.25±0.47 762 8.11 0.00 0.414±0.093 12.34% 1500 12±0.7 2000 15±0.0

Carbaryl

250 1±0.41 500 3.25±0.47 1000 8.75±0.47 801 8.11 0.00 0.414±0.093 11.78% 1500 12.25±0.47 2000 14.25±0.47 Controls -

Table 3. Mortality (Mean ± SE) of second and third instars of P. brassicae larvae exposed to neem extract.

Concentration 48 h 72 h 96 h 120 h

(%) L2 L3 L2 L3 L2 L3 L3

1 0.33±0.33 0.42±0.2 0.66±0.33 1.42±0.2 1.33±0.33 2±0 2.57±0.29

2 2.33±0.33 1.42±0.2 3.33±0.33 2.85±0.34 4±0.57 3.42±0.36 4.28±0.28

4 5 ± 0.57 2±0.21 8±0.57 5±0.37 10.33±0.33 7.1±0.4 7.71±0.28

8 8.33±0.33 3.28±0.35 12.66±0.33 6.42±0.2 15.66±0.33 8.7±0.42 10.28±0.35

16 12±0.57 5.28±0.47 16.66±0.33 9.57±0.68 19.66±0.33 11.85±0.67 13.42±0.36

Controls ------

1054 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______THE IMPACT OF MICROWAVE RADIATION AND COLD STORAGE ON CALLOSOBRUCHUS MACULATUS (F.) (COLEOPTERA: BRUCHIDAE) UNDER LABORATORY CONDITIONS

Nasim Bayramzadeh* and Ali Asghar Pourmirza*

* Department of Plant Protection, Agricultural Faculty, Urmia University, West Azerbaijan, IRAN. E-mail: [email protected].

[Bayramzadeh, N. & Pourmirza, A. A. 2010. The impact of microwave radiation and cold storage on Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) under laboratory conditions. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 5, suppl.: 1054-1059]

ABSTRACT: The feasibility of using different types of microwave radiation and cold storage to control the Callosobruchus maculatus (F) in stored grains was evaluated. The mortality rate of adult insects at 200 W power level, different exposure times (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 min) and 48 h cold storage period was determined. Moreover, different age groups of C. maculatus´s eggs were exposed to 100 W power level and 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 min exposure periods at 48 h cold storage period. There was a direct relationship between mortality rate and exposure times. Furthermore, the results imply a significant difference in susceptibility of adult insects in using radiation priori or post cold storage treatment. Likewise, a direct positive relationship between mortality rates and microwave radiation exposure times was observed. At the power level of 100 W and 48 h cold storage period, 3-4 days-old eggs were more tolerant than the other age groups, followed by 4-5, 1-2, 2-3 and 0-1 days-old eggs.

KEY WORDS: Disinfestations, Heat manipulation, Microwave Power level, Stored- grain insects.

Members of the family leguminoseae are amongst the largest plant famillies world wide. They have a large economic value as their grains contain large amount of protein that are useful in food and fodder productions (Dasbak et al., 2009). Cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp, is a major source of dietary protein in tropical and subtropical regions of the world especially where availability and consumption of animal protein is low (Echezona, 2006). Storage of cowpea grain over long periods, especially at small scale farming levels, is limited due to cowpea Callosobruchus maculatus (F.). This pest causes loss of weight, nutritional value and viability of stored grains (Swella & Mushobozy, 2007). C. maculates is an agricultural pest insect of Africa and Asia that presently range throughout the tropical and subtropical world (Beck and Blumer, 2009). The larvae feed on the pulse seed contents reducing their degree of usefulness and making them unfit either for planting or for human consumption (Ali et al., 2004). Temperature is one of the principal factors delimitating survival and reproduction of insects. Lethal temperatures are those above or below the suboptimum which will eventually kill the organism. Pest management through temperature manipulation is receiving renewed interest as a non-chemical method with lack of residue problem (Hallman & Denlinger, 1999). Insects in stored grain can be controlled by manipulating the physical environment or by applying physical treatments to the grain and insect species. Microwave heating is based on the transformation of alternating electromagnetic field energy into thermal energy by affecting polar molecules of a material ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1055 (Mullin, 1995). Microwaves energy is no persistent in the environment and does not hazardous impacts or damage to foodstuff (Vadivambal et al., 2007). Insects under microwaves radiation are prone to some types of stress such as controlled atmosphere and cold ambient (Wang and Tang, 2001). Cold storage treatments have also been developed for quarantine purposes and for use against exotic fruit flies and other insects (Gould, 1994). In order to more clarify the lethality of microwave radiation and cold storage on different age groups of C. maculatus eggs and sensitivity of adult insects, the present investigation was undertaken. In this study, the aim was to identify the susceptibility of eggs and adult insects of C. maculatus to different types of radiation and cold storage.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Rearing of experimental insects Stock culture of C. macullatus was established from infested cowpea seeds of the Urmia (37.39˚ N 45.4˚E, a town in west Azarbijian Province, Iran) central market in 2009. The insects were reared on healthy seeds in 1-liter jars which covered with a perforated muslin cloth held in place with two tight rubber bands and maintained under controlled conditions of temperature 27±2˚ C and Relative Humidity 60 ± 5. The insects were reared for 2 generations before initiation of the experiments.

Preparation of eggs for experiments In each experiment, 1 to 5 days-old eggs were used. To obtain known age groups of eggs unsexed adults were collected from stock cultures and introduced on healthy seeds, the resultant eggs was kept under same conditions. In each trial, 20 infested seeds was selected and placed in a Petri dish.

Preparation of adult insects for experiments Using a fine sable brush mixed sex of 1-7 days old adult insects were counted out in batches of 15 on to Petri dishes containing 2 g of rearing medium.

Microwave system All the experiments were conducted using a kitchen type, 2450 MHz microwaves oven (Butane, BC 320 W) with capability of producing 100 through 1000 W microwave power.

Bioassays Preliminary power level tests were carried out prior to each experiment to determine a range of power that would produce nearly 25-75% mortality at the lowest and the highest levels, respectively ( Robertson et al., 2007). The experiments using microwave power and cold storage duration was conducted according the following two fashions, 1: the insects exposed to radiation and then after kept at cold storage, 2: the test procedure was vice versa of the previous method. For eggs we employed the first fashion procedure at 100 W power level and 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 min exposure times. In the case of adult insects, each Petri dish containing 15 insects and 2 g of rearing medium was placed in the microwaves generator oven. The insects were exposed to 200 W power level for 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 min. prior and post treatment with microwave radiation the samples were kept under cold storage conditions (3 ± 1˚C) for 48 h. At the end of each experiment insects were maintained on their 1056 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______rearing medium under rearing conditions to recover. In each bioassay, mortality was recorded after recovery period. Those insects that did not move when lightly probed or shaken in the light and mild heat were considered dead. After 24 h of incubation, the mortality data were recorded. For eggs, after preparation of 1 to 5 days old eggs 20 infested seeds was selected and placed in a Petri dish and then exposed to 100 W power level for 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 min exposure times. Afterward, samples were kept under cold storage conditions (3 ± 1˚C) for 48 h. After treatment, each experimental unit was inspected daily to remove emerged adults. Inspection of samples was continued until no adult emergence was observed for three consecutive days. At the termination of experiment the number of emerged adults and unhatched eggs was recorded. The experimental units and bioassay procedures were identical in all trials. In each trial, the control Petri dish was treated identically except that no microwaves radiation and cold storage treatment was employed. Each test was replicated four times.

Data analysis Mortality data were subjected (if necessary) to appropriate transformation before analysis. LT50 and LT95 values were estimated by subjecting mortality data to the maximum likelihood program of probit analysis (Robertson et al., 2007) using SPSS 15 software.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Present results display that in all experiments microwaves power showed lethal effects to the tested insects. According to results a direct positive relationship between mortality rates and microwaves exposure times was observed. In adult insects at power 200 W at 2, 4, 6 and 8 min exposure times then 48 h cold storage the observed mortalities were 10, 33.33, 68.33 and 90% respectively. But, when cold storage period was 48 h and then after the insects exposed to radiation the mortalities were decreased to 1.66, 16.66, 50 and 78.33%, respectively (Fig. 1). Statistical data shows the comparison of adult insects of C.macullatus in two different usages of microwave exposure times and 48 h cold storage (Table 1). These results imply that there was a significant difference in susceptibility of adult insects in using radiation before or after the cold storage. Analysis of T-test revealed that, the main effect of microwaves exposure times before and after 48 h cold storage were highly significant (Table 2). Therefore, there was a significant difference between mortality rates due to radiation before and after cold storage of treatments. LT50 and LT95 values were estimated from the probit analysis of different age groups of egg mortality and are given in Table 3. In all experiments, microwaves power showed lethal effects to the tested eggs also a direct positive relationship between mortality rates and microwave exposure times was observed. At the power level of 100W and 48 h cold storage period, 3-4 days-old eggs were more tolerant than the other age groups, followed by 4-5, 1-2, 2-3 and 0-1 days-old eggs. Stored-product insects are serious pests of dried, stored, durable agricultural commodities and of many food stuffs worldwide. In recent decades there is much interest in alternatives to conventional insecticides for controlling stored-product due to of increasing consumer demand for product that is free of insects and insecticide residues. In current study, microwaves radiation was lethal to test insects. The mechanisms involved in the lethal action of microwaves radiation are ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1057 previously understood. The hazardous impacts could be due to the high frequency oscillation of the water molecules in the body of the insects. Microwave radiation has deleterious effects on insects such as reduction of reproductive rate, losing body weight and malformation as well (Nelson, 1996). In all treatments, the percentage of mortality increased with an increase in duration of radiation period. Among two types of radiation adult insects were susceptible to using microwave radiation before the 48 h cold storage. Low temperatures have been used widely to manage pest population in bulk stored grain. Typically, development of stored product insects slows or stops when the temperature drops below 14ºC (Banks and Fields, 1995). Therefore, thermal treatments using temperatures higher and lower than the range have been exploited for pest control. Disinfestations of stored-products with physical control methods such as using microwaves energy coupled with cold storage treatment can be an alternative measure to pesticides in killing insects. Combined application of microwaves power with cold storage treatment could be considered as a potential measure, which helps to reduce stored-products insects´ populations in IPM programs. Using microwave radiation and cold storage in these trials significantly effect survival and adult emergence of C. macullatus. Based on the data collected in current study it could be concluded that using microwave radiation along with cold storage is merit to be considered as a useful tool in stored-products insects control systems.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to acknowledge the financial support provided to this research by the University of Urmia in Iran.

LITERATURE CITED

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Robertson, J. L., Russell, R. M., Preisler, H. K. & Savin, E. 2007. Bioassays with Arthropods. 2nd Rev. Edn., CRC press, Boca Ratone, FL. Swella, G. B. & Mushobozy, D. M. K. 2007a. Evaluation of the efficacy of protectants against cowpea bruchids (Callosobruchus maculatus ( F.)) on cowpea seeds (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) Plant Protection Science, 43: 68-72.

Vadivambal, R., Jayas, D. S. & White, N. D. G. 2007b. Wheat disinfestations using microwave energy. Journal of Stored Products Research, 43 (4): 508-514.

Wang, S. & Tang, J. 2001. Radio frequency and microwaves alternative treatments for insect control in nuts. Journal of Agricultural Engineering, 10 (3): 105-120.

Table 1. Susceptibility comparison of adult C.macullatus in two different usages of microwave exposure times and 48 h cold storage period.

Type of Confidence 2 radiation LT50 LT95 limits 95% Intercept Slope Sig. (df=1) Before 48 h cold storage 4.532 10.314 (4.114 - 4.978) treatment

6.710 0.000

After 48 h cold storage 5.926 13.488 (5.388 - 6.546) treatment

Table 2. Mortality (mean ± Standard error) and T value of insects exposed to microwave radiation and 48 h cold storage at power 200W.

Exposure times Radiation Mean ± SE T value of radiation(min) Before 48 h cold storage 1.50 ± .289 2 3.273 After 48 h cold storage 0.25 ± 0.250

Before 48 h cold storage 5 ± 0.408 4 5 After 48 h cold storage 2.5 ± 0.289

Before 48 h cold storage 10.25 ± 0.479 6 3.422 After 48 h cold storage 7.50 ± 0.645

Before 48 h cold storage 13.50 ± 0.289 8 3.130 After 48 h cold storage 11.75 ± 0.479

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1059

Table 3- Susceptibility of different age groups of C.macullatu´s eggs at 100 W power level for 2, 4, 6 and 8 min exposure times and 48 h cold storage period.

Different Total Confidence age groups eggs LT50 LT95 limits 95% 2 Sig. of eggs (df=2)

0-1 days-old 962 - )

1-2 days-old 313 - )

2-3 days-old 787 - )

3-4 days-old 170 - )

4-5 days-old 250 - )

100

90 First 48 h cold storage then radiation 80 First radiation then 48 h cold 70 storage 60

50

Mortality% 40

30 20

10

0 2 4 6 8 Exposure times of radiation(min) Figure 1. Percent mortality of adult C.maculatus at 200W power and different exposure times.

1060 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______FIELD ASSESSMENT OF ANTIBIOSIS RESISTANCE OF DIFFERENT WHEAT CULTIVARS TO THE RUSSIAN WHEAT APHID, DIURAPHIS NOXIA (MORDVILKO) (HOM.:APHIDIDAE) AT STEM ELONGATION GROWTH STAGE

Kazemi Mohammad Hossein*

* Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz branch, Tabriz, IRAN. E-mail: [email protected]

[Hossein, K. M. 2010. Field assessment of antibiosis resistance of different wheat cultivars to the Russian Wheat Aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) (Hom.:Aphididae) at stem elongation growth stage. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 5, suppl.: 1060-1065]

ABSTRACT: The Russian Wheat Aphid is one of the most important cereal pests in the world. Due to the economic importance of this aphid in most parts of the world and also in Iran, certain studies have been directed towards the introduction of resistant cultivars. In the present study, the resistance associated with antibiosis was sought out at stem elongation growth stage in Alamoot, Alvand, Zarrin, Sabalan and Sardari, the most extensively planted wheat varieties in East Azarbaijan province of Iran. Antibiosis was determined by studying the percentage nymphal survival rate, their development time, fecundity of the first 10 and 15 days of reproductive period, growth index and calculating the relevant intrinsic rate of natural population increase (rm value). ANOVA of data indicated that, regarding the development time of nymphs, fecundity and rm values, there were significant differences between the varieties. The highest and lowest mean survival rate of nymphs also was observed in rearings on Sabalan and Alvand with 77.78 and 66.67 percent respectively. Comparisons of means using Duncan’s multiple range test, showed significant differences (p<%5) in aphid rm values between the varieties. Sabalan had the highest rm value thus regarded as the susceptible variety, while Alvand and Zarrin had the lowest rm values and thus seem to be partially resistant varieties.

KEY WORDS: Antibiosis, Host plant resistance, Russian Wheat Aphid, Wheat varieties.

The Russian Wheat Aphid, which is the fauna of the palaearctic region, has been reported as a native pest of Russia, Iran, Afghanistan and Mediteranean border countries (Rafi et al., 1993). This pest was first reported by Mordvilko in 1990 from barley fields in southern Russia and then its population was established in the west (Blackman & Eastop, 1984; Stoetzel, 1987; Kazemi et al., 2001a,b). Its damage pattern differs from those of the other cereal aphids so that one can identify its occurrence by means of the resulting damage. White or yellow longitudinal bands appear on the leaves due to the feeding effects and injection of salivary toxins which, in colder climates, become red or pinkish due to the existing antocyanic pigments. The individual aphids feed on the upper surfaces of curled leaves. Young plants become stunted under heavy aphid attacks and prepanicle infestations can result in curling of the flag leaves and panicle deformations (Jones et al., 1989; Kindler & Hammon, 1996; Kazemi et al., 2001a). In recent years, the Russian Wheat Aphid, has been included worldwidely in the list of the important pests of cereals, particularly wheat cultivars. Its damage losses in United States of America during years 1986-1989 was estimated more than 650 million dollars (Kindler et al., 1992). The importance of this aphid in its native regions, especially in dry years, is high (Souza et al., 1991), but in the opinion of Burd et al. (1993), this aphid can disturb the plant physiological patterns even in low populations. Archer and Bynum (1992) noted that the losses due to feeding ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1061 damage of this pest on the crop in spring at the 29-60 phenological growth stages (Zadoks et al., 1974) for one percent of plant contamination by the aphid, was evaluated as 0.46-0.48 percent. The Russian Wheat Aphid can also be damaging as a vector of plant pathogenic viruses including Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus (BYDV), Barley Stripe Mosaic Virus (BSMV) and Sugarcane Mosaic Virus (SCMV) (Damsteegt et al., 1992). Also it has been reported that, the susceptibility of the winter wheat to the cold weather, increases due to feeding of this aphid, and therefore leads to indirect crop losses. In recent years, due to the economic importance of this aphid in most parts of the world certain studies have been directed towards the introduction of resistant varieties (Du Toit, 1989; Kindler & Springer, 1989; Webster, 1990; Quick et al., 1991; Kindler et al., 1992; Smith et al., 1992; Robinson, 1993; Webster et al., 1993; Rafi et al., 1996 and Kazemi et al., 2001a,, 2007). Based on the observations made during this investigation, the highest level of aphid infestation has been observed in wheat fields of Tabriz, Ahar and Kaleybar areas of East Azarbaijan province of Iran (Kazemi et al., 2001a,b, 2007). Thus, the present study was aimed at evaluating the existance of any resistance at the stem elongation growth stage of Alvand, Alamoot, Zarrin, Sabalan and Sardari wheat varieties (which have been showed already some resistant and susceptible pattern to the aphid) to which, the highest acreages are being devoted in the wheat planting areas of the province, in the field conditions.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Plant and aphid culture The degrees of resistance of five wheat varieties (Alvand, Alamoot, Zarrin, Sabalan and Sardari) were evaluated at their stem elongation growth stage (30-32) against the Russian Wheat Aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Zadoks et al., 1974). The seeds of the Sardari variety were obtained from the Institute for Dry Farming Studies and those of the remaining varieties from the Agricultural Organization of East Azarbaijan province. The aphid clones were collected from the Kaleybar wheat fields and transferred to the laboratory for morphological identification according to the relevant sources (Blackman & Eastop, 1984; Stoetzel, 1987). Stock cultures of aphids were reared under glasshouse conditions on Durum plants which are highly susceptible to the aphid (Formusoh et al., 1992) and kept in a germinator under 19- 24oC and 14: 10 (L: D) light regim. The seeds of each variety were sown in a 200 square meters of Khosrov-shahr Agricultural Research Station wheat fields (with 180 Kg/ha). Plant infestation Aphids reared on the stock culture were individually confined in a large clip cages on the upper leaves of experimental plants (Kazemi, 1988). Since the culture plant may influence the performance and preferences of the aphids, they were reared on the experimental plants for at least one generation before the main experiments. For the main experiments, one adult apterous aphid from the appropriate culture was confined in a clip cage on the upper leaf of the experimental plant. After 24 hours, the adult was removed, and one newly born nymph was trained to develop to an adult and reproduce (Kazemi & van Emden, 1992). The position of the cages was changed once every three to four days to avoid local leaf damage. The experimental design was a completely randomized block design with five treatments (varieties) and each variety with 15 replicates using individual clip-on leaf cages as experimental units, set up on the last fully grown leaves of the main plants when the first node of the plant stem was visible from the beginning of May. In order to determine the maturation time and survival rate of 1062 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______encaged progeny, each individual nymph was allowed to develop into an adult. The fecundity of the resultant adults was determined by daily counts of their progeny between 9 and 11 a.m. for periods of 10 and 15 days. All the progeny were removed from caged leaves after completion of the counts. To calculate the daily intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm value), nymphal survival on each variety (age specific survival rate: lx), developmental time and daily fecundity of individual aphids (age specific fecundity: mx) were used in the equation Σe-rm lxmx=1 (Birch, 1948), using van Emden’s STATSPAK version 8.00 based on Mallard Basic. Percentage of nymphal survival rate divided by the mean nymphal developmental time was used to calculate the Growth Index (GI) (Smith et al., 1994).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Maturation time and survival rate of nymphs The data obtained on duration of developmental period indicated that there were significantal differences between treatment means. Comparisons made between treatment means using Duncan’s multiple range test showed significant differences (P ≤ 5%). The data presented in Table 1 show that the highest and lowest development time occurred on the Alvand and Sabalan varieties respectively. Also the highest and lowest nymphal survival rate was seen on Sabalan and Alvand varieties respectively. Combination of these two parameters namely Growth Index (GI), demonstrates differences between the varieties, and due to a low GI on Alvand compared to the other varieties, Alvand is a resistant variety and Sabalan is a susceptible one. So the effect of aphid feeding on the resistant varieties, leads to increase in the nymphal maturation time and decrease in survival rate of the insects. Fecundity Comparisons made on mean fecundity (Table 2) indicated significant differences (P ≤ 5%) in the mean fecundity of the aphid on five wheat varieties within the two 10 and 15 day periods. The highest mean fecundity within the first 10 day periods of larviposition was recorded on Sabalan and the least progeny produced within the first 10 days of larviposition was observed on Zarrin, Sardari and Alvand.The trend of fecundity within the 15 day period of larviposition was more or less the same as within the first 10 days of reproduction.Trends in the aphid’s larviposition on five wheat varieties within 10 and 15 day periods (Kazemi & van Emden, 1992; Kazemi et al., 2001a) have been shown as daily cumulative means in Figure 1. It is obvious that, from the beginning of the reproductive period, the rate of larviposition remained more or less the same on all varieties. However, there were remarkable deviations in fecundity on the Sabalan, Zarrin and Alamoot varieties which continued until the end of the 15-day period, whilst changes in the larviposition rate on three other varieties (Alvand, Zarrin and Sardari) followed the same pattern. However, at the end of the larviposition periods, the highest mean fecundity was observed on Sabalan and the lowest mean fecundity on Zarrin, Sardari and Alvand. The results of larviposition trend, indicating Sabalan suitability for aphid feeding or its higher susceptibility to the aphid, whilst Sardari, for lowest larviposition of the aphid on it, to be a resistant one between the wheat varieties. The other varieties, especially at the end of 15 day periods of larviposition, showed no significant differences between them and were placed in one group. Kazemi et al. (2001b) studying the susceptibility of Diuraphis noxia at stem elongation stage under laboratory conditions on mentioned wheat varieties, have noticed certain differences and same larviposition trend on the varieties. ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1063

The intrinsic rate of natural population increase (rm value) Data indicated significant differences between rm values at P ≤ 5%. Based on the aphid’s intrinsic rate of increase within 10- and 15- day periods of rearing on tested varieties, Sabalan had the highest rm value for both rearing periods and are thus regarded as the most susceptible variety. Alvand and Zarrin had the lowest rm values and are considered to be resistant varieties. Sardari and Alamoot seem to be partially resistant (Table 3).

CONCLUSION

The results and statistical analysis indicate that, at the stem elongation stage in field conditions, amongst the varieties studied, Sabalan appeared to be more susceptible one to the Russian wheat Aphid, because of having the highest aphid fecundity and rm value. Alvand and Zarrin appeared to be more resistant varieties, because of showing both the lowest aphid fecundity and rm values. The varieties, Alamoot and Sardari seem to be partially resistant. With the extension of the studies to the other phenological stages of the test varieties and under different experimental conditions, (Kazemi et al., 2001a,b, 2007) it is hoped that inclusion of the probable "antibiosis" program would be a valuable tool towards lowering the damage potential of this aphid.

LITERATURE CITED

Archer, T. L. & Bynum, J. R. E. D. 1992. Economic injury level for the Russian Wheat Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) on dryland winter wheat. Journal of Economic Entomology, 85 (3): 987-992.

Birch, L. C. 1948. The intrinsic rate of natural increase of an insect population. Journal of Animal Ecology, 17: 15-26.

Blackman, R. L. & Eastop, V. F. 1984. Aphids on the world's crops an identification and information guide. John Wiley & Sons: Avon.

Burd, J. D., Burton, R. L. & Webster, J. A. 1993. Evaluation of Russian Wheat Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) damage of resistant and susceptible hosts with comparisons of damage ratings to quantitative plant management. Journal of Economic Entomology, 86 (3): 974-980.

Damsteegt, V. D., Gildow, F. E., Hewings, A. D. & Caroll, T. W. 1992. A clone of the Russian Wheat Aphid (Diuraphis noxia) a vector of the Barley Yellow Dwarf, Barley Stripe Mosaic and Brome Mosaic Viruses. Plant Diseases, 76 (11): 1155-1160.

Du Toit, F. 1989. Components of resistance in three bread wheat lines to Russian Wheat Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) in South Africa. Journal of Economic Entomology, 82 (6): 1779-1781.

Formusoh, E. S., Wilde, G. E., Hatchett, J. H. & Collins, R. D. 1992. Resistance to Russian Wheat Aphid(Homoptera: Aphididae) in Tunisian wheats. Journal of Economic Entomology, 85 (6): 2505- 2509.

Jones, J. W., Byers, J. R., Butts, R. A. & Harris, J. L. 1989. A new pest in Canada: Russian Wheat Aphid Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) (Homoptera: Aphididae). Canadian Entomology, 121 (7): 623-624.

Kazemi, M. H. 1988. Identification and mechanisms of host plant resistance to cereal aphids in wheat. PhD Thesis, University of Reading: U.K.

Kazemi, M. H. & van Emden, H. F. 1992. Partial antibiosis to Rhopalosiphum padi in wheat and some phytochemical correlations. Annals of Applied Biology, 121: 1-9.

Kazemi, M. H., Talebi-Chaichi, P., Shakiba, M. R. & Mashhadi Jafarloo, M. 2001a. Biological responses of Russian Wheat Aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) (Homoptera: Aphididae) to different wheat varieties. Journal of Agricuitural Science and Technology, 3 (4): 249-255.

1064 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______

Kazemi, M. H., Talebi-Chaichi, P., Shakiba, M. R. & Mashhadi Jafarloo, M. 2001b. Susceptibility of some wheat cultivars at stem elongation stage to the Russian Wheat Aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) (Homoptera: Aphididae) Journal of Agricultural Science, 11 (2): 103-111.

Kazemi, M. H., Mashhadi Jafarloo, M., Talebi-Chaichi, P. & Shakiba, M. R. 2007. Biological responses of Russian Wheat Aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) to certain wheat cultivars at ear emergence stage. Journal of Agricultural Science-Islamic Azad University, 12 (4): 745- 753.

Kindler, S. D. & Hammon, R. W. 1996. Comporisons of host suitibility of western wheat aphid with the Russian wheat aphid. Journal of Economic Entomology, 89 (6): 1621-1630.

Kindler, S. D. & Springer, T. L. 1989. Alternate hosts of Russian Wheat Aphid. Journal of Economic Entomology, 82 (5): 1358-1362.

Kindler, S. D., Greer, L. G. & Springer, T. L. 1992. Feeding behavior of Russian Wheat Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) on wheat and resistant and susceptible slender wheatgrass. Journal of Economic Entomology, 85 (5): 2012-2016.

Quick, J. S., Nkongolo, K. K., Meyer, W., Peairs, F. B. & Weaver, B. 1991. Russian Wheat Aphid reaction and agronomic and quality traits of a resistant wheat. Crop Science, 31 (1): 50-53.

Rafi, M. M., Zemerta, R. S. & Quinesberry, S. S. 1996. Interaction between Russian Wheat Aphid (Homoptera: Aphidida) and resistance and suceptible wheat genotypes. Journal of Economic Entomology, 89 (1): 239-246.

Robinson, J. 1993. Conditioning host plant affects antixenosis and antibiosis to Russian Wheat Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 86 (2): 602-606.

Smith, C. M., Schotzko, D. J., Zemetra, R. S. & Souza, E. J. 1992. Categories of resistance in plant introduction of wheat resistant to the Russian Wheat Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 85 (4): 1480-1484.

Smith, C. M., Khan, Z. R. & Pathak, M. D. 1994. Techniques for evaluating insect resistance in crop plants. CRC Press: Florida.

Souza, E., Smith, C. M., Schotzko, D. J. & Zemetra, R. S. 1991. Greenhouse evaluation of red winter wheats for resistance to the Russian Wheat Aphid (Diuraphis noxia Mordvilko). Euphytica, 57 (3): 221-225.

Stoetzel, M. B. 1987. Identification of Diuraphis noxia (Homoptera: Aphididae) and other Aphid species colonizing leaves of wheat and barley in the United States. Journal of Economic Entomology, 80: 696-704.

Webster, J. A. 1990. Resistance in Triticale to the Russian Wheat Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 83 (3): 1091-1095.

Webster, J. A., Porter, D. R., Baker, C. A. & Mornhinweg, D. W. 1993. Resistance to Russian Wheat Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) in barley: Effects on aphid feeding. Journal of Economic Entomology, 86 (5): 1603-1608.

Zadoks, J. C., Chang, T. T. & Konzak, C. F. 1974. A decimal code for the growth of cereal. Weed Research, 14: 415-421.

Table 1. Mean maturation time and survival rate of Russian Wheat Aphid nymphs of five wheat varieties under field conditions.

Mean maturation time Variety Survival rate (%) Growth Index (day) (X SD) Alamoot 13.13 ± 0.64 bc* 70.37 5.36 Alvand 13.73 ± 0.59 a 66.67 4.86 Zarrin 13.47 ± 0.64 ab 70.37 5.23 Sabalan 12.67 ± 0.82 d 77.78 6.14 Sardari 12.93 ± 0.70 cd 74.07 5.73 * Means followed by a similar letter are not significantly different at a level of 5%. ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1065

Table2. Mean fecundity of adult apterae of Russian Wheat Aphid within 10 and 15 day periods of rearing on five wheat varieties.

10 day 15 day Variety (X SD) Alamoot 23.67 ± 6.18 b* 31.33 ± 9.61 ab Alvand 21.33 ± 6.00 c 30.20 ± 8.91 bc Zarrin 20.07 ± 5.50 c 28.73 ± 8.36 bc Sabalan 26.20 ± 6.95 a 33.33 ± 11.17 a Sardari 20.60 ± 5.94 c 28.60 ± 8.41 c * Means followed by a similar letter in each column are not significantly different at a 5% level

Table 3. Intrinsic rate of increase (rm values) of the Russian Wheat Aphid in rearing on five wheat varieties for 10 and 15 day periods under field conditions.

10- day period 15- day period Variety

Alamoot 0.1536 ± 0.014 b* 0.1586 ± 0.014 b Alvand 0.1377 ± 0.014 d 0.1444 ± 0.014 c Zarrin 0.1407 ± 0.014 d 0.1478 ± 0.014 c Sabalan 0.1712 ± 0.015 a 0.1747 ± 0.015 a Sardari 0.1485 ± 0.015 c 0.1556 ± 0.013 b * The means followed by similar letter in each column are not significantly different at a 5% level.

40

35

30

25

20

15 Alamoot

Alvand Accumulated maen nymphs No. maen Accumulated 10 Zarrin Sabalan Sardari 5

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Larviposition period (days)

Figure 1. Daily cumulative means of larviposition within 10 and 15 day periods on five wheat varieties at stem elongation.

1066 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______EFFICACY OF SOME GEOGRAPHICAL ISOLATES OF ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODES AGAINST LEPTINOTARSA DECEMLINEATA (SAY) (COL.: CHRYSOMELIDAE)

Naser Eivazian Kary*, Hooshang Rafiee Dastjerdi**, Davoud Mohammadi* and Samad Afghahi*

* Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Science, Azarbaijan University of Tarbiat Moallem, Tabriz, IRAN. E-mail: [email protected] ** Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, IRAN. E-mail: [email protected]

[Kary, N. E., Dastjerdi, H. R., Mohammadi, D. & Afghahi, S. 2010. Efficacy of some geographical isolates of entomopathogenic nematodes against Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Col.: Chrysomelidae). Munis Entomology & Zoology, 5, suppl.: 1066-1074]

ABSTRACT: Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are used to control several agriculturally important insect pests of the different orders. In this study the ability of four geographical isolate of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and three species of Steinernema include S. bicornutum, S. carpocapsae and S. feltiae were investigated for control of Colorado potato beetle in laboratory conditions at 25±2 ºC and photoperiod of 12:12 (L:D). The efficacy of EPNs was tested at five concentrations including 100, 200, 400, 500 and 1000 infective juvenile (IJs) per individual with three methods, filter paper assay, leaf assay and soil assay at four exposure times. In filter paper assay and leaf assay methods, H. bacteriophora IRA10 had the highest toxicity and S. bicornutum IRA7 was the lowest one. There are no significant differences between strains at lowest concentration in all exposure times. In soil assay method, H. bacteriophora IRA12 had the highest mortality percentage and S. bicornutum IRA7 was the lowest one. Our study clearly shows that both species and geographical isolates of same species of etomopathogenic nematodes may have significantly different virulence against specific pest target. Nevertheless these results it is difficult to predict which species/isolate might be the most effective biological control agent for suppression of L. decemlineata in field conditions but at least we can expect that the most effective EPN among studied isolates might be H. bacteriophora IRA10.

KEY WORDS: Entomopathogenic nematods, geographical isolates, Heterorhabditis, Steinernema, Leptinotarsa decemlineata.

The Colorado Potato Beetle (CPB), Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) is the most economically damaging pest to potatoes in most areas of the Iran. If potato field left uncontrolled, CPB can completely defoliate it. Although the potato is its favorite food, the beetle may also feed on tomato, eggplant, tobacco, pepper, ground cherry, petunia, and even cabbage crops. It also attacks a number of common weeds including jimson weed, henbane, horse nettle, belladonna, thistle, and mullein (Metcalf & Metcalf, 1993). The intensive use of insecticides against L. decemlineata has led to the appearance of pesticide resistance in Iran (Mohammadi et al., 2007) and other parts of world (Pap et al., 1997). Therefore with the aim of reducing chemical use and preventing pesticides resistance phenomenon, new strategies have developed in some regions. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are used to control several agriculturally important insect pests of the different orders. There are several species of EPNs used around the world against a variety of pests. Some of the important EPN species belonging to Steinernema and Heterorhabditis that they are obligate pathogens and are characterized by their association with symbiotic bacteria, carried in the digestive tract; Xenorhabdus in steinernematids and ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1067 Photorhabdus in heterorhabditids (Boemare et al., 1996). Infective juveniles invade the host through body openings or the cuticle and release symbiotic bacteria that induce septicemia and kill the host. The nematodes then develop and reproduce in the host. They are soil-inhabiting parasites and effective against a wide range of insects (Begley, et al., 1990 and Klein, et al., 1990). At first they were mostly known as the effective agents towards soil pests, but in recent years many investigations have demonstrated that they can also be effectively used against foliar pests (Arthurs et al., 2004). Developments in production of these biocontrol agents through liquid fermentation (Georgis, 1990), expansion of the number of invivo producers and the exemption from registration requirements in most countries (Gaugler, 1988) have favored their commercial development (Georgis, 1992). With the aim of determining virulence of different species and isolates, we investigated the ability of EPNs for control of Colorado potato beetle in laboratory conditions.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Nematode sources Four geographical isolate of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and three species of Steinernema include S. bicornutum, S. carpocapsae and S. feltiae were prepared from Insect Pathology Lab. in Azarbaijan University of Tarbiat Moallem-IRAN. Insect source First instar larvae of L. decemlineata were collected from the potato shrub that left in wheat field vicinity to potato field (In that region potato altered with wheat) and they were reared on fresh potato leaves in Laboratory condition. Filter paper assay The efficacy of EPNs was tested at five concentrations including 100, 200, 400, 500 and 1000 infective juvenile (IJs) per individual into 5 ml of water per Petri dish. Ten last instar CPB larvae were put in each Petri dish (9 cm in diameter) lined with 2 layer of filter paper disks. The control was treated only with 5 ml of water. The Petri dishes were put in rearing chamber at 25±2 ºC and photoperiod of 12:12 (L:D). Each treatment was done in 5 replicates. The mortality rates were recorded after 48, 72, 96 and 120 h. of exposure. Leaf assay Leaf assay was done with same conditions except we used EPNs suspensions on potato leaf instead of filter paper. In each Petri dish (14 cm in diameter) 10 potato leaves were placed and sprayed with 10 ml of the EPNs suspensions. Twenty last instar CPB larvae were put in each Petri dish lined with potato leaves. The control was treated only with 10 ml of water. After two days, remnants of treated leaves were changed with fresh ones (and EPN-free). The number of dead larvae was determined from the second day with 24 h. intervals for 4 days. The mortality rates were recorded after 48, 72, 96 and 120 h. of exposure. Soil assay After completing larval development, CPB larvae enter to pre-pupa stage that migrate to the soil and form pupa. In order to study EPNs effects on CPB in this period, for each replicate, the plastic containers (8 cm in height and 3 cm in diameter) were used. The soil with sandy-loam texture was autoclaved, mixed thoroughly with 10 ml of each concentration of EPNs and poured in the plastic container. The control was treated only with 10 ml of water. Twenty CPB pre-pupa were transferred to each replicate and they were kept until mature insects were 1068 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______appeared in control. The containers were put in rearing chamber at 25±2 ºC and photoperiod of 12:12 (L: D). Each treatment was done in 5 replicates. Statistical analysis Data were submitted to analysis of variance and the means were compared by the Tukey test, using SPSS 14.0 software program (SPSS, 2004). The data were transformed into √(x+0.5) before statistical analysis as necessary.

RESULTS

Filter paper assay The effects of seven strains of entomopathogenic nematodes on CPB last instar larvae at different exposures time are shown in tables 1 to 4. There are no significant difference between concentrations at 48 h. exposures time except in H. bacteriophora IRA10, H. bacteriophora IRA12 and S. carpocapsae IRA18. There are significant differences between concentrations at 72, 96 and 120 h. exposures times. Mortality was increasing by concentration increase and there is positive correlation between concentration and mortality. The trend of toxicity of different strains in highest concentration in 48 h. expouser time was H. bacteriophora IRA10 S. carpocapsae IRA18 = H. bacteriophora IRA12 > S. feltiae IRA22= H. bacteriophora IRA4= H. bacteriophora IRA3 > S. bicornutum IRA7. Also, The trend of toxicity of different strains in highest concentration in 120 h. expouser time was H. bacteriophora IRA10 S. carpocapsae IRA18 = H. bacteriophora IRA12> S. feltiae IRA22= S. carpocapsae IRA18= H. bacteriophora IRA4> S. bicornutum IRA7. These results indicated that H. bacteriophora IRA10 had the highest toxicity and S. bicornutum IRA7 was the lowest one. There are no significant differences between strains at lowest concentration in all exposure times.

Leaf assay The effects of studied entomopathogenic nematodes on CPB in larva - leaf treatment at different exposures time are shown in tables 5 to 8. There are no significant difference between concentrations at 48 h. exposures time except in H. bacteriophora IRA10 and S. feltiae IRA22 that mortality was increasing by concentration increase. Also there are no significant difference between nematode isolates at 48 h. exposures time, except in concentrations 4 and 5, that highest mortality is related to H. bacteriophora IRA10 and S. feltiae IRA22 isolates. There are significant differences between concentrations at 72, 96 and 120 h. exposures times. Mortality was increasing by concentration increase and there is positive correlation between concentration and mortality. The trend of toxicity of different isolates in highest concentration in 48 h. espouser time was H. bacteriophora IRA10 S. feltiae IRA22> S. carpocapsae IRA18= H. bacteriophora IRA12 = H. bacteriophora IRA4= H. bacteriophora IRA3= S. bicornutum IRA7. Also, The trend of toxicity of different isolates in highest concentration in 120 h. exposure time was H. bacteriophora IRA10 H. bacteriophora IRA3= S. feltiae IRA22= H. bacteriophora IRA12> S. carpocapsae IRA18= H. bacteriophora IRA4= S. bicornutum IRA7. These results indicated that H. bacteriophora IRA10 had the highest mortality percentage and S. bicornutum IRA7 was the lowest one. There are no significant differences between isolates at lowest concentration in all exposure times.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1069 Soil assay The effects of seven isolates of entomopathogenic nematodes on CPB in pre- pupa – soil treatment at different exposures time are shown in tables 9 to 12. There are no significant difference between concentrations at 48 h. exposures time except in H. bacteriophora IRA3 and H. bacteriophora IRA12. There are significant differences between concentrations at 72, 96 and 120 h. exposures times. Mortality was increasing by concentration increase and there is positive correlation between concentration and mortality. The trend of toxicity of different isolates in highest concentration in 48 h. expouser time was H. bacteriophora IRA10 H. bacteriophora IRA3 H. bacteriophora IRA12 S. feltiae IRA22 = S. carpocapsae IRA18 H. bacteriophora IRA4 S. bicornutum IRA7. Also, The trend of toxicity of different isolates in highest concentration in 120 h. expouser time was H. bacteriophora IRA10 H. bacteriophora IRA12 = H. bacteriophora IRA3 = S. feltiae IRA22> S. carpocapsae IRA18> H. bacteriophora IRA4 S. bicornutum IRA7. These results indicated that H. bacteriophora IRA12 had the highest mortality percentage and S. bicornutum IRA7 was the lowest one.

DISCUSSION

Laboratory screening of entomopathogenic nematodes for various beneficial traits has been used to identify superior candidates for insect suppression and has reduced the number of strains or species that need to be tested in the field (Mannion & Jansson, 1992; Patterson Stark & Lacey, 1999; Shapiro & McCoy, 2000; Shapiro et al., 2003). Our study clearly shows that both species and geographical isolates of same species of etomopathogenic nematodes may have significantly different virulence against specific pest target. Different levels of susceptibility of CPB to different isolates of one species have been previously reported too (Wright et al., 1987). Understanding the underlying mechanisms caused these differences is necessary in using EPNs as biological agents because with such information we can select and maintain desired traits in organisms. Four H. bacteriophora isolates that used in this study belonged to different geographical regions with more or less different conditions. Heterorhabditis bacteriophora IRA10 was isolated from orchard but others from alfalfa field or grasslands (Eivazian et al., 2009). These differences can affect isolate in two ways. First under specific abiotic and biotic factors that govern isolate niche natural selection affects population so that some specific morphological and behavioral novelty may be appears in population. At least such morphological differences among isolates of a species were reported for S. rarum (Nguyen, 2006). The virulence of H. bacteriophora IRA10 against CPB larvae and pupa was remarkable and had significant difference with other isolates and species. Heterorhabditis bacteriophora IRA12, H. bacteriophora IRA3 and S. feltiae caused similar mortality in both larvae and pre-pupa. Heterorhabditis bacteriophora IRA4 and S. bicornutum IRA7 caused minimum mortality and therefore don’t recommended against CPB. Steinernema feltiae is cold adapted species; therefore the low virulance could be attributing the relatively high temperature (25±2). In the case of S. bicornutum our preliminary study showed that this isolate is cold adapted and low temperature needed (20±2) for successful invivo production (Unpublished data). Steinernema carpocapsae IRA18 caused moderate mortality. 1070 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______The one possible reason for high virulence of H. bacteriophora IRA10 compared to other studied species against L. decemlineata may result from extra IJs sheet. In Heterorhabditis spp. the second-stage cuticle plays an important role in resist against encapsulation (Dowds et al., 2002). Studies on T. oleracea suggest that Heterorhabditis spp. avoid non-self recognition by slipping off the second juvenile stage cuticle (J2-cuticle) just before or after entering haemocoel (Peters et al., 1997). In most dissected cadaver, we see dead nematodes in different number and apparently this was due to encapsulation or other insect defense, however they caused mortality and then they were able to inoculate haemocoel before dead. In Leptinotarsa decemlineata larvae a maximum of 21 encapsulated S. carpocapsae were found but at least one nematode escaped encapsulation when more than nine nematodes had invade (Thurston et al., 1994). Nevertheless these results it is difficult to predict which species/isolate might be the most effective biological control agent for suppression of L. decemlineata in field conditions but at least we can expect that the most effective EPN control (among studied isolates) might be H. bacteriophora IRA10 in warm condition.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This study was supported by the Azarbaijan University of Tarbiat Moallem in IRAN. The authors would like to thank Dr. Akbar Shirzad for reviewing and editing this manuscript.

LITERATURE CITED

Arthurs, S., Heinz, K. M. & Prasifka, J. R. 2004. An analysis of using entomopathogenic nematodes against above-ground pests. Bull. Entomol. Res., 94: 297-306.

Begley, J. W. 1990. Efficacy against insects in habitats other than soil. In: Gaugler, R., Kaya, H.K. (Eds.), Entomopathogenic Nematodes in Biological control. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 215-231.

Boemare, N., Givaudan, A., Brehelin, M. & Laumond, C. 1996. Symbiosis and pathogenicity of nematode-bacterium complexe. Symbiosis, 22: 21-45.

Dowds, B. C. A. & Peters, A. 2002. Virulence Michanisms. In Gaugler, A. (eds) Entomopathogenic nematology. CABI Publishing, New York, NY 10016, USA, pp. 79-94.

Eivazian Kary, N., Niknam, G., Griffin, C. T., Mohammadi, S. A. & Moghaddam, M. 2009. A survey of entomopathogenic nematodes of the families Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae (Nematoda: Rhabditida) in the north-west of Iran. Nematology, 11 (1): 107-116.

Gaugler, R. 1988. Ecological considerations in the biological control of soil-inhabiting insects with entomopathogenic nematodes. Agri. Ecosyst. Environ., 24: 351-350.

Georgis, R. 1992. Present and future prospects for entomopathogenic nematode products. Biocontrol Sci. Technol., 2: 83-99.

Georgis, R. 1990. Commercialization of steinernematid and heterorhabditid entomopathogenic nematodes. Brighton Crop Protection Conference, British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, UK, 1990, pp. 275-280.

Klein, M. G. 1990. Efficacy against soil-inhabiting insect pests. . In: Gaugler, R., Kaya, H.K. (Eds.), Entomopathogenic Nematodes in Biological control. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 195-214.

Mannion, C. M. & Jansson, R. K. 1992. Comparison of ten entomopathogenic nematodes for biological control of the sweetpotato weevil (Coleoptera: Apionidae). J. Econ. Entomol., 85: 1642-1650.

Metcalf, R. L. & Metcalf, R. A. 1993. Destructive and Useful Insects, 5th ed. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, NY. p. 14.43-14.45. ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1071

Mohammadi Sharif, M., Hejazi, M. J., Mohammadi, A. & Rashidi, M. R. 2007. Resistance status of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, to endosulfan in East Azarbaijan and Ardabil provinces of Iran. J. Insect Science., 7 (31), available online: insectscience.org/7.31

Nguyen, K. B., Shapiro-Ilan, D. I., Fuxa, J. R., Wood, B. W., Bertolotti, M. A. & Adams, B. J. 2006. Taxonomic and Biological Characterization of Steinernema rarum Found in the Southeastern United States. J. Nematology, 38 (1): 28-40.

Pap, L., Toth, A. & Karikas, S. 1997. A survey of the insecticide resistance status of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, in Hungary between 1987 and 1991. Pesticide Science, 49: 389- 399.

Patterson Stark, J. E., & Lacey, L. A., 1999. Susceptibility of western cherry fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) to five species of entomopathogenic nematodes in laboratory studies. J. Invertebr. Pathol., 74: 206–208.

Peters, A. & Ehlers, R. U. 1997. Encapsulation of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae in Tipula oleracea. J. Invertebrate Pathol., 69: 218-222.

Shapiro Ilan, D. I., Stuart, R. & Mccoy, C. W. 2003. Comparison of beneficial traits among strains of the entomopathogenic nematode, steinernema carpocapsae, for control of curculio caryae (coleoptera: curculionidae). Biological Control. 28: 129-136.

Shapiro, D. I. & McCoy, C. W. 2000. Susceptibility of Diaprepes abbreviatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) larvae to different rates of entomopathogenic nematodes in the greenhouse. Fla. Entomol., 83: 1–9.

Thurston, G. S., Yule, W. N. & Dunphy, G. B. 1994. Explanations for Low Susceptibility of Leptinotarsa decemlineata to Steinernema carpocapsae. Biol. Control, 4: 53-58.

Wright, R. J, Agudelo-Silva, F. & Georgis, R. 1987. Soil application of steinernematid and heterorhabditid nematodes for control of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say). Journal of Nematology, 19: 201-206.

Table 1. The effects of seven isolates of entomopathogenic nematodes on CPB last instar larvae at filter paper assay at 48 h. exposure time.

There are no significant difference between means with similar words (large words in each row and small words in each column) (Tokey test α=0.01).

Table 2. The effects of seven isolates of entomopathogenic nematodes on CPB last instar larvae at filter paper assay at 72 h. exposure time.

There are no significant difference between means with similar words (large words in each row and small words in each column) (Tokey test α=0.01).

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Table 3. The effects of seven isolates of entomopathogenic nematodes on CPB last instar larvae at filter paper assay at 96 h. exposure time.

There are no significant difference between means with similar words (large words in each row and small words in each column) (Tokey test α=0.01).

Table 4. The effects of seven isolates of entomopathogenic nematodes on CPB last instar larvae at filter paper assay at 120 h. exposure time.

There are no significant difference between means with similar words (large words in each row and small words in each column) (Tokey test α=0.01).

Table 5. The effects of seven isolates of entomopathogenic nematodes on CPB in larva - leaf treatment at 48 h. exposure time.

There are no significant difference between means with similar words (large words in each row and small words in each column) (Tokey test α=0.01).

Table 6. The effects of seven isolates of entomopathogenic nematodes on CPB in larva - leaf treatment at 72 h. exposure time.

There are no significant difference between means with similar words (large words in each row and small words in each column) (Tokey test α=0.01).

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Table 7. The effects of seven isolates of entomopathogenic nematodes on CPB in larva - leaf treatment at 96 h. exposure time.

There are no significant difference between means with similar words (large words in each row and small words in each column) (Tokey test α=0.01).

Table 8. The effects of seven isolates of entomopathogenic nematodes on CPB larva - leaf treatment at 120 h. exposure time.

There are no significant difference between means with similar words (large words in each row and small words in each column) (Tokey test α=0.01).

Table 9. The effects of seven isolates of entomopathogenic nematodes on CPB in pre-pupa – soil treatment at 48 h. exposure time.

There are no significant difference between means with similar words (large words in each row and small words in each column) (Tokey test α=0.01).

Table 10. The effects of seven isolates of entomopathogenic nematodes on CPB in pre-pupa – soil treatment at 72 h. exposure time.

There are no significant difference between means with similar words (large words in each row and small words in each column) (Tokey test α=0.01).

1074 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______

Table 11. The effects of seven isolates of entomopathogenic nematodes on CPB in pre-pupa – soil treatment at 96 h. exposure time.

There are no significant difference between means with similar words (large words in each row and small words in each column) (Tokey test α=0.01).

Table 12. The effects of seven isolates of entomopathogenic nematodes on CPB in pre-pupa – soil treatment at 120 h. exposure time.

There are no significant difference between means with similar words (large words in each row and small words in each column) (Tokey test α=0.01).

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1075 MORPHOMETRICS AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF NEW ISOLATE OF ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODE, HETERORHABDITIS BACTERIOPHORA POINAR, 1976 (NEMATODA, RHABDITIDA) FROM THE NORTH OF IRAN

Naser Eivazian Kary*

* Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Science, University of Tarbiat Moallem of Azarbaijan, Tabriz, IRAN. E-mail: [email protected]

[Kary, N. E. 2010. Morphometrics and molecular characterization of new isolate of entomopathogenic nematode, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar, 1976 (Nematoda: Rhabditida) from the North of Iran. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 5, suppl.: 1075-1084]

ABSTRACT: For the first time during the survey of entomopathogenic nematodes in north of Iran, a geographical isolates of Heterorhabditis recovered from soil using Galleria baiting technique. Based on morphological and molecular characterization this isolates was identified as Heterorhabditis bacteriophora NIR1. Morphometric and morphological comparisons of the new isolate with type species and other described isolates from different areas showed that H. bacteriophora NIR1 is morphologically similar to others but differ from type species in the following cases. For infective juvenile, means of body length (582 vs 570 μm), distance from anterior end to nerve ring (86 vs 83 μm) and esophagus length (121 vs 125 μm) and for male, means of body length (910 vs 820 μm), maximum body width (60 vs 43 μm), anal body width (27 vs 23 μm), esophagus length (114 vs 103 μm), distance from anterior end to excretory pore (155 vs 121 μm) and spicule length (42 vs 40 μm) were different from type isolate. Molecular studies of rDNA ITS regions showed that the Iranian isolate is closely related to the other described isolates of H. bacteriophora from other area. Sequence length of amplified region of ITS-rDNA of NIR1 isolate (819 base pairs) is the same as in type species. Intraspecific relationships among isolates of H. bacteriophora showed that geographic distribution is associated with the genetic and morphologic differences.

KEY WORDS: Entomopathogenic nematodes, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, North of Iran, ITS-rDNA.

Entomopathogenic nematodes of the family Heterorhabditidae Poinar, 1975 are obligate pathogens of insects. Heterorhabditis harbors bacterial symbiont, Photorhabdus Boemare, Akhurst and Mourant 1993, that kill the insect host and digests tissues, providing suitable conditions for growth and development within the cadaver (Boemare et al., 1993; Forst and Clarke, 2002). In a search for ecologically and economically suitable EPNs isolates for biocontrol programs, identification of genetic and morphologic intraspecies variability is essential factor. The present study is an attempt to evaluate morphology, morphometric and ITS-rDNA sequences of new geographical isolates of H. bacteriophora currently isolated from north of IRAN. The internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of the ribosomal DNA is a well- conserved region controlled by concerted evolution (Baldwin et al., 1995). It has been demonstrated to be highly informative as a taxonomic marker at species level (Subbotin 2006, Adams et al., 2006). Here we used the region to evaluate intraspecies variation between studied isolate and well defined ones.

1076 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______MATERIALS AND METHODS

Collection of soil samples: About 81 soil samples were collected from different cultivated and non-cultivated areas of north of Iran during 2009. Each soil sample was a composite of nearly 20 random sub-samples taken distantly located from each other using a small shovel and at a depth of 0-30 cm. The soil was thoroughly mixed on a plastic sheet and half of each sample was used for EPNs extraction. Nematodes isolation and propagation: EPNs were recovered from soil samples using insect baiting method described by Bedding and Akhurst (1975). The traps were checked every two days and dead larvae from each container were set up in modified white trap (Kaya and Stock, 1997) to collect emerging infective juvenile and replaced by fresh ones. To verify collected nematodes pathogenicity and establishment of new cultures, emerging nematodes were pooled for each sample and used to infect fresh G. mellonella larvae.

Nematode identification Morphological characterization: For morphological studies, nematodes were examined live or heat killed in 60ºC Ringer’s solution. All nematodes used in this study were reared in G. mellonella larvae. Twenty G. mellonella larvae were exposed to about 1000 infective juveniles in a Petri dish lined with two moistened filter papers at room temperature (25± 3ºC). For isolating mature females and males of the first and second generations, the infected larvae were dissected in Ringer’s solution 4 and 7 days after infection, respectively. The following abbreviations have been used in the text or tables: L= total body length; ABW= anal body width; EP: excretory pore position; Es: oesophagus length; GuL= gubernaculums length; MBW: maximum body width; NR= nerve ring position; ; SpL= spicule length (measured along the curvature in a line along the centre of the spicule); ratio a= L/MBW; ratio b= L/Es; ratio c= L/TL; ratio d= EP/Es× 100; ratio e= EP/TL× 100; GS= GuL/SpL× 100; StL= stoma length; StW= stoma width; SW=SpL/ABW; TL= tail length (measured with considering the extra cuticular sheath of the second stage juvenile).

Molecular characterization Total genomic extraction and ITS-rDNA amplification were done as described by Eivazian Kary et al. (2009). Amplified products were purified using a Qiagen Purification kit (Qiagen, Leusden, The Netherlands). Purified DNA was sequenced in IBMP-CNRS, France. The DNA sequences were edited with Chromas 2.01 and aligned using Clustal X 1.64 (Thompson et al., 1997) with the (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) sequences of other Heterorhabditis bacteriophora species obtained from GenBank.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Description Adults. Head truncate or slightly rounded (Fig. 2A,E; 3B and 4B). Six distinct protruding pointed lips surrounding oral aperture. Each lip bears one labial papilla. Amphids located posterior to labial papillae (Fig. 2A, E). Cheilorhabdions seen as lightly refractile areas lining anterior (non-collapsed) portion of stoma. Oesophagus rhabditoid. Corpus cylindrical; metacarpus not differentiated. Isthmus short. Basal bulb pyriform with reduced valve. Nerve ring located in middle of isthmus. Excretory pore usually posterior to the basal bulb (Fig. 3B). ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1077 Infective stage juveniles: Mouth and anus closed; pharynx and intestine collapsed; tail pointed (Fig. 1D); cuticle with longitudinal striae (Fig. 1C); cells of a rod-shaped bacterium occur in the ventricular portion of the intestine; body initially covered with the enclosing 2nd stage cuticle, which is lost soon after the juveniles leave the host cadaver.

Hermaphrodite (First generation) (Fig. 2E and 4). Intestine with few large cells. Lateral fields not seen, phasmids inconspicuous. Vullva near mid-body. With ovotestis. Vulva located near middle of body. Vulva open, protruding outward and functional for oviposition. Tail pointed.

Amphimictic female. Similar to hermaphroditic females but different in head and vulva region: head subconical, lip region often faintly set off from remainder of head, vulva non-functional for oviposition, often covered with a hardened deposit. The vulva appears to be nonfunctional after mating and does not protrude outward, often surrounded by a hardened deposit. Gonads amphidelphic, reflexed. Anal region slightly protruding.

Males (Fig 3. A): Anterior region similar to female, but smaller (Fig. 2A). Monorchic. Testis single, anteriorly reflexed (Fig. 3D) leading into a seminal vesicle containing sperm cells; vas deferens well developed. Spicules paired, symmetrical and separate; shape of capitulum variable, from pointed to flat (Fig. 2C, 3E,F). Gubernaculum with the proximal portion curving ventrally between the spicules. Bursa peloderan, open, supported normally by ten pairs of papillae: a small anterior pair, two pair adjacent to the spicules and six pairs distal to the anal opening and one pair at the tip.

Morphometric characterization The morphometric data of the H. bacteriophora NIR1 is presented in the Table 1. Based on morphological and morphometric data, NIR1 isolate was found similar to the type isolate and they could be considered as conspecies. But some differences were obtained between them in the means of body length (582 vs 570 μm), distance from anterior end to nerve ring (86 vs 83 μm) and esophagus length (121 vs 125 μm) of infective juvenile and for male, means of body length (910 vs 820 μm), maximum body width (60 vs 43 μm), anal body width (27 vs 23 μm), esophagus length (114 vs 103 μm), distance from anterior end to excretory pore (155 vs 121 μm) and spicule length (42 vs 40 μm) were different from type isolate.

DNA characterization Sequences and multiple alignments: The sequence lengths, flanked by the two primers TW81 and AB28 of the ITS regions of H. bacteriophora strain NIR1, is 819 base pairs and has the same length in HP88 isolate. Sequences alignment and constructed tree (Fig. 5) showed that Iranian isolate differ from its closest taxon (IRA10) by three bp. Pairwise distances of H. bacteriophora NIR1 from other isolates are presented in Tables 2. The phylogenetic relationships among the 10 isolates of H. bacteriophora are presented in Figure 5. The nine isolates of H. bacteriophora comprise a monophyletic group by analysis of the ITS region. In this clade, the seven strains, NIR1, IRA10, NJ, Aqaba beach, LIB 27 HM, X7 and Muaggar form a monophyletic group representing the sister group to strain HP88 and 20-C. This topology shows that the NIR1 and IRA10 (the isolate from North-west of IRAN) 1078 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______are two closest groups and Iran 8 are genetically different from other strains of H. bacteriophora, but the difference is not enough for new species. Molecular studies revealed that Iranian population is an isolate of H. bacteriophora and most of its morphologic and morphometric characters are also similar to the mentioned isolates. Therefore, the differences are considered as intraspecific variations. There are very rare reported data on the intraspecific morphological and molecular variations of H. bacteriophora, however, our molecular studies are recently available. Spiridonov et al. (2004) indicated sequence differences between 13 H. bacteriophora isolates from Germany, Russia, UK, Belgium, Iceland, Scotland and Switzerland, usually varied between 1-11 bp (up to 1%) but reached 21 bp (2.8%) between the UK (B2) and the Moscow isolates. Developing elaborated tools to discriminate isolates based on intraspecific variation are necessary at least from two practical views. First, in the case of using exotic isolate in biological control programs, a fast and accurate methods is needed for monitoring it and second, in mass production of EPNs distinguishing morphological or molecular characters that link with desirable characters in IJs such as high virulence against the insect(s) target and ease of culture can reduce significantly strain development costs.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This work was supported from the Azarbaijan University of Tarbiat Moallem. We are grateful to K. Shams for helping in this study.

LITERATURE CITED

Adams, B. J., Fodor, A., Koppenhöfer, H. S., Stackebrandt, E., Stock, S. P. & Klein, M. G. 2006. Biodiversity and systematics of nematode-bacterium entomopathogens. Biological control, 37: 32- 49.

Baldwin, B. G., Campbell, C. S., Porter, J. M. & Sanderson, M. J. 1995. Utility of nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer sequences in phylogenetic analysis of angiosperms. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 82: 274-277.

Bedding, R. A. & Akhurst, R. J. 1975. A simple technique for detection of insect parasitic rhabditid nematodes in soil. Nematologica, 21: 109-110.

Boemare, N. E., Akhurst, R. J. & Mourant, R. G. 1993. DNA relatedness between Xenorhabdus spp. (Enterobacteriaceae), symbiotic bacteria of entomopathogenic nematodes, and a proposal to transfer Xenorhabdus luminescens to a new genus, Photorhabdus gen. nov. International Journal of Systematic Bacterilogy, 43: 249-255.

Eivazian Kary, N., Niknam, G., Griffin, C. T., Mohammadi, S. A. & Moghaddam, M. 2009. A survey of entomopathogenic nematodes of the families Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae (Nematoda: Rhabditida) in the north-west of Iran. Nematology, 11 (1): 107-116.

Forst, S. & Clarke, D. 2002. Bacteria-nematode symbioses. In: Gaugler, R. (Ed.), Entomopathogenic Nematology. pp. 55-77. New York, NY 10016, USA.

Kaya, H. K. & Stock, S. P. 1997. Techniques in insect nematology. In: Lacey, L. A. (Ed.) Manual of techniques in insect pathology. Biological Techniques series. San diego, London: Academic press, pp. 281-324.

Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1975. Description and Biology of a new insect parasitic rhabditoid, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora n. gen. n. sp. (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae n. fam.). Nematologica, 21: 463-470.

Spiridonov, S. E., Krasomil-Osterfeld, K. & Moens, M. 2004. Steinernema jollieti sp. n. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), a new entomopathogenic nematode from the American Midwest. Russ. J. Nematol., 12: 85–95.

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Subbotin, S. A., Vierstraete, A., De Ley, P., Rowe, J., Waeyenberge, L., Moens, M. & Vanfleteren, J. R. 2001. Phylogenetic relationships within the cyst-forming nematodes (Nematoda, Heteroderidae) based on analysis of sequences from the ITS region of ribosomal DNA. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 21: 1-16.

Thompson, J. D., Gibson, T. J., Plewniak, F., Jeanmougin, F. & Higgins, D. G. 1997. The CLUSTAL_X windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucleic Acids Researc, 25: 4876–4882.

Figure 1. Ensheathed infective juvenile of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora NIR1, A,B) Anterior region showing hemizonid and dorsal tooth; C), Middle part with longitudinal ridge; D) Tail.

1080 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______

Figure 2. SEM of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora NIR1, A) Anterior region of male showing cephalic (CP) and labial (LP) papilla; B,C,D) Posterior end of male showing spicule (Sp); bursa (B) and ribs (R); E) Hermaphrodite female`s head showing LP, CP and amphid (A); F) Anterior region showing smooth head and dorsal tooth.

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Figure 3. Male: A) Body Shape; B) Anterior end showing excretory pore(EP); C) Nerve ring (NR); D) Testis reflection (TR); E&F)Posterior end showing spicule (Sp), gubernaculums (Gu), bursa and ribs.

1082 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______

Figure 4. Hermaphrodite Female: A) Body shape; B) Anterior end; C) Head and labial papilla; D) Vulva.

Muaggar EU200360 X7 EU435140 LIB27 HM140691 8 Aqaba beach EU200361 NJ AY170328 34 IRA10 EU598227 92 H. bacteriophora NIR1 HP88 EF043438 20-C EU074157 Iran8 FJ653914

20

Figure 5. Phylogenetic relationship among several H. bacteriophora strains based on the sequences of the ITS region by Maximum parsimony method.

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Table 1. Morphometrics of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora strain NIR1, measurments are in micrometer and in the form: mean ± standard deviation (range).

First generation Second generation Infective Character Hermaphroditic Male Female juvenile Female

n 20 22 20 20 4712±288 910±74 2548±162 582±10 L (805- (4102-5145) (2312-2585) (562-594) 1040) 25±2 19±1 16±1 25±1.3 a (24-27) (15-20) (15-17) (16-21) 26±1.4 9±1 12±1 4.6±0.2 b (24-28) (7-9) (10-13) (4-4.7) 244±17 25±4 46±3 6.3±0.3 c (209-248) (25-41) (41-49) (5.5-6.5) 265±28 60±5 177±6 24±1.4 Body diam.(W) (229-325) (54-75) (162-190) (22-27)

Excretory pore (EP) 235±25 155±10 131±5 103±4 (210-266) (137-179) (127-145) (97-104) 148±19 78±4 97±3 86±4 Nerve ring (NR) (139-169) (73-86) (84-109) (75-90) 211±12 114±5 142±8 121±6 Pharynx length (ES) (185-220) (105-120) (135-144) (106-128) 79±12 39±4 67±3 92±5 Tail length (T) (59-98) (27-44) (60-70) (86-102) Anal body diam. 58±7 27±3 29±4 15±1 (ABW) (53-65) (20-30) (26-30) (14-17) 42±5 Spicule length (SpL) - - - (31-50) 7±1 Spicule width (SpW) - - - (5-8) Gubernaculum 21±2 - - - length (GL) (17-24) 44±5 131±8 39±5 84±2 D% (40-50) (120-148) (34-44) (80-87) 408±29 398±48 154±23 108±7 E% (375-438) (375-558) (133-164) (98-116) 162±27 SW - - - (135-220) GS - 50±4 - -

1084 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______

Table 2. Pairwise distances of H. bacteriophora NIR1 with several isolates of species. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Muaggar EU200360 NJ AY170328 0.0106 LIB27 0.0000 0.0106 HM140691 Aqaba beach 0.0000 0.0106 0.0000 EU200361 Iran8 0.9120 0.9062 0.9120 0.9120 FJ653914 IRA10 0.0053 0.9062 0.0053 0.0053 0.9236 EU598227 H. 0.0133 0.0242 0.0133 0.0133 0.9513 0.0080 bacteriophora NIR1 X7 EU435140 0.0000 0.0106 0.0000 0.0000 0.9120 0.0053 0.0133 HP88 0.0026 0.0133 0.0026 0.0026 0.9062 0.0079 0.0160 0.0026 EF043438 20- 0.0106 0.0215 0.0106 0.0106 0.9265 0.0160 0.0242 0.0106 0.0133 CEU074157

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1085 NEW APPROACH TOWARD α-AMYLASE ELECTROPHORESIS AND ISOAMYLASE DETECTION

Mohammad Mehrabadi and Ali Reza Bandani*

* Insect Physiology Lab., Plant Protection Dep., University of Tehran, Karaj, IRAN. E-mail: [email protected]

[Mehrabadi, M. & Bandani, A. R. 2010. New approach toward α-amylase electrophoresis and isoamylase detection. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 5, suppl.: 1085- 1087]

ABSTRACT: Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis has been a useful method for analysis of α-amylases and their isozyme(s). Routinely, for detection of enzyme activity soluble starch (1%) is added at the end of electrophoresis, before staining the gel, which is time consuming and in some cases minor isozyme(s) could not be detected. Thus, we developed a convenient and efficient native page by adding the soluble 0.5% starch at the beginning of electrophoresis as a part of gel components and running at 4 °C. This simple modification should be beneficial for analyzing the both purified and unpurified.

KEY WORDS: α-amylase electrophoresis, isoamylase detection.

A simple and short in gel assay method with improved sensitivity for the detection of α-amylases and their isozyme(s) in complex mixtures by polyacrylamide electrophoresis, which starch is a component of gel, is described. All previous α-amylase native electrophoresis have been carried out using the procedure described by Laemmli (1970) and Campos et al. (1989). According to this method, before staining the gel, it should be exposure to soluble starch for detection of enzyme activity zoon about more than 1 h. This time needs for penetration of starch into the gel and hydrolyzing of it by α-amylase. Furthermore, in order to having better result, the dish contains the gel should be shaking gently during this stage. The rate of enzyme denaturizing is increased when electrophoresis run in room temperature, then minor isozymes would not be detectable (Fig. 1B). So, we conducted modified method for simplifying electrophoresis and reducing the time as well as improved sensitivity for the detection of α-amylases and their isozyme(s) (Fig. 1A).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Our experiments showed that adding of 0.5 % starch to gel not only was reliable but also in some cases, was more efficient for detection of isoamylases. For this purpose starch should be added to mixture before adding of TEMED and APS, because solving of starch giving time and if these material is added to the mixture, it would be polymerized before starch solving. Furthermore, for prevention of having smear tail in gel, α-amylases should be in a temporary/reversibly low activity/inactive mode during the loading stage. It could be achieved by running the electrophoresis at 4 °C or adding trace amount of SDS to sample buffer. We used Cowpea weevils, Callosbruchus maculatus (Fabricius) (Col: Bruchidae) as a source of α-amylase. Adults of C. maculatus, were randomly selected, cold-immobilized, dissected under a stereoscopic microscope, and the midguts removed in distilled water. The midguts were placed in a pre-cooled homogenizer and ground in one ml of universal phosphate buffer 0.02M at pH 6.5. The homogenates were centrifuged at 15 000 (×g) at 4 °C for 15 min. The 1086 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______resulting supernatants were transferred to a new tube and frozen at -20 °C for further use. The protein concentration was determined according to method of Bradford (1976) using BSA as standard. Native-PAGE is performed in 12% (w/v) gel with 0.05% SDS and 0.5% starch for separating gel and 5% for stacking gel with 0.05 % SDS and without starch at pH 7.5 (Mehrabadi et al., 2009). The electrode buffer was prepared based on the method of Laemmli (1970) but SDS was not used. The sample buffer contained 25% stacking buffer (0.5 M Tris-Hcl ,pH 6.8), 20% Glycerol, 2% SDS, 0.005%(w/v) bromophenol blue, but without mercaptoethanol and heating. Electrophoresis was conducted at 4°C with a voltage of 120V until the blue dye reached the bottom of the slab gel. To prepare gels for α-amylase assay, the gel was rinsed with water and washed by shaking gently with 1.5% (v/v) Triton X-100 in phosphate buffer (0.02 M) for 20 min. After washing the gel with sterile water, it placed into phosphate buffer (0.02 M) contained 2mM CaCl2 and 10mM NaCl for 30min. Then, the gel was rinsed with water and treated with a solution of 1.3% I2, 3% KI to stop the reaction and to stain the un-reacted starch background. Zones of α-amylase activities appeared at light band against dark background (Fig. 1A). Detection of isoamylases by using new method is more accurate than common technique through loading the same amount of protein. Low mobility band was not detectable in common procedure whereas it was clearly detected by using new method at all protein concentrations (Fig. 1A,B). These results showed that new method was more efficient than common procedure especially in samples contain low protein concentration. The mobility of bands was the same in both methods indicated that adding of starch into the gel had no deleterious effects on protein electrophoresis.our results showed that loading the samples contains total protein concentration between 20-30 mg had the best results; in the cases loading more than 50 mg protein a smear may appear on the gel (data not shown). The most α- amylase activity was obtained in the case of 30 mg protein loading, too (Fig. 1C,D). In conclusion, we have developed a convenient and efficient method of α- amylase electrophoresis. Thus, application of the new method for α-amylase activity detection permitted simple, detailed and rapid information on individual amylases and their isoformes in crude complex mixtures. The improvement of previously described α-amylase electrophoresis resulted in enhanced detection of α-amylase. We also demonstrated that the new method had no deleterious effects on the α-amylase characteristics in the mixture. This protocol will, in general, reduce experimental time and reduce the consumption of precious protein samples.

LITERATURE CITED

Laemmli, U. K. 1970. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature, 227: 680-685.

Campos, F. A. P., Xavier-Filho, J., Silva, C. P. & Ary, M. B. 1989. Resolution and partial characterization of proteinases and α-amylases from midgut of larvae of the bruchid beetle Callosobruchus maculatus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part B., 92: 51-57.

Bradford, M. 1976. A rapid and sensitive method for quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal. Biochem., 72: 248-254.

Mehrabadi, M., Bandani, A. R., Saadati, F. & Ravan, S. 2009. Sunn pest, Eurygaster integriceps Put (Scutelleridae: Hemiptera) digestive α-amylase, α- glucosidase and β-glucosidase. J. Asia Pac. Entomol., 12: 79-83. ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1087

C

D

Figure 1. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (Native Page) of the C. maculates extract. SDS-PAGE was performed in 12% (w/v) gel, 0.05% SDS with 0.5% starch (A) and without starch (B) for separating gel and 5% for stacking gel with.0.05% SDS as a function of protein loading (C, D). The sample buffer contained 25% stacking buffer (0.5 M Tris–HCl, pH 6.8), 20% Glycerol, 2% SDS, and 0.005% (w/v) bromophenol blue. Gel was stained with a solution of 1.3% I2, 3% KI.

1088 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______EFFECT OF HOST PLANTS ON SUNN PEST (EURYGASTER INTEGRICEPS) BODY WEIGHT, LIPID AND PROTEIN CONTENT

A. Amiri, A. R. Bandani* and B. Jamshidi

* Plant Protection Department, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, IRAN. E-mail: [email protected]

[Amiri, A., Bandani, A. R. & Jamshidi, B. 2010. Effect of host plants on Sunn Pest (Eurygaster integriceps) body weight, lipid and protein content. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 5, suppl.: 1088-1095]

ABSTRACT: The Sun pest, Eurygaster integriceps Puton (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae), is a serious pest of wheat. In addition to wheat, it feeds on variety of graminous plant species including barley and rye as well as many grasses. Aim of the current study was to determine the effect of host plant on body weight, lipid and protein content of the adult Sunn pest. Results showed that host plant affected body weight of the Sunn pest. For example adult produced from nymphs grown on wheat and barley had more weight than those of rye. Also, it was observed that the adult females were produced from nymphs grown on wheat had the highest weight followed by barley and rye. Lipid content also was different based on the type of food the insect received. As can be seen the adult female were produced from nymphs grown on wheat had the highest lipid content weight followed by barley and rye. For example the amount of lipid content of the adult female grown on wheat, barley and rye was 32, 28, and 23 mg, respectively. Thus, it is concluded that host plant has profound effect on body weight, body fat content and body protein content of the adult insect which all of these parameters (body weight, body lipid content and body protein content) have important effect on the insect diapauses and the insect reproduction.

KEY WORDS: Sunn pest, host plants, adult weight, lipid content, protein content.

Many Heteropteran insects such as Sunn pest (Eurygaster integriceps Put.) (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae) that feed on plant seeds are serious agricultural pests and they usually overwinter as diapause adults (Schaefer & Panizzi, 2000). The Sunn pest has a monovoltine life cycle, with obligatory adult diapause (reproductive diapause) in each generation almost regardless of the environmental conditions it receives. Sunn pest diapause includes arrested development of female's reproductive organ and inhibition of egg deposition. Males have week diapause and diapause causes reduction maturity of their reproductive organ and sperm production for sometime (almost 45 days) post emergence. Diapause is defined as physiologically controlled suppression of growth, development or reproduction which is an adaptive mechanism for dormancy during periods of unfavorable environmental conditions (Tauber et al., 1986; Denlinger, 2008). Duration of the Sunn pest adult diapauses depends on environment condition and it lasts about nine months which begins in the summer and ends in the late winter or early springs. After diapause termination at the end of winter or early springs, feeding is essential prior to the first mating and oviposition. Thus, the Sunn pest starts feeding after settling in the fields. Eggs are deposited in batches of 14 usually in two rows and each row with seven eggs. The average number of eggs which are laid by each female is around 30-60. Embryonic development in laboratory conditions (at 25 -27 oC) lasts for about one week to two weeks (7-15 days) and post embryonic development lasts for about one month (27-35 days) i.e. duration of five instar nymphs is 3.6, 4.2, ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1089 3.7, 5.8 and 10 days, respectively (Radjabi, 2000). In the field conditions embryonic and post embryonic development are profoundly influenced by environmental factor such as rainfall, low and high temperatures (Popov et al., 1996). Feeding by overwintering adults on the leaves and stems causes the plants to wither owing to damage of the growing point of central leaf known as dead heart (Critchley, 1998). In the later stages of wheat growth when ripening grain is attacked by the insect later stages serious damage is occurred i.e. damaging of ear in the bud stage causing the white ear. However, the favorite part of wheat plant for the insect feeding is wheat grains that are rich source of nutrients. Its feeding is typical of heteropteran, piercing and cutting tissues with their stylets while injecting digestive enzymes, amylases and proteases through salivary canal to liquefy food into nutrient-rich slurry. The food slurry is ingested through the food canal and passed into the alimentary canal where it is further digested and absorbed (Cohen, 2000; Boyd et al., 2002). Sunn pest also feed on different stage of developing grains. This insect sucks the milky nutrients from the immature grain by piercing it with their mouthparts and injecting their salivary juices, which contain very potent enzymes (Lorenz & Meredith, 1988). Because of injecting enzymes into the grain during feeding, Sunn pest enzymes degrade gluten proteins and cause rapid relaxation of dough resulting in the production of bread with poor volume and texture (Radjabi, 2000). Feeding affects the Sunn pest fecundity which depends on internal factors such as the level of fat accumulated during the active feeding period (previous spring) and external factors such as environment factor. Fat accumulated in the fat body is consumed during migratory activities, diapauses, mating and oviposition activity (Popov, 1978). Most of accumulated fat (about 50%) is consumed for oviposition activity. During nymphal stages, as the nymphal stages progress amount of feeding intensify, too. As a result of intensifying feeding activity at the end of third instar, the nymph weighs ten times more than a newly hatched nymph. Moreover, the greatest feeding activity is observed in the fifth instar nymph and the body weight increases to 100 times that of a newly hatched nymph (Simsek et al., 1992). The Sunn pest feeds mainly on graminous plant species especially of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare). It also feeds on grasses as well as maize and rye. It has been reported that type of the plant that insect feed affect accumulation of fat in the body (Radjabi, 2000). So, the aim of the current study is to investigate the effect of plant species such as wheat, barley and rye (Secale cereale) on body weight, lipid and protein content of the Sunn pest. Gained knowledge will improve our understanding of energy reserve requirements of the Sunn pest which lead to better pest management program.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Insects A stock colony of E. integriceps was collected from the field and maintained in the laboratory under 16L: 8D photoperiod at 26 ±1 °C and 55% RH on soaked wheat seeds in the plastic boxes. Water was provided in circle dishes plugged with cotton wool. Also, paper strips were left in the boxes for the insect to lay egg on them. After oviposition, egg batches were collected, counted and transferred to the plot.

1090 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______Plant species Three plant species including wheat (Bakrass cultivar), barley (Star cultivar) and rye (Montanum cultivar) were chosen. For each treatment (each plant species) four replicates (four plots) were considered. Each replicate (each plot) was planted in area of 15 m2 (3×5 meters). Thus each species was planted in four replicates and because there were three plant species, totally 12 plots were chosen to carry out this experiments. Experiment was carried out in a factorial- randomized block design. Plant species contamination with the Sunn pest Egg batches (140 individual eggs) which were stuck to paper strips by the female Sunn pest was transferred to each plot and stuck to the plant leaves. In order to confine the emerged nymphs to the plot, each plot was covered with a cloth mesh so that nymphs had to stay in the plot until yield was harvested. Then 20 adult Sunn pests (10 females and 10 males) were randomly collected from each replicate and transferred to the laboratory. Determination of lipid content Determination of lipid was done based on Marron et al. (2003). Briefly, the insect was placed in Oven at 50 oC for 12-14 hours and then they weigh. The weighed samples were placed in a tube containing ether solvent which was left in the laboratory for 24 hours to allow time for lipid extraction. After that, the ether was removed and the insect was placed in oven at 50oC for one hour to evaporate residual ether and then they were weighed. Lipid free mass was subtracted from the dry mass to calculate the amount of lipid per insect. Determination of the insect body weight and protein content The individual insect body weight was determined using fine laboratory balance. In order to determine protein content, the adult Sunn pests were homogenized in ice- cold 0.02 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0). The homogenates were transferred to centrifuge tubes and centrifuged at 15000 g for 30 min at 4 ˚C. The supernatants were pooled and used for protein determination. Protein was determined by the method of Bradford (1976) using bovine serum albumin as standard.

RESULTS

Body weight As can be seen in Figure 1, the adult female and male of the Sunn pest have different body weight. Collectively, the adult female weighs more than the adult male. The adult female weighs about 130 mg; whilst the adult male weighs about 127 mg. There is not significant difference between the adult male and female (P > 0.01). Figure 2 shows that the adult produced from nymphs grown on wheat and barley have more weight than those of rye. However, there was not significant difference between the adult insect grown on wheat and barley but there was significant difference between the adult insect grown on wheat and rye (P < 0.05). Figure 3 shows the effect of plant species on the adult female and male weight, separately. As can be seen the adult female were produced from nymphs grown on wheat had the highest weight followed by barley and rye.

Determination of lipid content Figure 4 shows that the adult female of the Sunn pest has more fat content than adult male. There was significant difference between male and female fat ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1091 content. For example fat content of the adult male was about 25 mg while fat content of female adult was about 30 mg. It also was observed that food type affect fat content of the adults (Fig. 5). So, the adult insects were produced from nymphs grown on wheat, barley and rye had different fat content. Figure 6 shows the effect of plant species on the fat content of the adult female and male. As can be seen the adult female were produced from nymphs grown on wheat had the highest lipid content followed by barley and rye. For example the amount of lipid content of the adult female grown on wheat, barley and rye was 32, 28, and 23 mg, respectively.

Determination of protein content Protein content of body in the adult Sunn pest was different between male and female (Fig. 7). Protein content of male was more than that of female. However, there was not significant difference between male and female protein content. Figure 9 shows that plant species affected amount of protein content in the male and female individuals. In all cases protein content of male individuals was more than female.

DISCUSSION

Sunn pest is a serious pest of cereals that causes severe damage to crops (sometime up to 100%) by feeding on different part of the plants. Sunn pest damage is both quantitative and qualitative (Bandani et al., 2009). Direct feeding of the insect on the host tissues reduces the number of grain in the spike, seed germination, grain weight and yield in general. Qualitative damage caused by injection of salivary enzymes into the grain during feeding which degrade grain storage proteins (gluten proteins). Grain proteins are divided into two groups, the monomeric gliadins and the polymeric glutenins, with the latter being further classified into high and low molecular weight (HMW and LMW) subunits (Tosi et al. 2009). If no control measures were taken Sunn pest would reduce yield and also would decrease grain quality by lowering germination rate and baking quality of the infested grain owing to gluten hydrolysis (Popov et al., 1982; Barbulescu et al., 1987). All parts of the host plant (graminous plant species) are attacked from the leaves and stems to the ears, depending on the stage of growth of the insect as well as the plants. First instar nymphs does not feed but from the second instar onwards they start feeding. In the early developmental stages of plant growth prior to heading the insects feed on plant leaves but in the late developmental stages of plant growth they reach late instar nymphs and adulthood which feed almost completely on the ears and kernels. The Sunn pest feeds on graminous plants especially of wheat, barley and rye as well as grasses. In this study it was found that when insect feed on wheat they weigh more and as a result their fat content is also more than the other insects. Also when the insects feed on rye their weight is less than those that feed on the other plants such as wheat and barley.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This research was founded by a grant from the University of Tehran.

1092 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______LITERATURE CITED

Bandani, A. R., Kazzazi, M. & Mehrabadi, M. 2009. Purification and characterization of midgut a - amylases of Eurygaster integriceps. Entomological Science, 12: 25-32.

Barbulescu, A. et al. 1987. Cercetari privind prevenirea si combaterea bolilor si daunatorilor cerealelor si plantelor tehnice. An. ICCPT., 50: 349-362.

Boyd, D. W., Cohen, A. C. & Alverson, D. R. 2002. Digestive enzymes and stylet morphology of Deraeocoris nebulosus (Hemiptera: Miridae), a predacious plant bug. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 95: 395-401.

Brown, E. S. 1962a. Laboratory experiments on certain aspects of the feeding of young adult Euyguster integriceps Put. (Hemiptera, Scutelleridae) in Iran. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 5: 1-13.

Brown, E. S. 1962b. Researches on the ecology and biology of Euygaster integticeps Put. (Hemiptera, Scutelleridae) in Middle East countries, with special reference to the overwintering period. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 53 (3): 445-514.

Brown, E. S. 1963. Report on research on the soun pest (Eurygaster integticeps Put.) and other wheat pentatomids in Middle East countries, 1958-1961. Miscellaneous Report No. 4, Department of Technical Cooperation, London.

Cohen, A. 2000. New oligidic production diet for Lygus hesperus Knight and L. lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois). Journal of Entomological Science, 35: 301-310.

Critchley, B. R. 1998. Literature review of sunn pest, Eurygaster integriceps Put. (Hemiptera, Scutelleridae). Crop Protection, 17: 271-287.

Denlinger, D. L. 2008. Why study diapause? Entomological Research,38: 1–9.

Javahery, M. 1973a. Population dynamics of Aelia and Eurygaster spp. in some regions in Iran.

Javahery, M. 1973b. Integrated pest management of sunn pests in Iran. Teheran, Iran, CENTO Publication.

Lorenz, K. & Meredith, P. 1988. Insect-damaged wheat - effects on starch characteristics. Starch, 40: 136-139.

Marron, M. T., Markow, T.A., Kain, K.J. & Gibbs, A. G. 2003. Effects of starvation and desiccation on energy metabolism in desert and mesic Drosophila. Journal of Insect Physiology, 49: 261– 270.

Popov, P. 1978. Studies on the distribution of the sunn pest (Eurygaster integriceps Put.) in large wheat-growing areas [In German] . In: Wetzel, T. (Ed.), Causes of Damage in Industrial Grain ProductionWissenschaftliche Beitrage, Martin Luther Universitat Halle Wittenberg 14, pp. 167–172.

Popov, C., Barbulescu, A., Banita, E., Enica, D. & Ionescu, C. 1982. Cereal bug (Eurygaster integriceps Put.) the most important wheat pest in Romania. Plosnita asiatica a cerealelor Eurygaster integriceps Put. important daunator al griului in Romania. In: Bucuresti, Cereale Plante Teh Fundulea. An. Inst. Cercet. Institutul, pp. 379–390.

Popov, C., Barbulescu, A. & Vonica, I. 1996. Population dynamics and management of sunn pest in Romania. In: Miller, R. H. & Morse, J. G. (Eds.), Sunn Pests and Their Control in the Near East FAO Plant Production and Protection Paper 138, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, p. 165.

Radjabi, G. H. 2000. Ecology of Cereal's Sunn Pests in Iran. Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organisation Press, Iran. 343 pp.

Schaefer, C. W. & Panizzi, A. R. 2000. Heteroptera of economic importance. CRC Press, Florida.

Simsek, N., Yilmaz, T. & Yasarakinici, N. 1994. Studies on population development of sunn pest (Eurygaster integriceps Put.) and its parasitoid Trissolcus semistriatus Nees in south-east Anatolia [In Turkish; English Summary in CAB Abstracts] . In: Turkiye III. Biyolojik Mucadele Kongresi Bildirileeri 25–28 Ocak, Eg Universitési Ziraat Fakultesi, Bitki Koruma Bolumu, pp. 165–174.

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Tauber, M. J., Tauber, C. A. & Masaki, S. 1986. Seasonal Adaptations. Oxford University Press, New York.

Tosi, P., Parker, M., Gritsch, C. S., Carzaniga, R., Martin, B. & Shewry, P. R. 2009. Trafficking of storage proteins in developing grain of wheat. The Journal of Experimental Botany, 60: 979–991.

Figure 1. Adult weight of the Sunn pest when feed on three plant species including wheat, barley and rye.

Figure 2. The adult weight of the Sunn pest when grown on three different plant species.

Figure 3. The effect of plant species on the adult weight of the male and female of the Sunn pest. Abbreviations are: MW: Adult males grown on wheat; FW: Adult females grown on wheat; MB: Adult males grown on barley; FB: Adult females grown on barely; MR: Adult males grown on rye; FR: Adult females grown on rye.

1094 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______

Figure 4. The amount of lipid content of the Sunn pest adult when grown on three plant species including wheat, barley and rye.

Figure 5. The lipid content of the Sunn pest adult when grown on three different plant species.

Figure 6. The effect of plant species on the lipid content of the male and female of the Sunn pest. Abbreviations are: MW: Adult males grown on wheat; FW: Adult females grown on wheat; MB: Adult males grown on barley; FB: Adult females grown on barley; MR: Adult males grown on rye; FR: Adult females grown on rye.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1095

Figure 7. The amount of protein content of the Sunn pest adult when grown on three plant species including wheat, barley and rye.

Figure 8. The effect of plant species on the protein content of the male and female of the Sunn pest. Abbreviations are: MW: Adult males grown on wheat; FW: Adult females grown on wheat; MB: Adult males grown on barley; FB: Adult females grown on barley; MR: Adult males grown on rye; FR: Adult females grown on rye.

1096 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______TOXICITY AND PROGENY REDUCTION POTENCY OF TWO POWDERED SPICES, TURMERIC AND CINNAMON ON ADULTS OF RHYZOPERTHA DOMINICA (F.) AND SITOPHILUS GRANARIUS (L.)

Shabnam Ashouri*, Nouraddin Shayesteh**, Mustafa Maroufpoor*, Asgar Ebadollahi* and Somayyeh Ghasemzadeh*

* Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, IRAN. E- mail: [email protected] ** Department of Plant Protection, Agricultural and Natural Resources Faculty, Islamic Azad University, Branch of Mahabad, IRAN.

[Ashouri, S., Shayesteh, N., Maroufpoor, M., Ebadollahi, A. & Ghasemzadeh, S. 2010. Toxicity and progeny reduction potency of two powdered spices, turmeric and cinnamon on adults of Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) and Sitophilus granarius (L.). Munis Entomology & Zoology, 5, suppl.: 1096-1103]

ABSTRACT: Two powdered spices, turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) and cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Ness.) were evaluated for their ability to protect stored wheat grains against infestation by two important stored-product pests. The spices were added separately to 20 g wheat grains as direct admixtures at five different rates 0.5, 0.85, 1.5, 3 and 5% (w/w) to assess for mortality and reduction of F1 progeny. Twenty adult insects were released in each container. All tested insects were removed after 14 days and the experiments were monitored for the following 36 days in order to count the number of emerged adults. Each of the experiments was performed in four replicates. The results revealed that powders had significant insecticidal effects on the adults of both insects. The toxicities of these powders increased with an increase in dosage as well as an increase in the period of exposure to the plant materials. Powders at 5% (w/w) exhibited a significant toxicity on the adults of both pests, but did not cause complete mortality. Turmeric is more effective than cinnamon against both insects and S. granarius adults were more sensitive than R. dominica. Moreover, they caused complete reduction in F1 progeny of both insects at the highest dosages.

KEY WORDS: Cinnamon, turmeric, powder, Rhyzopertha dominica, Sitophilus granarius.

The efficient control of stored grain pests has long been the aim of entomologists throughout the world. Synthetic chemical pesticides have been used for many years to control stored grain pests (Salem et al., 2007). However, the potential hazards for mammals from synthetic insecticides, increased concern by consumers over insecticide residues in processed cereal products, the occurrence of insecticide-resistant insect strains, the ecological consequences, increasing cost of application and the precautions necessary to work with traditional chemical insecticides call for new approaches to control stored- product insect pests (Aslam et al., 2002; Fields, 2006; Mahdiand & Rahman, 2008; Salem et al., 2007; Udo, 2005). Therefore, there is a need to look for alternative organic sources that are readily available, cheap, affordable, relatively less poisonous and less detrimental to the environment (Udo, 2005). The use of plant materials as traditional protectants of stored products is an old practice used all over the world (Aslam et al., 2002). Nowadays, management of stored product pests using materials of natural origin has been the subject which received much research to overcome their problems, because of their little environmental hazards and low mammalian toxicity (Nadra, 2006). Previous research indicated that some plant powders, oils and extracts have strong effects ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1097 on stored grain insects such as toxicity and the inhibition of reproduction (Emeasor et al., 2005; Nadra, 2006). Peasant farmers and researchers often claim successful use of material of plant origin in insect pest control including spices and powders of plant parts (Akinneye et al., 2006). The simplest way to apply plants to a stock of seeds is harvesting the plant and adding them to the seeds (Rajapakse, 2006). Spices are dried seed, fruit, root, bark or vegetative substance used in nutritionally insignificant quantities as a food additive for flavoring. Many of these substances have other uses, e.g. as food preservation, medicine, cosmetics, perfumery or vegetables (Mahdiand & Rahman, 2008). The spices are safe for higher animals and the environment, and could be easily produced by farmers and small-scale industries (Viglianco et al., 2008). Some studies regarding to efficacy of the spice powders on stored product insects have been reported. Aslam et al. (2002) tested six spice powders such as cinnamon against pulse beetle (Callosobruchus chinensis L.) on stored chickpea. Salvadores et al. (2007) evaluated the insecticidal effects of plant powders from nine seasoning spices such as Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Ness) to control maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais (Mots.). Mahdiand & Rahman (2008) conducted an experiment to investigate the insecticidal potency of some spices such as black pepper (Piper nigrum L.), Ceylon cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Ness.), turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) and red pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.), against the pulse beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) on stored black gram (Phaseolus bengalensis L.). The objective of present study to evaluate the efficacies of two local spices, turmeric (C. longa) rhizome powder and cinnamon (C. zeylanicum) bark powder in the control of two stored-grain insects, lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica F.) and granary weevil (Sitophilus granarius L.) in stored wheat grains.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The trials were conducted at the laboratory of the Department of Entomology, University of Urmia, Iran, during 2008-2009.

Preparation of spices and wheat grains Turmeric (C. longa) (Zingiberaceae) rhizome and cinnamon (C. zeylanicum) (Lauraceae) bark powders were used in this study. They were selected based on the assumption of absence of mammalian toxicity owing to its use as a popular spice in several diets. The dry spices and wheat kernels were purchased from a local market in Urmia, Iran. The dry spices were brought to the laboratory where they were passed through a 40-mesh sieve to obtain a fine dust before application to the grains. The powders were carefully placed inside airtight containers and kept until when needed. Wheat grains were disinfested by keeping them in a freezer at a temperature of –18 °C for 24 hours, and then conditioned to room temperature before being used for experimental purposes. Rearing of test insects Local strains of two important stored-product pests namely granary weevil (S. granarius) and lesser grain borer (R. dominica) were reared on un-infested whole kernels of wheat. Insects were collected from wheat flour factories, Urmia, Iran. Two hundred adults were released in 1 L jars containing 400 kg of wheat grains. Opening of the jars was covered with muslin cloth and tied with a rubber band and kept in an incubator maintained at a temperature of 28 ± 1°C and 70 ± 5% relative humidity (RH). After two weeks of oviposition, the parent insects were 1098 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______separated and egg laid grains were maintained and re-cultured to produce newly emerged adults of same generation. For this purpose, the insects emerged after four weeks were removed. One to fourteen day old S. granarius adults and one to four day old R. dominica adults were used in the experiments. Mortality and progeny production assays Turmeric rhizome and cinnamon bark powder were tested against adults of S. granarius and R. dominica on wheat grains. Wheat kernels (20 g) were put in each container and mixed with each of spice powders properly in plastic containers (9 cm high x 7 cm diameter) at five dosages 0.5, 0.85, 1.5, 3 and 5% (w/w), while the control treatment had no spices added. The experiments were replicated four times. The experimental design for mortality tests was completely randomized design. The test materials were tumbled thoroughly and vigorously in the containers by manual agitation until the materials were evenly distributed among the grains and ensure a homogeneous admixture. The contents of the plastic containers were awaited for about 30 minutes before introducing adults into each jar. Wheat grain in each plastic container was infested with twenty adult beetles (1 to 14 day old for S. granarius and 1 to 4 day old for R. dominica). Perforated muslin cloth was used to cover the opening of each container to ensure good aeration. The containers were placed in an incubator maintained at a temperature of 28 ± 1 °C and 70 ± 5% RH. The content of each of the boxes was poured in a dish and dead or live adults were counted. Mortality counts in each treatment were recorded after 24 hours and up to 14 days after treatment (Data were recorded on days till to 100% mortality). The insects were allowed to mate and oviposit for 14 days. All adults in both treated and untreated containers were removed after 14 days and the experiments were monitored for further 36 days. At the end of the period, the number of emerged adults was counted. Percentage of reduction in progeny production was determined using following Aldryhim’s (1990) formula: C T [ × 100] C Where; C: Number of emerged adults in control. T: Number of emerged adults in treatment.

Data analysis Corrected mortalities were estimated by using Abbott’s formula (Abbott, 1925) {[(Sc – St) / Sc] × 100, where Sc = % survival in control while St = % survival in treated}. Arcsine transformation was applied to mortality data were transformed before ANOVA. Adult emergence data were transformed by the square root or arcsine methods. The resulting data were subjected to two-way ANOVA (P < 0.05) by using MSTATC statistical package. The data obtained from progeny production tests were analyzed statistically using randomized complete block design, one-way ANOVA (P < 0.05). Means for the treatments were subjected to Duncan’s new multiple range test (DNMR) for significance of their differences.

RESULTS

The results revealed that cinnamon bark powder and turmeric rhizome powder had a significant insecticidal effect on R. dominica and S. granarius adults. They were found to be very effective in causing adult mortalities and reducing the adult emergence of both insect species. It is obvious from the data ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1099 that highly significant differences (P < 0.05) were found among all the treatments. Mean mortalities of R. dominica and S. granarius adults exposed to five concentrations of two plant powders are presented in Tables 1 and 2. The toxicity of these powders increased with an increase in both dosage as well as an increase in the period of exposure to the plant powders. The results indicated that both of powdered spices significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the number of both tested insects. In general, toxic activity for two powders was observed and turmeric powder was more toxic to both insects than cinnamon powder. Both plant powders did not result in complete mortality on two insect species but the promising results were obtained at the highest dosage (5%, w/w) after 14 days. For both plant powders, the highest doses (5%, w/w) resulted in maximum mortality of test insects. The best protection was observed on S. granarius with turmeric powder, and poor effects were recorded with cinnamon powder on R. dominica, so that S. granarius adults were more susceptible than R. dominica. However, adults of both insect species were equally susceptible to the toxicity of turmeric powder. In general, turmeric powder performed better toxicity activity than cinnamon powder at various treatments. Tables 3 and 4 show the mean reduction of F1 adult emergence of R. dominica and S. granarius exposed to the turmeric and cinnamon powders at five concentrations after 50 days. Adult emergence was significantly suppressed by two plant powders (100% efficiency). From this study, it was observed that adult emergence reduced with increasing application dosage of the turmeric and cinnamon powders. All dosages of both powdered spices caused a significant reduction of adult emergence of S. granarius and at the highest dosages complete inhibition of adult emergence was observed. The cinnamon powder had the highest suppression effect on S. granarius at 3 and 5% (w/w). Cinnamon powder completely prevented the emergence of adult beetles of R. dominica at the highest doses (5%, w/w). Significant reductions were also found on R. dominica with turmeric powder. In contradictory to mortality tests, cinnamon powder performed better activity in progeny production tests than turmeric powder.

DISCUSSION

Results reported in this study show that both plant powders have insecticidal effects on S. granarius and R. dominica at all levels of treatment but varied with the exposure period and powder concentration. Unfortunately, there is not any reference (in accessible literatures) regarding effects of turmeric (C. longa) rhizome powder and cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Ness.) bark powder on R. dominica and S. granarius to be compared with the results obtained in the present study. Even thought, these finding are relatively similar to those of Aslam et al. (2002) have stated, they reported that admixture of 2.5% (w/w) cinnamon (C. zeylanicum) powder and stored cowpea caused 100% mortality of pulse beetle (Callosobruchus chinensis L.) after 8.25 days. On the other hand, these results are similar to those reported by Salvadores et al. (2007) showed that admixture of 4% (w/w) of cinnamon (C. zeylanicum) powder and wheat resulted in 80% mortality of maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky) adults and adult insect emergence (F1) was obtained 7.9%. Mahdi & Rahman (2008) also found that admixture of 3% of turmeric and cinnamon powder (w/w) with black gram seeds, caused 100% mortality and reduced F1 progeny of Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) and they reported that cinnamon was effective than turmeric. These results certify our results that turmeric and 1100 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______cinnamon powders are effective in killing adults of test insects and suppressing the F1 adult emergence. Furthermore, there is an inverse relationship between count of adult emergence and tested dosages. In conclusion, these plant powders had a significant toxic effect on two insect species, which can be used as grain protectant. This technology is cheap, safe, environmentally friendly and easy to adopt by small-scale farmers.

LITERATURE CITED

Abbott, W. S. 1925. A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. Journal of Economic Entomology, 18: 265-267.

Akinneye, J. O., Adedire, C. O. & Arannilewa, S. T. 2006. Potential of Cleisthopholis patens Elliot as a maize protectant against the stored product moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) (Lepidoptera; Pyralidae). African Journal of Biotechnology, 5 (25): 2510-2515.

Aldryhim, Y. N. 1990. Efficacy of the amorphous silica dust, Dryacide against Tribolium confusum DuV. and Sitophilus granarius (L.) (Coleoptera. Tenebrionidae and Curculionidae). Journal of Stored Products Research, 26: 207-210.

Aslam, M., Ali Khan, Kh. & Bajwa, M. Z. H. 2002. Potency of some spices against Callosobruchus chinensis L. Online Journal of Biological Sciences, 2 (7): 449-452.

Emeasor, K. C., Ogbuji, R. O. & Emosairue, S. O. 2005. Insecticidal activity of some seed powders against Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) on stored cowpea. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection, 112 (1): 80–87.

Fields, P. G. 2006. Effect of Pisum sativum fractions on the mortality and progeny production of nine stored-grain beetles. Journal of Stored Products Research, 42: 86-96.

Mahdian, S. H. A. & Rahman, M. K. 2008. Insecticidal effect of some spices on Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius) in black gram seeds. Rajshahi University Zoological Society, 27: 47-50. Available from: http://journals.sfu.ca/bd/index.php/UJZRU.

Nadra, H. A. M. 2006. Use of Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr Seed Extracts for the Protection of Wheat Grain against the Granary Weevil, Sitophilus granarius (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Scientific Journal of King Faisal University (Basic and Applied Sciences), 7 (2): 121-135.

Rajapakse, R. H. S. 2006. The potential of plants and plant products in stored insect pest management. The Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2 (1): 11-21.

Salem, S. A., Abou-Ela, R. G., Matter, M. M. & El-Kholy, M. Y. 2007. Entomocidal Effect of Brassica napus Extracts on Two Store Pests, Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and Rhizopertha dominica (Fab.) (Coleoptera). Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 3 (4): 317-322.

Salvadores, Y. U., Silva, G. A., Tapia, M. V. & Hepp, R. G. 2007. Spices powders for the control of maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, in stored wheat. Agricultura Tecnica. 67 (2): 147-154.

Udo, I. O. 2005. Evaluation of the potential of some local spices as stored grain protectants against the maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais Mots (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 9 (1): 165-168. Available from: www.bioline.org.br/ja.

Viglianco, A. I., Novo, R. J., Cragnolini, C. I., Nassetta, M. & Cavallo, A. 2008. Antifeedant and repellent effects of extracts of hree plants from Córdoba (Argentina) against Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Sociedade Entomologica do Brasil 3: 4. Available from: www.bioassay.org.br/articles/3.4.

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Table 1. Mean mortality of adults of Rhyzopertha dominica exposed to wheat grains treated with cinnamon (A) and turmeric (B) powders at different concentrations for different exposure times. (A) Dosage Exposure time (day) (w/w) 1 3 5 7 14 0.5 14.31 ± 1.38 16.77 ± 2.39 18.15 ± 2.02 21.57 ± 1.96 22.65 ± 1.66 k ijk ijk ghij fghij 0.85 14.31 ± 1.38 19.53 ± 1.09 22.51 ± 2.35 26.21 ± 3.03 29.90 ± 1.92 k hijk fghij efgh cde 1.5 15.69 ± 1.59 21.57 ± 1.96 23.37 ± 2.93 29.10 ± 1.60 33.93 ± 1.93 jk ghij efghi cdef cd 3 20.62 ± 1.26 23.60 ± 1.94 27.35 ± 1.72 33.93 ± 1.93 41.40 ± 1.83 ghijk efghi defg cd b 5 20.62 ± 1.26 26.21 ± 3.03 35.34 ± 3.55 41.40 ± 2.47 55.43 ± 2.91 ghijk efgh bc b a

(B) Dosage Exposure time (day) (w/w) 1 3 5 7 14 0.5 4.61 ± 4.61 12.45 ± 4.35 23.60 ± 1.94 25.40 ± 2.45 29.16 ± 0.86 l kl ghij ghij fgh

0.85 11.07 ± 3.91 16.77 ± 2.39 24.46 ± 2.49 28.96 ± 2.58 35.46 ± 1.95 kl jk ghij fgh def

1.5 13.54 ± 4.95 22.65 ± 1.66 27.44 ± 0.86 32.33 ± 2.05 42.14 ± 1.18 k hij fghi efg d

3 19.53 ± 1.09 26.49 ± 1.47 38.47 ± 1.88 42.12 ± 2.06 50.81 ± 1.20 ijk ghi de d c 5 29.96 ± 1.36 40.68 ± 1.88 51.55 ± 1.40 61.89 ± 2.24 78.79 ± 6.71 fgh de c b a

* Means in the same box followed by the same letters are not significantly different by Duncan’s multiple range test at the 5% level (P < 0.05). Means were subjected to arcsin – transformation. Values are means of four replicates ± S.E.

1102 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______

Table 2. Mean mortality (mean S.E) of adults of Sitophilus granarius exposed to wheat grains treated with cinnamon (A) and turmeric (B) powders at different concentrations for different exposure times. (A) Dosage Exposure time (day) (w/w) 1 3 5 7 14 0.5 3.23 ± 3.23 12.93 ± 0.00 14.31 ± 1.38 15.81 ± 1.67 18.57 ± 0.12 m kl k jk ijk

0.85 6.46 ± 3.73 12.93 ± 0.00 20.48 ± 2.03 24.87 ± 1.21 24.87 ± 1.21 lm kl hijk fghi fghi

1.5 15.40 ± 2.47 17.86 ± 2.85 27.35 ± 1.72 31.80 ± 1.51 34.11 ± 1.18 jk ijk efgh def de 3 17.86 ± 2.85 23.37 ± 2.93 35.50 ± 1.44 36.54 ± 1.26 44.72 ± 2.42 ijk ghij d d c 5 17.86 ± 2.85 30.26 ± 4.21 56.43 ± 4.05 62.79 ± 3.17 64.63 ± 3.09 ijk defg b ab a

(B) Dosage Exposure time (day) (w/w) 1 3 5 7 14 0.5 16.77 ± 2.39 26.00 ± 2.13 28.99 ± 1.68 30.00 ± 0.75 30.00 ± 0.75 j hij ghi fghi fghi

0.85 22.65 ± 1.66 31.28 ± 1.90 33.17 ± 2.53 34.92 ± 2.34 39.80 ± 1.32 ij fghi fghi efgh defg 1.5 25.26 ± 3.13 41.41± 3.89 47.52 ± 2.34 48.23± 2.19 49.68 ± 1.56 hij def bcd bcd bcd

3 28.92 ± 2.86 45.27 ± 4.45 54.01 ± 4.29 56.36 ± 3.41 58.66 ± 2.66 ghi cde bc bc b

5 31.32 ± 3.43 50.71 ± 4.47 69.36 ± 7.49 76.76 ± 7.67 79.74 ± 6.02 fghi bcd a a a

* Means in the same box followed by the same letters are not significantly different by Duncan’s multiple range test at the 5% level (P < 0.05). Means were subjected to arcsin – transformation. Values are means of four replicates ± S.E.

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Table 3. Mean reduction of F1 adults emergence of Rhyzopertha dominica exposed to wheat grains treated cinnamon (A) and turmeric (B) powders at different concentrations for 50 days. (A) Dosage (w/w) 0.5 0.85 1.5 3 5 26.63 ± 0.07 e 46.61 ± 0.28 d 74.14 ± 0.72 c 83.85 ± 2.14 b 90.00 ± 0.00 a

(B) Dosage (w/w) 0.5 0.85 1.5 3 5 37.66 ± 0.32 e 52.99 ± 0.43 d 61.68 ± 0.44 c 73.00 ± 0.56 b 88.36 ± 1.64 a * Means in the same row followed by the same letters are not significantly different by Duncan’s multiple range test at the 5% level (P < 0.05). Means were subjected to arcsin – transformation. Values are means of four replicates ± S.E.

Table 4. Mean reduction of F1 adult emergence of Sitophilus granarius exposed to wheat grains treated with cinnamon (A) and turmeric (B) powders at different concentrations for 50 days. (A) Dosage (w/w) 0.5 0.85 1.5 3 5 9.03 ± 0.05 d 9.50 ± 0.02 c 9.68± 0.02 b 10.00 ± 0.00 a 10.00 ± 0.00 a

(B) Dosage (w/w) 0.5 0.85 1.5 3 5 45.78 ± 0.30 e 60.12 ± 0.20 d 74.14 ± 0.68 c 83.19 ± 2.38 b 90.00 ± 0.00 a * Means in same row for each plant powder followed by the same letters are not significantly different by Duncan’s multiple range test at the 5% level (P < 0.05). Means were subjected to square root – transformation and arcsin - transformation for data of cinnamon and turmeric powder treatments respectively. Values are means of four replicates ± S.E.

1104 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______FAUNISTIC STUDY OF TERRESTRIAL HETEROPTERA OF ÇALDAĞ (ANKARA, TURKEY)

Suat Kıyak* and Emine Akar**

* Gazi Üniversitesi, Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi, Biyoloji Bölümü, 06500-Ankara / TÜRKİYE. E- mail: [email protected] ** T. C. Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı, Ankara / TÜRKİYE.

[Kıyak, S. & Akar, E. 2010. Faunistic study of terrestrial Heteroptera of Çaldağ (Ankara, Turkey). Munis Entomology & Zoology, 5, suppl.: 1104-1118]

ABSTRACT: In this study, 320 terrestrial Heteroptera samples were collected from Çaldağ, Ankara in 1997-1998 and 65 genera and 89 species belonging to 14 families were determined. All these species in the present study are new records for the Çaldağ Heteroptera fauna.

KEY WORDS: Heteroptera, terrestrial, fauna, Çaldağ, Ankara, Turkey.

Terrestrial Heteroptera (insecta) of Çaldağ (Ankara) have not been studied previously. According to cited references, all of 89 species are new record for Heteroptera fauna of Çaldağ (Ankara). The aim of this study was to make a contribution to Turkish terrestrial Heteroptera fauna.

MATERIALS AND METHOD

This study is based on 320 specimens of terrestrial Heteroptera and all the specimens were collected by the second author from Çaldağ (Ankara) (Map 1) between April–August in 1997 and 1998. Specimens were collected from tragacantic steppe formation, grassy steppe formation, plantations of Pinus nigra, orchards and planting fields, with atrap and hand. The beetles were killed with 70% alcohol and in the laboratory were cleaned of muddy remnant on their surfaces with a small paintbrush. The beetles were identified under the stereo- microscope. Materials have been deposited in the Gazi University Zoological Museum (=ZMGU), Ankara, Turkey. A list of localities is given in Table 1. The ‘List of species” gives the sampling locations for each species. The dates of sampling and total number of individuals are also noted. Male, males, female and females encoded as M, MM, F and FF, respectively. For some remarkable species phenologies and additional distributional notes are given. Countries have been coded, as in NILSSON (2003, 2005).

RESULTS

Family MIRIDAE Pithanus sp. Materials: 3FF, L3, 30.05.1998. Individuals belonging to this genus, with the current identification key to the species level could not be identified and the types of samples related to the level necessary taxonomic work will be done after the literature study. According to our current knowledge is likely to be new taxa.

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Deraeocoris rutilus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1838) Materials: Çaldağ: 1F, L1, 18.05.1997; 1F, L1, 28.05.1997; 3FF, L1, 07.08.1997; 1F, 1M, L1, 20.07.1997; 1F, L1, 25.07.1997. Phenology: May, July, August. Distribution in Turkey: Aegean, Marmara and Central Anatolia regions; Burdur, Isparta, Hatay and Zonguldak (Hoberlandt, 1955; Önder, 1992; Kıyak, 1993; Önder et. al., 1984; Tuatay et. al., 1972). Distribution in the world: E: AL BU HU IT PL RO ST YU “Caucasus” “Transcaucasia” A: CY IS SY (Hoberlandt, 1955; Stichel, 1956). Oncotylus setulosus (Herrich-Schaffer, 1837) Materials: 1F, L3, 08.08.1998. Phenology: August. Distribution in Turkey: Central Anatolia, Eastern Anatolia, Black Sea and Marmara regions (Hoberlandt, 1955; Lodos, Önder et. al. 1978; Kıyak, 1990; Önder, 1992). Distribution in the world: E: “Caucasus” “Transcaucasia” A: TD “Transalai” (Hoberlandt, 1955). Adelphocoris bimaculicollis (Lindberg, 1948) Materials: 3MM, L5, 05.07.1998; 1F, L1, 02.08.1998; 2FF, L1, 03.08.1998; 1F, L4, 08.08.1998; 2FF, L4, 20.08.1998. Phenology: July, August. Distribution in Turkey: İzmir, Kahramanmaraş and Denizli (Seidenstücker, 1958; Lodos, Önder et. al., 1978). Distribution in the world: An endemic species is known from Anatolia. Megaloceroea recticornis (Geoffroy, 1787) Materials: 1F, L1, 05.07.1998. Phenology: July. Distribution in Turkey: Çankırı, Kırşehir, Bolu, Aydın; Antalya, Bursa, Balıkesir, Edirne, Erzurum, İstanbul, Çanakkale, İzmir, Bilecik, Kocaeli, Manisa, Sakarya (Yardım, 1990; Önder 1992). Distribution in the world: E: AL AU BE BU CT CZ FI FR GB GE GR HU IT NL PL RO SK ST SV SZ YU N: AG MO AM: USA CA (Yardım, 1990; Stichel, 1956). Notostira erratica (Linné, 1758) Materials: 1M, L1, 18.08.1997. Phenology: August. Distribution in Turkey: Ankara, Adana, Kayseri, Konya, Ağrı, Bilecik, Bursa, İzmir, Çankırı, Kastamonu, Yozgat, Zonguldak, Artvin, Siirt, Bayburt, Bitlis, Sivas, Erzurum, Van (Hoberlandt, 1955; Yardım, 1990; Lodos, Önder et. al., 1978). Distribution in the world: E: BE BU FI FR GB GE HU IT NL PL PT RO RU SP SV SZ YU “Caucasus” “Transcaucasia” N: AG EG A: IR IS MG SY WS XIN (Hoberlandt, 1955; Lodos et. al., 1978). Grypocoris melanopygus (Horvath, 1905) Materials: 2FF, 1M, L1, 20.07.1997; 4FF, L2, 25.07.1997. Phenology: July. Distribution in Turkey: Kayseri, Ankara, Beynam, Konya, Kayseri, Kastamonu, Nevşehir (Wagner, 1971; Hoberlandt, 1955; Önder, 1992; Stichel, 1956). Distribution in the world: An endemic species is known from Anatolia (Hoberlandt, 1955). Brachycoleus decolor (Reuter, 1887) Materials: 2 FF, L1, 20.07.1997; 4FF,1B, L1, 25.07.1997; 1M, L1, 07.08.1997; 1F, L4, 05.07.1998; 1F, L4, 02.08.1998. Phenology: June and August. Distribution in Turkey: Central Anatolia and Aegean regions; Bilecik (Altınayar, 1981; Lodos, Önder et. al., 1978). Distribution in the world: E: GE, SP, FR, IT, IT, SZ, AU, CZ SK, HU, YU, AL, RO, BU A: WS XIN (Stichel, 1956; Tuatay et. al., 1972). Liocoris tripustulatus (Fabricius, 1781) Materials: 1B, L1, 07.08.1997. Phenology: August. Distribution in Turkey: Mediterranean, Marmara, Black Sea, Eastern Anatolia, Central Anatolia and Southeast Anatolia regions (Hoberlandt, 1955; Kıyak, 1990, 1993; Önder, 1992; Tuatay , Kalkandelen et. al., 1972). Distribution in the world: E: AL AU BE BU CT DE FI FR GB GE GR HU IR IT NL NR PL PT RO SP ST YU “Caucasus” “Transcaucasia” GB, CZ SK A: IS SY WS XIN (Hoberlandt, 1955; Stichel, 1957). Capsodes lineolatus (Brullé, 1832) Materials: 1M, L2, 24.06.1997; 1M, L1, 20.07.1997. 1106 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______

Phenology: June and July. Distribution in Turkey: Mediterranean region; Adana, Ankara (Hoberlandt, 1955; Kıyak, 1993). Distribution in the world: E: BE CZ FR GE GR IT MA SK SP YU N: AG EG MO A: IS SY TU (Hoberlandt, 1955; Stichel, 1956). Dimorphocoris distylus (Seidenstücker, 1964) Materials: 1F, L4, 03.05.1998. Phenology: May. Distribution in Turkey: Ankara (Wagner, 1973; Önder 1992; Çağlar, 1992). Distribution in the world: An endemic species is known from Anatolia (Wagner, 1973).

Family NABIDAE Nabis pseudoferus pseudoferus (Remane, 1949) Materials: 1M, L1, 07.08.1997; 1F, L5, 01/08/1998; 1F, L2, 03/08/1998; 1M, L4, 20.08.1998. Phenology: August. Distribution in Turkey: Mediterranean and Central Anatolia regions; Edirne, Elazığ (Çağlar, 1992; Yiğit and Uygun, 1982; Hoberlandt, 1955; Önder et. al., 1984; Tuatay et. al., 1972). Distribution in the world: E: AU AZ BU CZ FI FR GB GE IT NL PT SK SP YU A: CY IR (Stichel, 1957).

Family REDUVIIDAE Rhynocoris punctiventris (Herrich-Schäffer, 1846) Materials: 1M, L1, 28.05.1997. Phenology: May. Distribution in Turkey: Aegean region; Kocaeli, Bursa, Adana, Kahramanmaraş, Gaziantep and Elazığ (Hoberlandt, 1955; Kıyak, 1990, 1993; Çağlar, 1992; Karsavuran, 1989; Tuatay, Kalkandelen et. al., 1972). Distribution in the world: E: AL BU ST YU “Caucasus” “Transcaucasia” A: CY SY (Hoberlandt, 1955; Stichel, 1958). Coranus aegyptius (Fabricius, 1775) Materials: 1F, L4, 08.04.1998. Phenology: April. Distribution in Turkey: Southeastern Anatolia region; Adana, Bursa, İstanbul (Hoberlandt, 1955). Distribution in the world: E: AL BU FR GE GR HU IT MA PT RO SP SZ YU “Transcaucasia” “Caucasus” N: AG CI EG LB MO A: CY IR IS SY TU XIN (Hoberlandt, 1955; Stichel, 1958).

Family TINGIDAE Tingis grisea (Germar, 1831) Materials: 1F, L3, 30.05.1998. Phenology: May. Distribution in Turkey: Central Anatolia and Southeast Anatolia regions; Ankara, Diyarbakır, Çanakkale, Kayseri (Hoberlandt, 1955; Lodos, Önder, 1983). Distribution in the world: E: RO, RU, GE, FR, AU, ST HU, CZ SK, “Caucasus” “Transcaucasia” N: NAF A: IS SY XIN (Hoberlandt, 1955; Lodos, Önder, 1983; Stichel, 1958). Tingis elongata (Fieber, 1861) Materials: 2FF, L3, 30.05.1998. Phenology: May. Distribution in Turkey: Gaziantep (Lodos, Önder, 1983). Distribution in the world: E: SP YU N: AG EG MO TU A: CY JO (Lodos and Önder, 1983). Tingis cardui cardui (Linné, 1758) Materials: 1F, L2, 08.04.1998. Phenology: April. Distribution in Turkey: Aegean region; Bolu, Bursa, Kastamonu, Aydın, Kocaeli, Afyon, İzmir, Ordu, Sinop Erzincan (Lodos, Önder, 1983; Hoberlandt, 1955). Distribution in the world: E: AL AU BE BU CZ DE FI FR GB GE GR HU IR IT NL NR PL PT RU SK SP ST SV SZ YU Scotland “Transcaucasia” N: AG CI MO TU North A: CH IR WS XIN (Lodos, Önder, 1983; Hoberlandt, 1955; Stichel, 1958). Catoplatus anticus anticus (Reuter, 1880) Materials: 2F, 2M, L3, 30.05.1998. Phenology: May. Distribution in Turkey: Aegean, Marmara and Mediterranean regions; Antalya, Afyon, Balıkesir, Bilecik, Gülpazarı, Edirne (Lodos, Önder, 1983). Distribution in the world: E: AL GR ST A: IS LE SY (Stichel, 1958; Lodos and Önder, 1983; Hoberlandt, 1955). ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1107

Copium brevicorne (Jakowlew, 1879) Materials: 1F, L3, 30.05.1998. Phenology: May. Distribution in Turkey: The distribution of this species in Turkey is not mentioned in literature. Distribution in the world: E: RO ST YU A: CY SY (Stichel, 1958). Dictyla echii (Schrank, 1782) Materials: 1M, L3, 30.05.1998. Phenology: May. Distribution in Turkey: Eastern Anatolia, Southeastern Anatolia, Marmara and Mediterranean regions; İzmir, Kütahya, Muğla, Ordu, Samsun, Tokat, Zonguldak (Hoberlandt, 1955, Lodos, Önder et. al., 1983; Tuatay , Kalkandelen et. al., 1972). Distribution in the world: E: CEU GE NEU NT NR SV WEU “Caucasus” “Transcaucasia” A: CY IR IS SY WS XIN (Stichel, 1957; Hoberlandt, 1955).

Family BERYTIDAE Neides tipularius (Linné, 1758) Materials: 1F, 1M, L3, 08.04.1998. Phenology: April. Distribution in Turkey: Thrace region; Kayseri, Edirne, Kars, Bingöl, Ankara, (Hoberlandt, 1955; Çağlar, 1992; Kıyak, 1993). Distribution in the world: E: AL AU BE BU CT CZ DE FI FR GB GE GR HU IT NL NR PL RO RU SK SP ST SV SZ YU “Transcaucasia” A: XIN (Hoberlandt,1955; Stichel, 1957).

Family LYGAEIDAE Icus angularis (Fieber, 1861) Materials: 2MM, L4, 08.04.1998. Phenology: April. Distribution in Turkey: Ankara, Niğde, Adana, Bursa, Gaziantep (Hoberlandt, 1955; Seidenstücker, 1958, 1960). Distribution in the world: BU FR HU IT PT RO SP ST YU “Caucasus” “Transcaucasia” N: AG MO A: TD XIN (Hoberlandt, 1955; Stichel, 1957; Seidenstücker, 1960). Lygaeus saxatilis (Scopoli, 1763) Materials: 1F, L1, 10.05.1997; 2FF, L2, 21.06.1997; 1M, L2, 24.06.1997; 1F, 1M, L5, 07.08.1997; 1F, L4, 13.08.1997; 1M, L1, 18.08.1997; 1F, L4, 08.04.1998; 2FF, L6, 01.08.1998. Phenology: April-June, August. Distribution in Turkey: Central Anatolia and Southeast Anatolia regions; Eskişehir, Kahramanmaraş, Ağrı, Erzincan, İstanbul, Kırşehir, Isparta, Gaziantep, Ankara, Çankırı, Kayseri, Konya, Nevşehir, Niğde, Yozgat, Çorum (Aysev, 1974; Lodos, Önder, 1992; Çağlar, 1992; Hoberlandt, 1955; Kıyak, 1993; Tuatay, Kalkandelen et. al.,1972). Distribution in the world: E: AL AU BE BU CZ FR GE GR HU IT MC NL PT RO RU SK SP ST SZ YU Caucasus” N: AG EG MO TU A: AF CY IQ IR IS KA LE SY XIN (Aysev, 1974; Hoberlandt, 1955; Stichel, 1957). Lygaeus equestris equestris (Linné, 1758) Materials: 1F, L1, 25.07.1997; 6MM, L6, 07.08.1997; 1F, 1M, L1, 13.08.1997. Phenology: July and August. Distribution in Turkey: Aegean, Central Anatolia, Marmara, East Anatolia, West Black Sea and Eastern Mediterranean Regions; Gaziantep, Diyarbakır, (Altınayar, 1981; Lodos, Önder et. al., 1978; Önder 1992; Önder, Ünal et. al., 1984; Kıyak, 1990, 1993; Hoberlandt, 1955; Yiğit, Uygun, 1982; Çağlar, 1992; Kıyak, Çağlar, 1991; Kaya, Hıncal, 1991; Tuatay , Kalkandelen et. al., 1972). Distribution in the world: E: AL CEA CT DE FI FR GR IT NR PL PT RU SEU SP SV UK “Transcaucasia” “Caucasus” N: AG EG MO TU A: CH CY IQ IR IS JA KA SY WS XIN (Aysev, 1974; Hoberlandt, 1955; Stichel, 1957). Lygaeus pandurus pandurus (Scopoli, 1763) Materials: 1F, L1, 28.05.1997. Phenology: May. Distribution in Turkey: Aegean, Marmara, Central Anatolia, West- Black Sea and West-Mediterranean regions; Adana, Elazığ (Aysev, 1974; Lodos, Önder et. al., 1978, 1984; Önder, 1992; Kıyak, 1990, 1993; Hoberlandt, 1955; Tuatay , Kalkandelen et. al., 1972). Distribution in the world: E: FR, GR, RU, IT, IT, RU, FR, SP, PT, MA, IT, SZ, AU, HU, YU, AL, BU, GR, UK “Transcaucasia” N: AG CI EG LB TU A: CY KA, IR, IQ, IS, LE, SY XIN SA (Aysev, 1974; Hoberlandt, 1955; Stichel, 1957). Nysius ericae ericae (Schilling, 1829) Materials: 1M, L3, 0.05.1998; 1M, L4, 20.08.1998. 1108 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______

Phenology: May and August. Distribution in Turkey: Ankara, Zonguldak, Bolu, Ankara, Kayseri, Nevşehir, Niğde, Yozgat (Hoberlandt, 1955; Kıyak, 1993; Önder 1992). Distribution in the world: E: AU AZ BE FI FR GE GR HU IT NL NR PL PT RO SP ST SV SZ YU “Caucasus” N: AG EG A: CH MG WS XIN AM: CA USA (Hoberlandt, 1955; Stichel, 1957). Nysius punctipennis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1838) Materials: 1F, L4, 25.08.1998. Phenology: August. Distribution in Turkey: Thrace, Central Anatolia and Mediterranean regions; Isparta, Edirne, Ankara, Burdur, Uşak, Kars, Ağrı, Kayseri, Nevşehir, Çorum.( Aysev, 1974; Lodos, Önder et. al., 1978; Hoberlandt, 1955; Önder, 1992; Çağlar, 1992). Distribution in the world: E: AU BE BU CT CZ DE FI FR GB GE GR HU IT NL NR PL RO RU SK SP ST SV SZ YU “Transcaucasia” N: AG A: CH CY MG WS XIN (Aysev, 1974; Hoberlandt, 1955; Stichel, 1957). Nysius helveticus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1852) Materials: 1M, 2FF, L4, 20.08.1998; 1M, L4, 25.08.1998. Phenology: August. Distribution in Turkey: Balıkesir, Niğde, Ankara (Lodos, Önder et. al., 1978; Kıyak, 1993). Distribution in the world: E: AU BE BU CT CZ DE FI FR GB GE HU IT NL NR PL RO SK SP ST SV SZ YU A: WS XIN (Stichel, 1957). Paranysius fraterculus (Horvath,1895) Materials: 1B, L3, 30.08.1998. Phenology: August. Distribution in Turkey: Diyarbakır (Hoberlandt, 1967). Distribution in the world: E: AR KZ RU A: AF KI TM (Hoberlandt, 1967). Piocoris erythrocephalus (Peletier&Serville, 1825) Materials: 1M, L4, 03.08.1998. Phenology: August. Distribution in Turkey: Mediterranean, Marmara and West-Black Sea, Central Anatolia, the Aegean and Eastern Anatolia regions; Diyarbakır, Gaziantep (Aysev, 1974, 1989; Lodos, Önder et. al., 1978; Önder 1992; Kıyak, 1993; Çakır, Önder, 1990; Tuatay, Kalkandelen et. al., 1972). Distribution in the world: E: AL BU CZ FR GR IT PT RO RU SP ST YU “Transcaucasia” N: AG EG LB MO A: CY IQ IS LE SY XIN (Aysev, 1974, Hoberlandt, 1955; Stichel, 1957). Heterogaster affinis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1835) Materials: 2MM, L1, 07.08.1997; 1F, L3, 30.05.1998. Phenology: May and August. Distribution in Turkey: Bursa, Ankara, Çankırı, Kayseri, Adana, Nevşehir, Zonguldak (Hoberlandt, 1955; Çağlar, 1992; Önder, 1992; Yiğit, Uygun, 1982). Distribution in the world: E: AL AU CZ FR GE GR HU IT IT PT SK ST SZ YU “Caucasus” “Transcaucasia” N: AG MO A: XIN (Hoberlandt, 1955; Stichel, 1957). Ischnopeza hirticornis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1850) Materials: 1M, L4, 03.08.1998. Phenology: August. Distribution in Turkey: Balıkesir, Bilecik, Çanakkale, İzmir, Kırklareli, Manisa, Uşak, Ankara, Çorum, Konya, Edirne, Afyon, Adana, Erzincan (Lodos, Önder, 1978; Öder, 1982; Hoberlandt, 1955; Çağlar, 1992). Distribution in the world: E: AL BU FR GR IT RO SP ST YU “Transcaucasia” “Caucasus” N: AG A: CY IS SY TM XIN (Hoberlandt, 1955, Stichel, 1957). Ischnodemus suturalis (Horvath, 1883) Materials: 1B, L3, 30.08.1998. Phenology: August. Distribution in Turkey: Adana, Osmaniye, Bursa, İzmir (Seidenstücker, 1958; Hoberlandt, 1955). Distribution in the world: A: IS SY (Hoberlandt, 1955; Stichel, 1957). Megalonotus chiragra chiragra (Fabricius,1794), Materials: 1M, 1F, L1, 08.04.1998. Phenology: April. Distribution in Turkey: Edirne, Afyon, İzmir (Hoberlandt, 1955). Distribution in the world: E: RU A: LE IS XIN (Hoberlandt, 1955). Rhyparochromus sp.: Materials: 1M, L4, 01.08.1998; 1F, L420.08.1998. Individuals belonging to this genus, with the current identification key to the species level could not be identified and the types of samples related to the level necessary taxonomic work will be done after the literature study. According to our current knowledge is likely to be new taxa.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1109

Rhyparochromus immaculatus (Royer, 1920) Materials: 1M, L3, 08.04.1998; 1M, L3, 25.08.1998; 1F, L1, 03.05.1998; 1F, L1, 03.08.1998. Phenology: April, May and August. Distribution in Turkey: Elazığ, Çankırı, Kayseri, Ankara (Kıyak, 1990; Önder 1992; Çağlar, 1992). Distribution in the world: E: AL AU BE BU CT CZ DE FR GB GE GR HU IT NL PL PT RO SK SP ST SZ YU N: AG A: SY XIN (Stichel, 1957). Rhyparochromus phoeniceus (Rossi, 1794) Materials: 2FF, L121.06.1997; 1F, L4, 01.08.1998; 5FF, L4, 08.04.1998. Phenology: April, June and August. Distribution in Turkey: Central Anatolia Region; Isparta, Kütahya, Manisa, Bolu, Çorum, Zonguldak, Edirne, Gaziantep, Kahramanmaraş, Erzurum, Muş, Diyarbakır (Lodos, Önder et. al., 1978; Hoberlandt, 1955; Kıyak, 1990; Çağlar, 1992). Distribution in the world: E: AL AU BE BU DE FI FR GE GR HU IT NL NR PL RO SP SV SZ YU “Caucasus” “Transcaucasia” N: MO A: CY IS SY (Stichel, 1957; Hoberlandt, 1955). Rhyparochromus saturnius (Rossi, 1790) Materials: 1F, L3, 30.05.1998; 1F, L2, 20.08.1998. Phenology: May and August. Distribution in Turkey: Elazığ, İzmir (Kıyak, 1990; Lodos, Önder et. al., 1978). Distribution in the world: E: BU FR IT PT SP YU “Caucasus” N: AG CI EG MO A: IS SY (Hoberlandt, 1955; Stichel, 1957). Rhyparochromus zarudnyi (Jakowlew, 1905) Materials: 1M, L3, 08.04.1998. Phenology: April. Distribution in Turkey: Ankara, Niğde, Konya, Eskişehir (Tuatay, Kalkandelen et. al., 1972; Seidenstücker, 1957). Distribution in the world: A: IR (Stichel, 1957; Seidenstücker, 1957). Boesus maritimus (Scopoli, 1763) Materials: 1Fb, 1M, L1, 24.06.1997; 1F, L2, 18.08.1997; 1M, L3, 30.05.1998. Phenology: May, June and August. Distribution in Turkey: Marmara and Aegean regions; Isparta, İzmir, Kastamonu, Zonguldak, Ankara, Gaziantep (Lodos et. al., 1978; Kıyak, 1990; Hoberlandt, 1955). Distribution in the world: E: AU CZ BE FR GB GE IT NLPL PT SK SP ST “Caucasus” “Transcaucasia” N: AG CI MO TU A: IR IS IQ TM (Stichel, 1957; Hoberlandt, 1955).

Family PYRRHOCORIDAE Pyrrhocoris apterus (Linné, 1758) Materials: 4FF, 5MM, L1, 07.05.1997; 1F, L4, 20.08.1998. Phenology: May and August. Distribution in Turkey: Eastern Anatolia, Central Anatolia and the Marmara Region; Adana, Aydın, Manisa (Kıyak, 1990, 1993; Hoberlandt, 1955; Ahmad, Abbas, 1986; Tuatay, Kalkandelen et. al., 1972). Distribution in the world: E: AL BU GE MC RO N: NAF A: CY (Kıyak, 1990; Hoberlandt, 1955; Ahmad, Abbas, 1986; Stichel, 1957).

Family STENOCEPHALIDAE Dicranocephalus setulosus (Ferrari,1874) Materials: 1F,1M, L1, 28.05.1997; 1F,1M, L1, 25.07.1997; 2FF, L2, 07.08.1997. Phenology: May, July and August. Distribution in Turkey: Niğde, Konya, Kayseri, Adana, Bursa, Artvin, Diyarbakır, İzmir, Kütahya, Tunceli, Kars, İzmir, Bursa (Tuatay , Kalkandelen et. al., 1972; Seidenstücker, 1960; Pehlivan, 1981; Hoberlandt, 1955). Distribution in the world: E: FR GR IT RO SP ST “Caucasus” “Transcaucasia” N: AG A: CY IR IS IQ SI SY (Stichel, 1957; Pehlivan, 1981; Hoberlandt, 1955).

Family COREIDAE Coreus marginatus marginatus (Linné, 1758) Materials: 1b, L3, 03.08.1998. Phenology: August. Distribution in Turkey: East Anatolia, Marmara and Black Sea regions; Zonguldak, Gaziantep, Ankara, Adana, Hatay (Kıyak, 1990, 1993; Hoberlandt, 1955; Kıyak, Çağlar, 1991; Tuatay, Kalkandelen et. al., 1972). Distribution in the world: E: BU 1110 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______

GE GR MC RO RU ST “Caucasus” A: CH IQ IR IS JA SY TD WS XIN “Transalai” (Hoberlandt, 1955; Stichel, 1957). Phyllomorpha sp.: Materials: 2FF, 1M, L5, 08.04.1998. Individuals belonging to this genus, with the current identification key to the species level could not be identified and the types of samples related to the level necessary taxonomic work will be done after the literature study. According to our current knowledge is likely to be new taxa. Syromastus rhombeus (Linné, 1767 ) Materials: 2FF, 1M, L1, 13.08.1997; 1M, L1, 18.08.1997; 1M, L3, 01.08.1998; 1F, L3, 03.08.1998. Phenology: August. Distribution in Turkey: Elazığ, Edirne, Ankara, Adana, Bursa, Gaziantep, İstanbul, Artvin, Kars, İzmir (Hoberlandt, 1955; Tuatay, Kalkandelen et. al., 1972; Çağlar, 1992; Kıyak, 1990). Distribution in the world: E: AL AU BE BU CT CZ FI FR GB GE GR HU IT NL PL PT RO RU SK SP SV SZ YU “Transcaucasia” N: AG CI MO A: CY IQ IR SY XIN (Stichel, 1957; Hoberlandt, 1955). Enoplops disciger (Kolenati, 1845) Materials: 1M, L3, 05.07.1998; 1F, L3, 02.08.1998. Phenology: July and August. Distribution in Turkey: Central Anatolia and Eastern Anatolia regions; Diyarbakır, Adana (Altınayar, 1981; Hoberlandt, 1955; Çağlar, 1992; Kıyak, 1993; Lodos, Önder et. al., 1984; Tuatay , Kalkandelen et. al., 1972). Distribution in the world: E: AL BU GE MC RO ST “Caucasus” “Transcaucasia” A: IS IR SY XIN (Hoberlandt, 1955; Stichel, 1957). Centrocoris spiniger (Fabricius, 1781) Materials: 1M, 1F, L4, 15.08.1998; 1M, L4, 20.08.1998. Phenology: August. Distribution in Turkey: Edirne, Ankara, Adana, Bursa, Gaziantep, Kayseri, Konya, Artvin, Kars, İzmir, Kırşehir (Tuatay, Kalkandelen et. al., 1972; Kıyak, 1993; Hoberlandt, 1955). Distribution in the world: E: AL AU BU FR GR HU IT PT RO SP ST SZ YU Caucasus” “Transcaucasia” N: AG CI LB MO A: CY IR IS SY TM XIN (Stichel, 1957; Hoberlandt, 1955). Centrocoris variegatus (Kolenati, 1845) Materials: 1F, L6, 25.05.1997. Phenology: May. Distribution in Turkey: Elazığ, Bursa, Ankara, Aydın (Hoberlandt, 1955; Kıyak, 1990; Tuatay, Kalkandelen et. al., 1972). Distribution in the world: E: AG AL BU EG FR GR HU IT LB MO PT RO SP ST SZ TU YU “Caucasus” “Transcaucasia” A: IS SY (Stichel, 1957; Hoberlandt, 1955).

Family ALYDIDAE Alydus calcaratus calcaratus (Linné, 1758) Materials: 3MM, L1, 18.08.1997; 1M, L4, 20.08.1998 Phenology: August. Distribution in Turkey: Ankara, Adana, İzmir, Artvin, Kayseri (Pehlivan, 1981; Çağlar, 1992; Hoberlandt, 1955; Kıyak, 1993; Ural, Işık et. al., 1973). Distribution in the world: E: AL AU BU CT CZ DE FI FR GB GE HU IT NL NR PL PT RO SK SP ST SV SZ YU “Caucasus” N: AG MO A: MG IR XIN WS AM: CA NAM USA (Hoberlandt, 1955; Stichel, 1957). Camptopus tragacanthae (Kolenati, 1845) Materials: 1M, L1, 18.08.1997; 1M, L4, 15.08.1998. Phenology: August. Distribution in Turkey: Elazığ, İzmir, Ankara, Bursa, Kars, Eskişehir (Tuatay, Kalkandelen et. al., 1972; Hoberlandt, 1955; Pehlivan, 1981; Çağlar, 1992; Kıyak, 1990). Distribution in the world: E: ST “Caucasus” “Transcaucasia” A: IR TD UZ (Hoberlandt, 1955; Stichel, 1957). Camptopus lateralis (Germar, 1817) Materials: 1F, L4, 08.08.1998; 1F, 1M, L4, 15.08.1998; 1F, 1M, L4, 20.08.1998. Phenology: August. Distribution in Turkey: Central Anatolia, East Anatolia, Marmara, Mediterranean, Aegean and Southeast Anatolia and Eastern Black Sea Region (Atınayar, 1981; Kıyak, 1990, 1993; Pehlivan, 1981; Hoberlandt, 1955; Tuatay , Kalkandelen et. al., 1972). Distribution in the world: E: CEU CZ GE SK ST “Caucasus” “Transcaucasia” A: AF CY IQ IR IS KA TD XIN “Tansalai”, (Hoberlandt, 1955; Stichel, 1957).

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1111 Family RHOPALIDAE Stictopleurus abutilon abutilon (Rossi, 1790) Materials: 1F, L1, 18.08.1997; 1M, L2, 08.04.1998. Phenology: April and August. Distribution in Turkey: Mediterranean, Central Anatolia and Thrace regions; Elazığ, Ankara, Edirne, Adana, Gaziantep, İstanbul, İzmir (Çağlar, 1992; Hoberlandt, 1955; Kıyak, 1990, 1993; Tuatay et. al., 1972). Distribution in the world: E: AL AU BU CT CZ FI FR GB GE GR HU IT NL NR PL PT RO RU SK SP ST SV SZ YU “Caucasus” N: AG EG LB A: CY IQ IS MR SY TD WS XIN “Transalai” (Hoberlandt, 1955; Stichel, 1957). Corizus hyoscyami hyoscyami (Linné, 1758) Materials: 1F, 1M, L1, 25.07.1997. Phenology: July. Distribution in Turkey: Mediterranean, Aegean and Eastern Anatolia regions; Amasya, Artvin, Edirne, Bursa, Ankara, Konya, Diyarbakır (Pehlivan, 1981; Kıyak, 1990, 1993; Hoberlandt, 1955; Lodos, Önder et. al., 1984; Tuatay , Kalkandelen et. al., 1972). Distribution in the world: E: AL BU GE GR MC RO ST “Caucasus” “Transcaucasia” N: NAF A: CH CY IR IS IQ SY TM XIM (Hoberlandt, 1955; Stichel, 1957). Liorhyssus hyalinus (Fabricius, 1794) Materials: 1F, L1, 30.05.1998; 1F, L2, 05.07.1998. Phenology: May and July. Distribution in Turkey: Eastern Anatolia, Central Anatolia, Southeastern Anatolia Region; Adana, Artvin, Kocaeli, Denizli (Kıyak, 1990; Hoberlandt, 1955; Kaya, Hıncal, 1991; Tuatay, Kalkandelen et. al., 1972). Distribution in the world: E: AL BU GE MC RO RU ST “Transcaucasia” N: NAF A: CH CY IQ IR IS JA XIN SY TD WS “Transalai” (Hoberlandt, 1955; Stichel, 1957). Rhopalus parumpunctatus (Schilling, 1829) Materials: 1F, 2MM, L1, 24.06.1997; 1F, L2, 2MM, 25.07.1997; 1F, 2MM, L1, 07.08.1997; 1M, L2, 18.08.1997; 1M, L4, 08.04.1998; 1F, L3, 01.08.1998; 1M, L4, 15.08.1998. Phenology: April and Jun-August. Distribution in Turkey: Southeastern Anatolia, Central Anatolia, Eastern Anatolia, Aegean, Marmara and Mediterranean regions (Pehlivan, 1981; Kıyak, 1990; Çağlar, 1992; Hoberlandt, 1955). Distribution in the world: E: AU BE CT DE FI FR GB GE GR IT NL NR PL PT ST SV SZ “Caucasus” “Transcaucasia” N: AG CI MO A: CY IR TD WS XIN (Pehlivan, 1981; Hoberlandt, 1955; Stichel, 1957). Rhopalus maculatus maculatus (Fieber, 1836) Materials: 1F, L4, 15.08.1998. Phenology: August. Distribution in Turkey: Bursa, İstanbul, Gaziantep, Adana, Adıyaman, Artvin, Diyarbakır, Gümüşhane, Siirt, Tokat (Pehlivan, 1981; Hoberlandt, 1955). Distribution in the world: E: AL AU BE BU CT CZ DE FI FR GB GE GR HU IT NL NR PL PT RO SK SP ST SV SZ YU “Caucasus” N: AG MO A: IQ IR JA KA SY WS (Hoberlandt, 1955; Stichel, 1957). Rhopalus rufus (Schilling, 1829) Materials: 1F, L1, 07.08.1997; 1M, L5, 05.07.1998. Phenology: July and August. Distribution in Turkey: Adana, Ankara, Trakya (Çağlar, 1992). Distribution in the world: E: AU FR GE HU ST (Hoberlandt, 1955; Stichel, 1957). Maccevethus lutheri (Wagner, 1953) Materials: 1F, L1, 22.05.1997; 1F, L3, 30.05.1998; 1M, L4, 20.08.1998. Phenology: May and August. Distribution in Turkey: Aegean and Marmara Region; Mersin, Ankara (Pehlivan, 1981; Çağlar, 1992; Kıyak, 1993). Distribution in the world: E: GR IT ST (Pehlivan, 1981; Stichel, 1957). Maccevethus caucasicus (Kolenati, 1845) Materials: 1F, L2, 18.08.1997. Phenology: August. Distribution in Turkey: Adıyaman, Afyon, Ağrı, Aydın, Balıkesir, Bilecik, Bitlis, Tatvan, Burdur, Bursa, İznik, Çanakkale, Denizli, Diyarbakır, Edirne, Elazığ, İzmir, Hakkari, Isparta, Kahramanmaraş, Kars, Kırklareli, Kocaeli, Kütahya, Manisa, Mardin, Muğla, Nevşehir, Siirt, Tekirdağ, Tunceli, Uşak, Ankara, Diyarbakır (Çağlar, 1992; Pehlivan, 1981; Lodos, Önder et. al., 1984). Distribution in the world: E: AL BU CEU CZ FR GR HU IT MA PT RO SEU SK SP ST SZ YU N: AG CI LB MO TU NAF A: CY IR SY XIN (Pehlivan,1981; Stichel, 1957). Brachycarenus languidus (Horvath, 1891) Materials: 1F, L1, 24.06.1997. 1112 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______

Phenology: June. Distribution in Turkey: Kars, Elazığ, Iğdır (Pehlivan, 1981; Kıyak, 1990; Hoberlandt, 1955) Distribution in the world: E: ST “Transcaucasia” A: TM (Pehlivan, 1981; Hoberlandt, 1955; Stichel, 1957). Chorosoma schillingi (Schummel, 1829) Materials: 1M, L1, 24.06.1997; 1F, 1M, L5, 18.08.1997; 1M, L2, 05.07.1998; 1F, L3, 01.08.1998; 1F, L4, 20.08.1998. Phenology: June-August. Distribution in Turkey: Yozgat, Eskişehir, Adana, Adıyaman, Afyon, Bilecik, Bitlis, Çanakkale, Denizli, Diyarbakır, Burdur, Elazığ, Erzurum, Hakkari, Isparta, Kırıkkale, Kütahya, Mardin, Muş, Siirt, Urfa, Uşak, Van, Ankara, Edirne, İçel, Iğdır, Gaziantep, Konya, Kayseri, Bursa (Hoberlandt,1955; Altınayar, 1981; Pehlivan, 1981; Çağlar, 1992). Distribution in the world: E: AL AU BE BU CT CZ DE FR GB GE GR HU NL PL PT RO SK SP ST SV YU “Caucasus” “Transcaucasia” N: NAF A: CY IS SY XIN (Hoberlandt,1955; Stichel, 1957; Pehlivan, 1981).

Family SCUTELLERIDAE Eurygaster maura (Linné, 1758) Materials: 1F, L1, 22.05.1997; 1M, L1, 28.05.1997; 1F, L1, 1B, 21.06.1997; 1F, L1, 23.06.1997, 3FF, 1M, L2, 04.07.1997; 3MM, L2, 07.08.1997; 2MM, L2, 13.08.1997; 2FF, 2MM, L1, 18.08.1997; 1B, L4, 05.07.1998; 1F, L4, 02.08.1998. Phenology: May-August. Distribution in Turkey: Central Anatolia, Mediterranean, Aegean, Marmara, the Black Sea, Eastern Anatolia and Southeastern Anatolia Region (Altınayar, 1981; Lodos, Önder et. al., 1978; Önder 1992; Çağlar, 1992; Kıyak, Çağlar, 1991; Hoberlandt, 1955; Kıyak, 1993; Tuatay , Kalkandelen et. al., 1972). Distribution in the world: E: AU BE BU CT CZ DE FI FR GB GE HU IR IT NL NR PL PT SK SP ST SV SZ YU “Caucasus” “Transcaucasia” N: MO A: CH IS JA KA SY XIN (Hoberlandt, 1955; Stichel, 1957). Eurygaster integriceps (Puton, 1881) Materials: 1F, L5, 25.08.1998. Phenology: August. Distribution in Turkey: Mediterranean, Eastern Anatolia, Central Anatolia, Marmara and Southeastern Anatolia regions; Rize (Altınayar, 1981; Kıyak, 1990, 1993; Hoberlandt, 1955; Lodos, Önder et. al., 1984; Tuatay , Kalkandelen et. al., 1972). Distribution in the world: E: AL BU GR IT RO ST YU “Caucasus” “Transcaucasia” A: AF CY IR IS SY TD TM XIN (Hoberlandt, 1955; Stichel, 1957). Eurygaster testudinaria (Geoffroy, 1758) Materials: 1F, 04.07.1986 (Leg. Kıyak). Phenology: June. Distribution in Turkey: Zonguldak, Ankara, Amasya, Artvin, Bartın (Kıyak, 1993; Abbas, 1990; Lodos, Önder et al, 1982). Distribution in the world: E: AL AU BE BU CZ DE FI FR GE GR HU IT KZ NL NR PL PT RO RU SK SP SV SZ UK YU N: EG A: AF CH IR JA KA SY WS XIN (Abbas, 1990). Psacasta marmottani (Puton, 1887) Materials: 1F, L1, 07.08.1997; 1F, L3, 02.08.1998; 1M, L2, 08.08.1998. Phenology: August. Distribution in Turkey: Ankara (Kıyak, 1993). Distribution in the world: E: AG CI EG MO TU A: SY TM XIM (Stichel, 1957). Odontotarsus robustus (Jakowlew, 1883) Materials: 1F, L5, 03.08.1998. Phenology: August. Distribution in Turkey: Afyon, Aydın, Balıkesir, Bilecik, Bursa, Çanakkale, Denizli, Edirne, Isparta, İzmir, Kırklareli, Muğla, Sakarya, Uşak, Ankara, Konya (Hoberlandt, 1955; Lodos, Önder et. al., 1978). Distribution in the world: E: AL BU FR GR HU IT RU SP ST YU N: EG A: CY IR IS SY TM XIN (Stichel, 1957).

Family PENTATOMIDAE Ventocoris trigonus (Krynicki, 1871) Materials: 1F, L4, 30.05.1998. Phenology: May. Distribution in Turkey: Aegean, Marmara, Central Anatolia and the Eastern Mediterranean Region; Gaziantep (Lodos, Önder et. al., 1978; Önder 1992; Hoberlandt, 1955; Tuatay , Kalkandelen et. al., 1972). Distribution in the world: E: AL BU CEU CZ GE MC RO RU SK ST “Transcaucasia” A: CY IR IS SY XIN (Hoberlandt, 1955; Stichel, 1957).

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1113

Tarisa osmanica (Hoberlandt, 1956) Materials: 1F, L2, 26.06.1997; 1M, L1, 13.08.1997; 1F, L1, 18.08.1997; 1F, L1, 02.08.1998. Phenology: June and August. Distribution in Turkey: Kayseri, Ankara, Kırşehir, Nevşehir, Yozgat (Önder 1992; Hoberlandt, 1955; Stichel, 1957). Distribution in the world: An endemic species is known from Anatolia (Hoberlandt, 1955). Vilpianus galii (Wolff, 1802) Materials: 1F, L4, 02.08.1998. Phenology: August. Distribution in Turkey: Edirne (Hoberlandt, 1955), Ankara (Kıyak and Ün, 1999). Distribution in the world: E: AL AU BU CZ FR HU IT PL PT RO SK SP ST YU “Transcaucasia” A: CY SY XIN (Hoberlandt, 1955; Stichel, 1957). Ancyrosoma leucogrammes (Gallén, 1789) Materials: 2FF, 1M, L1, 13.08.1997; 3FF, 2MM, L1, 18.08.1997; 1M, L4, 02.08.1998; 1M, L4, 15.08.1998. Phenology: August. Distribution in Turkey: Aegean, Marmara and Central Anatolia regions; Artvin, Elazığ, Burdur, Isparta, Adana (Lodos, Önder et. al., 1978; Önder 1992; Kıyak, 1990; Çağlar, 1992; Yiğit, Uygun, 1982; Hoberlandt, 1955; Tuatay , Kalkandelen et. al., 1972). Distribution in the world: E: AL BU CEU CZ GE MC RO RU SEU “Transcaucasia” N: EG NAF A: CY IR IS IQ SY TD (Hoberlandt, 1955; Stichel, 1957). Graphosoma lineatum (Linné, 1758) Materials: 1M, L4, 03.08.1998; 1F, L4, 20.08.1998. Phenology: August. Distribution in Turkey: Marmara and the Aegean Region; Isparta (Lodos, Önder et. al., 1978). Distribution in the world: E: BU SEU N: NAF A: IR (Stichel, 1957). Derula flavoguttata (Mulsant & Rey, 1856) Materials: 1M, L5, 08.08.1998. Phenology: August. Distribution in Turkey: Ankara (Çağlar, 1992). Distribution in the world: E: BU GR RO ST (Stichel, 1957). Mustha spinosula (Lefebvre, 1831) Materials: 1M, L1, 25.07.1997. Phenology: July. Distribution in Turkey: Ankara, Aydın, Bursa, Çanakkale, Edirne, Isparta, İzmir, Manisa, Muğla, Uşak, Elazığ, Konya, Gaziantep, Mardin, Kahramanmaraş, Artvin, İstanbul, Adana, Eskişehir, Muş (Çağlar, 1992; Hoberlandt, 1955; Lodos, Önder et. al., 1978; Önder 1992; Kıyak, 1990; Tuatay , Kalkandelen et. al., 1972). Distribution in the world: E: AL BU GR ST YU “Caucasus” “Transcaucasia” N: EG A: IR IS IQ SY TM (Hoberlandt, 1955; Stichel, 1957). Sciocoris luteolus (Fieber, 1861) Materials: 1F, L2, 25.08.1998. Phenology: August. Distribution in Turkey: Kayseri, Kırşehir, Ankara, Hatay, Adana (Lodos et al., 1982; Çağlar, 1992; Hoberlandt, 1955). Distribution in the world: E: IT A: IS SY (Stichel, 1957; Hoberlandt, 1955). Sciocoris pictus (Wagner, 1959) Materials: 1M, L1, 24.06.1997; 1F, L2, 25.08.1998. Phenology: June and August. Distribution in Turkey: Ankara, Hatay (Çağlar, 1992; Seidenstücker, 1958). Distribution in the world: A: SY (Seidenstücker, 1958). Aelia glebana (Ferrari, 1874) Materials: 1M, L2, 24.06.1997; 1M, L2, 25.07.1997; 4FF, 1M, L1, 07.08.1997; 1F, 2MM, L4, 18.08.1997; 1F, L3, 03.05.1998; 2MM, L1, 02.08.1998; 1F, L4, 20.08.1998. Phenology: May-August. Distribution in Turkey: Elazığ (Kıyak, 1990). Distribution in the world: E: AL AU BU CT CZ DE FR GE GR HU IT PL PT RO RU SK SP ST SV SZ YU A: CY IR IQ SY (Stichel, 1957). Aelia albovittata (Fieber, 1868) Materials: 1F, L1, 28.05.1997; 1M, L1, 24.06.1997; 2MM, L1, 04.07.1997; 1M, L3, 30.05.1998; 1M, L4, 02.08.1998; 1F, L4, 03.08.1998. Phenology: May-August. Distribution in Turkey: Mediterranean, Central Anatolia and Aegean regions; Ankara, Çanakkale, İzmir, Manisa, Konya, Adana, Bursa, Gaziantep (Altınayar, 1981; Lodos et al. 1978; Hoberlandt, 1955; Tuatay et. al., 1972; Alkan, 1948; İyriboz, 1970). Distribution in the world: A: SY (CH, Lodos, 1963). Carpocoris fuscispinus (Boheman, 1851) Materials: 1M, L1, 21.06.1997; 1F, L3, 02.08.1998. 1114 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______

Phenology: June and August. Distribution in Turkey: Central Anatolia and Eastern Anatolia regions; Muğla, Isparta, Kastamonu, Gaziantep, Sakarya (Altınayar, 1981; Lodos, Önder et. al., 1978; Önder 1992; Kıyak, 1990; Hoberlandt, 1955; Tuatay , Kalkandelen et. al., 1972). Distribution in the world: E: AL AU BU CT CZ DE FI FR GE HU IT NL PL PT RO RU SK SP ST SV SZ “Caucasus” A: AF CH IQ IS JA MG SY TD “Transalai” (Hoberlandt, 1955; Stichel, 1957). Carpocoris mediterranus mediterranus (Tamanini, 1958) Materials: 1M, L1, 22.05.1997; 1F, L1, 03.08.1998; 1M, L1, 15.08.1998. Phenology: April, May and August. Distribution in Turkey: Ankara, Konya (Önder et. al., 1992; Çağlar, 1992). Distribution in the world: E: AL BU CZ GR HU IT RO SK SP ST N: EG A: CY IR IQ SY (Stichel, 1957). Carpocoris melanocerus (Mulsant & Rey, 1852) Materials: 1F, 3MM, 25.04.1995 (Leg. Kıyak). Phenology: April. Distribution in Turkey: Elazığ, Ankara, Çankırı, Çorum, Niğde, Kars (Kıyak, 1990; Lodos et. al., 1982). Distribution in the world: E: AL AU BU CZ FR GE HU IT SK SP ST SZ YU “Caucasus” “Transcaucasia” (Stichel, 1957; Hoberlandt, 1955) Carpocoris pudicus (Poda, 1761) Materials: 2FF, 2MM, L1, 22.05.1997; 1M, L1, 04.07.1997; 1F, L1, 2MM, 25.07.1997; 1F, L2, 02.08.1998; 1M, L1, 13.08.1998; 1F, L2, 20.08.1998. Phenology: May, June and August. Distribution in Turkey: Central Anatolia, the Mediterranean, Marmara, East Anatolia Region; Gaziantep, Çorum, Kastamonu (Kıyak, 1990, 1993; Önder 1992; Çağlar, 1992; Hoberlandt, 1955; Tuatay et. al., 1972). Distribution in the world: E: AL AU BU CZ FR GE GR HU IT PL SK SZ YU “Caucasus” “Transcaucasia” N: EG A: AF CY IQ IR IS SY XIN (Hoberlandt, 1955; Stichel, 1957). Codophila varia (Fabricius, 1787) Materials: 1F, L1, 18.08.1997. Phenology: August. Distribution in Turkey: Central Anatolia, Marmara and Aegean regions; Elazığ, Erzurum, Edirne, Zonguldak, Adana, Burdur (Lodos, Önder et. al., 1978, 1984; Önder 1992, Kıyak, 1990, 1993; Tuatay et. al., 1972). Distribution in the world: E: AL BU GE GR MC RO ST “Caucasus” “Transcaucasia” N: NAF A: CY IQ IR IS SY TD TM XIN “Transalai” (Hoberlandt, 1955; Stichel, 1957). Codophila lunulata (Goeze, 1778) Materials: 1F, L1, 13.08.1997. Phenology: August. Distribution in Turkey: Edirne, Ağrı, İstanbul, Yalova, Ankara, Isparta, Kırklareli, Çankırı, Eskişehir, Kırşehir ,Kayseri, Nevşehir, Bursa, Diyarbakır, Niğde, Elazığ, Manisa (Lodos, Önder et. al.,1978; Önder 1992; Kıyak, 1990; Çağlar, 1992; Hoberlandt, 1955). Distribution in the world: AL AU BU CT CZ FR GE GR HU IT PL RO SK ST SZ YU “Caucasus” “Transcaucasia” N: AG A: IQ IR SY TM WS XIN (Stichel, 1957; Hoberlandt, 1955). Eurydema ornatum (Linné, 1758) Materials: 1F, L1, 25.07.1997; 1F, 2MM, L1, 07.08.1997 1F, L1, 13.08.1997; 3FF, L3, 01.08.1998; 1F, 1M, L5, 08.08.1998; 1F, 1M, L2, 25.08.1998. Phenology: June and August. Distribution in Turkey: Western Black Sea, Aegean, Marmara and Central Anatolia regions; Burdur, Adana, Elazığ, Ağrı (Lodos, Önder et. al., 1978; Önder 1992; Kıyak, 1990, 1993; Yiğit, Uygun, 1982; Hoberlandt, 1955; Önder, Ünal et. al., 1984; Atalay et. al., 1990; Tuatay , Kalkandelen et. al., 1972). Distribution in the world: E: “Caucasus” “Transcaucasia” N: EG A: CAC CY IR IQ IS SY XIN (Hoberlandt, 1955). Eurydema fieberi (Schummel, 1836) Materials: 1F, L1, 28.05.1997; 1F, 1M, L1, 21.06.1997; 1F, 1M, L2, 24.06.1997; 1F, L1, 20.07.1997; 1F, L2, 18.08.1997. Phenology: April-August. Distribution in Turkey: Burdur, Kütahya, Kastamonu, Kırşehir, Konya, Nevşehir, Niğde, Ankara, Erzurum, Adana, Kahramanmaraş, Bursa (Kıyak, 1993; Lodos, Önder et. al., 1978; Hoberlandt, 1955). Distribution in the world: E: AR AU BU CZ FR GEGR HU IT PT SK SP ST SZ YU “Caucasus” “Transcaucasia” N: AG MO A: IR IS (Hoberlandt, 1955; Stichel, 1957). Piezodorus lituratus (Fabricius, 1794) Materials: 1M, L1, 2.08.1998; 1F, L4, 20.08.1998; 1M, L4, 25.08.1998. ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1115

Phenology: August. Distribution in Turkey: Marmara, Aegean and Eastern Anatolia regions; Burdur, Elazığ, Bolu, Çorum, Kastamonu, Nevşehir, Zonguldak, Sinop, Bartın, Eskişehir, Gaziantep, Kahramanmaraş (Lodos, Önder et. al., 1978; Kıyak, 1990; Kıyak, Çağlar, 1991; Hoberlandt, 1955; Kıyak, 1993). Distribution in the world: E: AL AU BE BU CT CZ FR GB GE GR HU IR IT NL PL PT RO SP ST SV SZ YU, N: AG MO TU A: CY IR SY XIN (Stichel, 1957; Hoberlandt, 1955). Dolycoris baccarum (Linné, 1758 ) Materials: 1F, L1, 21.06.1997; 1F, L1, 25.07.1997; 1F, 4MM, L1, 07.08.1997; 1B, L1, 02.08.1998. Phenology: June-August. Distribution in Turkey: Central Anatolia, Marmara, Black Sea, Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean regions; Gaziantep, Diyarbakır (Altınayar, 1981; Lodos, Önder et. al., 1978, 1984; Önder, 1992; Kıyak,1990, 1993; Çağlar, 1992; Yiğit, Uygun, 1982; Kıyak, Çağlar, 1991; Hoberlandt, 1955; Tuatay , Kalkandelen et. al., 1972). Distribution in the world: E: AL BU GE GR MC RO “Caucasus” “Transcaucasia” A: CY IQ IS JA SY (Hoberlandt, 1955; Stichel, 1957). Rhaphigaster nebulosa (Poda, 1761) Materials: 1F, 25.04.1985 (leg. Kıyak). Phenology: April. Distribution in Turkey: Marmara and Aegean regions; Erzincan, Bolu, Kastamonu, Zonguldak, Ağrı (Hoberlandt, 1955; Çağlar, 1992; Yiğit, Uygun, 1982; Önder, 1992). Distribution in the world: E: AL AU BE BU CT CZ FR GE GR HU IT NL PL PT RO RU SK SP SZ YU N: MO A: AF CY IQ IR IS MG SY XIN (Stichel, 1957; Hoberlandt, 1955).

Family CYDNIDAE Sehirus bicolor (Linné, 1758) Materials: 1F, L1, 28.05.1997. Phenology: May. Distribution in Turkey: Gaziantep, Ankara, İstanbul, Kocaeli, Denizli, Balıkesir, Kırklareli (Lodos, Önder, 1980; Hoberlandt, 1955). Distribution in the world: E: AU BE BU CT CZ DE FI FR GB GE HU IT NL NR PL PT SK SP ST SZ YU “Caucasus” “Transcaucasia” N: AG MO A: IS SY WS XIN (Lodos and Önder, 1980; Hoberlandt, 1955).

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1118 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______

Map 1. Research areas and collecting locality.

Table 1. Sampling localities in Çaldağ-Ankara.

Locality Definition of Locality Habitat Code L1 Between West of the building of TRT On plants species, on the ground Genel Müdürlüğü and South of and among the leaf litters of P. Milletvekilleri Lojmanları. nigra in the forest of Pinus nigra. L2 North and East of brick and tile factory. On plants species in forest opening.

L3 North-East of Eymir Lake. On plants species among fruit trees. L4 East and South of Fen Lisesi. Tragacantic steppe.

L5 South-West of Yeşilkent brick factory. Grassy steppe.

L6 Between South of brick and tile factory Side and in wheat fields. and North of Gölbaşı town.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1119 IMPACTS OF PYRIPROXYFEN ON THE EFFICACY OF ENCARSIA INARON WALKER (HYM: APHELINIDAE) ON CONTROL OF TRIALEURODES VAPORARIORUM WESTWOOD (HOM.: ALEYRODIDAE)

Seyed Ali Hoseini* and Ali Asghar Pourmirza*

* Department of Plant Protection, Urmia University, Urmia, IRAN. E-mail: [email protected]

[Hoseini, S. A. & Pourmirza, A. A. 2010. Impacts of pyriproxyfen on the efficacy of Encarsia inaron Walker (Hym: Aphelinidae) on control of Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Hom: Aleyrodidae). Munis Entomology & Zoology, 5, suppl.: 1119-1124]

ABSTRACT: This study attempts to establish the combined effect of Encarsia inaron in junction with pyriproxyfen against Trialeurodes vaporariorum under greenhouse conditions. In the present study, we have found pyriproxyfen to be compatible with E. inaron in the control of the greenhouse whitefly. Whitefly mortality in the presence of the parasitoid was 93.9%, significantly higher than the mortality in the control group (37.2%). A non-significant difference between pyriproxyfen versus E. inaron performance was detected. Pyriproxyfen showed a negligible negative impact on the parasitism rates of E. inaron. It could be concluded that the biological control is being used as a complement to, rather than a substitute for, chemical control.

KEY WORDS: Encarsia inaron, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, pyriproxyfen, parasitism.

In spite of the conspicuous use of insecticides and natural enemies as whitefly control agents, there is a relative dearth of the impact of combined employment of either factor on suppression of whitefly densities. This study attempts to fill this arena by establishing the combined effect of the natural enemy in junction with an insecticide. T. vaporariorum Westwood, is an economically important pest of various greenhouse vegetables, particularly tomatoes, and cucumbers, as well as ornamentals. This insect is now well established in the greenhouse ecosystems. Very often, control T. vaporariorum is mostly based on the application of insecticides, but whiteflies are resistant to many of the chemicals used. E. inaron Walker is one of the most important natural enemies of different whiteflies (Gould et al., 1995; Slobodyanyuk et al., 1993). There is substantial evidence of whitefly parasitoids activity post application of some insecticides (Gerling, 1996; Gerling & Naranjo, 1998; Simmons & Jackson, 2000). One possible explanation for surviving of parasitoids could be the compatibility characteristics of compound used for suppression of the whiteflies with natural enemies. There is ample evidence that the integration of beneficial natural enemies with selective insecticides for IPM relies heavily upon the validity of the available information on the impacts of insecticides on the natural enemies (Hull & Beers, 1985; Hassan, 1992, 1994). In order to establish such a notion, some scholars have employed the combination of more environmentally compatible insecticides and parasitoids to control whitefly populations under different conditions. For instance, Birnie and Denholm (1992) explored the capability of E. mundus to control Bemisia tabaci populations on cotton with the application of permethrin, showing the ability of the parasitoid population to recover after only one application of the compound. Devine et al. (2000) revealed the potential of piperonyl butoxide to improve the level of E. 1120 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______mundus parasitism on B. tabaci, by slowing the development of the whitefly, increasing the parasitism in the treated whitefly population by 7–8%. Likewise, Van Driesche et al. (2001) demonstrated the possibility of using an insect growth regulator (buprofezin) in combination with Eretmocerus eremicus Rose and Zolnerowich to control T. vaporariorum and B. tabaci in poinsettias in commercial greenhouses. Novel bio-rational insecticides owing to environmentally compatible features are rapidly replacing more toxic, broad-spectrum compounds to control pests of ornamental plants. These new formulations are widely regarded as safe, effective, and environmentally sound with minimal hazardous impact on non-target organisms. We used pyriproxyfen as a bio-rational insecticide, which is currently used in Iran to control different whiteflies populations under greenhouse conditions. The goals of this study were to test the possible compatibility of pyriproxyfen with E. inaron in suppression of T. vaporariorum populations and to elucidate the level of control.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

In this experiment pyriproxyfen, was tested to determine its effect on the parasitism capability of E. inaron in the control of T. vaporariorum, using a greenhouse cage evaluation. A colony of T. vaporariorum was initiated from adults collected in the West Azerbaijan province (northwest of Iran), from tomato and ornamental plants, and kept in rearing room, on tobacco plants. Adults of E. inaron were collected in this region too, on weeds, and reared on tobacco plants, which were infested with T. vaporariorum nymphs. The rearing room was kept at 26 ± 2˚C with a photoperiod of 16:8 (Light: Dark) over the experiments. The experimental design included two levels (presence and absence) of two factors (parasitoid and insecticide). There were, therefore, four treatments: (1) application of pyriproxyfen, (2) application of pyriproxyfen and introduction of E. inaron, (3) introduction of E. inaron, and (4) no application of pyriproxyfen and no introduction of E. inaron (control). Each treatment was replicated five times, using one bean plant per treatment and replicate, making a total of 20 plants. The plants were infested with T. vaporariorum adults in the rearing room, allowed to lay eggs for 3 days on leaves and then removed. The plants were kept in the rearing room and, after 10 days, first and second instars whitefly nymphs were present on the leaves. The number of nymphs per leaf ranged from 180 to 240. Plants were then maintained in a greenhouse inside a transparent construct covered with organdy for the rest of the experiment. Pyriproxyfen was sprayed at a rate of 0.05 g a.i. /liter in treatments (1) and (2). It was applied two times; 1day after the plants had been put in the greenhouse and 10 days later. E. inaron was introduced before application of the insecticide, in treatments (2) and (3) at a total rate of 12 to 18 females per replicate, following the recommended ratio proposed by Jones et al. (1999). Adult parasitoids were placed in the cages in two separate introductions, beginning on the first day that the plants were put in the greenhouse and 8 days later. Plants were evaluated every 3-4 day during the first week and then weekly until all the adults of T. vaporariorum and E. inaron emerged. The number of living whitefly nymphs and pupae, the number of parasitized whitefly nymphs and parasitoid pupae, and the number of pupal cases from where an adult (whitefly or parasitoid) had emerged was a counted. This experiment included only one generation of the whitefly T. vaporariorum and the parasitoid E. inaron. ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1121 Analysis of variance was performed on mortality and parasitism (Statistical Graphics Corporation 1999), with the transformation of Z = arcsine ; where X is mortality or parasitism. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze mortality data of last day in the experiment. Mortality data means was separated with Turkey’s HSD test at 95% confidence level. The T-test was performed to compare mean of parasitism percentages.

RESULTS

The percentage mortality of T. vaporariorum nymphs treated with pyriproxyfen was significantly higher than untreated control cohorts (F = 18, 6; df = 3; P = 0.002). As expected, the introduction of the parasitoid after application of pyriproxyfen, produced a major influence on whitefly reduction. For instance, the addition of E. inaron significantly increased the mortality rate of T. vaporariorum nymphs. There was a non-significant difference between the mortality of the whitefly immature life stages, which were subjected by either insecticide or parasitoid treatment. The highest mortality (93.9%) of whitefly was observed with the introduction of E. inaron in conjunction with pyriproxyfen (Fig. 1). The application of pyriproxyfen or E. inaron solely against whitefly caused 78.9 and 71.3% mortality, respectively. The natural mortality of the whiteflies was 37.2% under test conditions. The percentage parasitism of E. inaron in junction with pyriperoxyfen was marginally higher than application of pyriproxyfen followed by the introduction of E. inaron (Fig. 2). This was also illustrated in (Fig.1), which was discussed previously. These parasitism rates, however, did not differ significantly at the end of the assay. (T = 1.86; df = 4; P = 0.135).

DISCUSSION

The results obtained from the experiment revealed that the application of pyriproxyfen and introduction of the parasitoid wasp caused a significant effect on the control of T. vaporariorum. Furthermore, the salient result of this trial was that the simultaneous application of pyriproxyfen and E. inaron led to the highest mortality rate of the whitefly. Gonzalez-Zamora et al. (2004) employed Eretmocerus mundus and oxamyl concurrently and separately to control Bemisia tabaci as the procedure we employed in this study. According to their findings, no interaction was detected between the two factors in question. Furthermore, they found that E. mundus caused the highest mortality. The combined impact of insecticides and whitefly parasitoids was also studied by Helyer et al. (1984) using E. formosa to control T. vaporiarorum on tomato. The significant high whitefly mortality in the application of insecticide together with parasitoid might be due to low toxicity, if any, of pyriproxyfen on E. inaron. A similar pattern has been found with this insecticide, tested on different populations of whitefly parasitoids. For instance, Heidari et al. (2006) found that pyriproxyfen reduced adult emergence of E. formosa only by 27.5%, and it had no mortality effects on the adult stage of the parasitoid. Similar results have been also observed in some other cases; Medina et al. (2003) argued that pyriproxyfen is non-toxic or harmless to the penultimate and ultimate larval stages and adults of the green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea. Likewise, in the case of the predatory bugs, Orius spp., pyriproxyfen had a negligible impact on adult female oviposition capability and on egg’s vigour and viability has been reported (Nagai, 1990). 1122 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______In the current study, a non-significant difference between parasitism percentage in presence and absence of pyriproxyfen implies that this insecticide poses some characteristics, which are not harmful on foraging and parasitism behaviour of adult wasps. Very often, priori experience implies that mortality data of the whitefly by itself cannot show the fate of the population dynamism, because the experiment only included one generation of the whitefly and parasitoid. To obtain a comprehensive profile, several authors (Birnie and Denholm, 1992; Simmons and Minkenberg, 1994; Goolsby et al., 1998; Heinz and Parrella, 1998) have been attempted to show the ability of some parasitoid species, to control whitefly populations in extended laboratory and semi-field assays. These authors maintained whiteflies in cages and released adult parasitoids, albeit in different proportions than in the present work, and generally for more than one generation with promising results. They argued that the beneficial impact of parasitoid in suppression of whitefly density can be fairly uncontroversial. With retrospect, the chief point that can be gleaned from foregoing discussion is that the results of current research were in line with findings of recently mentioned scholars. By and large, however, the level of control of whitefly populations obtained in proceeding assays solely with natural enemy treatment could not be acceptable by growers. Nevertheless, the enhanced control level can always be considered a valuable tool in the framework of integrated pest management programs preventing the pest outbreak, enhancing the effectiveness of other management strategies, reducing doses and cost for their application.

LITERATURE CITED

Birnie, L. C. & Denholm, I. 1992. A novel approach to evaluating the impact of pesticides on beneficial arthropods in the laboratory. Aspect. Appl. Bio., 31: 105–112.

Devine, G. J., Wright, D. J. & Denholm I. 2000. A parasitic wasp (Eretmocerus mundus Mercet) can exploit chemically induced delays in the development rates of its whitefly host (Bemisia tabaci Genn.). Biological control, 19: 64–75.

Gerling, D. 1996. Status of Bemisia tabaci in the Mediterranean countries: opportunities for biological control. Biological control, 6: 11–22.

Gerling, D. & Naranjo, S. E. 1998. The effects of insecticide treatments in cotton fields on the levels of parasitism of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) s.l. Biological control, 12: 33–41.

Gonzalez-Zamora, J. E., Leira, D., Bellido, M. J. & Avilla, C. 2004. Evaluation of the effect of different insecticides on the survival and capacity of Eretmocerus mundus Mercet to control Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) populations . Crop protection, 23: 611–618.

Goolsby, J., Ciomperlink, M. A., Legaspi, B. C., Legaspi, J. C. & Wendel, L. E. 1998. Laboratory and field evaluation of exotic parasitoids of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Biotype "B") (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas. Biological control, 12: 127–135.

Gould, J. R., Bellows, T. S & Paine, T. R. 1995. Preimaginal development, adult longevity and fecundity of Encarsia inaron (HYM: Aphelinidae) parasitizing Siphoninus phillyreae (HOM: Aleyrodidae) in California. Entomophaga, 40 (1): 55-68.

Hassan, S. A. 1992. Guidelines for testing the effects of pesticides on beneficial organisms . Descriptions of test methods. Bull. IOBC/WPRS, 15: 18–39.

Hassan, S. A. 1994. Activities of the IOBC/WPRS working group , Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms . Bull. IOBC/WPRS, 17: 1–5.

Heidari, A., Moharramipour, S., Pourmirza, A. A. & Talebi, A. A. 2006. Effects of buprofezin , pyriproxyfen and fenpropathrin on the reproductive parameters of Encarsia formosa (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Journal of Entomological Society of Iran, 25: 17-34.

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Heinz, K. M. & Parrella, M. P. 1998. Host location and utilization by selected parasitoids of Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae): implications for augmentative biological control. Environmental Entomology, 27: 773–784.

Helyer, N. L., Ledieu, M. S., Hussey, N. W. & Scopes, N. E. A. 1984. Early season integrated control of whitefly on tomatoes using oxamyl in British Crop Protection Conference Monograph, pp. 293–297.

Hull, L. A. & Beers, E. H. 1985. Ecological selectivity: Modifying chemical control practices to preserve natural enemies In Biological Control in Agricultural IPM Systems (M. A. Hoy and D. C. Herzog eds.), Academic Press, New York, pp. 103–122.

Jones, W. A., Greenberg, S. M. & Legaspi, B. 1999. The effect of varying Bemisia argentifolii and Eretmocerus mundus ratios on parasitism. Biocontrol, 44: 13–28.

Medina, P., Smagghe, G., Budia, F., Tirry, L. & Vinuela, E. 2003. Toxicity and absorption of azadirachtin, diflubenzuron, pyriproxyfen, and tebufenozide after topical application in predatory larvae of Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Environmental Entomology, 32: 196-203.

Nagai, K. 1990. Effects of a juvenile hormone mimic material, 4-phenoxylphenyl (RS)-2-(2-pyridyloxy) propyl ether, on Thrips palmi Karny (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and its predator Orius sp. (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae). Applied Entomology and Zoology, 25: 199-204.

Simmons, A. M. & Jackson, D. M. 2000. Evaluation of foliar-applied insecticides on abundance of parasitoids of Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in vegetables. Journal of Entomological Science, 35: 1–8.

Simmons, G. S. & Minkenberg, O. P. 1994. Field-cage evaluation of augmentative biological control of Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in southern California cotton with the parasitoid Eretmocerus nr. californicus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Environmental Entomology, 23: 1552–1557.

Slobodyanyuk, G. A., Ignat’eva, T. N. & Andreenko, O. N. 1993. A system of protection of cucumbers against greenhouse whitefly. Zashchita Rastenii (Moscow), 4: 45.

Van Driesche, R., Hoddle, M. S., Lyon, S. & Sanderson, J. 2001. Compatibility of insect growth regulators with Eretmocerus eremicus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) for whitefly (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) control on poinsettias: II trials in commercial poinsettia crops. Biological control, 20: 132–146.

1124 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______

Figure 1. Cumulative percentage mortality of Trialeurodes vaporariorum larvae in the experiment, considering the four treatments: pyriproxyfen ( ), pyriproxyfen plus Encarsia inaron (X), E. inaron (■), and control (♦). Vertical bars indicate the standard error of the mean.

Figure 2. Cumulative percentage parasitism of Encarsia inaron, considering the tow treatments: pyriproxyfen plus E. inaron (■), E. inaron (♦). Vertical bars indicate the standard error of the means.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1125 ANTIXENOSIS COMPONENT OF RESISTANCE IN POPLAR SPECIES AND CLONES (POPULUS SPP.) TO THE WILLOW AND POPLAR LACE-BUG, MONOSTEIRA UNICOSTATA (MULSANT & REY) (HEMIPTERA: TINGIDAE)

Ali Ahadiyat*, Seyed Ebrahim Sadeghi**, Hadi Ostovan***, Saeid Moharramipour****, Gadir Nouri Ganbalani***** and Sattar Zeinali**

* Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IRAN. E-mails: [email protected] and [email protected] ** Department of Forest and Range Protection, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Tehran, IRAN. *** Department of Entomology, Fars Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Fars, IRAN. **** Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IRAN. ***** Faculty of Agriculture, Mohaghegh Ardebili University, Ardebil, IRAN.

[Ahadiyat, A., Sadeghi, S. E., Ostovan, H., Moharramipour, S., Ganbalani, G. N. & Zeinali, S. 2010. Antixenosis component of resistance in poplar species and clones (Populus spp.) to the willow and poplar lace-bug, Monosteira unicostata (Mulsant & Rey) (Hemiptera: Tingidae). Munis Entomology & Zoology, 5, suppl.: 1125-1135]

ABSTRACT: During the year 2007, antixenosis resistance mechanism of 4 poplar species, including Populus alba, P. deltoides, P. euramericana and P. nigra, and 15 related clones was evaluated against the willow and poplar lace-bug, Monosteira unicostata, one of the most important pests of these trees. Poplar cuts, bearing 3-5 uniform and similar leaves, of each species were taken. The adult bugs previously developed under natural conditions on one poplar species, P. alba, were collected and released in a designed olfactometer while placing in a germinator (at temperature 24±0.1 ºC, 50 % relative humidity, and a photoperiod of 16L:8D). The experiment was carried out with 10 replications. The numbers of male and female bugs attracted to each poplar clones were counted and recorded after 24 hours. Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference (P<0.01) in numbers of attracted lace-bugs to the poplar species and clones. The most lace-bug numbers were attracted to P. nigra and P. alba respectively, and the lowest attraction of lace-bugs was observed in P. euramericana and P. deltoides. Among the poplar clones, the comparison of means showed that P. n. 42.78, P. n. 56.53 and P. n. betulifolia attracted the most adult bugs and were considered as the most susceptible clones, while P. d. missouriensis, P. e. vernirubensis and P. e. triplo were the most resistant clones.

KEY WORDS: Poplar, clones, Monosteira unicostata, resistance, antixenosis, olfactometer.

Poplar species (Populus spp.) are important fast-growing trees in forest areas and landscapes in all regions of Iran. More than 200 species of arthropods, including insects and mites, are active organisms on poplar trees in the country (Sadeghi, 2004, 2007). Several insect species of different orders feed and damage on or within poplar leaves, stems, trunks, roots, etc. One of the most economically important pests of poplar trees in Iran is the poplar and willow lace-bug. This pest has probably existed since past decades in the country (Babmorad & Askari, 2004) and has been reported with different scientific names in Persian literatures. For example, it has been recorded as Monosteira inermis Horvàth (Farahbakhsh, 1961), and M. discoidalis (Jakovlev) (Abaii & Adeli, 1984; Khial & Sadraei, 1984; Babmorad, 1993). In the latest literatures, it has been reported on many poplar 1126 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______and some willow species as M. unicostata (Mulsant and Rey, 1852) with severe damage (Babalmorad, 1998; Abaii, 2000). The recent species occurs on poplar and willow trees in Iran and on the same and also other ornamental and fruit trees in some parts of the World (Önder & Lodos, 1983; Péricart, 1983; Schaefer & Panizzi, 2000), and seriously damages often to the inferior and sometimes superior surfaces of host leaves and causes yellow spots on their upper parts. Also, insect minute black excrements remain under leaf surfaces. Early leaf falling occurs in spring and summer seasons and causing tree weakness and preparing xylophagous pests attacking to the infested trees. This pest is found on different poplar species in some parts of Iran, including Isfahān and Chahārmahāl-o- Bakhtiyārī provinces and north parts of the country (Abaii, 2000; Jafari et al., 2002; Sadeghi et al., 2002; Haghighian & Sadeghi, 2006). Also, severe feeding activity and damage of the pest have been reported on poplar species and clones in Karaj region, Tehran province (Babmorad et al., 2002; Babmorad & Sadeghi, 2004). Babmorad & Sadeghi (2004) considered the pest as a specific pest of plants of the willow family (Salicaceae) in Iran, and totally reported 18 species and 50 clones of poplar as the tree hosts of the bug in Karaj region. Using resistant plant species and varieties is a beneficial method for controlling pest damage in IPM programs with many advantages. Among the most important are effectiveness, selectivity against the pest, relatively long stability, compatibility with other tactics (such as pesticides), human and environmental safety (Pedigo, 1996). Antixenosis is a category in resistance in which the plant is a poor host, deterring any insect feeding (Gullan & Cranston, 2005). Literature reviews of national and international publications show that there is more probably no article on resistance mechanisms of poplar species and clones against M. unicostata, other than a few studies being accomplished on host preference of the pest in natural conditions. For instance, Babmorad et al. (2002) in a primary study in Karaj just reported near 20 poplar species and clones and two willow species as the pest hosts. Ghasemi & Modir-Rahmati (2004) observed the pest activity on poplar clones in natural conditions in Karaj, and indicated the pest’ damage on different clones of Populus x euramericana and the clones P. alba nivea, P. deltoides 69.55, P. deltoides 73.51, P. deltoides 77.51, and P. nigra betulifolia, but P. deltoides clones show less susceptibility. Babmorad et al. (2007) evaluated its damage on 15 clones of 5 poplar species in Karaj region. Zargaran et al. (2008) studied the pest population density on 10 poplar clones and observed the most densities on two clones P. euramericana 561.41 and P. nigra 62.154. Babmorad et al. (2008) studied the pest damage on different poplar species and clones, and showed that P. alba 44.9 and P. alba 58.57 have been the most susceptible clones, while P. deltoides 77.51 and P. deltoides 73.51 were considered as the most resistant. Up to our knowledge, the international researches on M. unicostata damage were often preformed on resistance and susceptibility of almond trees (Egea et al., 1984; Russo et al., 1994) and other fruit trees (Roversi & Monteforte, 2005), not on poplar species and clones, just Serafimovski (1973) observed this pest with high density on P. euramericana robusta and P. simonii Carrière, and with low density on P. tremula Linnaeus and willow species in Macedonia. The above mentioned researches showed that there is not specific study on resistance mechanisms of poplar species and clones against M. unicostata, and because of high damage of the bug on poplar trees in Iran, the purpose of this paper is to evaluate the antixenosis mechanism of poplar species and clones to the willow and poplar lace-bug, and finding the poplar clones resistant to the pest for providing a successful integrated pest management program in the future in ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1127 susceptible areas of poplar-growing. Up to our knowledge, the present research is the first study on antixenosis resistance of poplar trees against this destructive pest.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

1) Sampling site: Field samplings were conducted in a poplar farm in the Alborz Research Station of the Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands (RIFR) in south of Karaj, Tehran province. Experimental researches were performed at the Insect Laboratory of the Conservation and Protection of Forest and Rangeland Research Group at the RIFR, Tehran.

2) Poplar species and clones: Fifteen clones belonging to four poplar species including Populus alba (P.a.), P. deltoides (P.d.), P. euramericana (P.e.) and P. nigra (P.n.) were selected for the study. Names and origins of the studied species and clones are listed in Table 1. Origin countries of the imported slips in the table were mostly extracted from Ghasemi & Modir-Rahmati (2004). Age of the examined poplar trees was five years old at time of the study.

3) Antixenosis mechanism of poplar species and clones: This experiment was carried out with 10 replications for both female and male bugs, separately. Adult bugs reared on a poplar species in natural conditions, were collected and separated. In order to perform this research, an olfactometer, designed as follows, was used: The set was organized with a central cylindrical container, 21.7 cm in length and 14 cm in diameter, with 15 white glasses around the main central container. The connections of the main container and lateral glasses were prepared with 15 colorless elastic tubes. One or two frail and short cuts bearing 3-5 uniform and similar leaves were placed in each glass. Afterwards, the glass openings were closed by cloth net. Then, 50 adult females/males were released in the main container of each olfactometer and its opening was closed by net. The olfactometers were placed in a germinator at temperature 24±0.1 ºC, 50 % relative humidity, and a photoperiod of 16L:8D hours. This experiment was performed at the indicated conditions with 10 replications, separately for adult females and males. The numbers of adults attracted to each poplar clones were counted and recorded after 24 hours.

4) Statistical analysis: Recorded data were analyzed using the SAS 9.1 software program and the average of attracted female and male bugs were compared by Tukey’s test. Table 8 shows the mean comparison of attraction of adult bugs to poplar clones, in which the letters “a” and “ab” have been considered for susceptible clones, “abc” for semi-susceptible, “bcd” for semi-resistant, “cd” and “d” for resistant clones.

RESULTS

Multiway analysis of variance showed that numbers of adult bugs attracted to cuts significantly differ (P<0.001) among poplar species and clones (Table 2). Statistical analysis also revealed significant differences in numbers of attracted 1128 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______male bugs (Tables 3 and 4) and female bugs (Tables 5 and 6) to the poplar species and clones. The averages of attracted males and females and total adults, which attracted to the poplar species, have been presented in Table 7. The table shows that the highest numbers of attracted males were counted on P. nigra, significantly differed with other three species, while P. nigra, P. alba and P. deltoides attracted more females with no significant differences, compared with P. euramericana, on which the lowest attracted females were observed. The most attracted adults (total females and males) were observed on P. nigra and P. alba, respectively, and the lowest attracted ones were counted on P. euramericana and P. deltoides. Table 8 shows the averages of attracted female and male bugs to poplar clones. The comparison of means indicated that the clones P. nigra 56.53 and P. n. 63.135 showed the highest attraction of adult males among all 15 clones, while the numbers of males attracted to P. deltoides missouriensis were less than other clones with no significant differences. The highest attractions of females were observed on P. n. 42.78 and P. n. betulifolia with significant differences with most clones, while P. euramericana vernirubensis didn’t attract any female. The comparison of means showed that the clones P. n. 42.78, P. n. 56.53 and P. n. betulifolia attracted the most adult bugs and were considered as the most susceptible clones, and P. e. 561.41, P. d. 73.51, P. e. marilandica and P. alba 44.9 were considered as semi-susceptible clones. Three clones including P. d. missouriensis, P. e. vernirubensis and P. e. triplo attracted the lowest numbers of adult bugs, and were considered as the most resistant clones. Other 5 poplar clones were considered as semi-resistant clones.

DISCUSSION

The results of this research showed that there were significant differences among poplar species and clones for attracting adult bugs, but no differences were found between females and males (Table 2). Therefore, both sexes were relatively equally attracted to tree species (Table 7). According to the results shown in Table 7, it could be concluded that P. nigra and P. alba contain a low level of antixenosis resistance, while P. deltoides and P. euramericana showed the less attraction of bugs without any significant differences between themselves. These results indicated that P. nigra and P. alba could be considered as two suitable hosts for M. unicostata. Our field observations during the years 2007-2008, confirm the laboratory examination results. Figs. 1-4 show extensive damage of the pest on P. nigra and P. alba in natural conditions. This study confirms the results of researches performed by Ghasemi & Modir- Rahmati (2004), Sadeghi et al. (2006), and Babmorad et al. (2008). Ghasemi & Modir-Rahmati (2004) showed that P. deltoides clones demonstrated the lowest invasion of M. unicostata. Sadeghi et al. (2006) observed the most invasion rate of the pest on P. nigra, P. alba and P. euramericana, while P. deltoides clones showed the lowest infestation. Babmorad et al. (2008) also showed that M. unicostata caused severe damage on P. alba and P. nigra, but P. euramericana and P. deltoides were sustained the lowest damage in natural conditions. The results of mean comparison of adult bugs attraction to poplar clones partly agree with those taken by Sadeghi et al. (2006) and Babmorad et al. (2007, 2008). In all mentioned studies, P. a. 44.9 and P. n. 42.78 were respectively considered as susceptible and resistant clones, our results almost confirm the former, but refuse the later one. The differences between these results are ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1129 apparently related to their experimental performance methods. The three mentioned researches were performed by evaluating pest damage rates on poplar leaves in natural conditions, while the present research was accomplished under laboratory conditions in order to clarify the pest host preference and poplar antixenosis mechanism. Abrahamson et al. (2001) in an extensive research on insect resistance evaluation of willow and poplar clones indicated that insects could choose their preferences between clones in the field, whereas, in the lab bioassay the insects were not given a choice. Also, the plants which insects choose in the field may not necessarily be the ones they prefer in the lab (Abrahamson et al., 2001). This opinion can be considered for M. unicostata preference on the poplar clones, during the different results of the indicated researches and the present work, concerning P. n. 42.78 responses. The other reason for the differences can be related to the age of examined poplar trees which could influence the experimental results. Babmorad et al. (2007) evaluated the poplar and willow lace-bug damage on one year and two years old seedlings, while the poplar trees, by which the cuts were taken, were five years old at the time of our antixenosis study. Whereas physiological responses in plants vary with plant age, and these can lead to change in the expression of cultivar resistance (Pedigo, 1996), more probably the differences among poplar clone ages tested in Babmorad et al. (2007) and the present work, can be the other reason for different results taken in these two studies. According to Babmorad et al. (2008), two poplar clones P. d. 77.51 and P. d. 73.51 showed the lowest damage of the pest under natural conditions. Our results showed that these trees could be considered as semi-resistant and semi- susceptible, respectively. The most invasions of the pest were observed on P. a. 44.9 and P. e. marilandica by Sadeghi et al. (2006). The present work indicated that the later one was considered as a semi-susceptible clone with relatively high attraction of adult bugs. Zargaran et al. (2008) observed the most density of M. unicostata on P. e. 561.41 and P. n. 62.154, among 10 native and exotic clones. Our results showed that P. e. 561.41 is a semi-susceptible clone with relatively high attraction of adult bugs and confirm the mentioned research. Among the examined poplar clones, some are native to Iran, and others are exotic clones. All resistant and semi-resistant clones originally belonged to abroad countries, including Italy, USA, and Turkey, while two susceptible and semi- susceptible clones (P. n. 42.78 and P. a. 44.9, respectively), are native to Iran. Probably it could be one of the reasons that M. unicostata has not yet been established on the exotic clones. Based on the similar results observed in the field conditions, it is led to a conclusion that antixenosis mechanism of poplar species and clones can play a major role on the plant resistance against the willow and poplar lace-bug. Knowing susceptibility and resistance capacities of poplar clones in antixenosis mechanism, substantiating their probable conditions in antibiosis mechanism in future researches, and considering the climatic conditions as major factors influencing poplar resistance, can help the farmers to choose and plant the suitable clones in those areas in which M. unicostata is an important pest. Among the resistant clones, P. e. missouriensis, P. e. vernirubensis and P. e. triplo showed the highest resistance to the pest. Extracting resistance produced genes of poplar trees and using transgenic high-quality clones can help to approach a suitable control for the pest according the integrated pest management programs. Also, all environmental factors, including climatic conditions, weather, soil, etc., and proper cultural practices, such as irrigation, fertilization, and weed control, which can influence the plant growth vigor and pest damage to the plant (Pedigo, 1130 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1996), should be evaluated as well as possible in those regions in which poplar clones are used to decrease the pest damage. Other examinations on resistance ability of the tested clones against other poplar key pests should be studied.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are grateful to Mehri Babmorad, Department of Forest and Range Protection, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Tehran, for her great assistants and giving us some related papers. Also, we would like to thank Davood Shamohammadi, Alborz Research Station, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Karaj, for providing the feasibility of this project in the Alborz Research Station.

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1132 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______

Table 1. Name and origin of examined poplar clones.

1 Populus alba 44. 9 2 P. a. 58.57 3 P. deltoides 69.55 4 P. d. 73.51 5 P. d. 77.51 6 P. d. missouriensis P. euramericana 7 561.41 8 P. e. grandis brid 9 P. e. marilandica 10 P. e. triplo 11 P. e. vernirubensis 12 P. nigra 42.78 13 P. n. 56.53 14 P. n. 63.135 15 P. n. betulifolia

Table 2. Three way analysis of variance (poplar species/ poplar clones/ bug sex) of willow and poplar lace-bug attraction to Populus species and clones.

Sources DF Sum of Mean Square F-value P-value Squares Poplar species 3 395.198 131.733 11.02 <0.0001 Poplar clone 14 1071.825 76.559 6.40 <0.0001 Sex 1 1.949 1.949 0.16 0.687 Poplar species 3 17.571 5.857 0.49 0.690 * Sex Poplar clone 14 465.241 33.232 2.78 0.001 * Sex Error 264 3156.584 11.957 Total 299 5108.368

Table 3. One way analysis of variance (poplar species) of male willow and poplar lace-bug attracted to 4 poplar species.

Sources DF Sum of Mean F-value P-value Squares Square Poplar 3 221.487 73.829 5.40 0.002 species Error 146 1997.532 13.682 Total 149 2219.020

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Table 4. One way analysis of variance (poplar clones) of male willow and poplar lace-bug attracted to poplar clones.

Sources DF Sum of Mean F-value P-value Squares Square Poplar 14 421.824 30.130 2.26 0.008 clone Error 135 1797.195 13.313 Total 149 2219.020

Table 5. One way analysis of variance (poplar species) of female willow and poplar lace-bug attracted to 4 poplar species.

Sources DF Sum of Mean F-value P-value Squares Square Poplar 3 191.282 63.761 3.45 0.018 species Error 146 2696.118 18.467 Total 149 2887.4

Table 6. One way analysis of variance (poplar clones) of female willow and poplar lace-bug attracted to poplar clones.

Sources DF Sum of Mean F-value P-value Squares Square Poplar 14 1115.242 79.660 6.07 <0.0001 clone Error 135 1772.157 13.127 Total 149 2887.4

Table 7. Mean comparison of attraction of male, female and total adults of willow and poplar lace-bug to poplar species.

Mean ± SE Species Male Female Total

P. alba 4.151 ± 1.054 b 4.906 ± 1.177 ab 4.528 ± 1.116 ab

P. deltoides 3.714 ± 1.095 b 3.917 ± 1.116 ab 3.815 ± 1.105 b

P. euramericana 4.369 ± 1.254 b 3.682 ± 0.982 b 4.026 ± 1.118 b

P. nigra 6.708 ± 1.021 a 6.405 ± 1.145 a 6.557 ± 1.083 a Means followed by the same letter in each column are not significantly different using Tukey’s test at P<0.05.

1134 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______

Table 8. Mean comparison of attraction of male, female and total adults of willow and poplar lace-bug to poplar clones.

Clone* Mean ± SE Susceptibility/ Resistance

Male Female Total 4.953 ± 0.958 ab 5.315 ± 1.328 abc 5.134 ± 1.143 abc Semi-susceptible P. a. 44. 9 3.348 ± 1.15 ab 4.496 ± 1.026 bcd 3.922 ± 1.088 bcd Semi-resistant P. a. 58.57 4.257 ± 0.958 ab 4.345 ± 1.255 bcd 4.301 ± 1.107 bcd Semi-resistant P. d. 69.55 6.343 ± 1.596 ab 5.104 ± 1.231 abcd 5.724 ± 1.414 abc Semi-susceptible P. d. 73.51 3.109 ± 1.06 ab 4.257 ± 0.958 bcd 3.683 ± 1.009 bcd Semi-resistant P. d. 77.51 1.148 ± 0.765 b 1.961 ± 1.109 cd 1.554 ± 0.892 d Resistant P. d. missouriensis 5.104 ± 1.231 ab 6.886 ± 0.992 abc 5.995 ± 1.112 abc Semi-susceptible P. e. 561.41 5.493 ± 1.025 ab 2.145 ± 1.152 bcd 3.819 ± 1.089 bcd Semi-resistant P. e. grandis 4.68 ± 1.111 ab 6.653 ± 1.309 abc 5.666 ± 1.21 abc Semi-susceptible P. e. marilandica 3.455 ± 1.537 ab 2.725 ± 1.458 bcd 3.090 ± 1.498 cd Resistant P. e. triplo 3.115 ± 1.367 ab 0 d 1.557 ± 0.684 d Resistant P. e. vernirubensis 6.251 ± 0.894 ab 10.271 ± 1.267 a 8.261 ± 1.081 a Susceptible P. n. 42.78 7.417 ± 1.415 a 7.214 ± 1.401 abc 7.316 ± 1.408 ab Susceptible P. n. 56.53 7.036 ± 0.614 a 0.574 ± 0. 574 d 3.805 ± 0.594 bcd Semi-resistant P. n. 63.135 6.127 ± 1.159 ab 7.561 ± 1.336 ab 6.844 ± 1.248 ab Susceptible P. n. betulifolia Means followed by the same letter in each column are not significantly different using Tukey’s test at P<0.05. * P. a.= Populus alba; P. d.= P. deltoides; P. e.= P. euramericana; P. n.= P. nigra.

Figure 1. Willow and poplar lace-bug damage to P. nigra leaf (May 2008). ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1135

Figure 2. Damage and adults of the willow and poplar lace-bug on P. nigra leaf (June 2008)

Figure 3. Willow and poplar lace-bug damage and on P. alba 44.9 leaves (May 2008).

Figure 4. Damage and nymphs of the willow and poplar lace-bug under P. alba 44.9 leaf (May 2008).

1136 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______ANTIBIOSIS RESISTANCE TO THE APHID, SITOBION AVENAE F. (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) IN DIFFERENT WINTER WHEAT CULTIVARS

Kazemi Mohammad Hossein*

* Department of Plant Protection, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz branch, Tabriz, IRAN. E- mail: [email protected]

[Hossein, K. M. 2010. Antibiosis resistance to the aphid, Sitobion avenae F. (Homoptera: Aphididae) in different winter wheat cultivars. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 5, suppl.: 1136-1140]

ABSTRACT: The nymphal survival rate; mean development time; adult fecundity (total number of progeny/female produced within the first 10 and 15 days of reproductive stage) and calculating the relevant intrinsic rate of natural population increase (rm value) was measured on five modern Iranian wheat cultivars at the tillering growth stage. The English grain aphid is regarded as one of the most important pests of small grain cereals, especially wheat varieties in many parts of the world. The pest has extended its distribution throughout the wheat fields of Iran and in particular the East Azarbaidjan province. The wheats were of Iranian origin, winter cultivars and hexaploid types, namely Alamoot, Alvand, Zarrin, Sabalan and Sardari, which are the most extensively cultivated in the province. The experiment was carried out under greenhouse conditions of 24.2±4.5°C temperature, 55.7±4.6%R.H. and 16:8(L: D) light regime. Aphids which had already been reared on the respective varieties for at least one generation were transferred to the experimental plants. The ANOVA of the data indicated that regarding duration of nymphal development time, adult fecundity and also rm values, there were significant differences (p<0.01) between the varieties. Based on this, the highest (8.70±0.47) and lowest (6.60±0.50) mean nymphal development time was calculated on Zarrin and Sardari respectively. The greatest (75.55±3.30 and 52.60±2.28) and the least (41.55±2.65 and 27.60±2.28) numbers of progeny produced per female within the first 10 and 15 days of larviposition period was observed on Alvand and Sabalan respectively. Moreover, the highest rm value (0.3340±0.0052 and 0.3304±0.0051) obtained for individuals reared on Alvand, with the lowest (0.2444±0.0089 and 0.2379±0.0093) being on Sabalan. Sabalan showed some resistance to the aphid in comparison with the other varieties at the tillering stage, while Zarrin, Sardari and Alamoot were regarded as partially resistant varieties, whilst Alvand appeared to be more susceptible one.

KEY WORDS: Antibiosis, Plant resistance, Sitobion avenae, wheat cultivars.

During the last 25 years, there has been a great deal of research seeking resistance to aphids in wheat varieties by the author and other experts in Iran. Only varying degrees of partial resistance have been reported, particularly in Moghan 2 and Ommid cultivars to Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (Kazemi, 1988; Kazemi & van Emden, 1992) and in Alvand and Zarrin to Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) (Kazemi et al., 2001a,b). The English grain aphid is regarded as one of the most important and periodical pests of small grain cereals, especially wheat varieties in many parts of the world, particularly Europe, Asia, tropical and subtropical areas (George & Gair, 1979; Lowe, 1984). The pest was first reported in Iran by Farahbakhsh (1961) and has extended its distribution throughout the wheat fields of Iran and in particular the East Azarbaidjan province. This aphid causing direct feeding damages on the winter wheats in the spring by considerable reduction in crop yields (Hein et al., 1996), and can also be damaging as a vector of plant pathogenic viruses, such as Barley yellow Dwarf Virus (Vickerman & Written, 1979; Holland & Thomas, 1997; Markkula & Rouka, 1972). The aphid ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1137 feeds on wheat, barley, oat, rye and a number of grass weeds (Blackman & Eastop, 2000). Based on the occurrence of the aphid in Iran, and also due to the highest level of infestation which has been observed in wheat fields of East Azarbaidjan province in recent years, the present study was aimed at evaluating the rate of “antibiosis” resistance to the aphid, at tillering growth stage of Alamoot, Alvand, Azrrin, Sabalan and Sardari varieties, for which, the highest acreages are being devoted in wheat planting areas of the province (Kazemi et al., 2001).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Plant and aphid culture: Vernalised seeds of five wheat varieties namely, Alamoot, Alvand, Zarrin, Sabalan and Sardari were evaluated at their tillering growth stage (21-29) against the English grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (Zadoks et al., 1974). The seeds of the varieties were obtained from the Agricultural- Jahad organization of East Azarbaidjan province. The aphid clones were collected from the Marand wheat fields and transferred to the laboratory for morphological identification according to the relevant sources (Blackman & Eastop, 2000). Stock cultures of aphids were reared under glasshouse conditions on Barley plants (var. Makuie) which are highly susceptible to the aphid (Robinson, 1992) and Kept in a 150 100 100 cm screen cage. The seeds were then put in a jar fully covered with alumininum foil and containing a few drops of distilled water and vernalized in the refrigerator at 3-5 C for eight weeks (Kay et al., 1981; Kazemi, 1988). Eight seeds of each variety were sown in 20 cm diameter plastic pots at a depth of 3 cm and thinned to four plants per pot after germination (van Emden et al., 1991). A total of 15 pots were devoted to each variety. The soil used, was a mixture of garden soil, sand and compost at a rate of 3:1:1 obtained from Khalate- pooshan agricultural experiment station.

Plant infestation: Aphids reared on the stock culture individually were confined in clip cages on the upper leaves of experimental plants (Kazemi, 1988). Since the culture plant may influence the performance and preferences of the aphids, they were reared on the experimental plants for at least one generation before the main experiments. For the main experiments, one adult apterous aphid from the appropriate culture was confined in a clip cage on the upper leaf of the experimental plant. After 24 hours, the adult was removed, and one newly born nymph was retained to develop to an adult and reproduce (Kazemi & van Enden, 1992). The position of the cages was changed once every three to four days to avoid local leaf damage. The experimental plants were kept under glasshouse conditions of 24.2 4.5 C temperature, 55.7 4.6% relative humidity and a 16:8 (L: D) light regime. The experimental design was a completely randomized block design with five treatments (varieties) and each variety with 20 replicates using individual clip- on leaf cages as experimental units, set up on the last fully grown leaves of the main plants. In order to determine the maturation time and survival rate of encaged progeny, each individual nymph was allowed to develop into an adult. The fecundity of the resultant adults was determined by daily counts of their progeny between 9 and 11 a.m. for periods of 10 and 15 days. All progenies were removed from caged leaves after completion of the counts. To calculate the daily intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm value), nymphal survival on each variety (age specific survival rate: 1x), developmental time and daily fecundity of individual aphids (age specific fecundity: mx) were used in the equation 1138 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______

rm 1xmx =1 (Birch, 1948), using van Emden’s STATSPAK version 8.00 based on Mallard Basic.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Development time and survival rate of nymphs: The ANOVA of the data obtained on duration of developmental period indicated that there were significant differences between treatment means. Comparisons made between treatment means using Duncan’s multiple range test showed significant differences (P<1%). Data presented in table 1 shows that the highest and lowest nymphal survival rate occurred on Alamoot, Alvand, Zarrin, Sabalan and Sardari varieties respectively. Also the highest and lowest growth index “GI” [more suitable measurement of insect growth on susceptible and resistant plants (Saxena et al., 1974)], belong to Alvand (11.64) and Zarrin (8.62) respectively (table 1). The effects of feeding on various wheat varieties on survival rate of Sitobion avenae and Metopolophium dirhodum, Rhopalosiphum padi and Diuraphis noxia, have been investigated by the works of Sotherton & van Emden (1982), Kazemi & van Emden (1992) and Kazemi, Talebi-Chaichi, Shakiba & Mashhadi Jafarloo (2001a and 2001b) respectively. Obviously, determining the nature of the effects of defence mechanisms (Physical and chemical) at the host plants on the survival rate of the aphid requires further complementary studies.

Fecundity: The ANOVA of obtained data indicated significant differences (P<1%) in mean fecundity of the aphid on five wheat varieties within 10 and 15 day periods of larviposition (Table 2). The highest fecundity within the two periods was recorded on Alvand, indicating its sensitivity to the English grain aphid. Although the aphid produces more progeny and shows the highest population density at the ear emergence stage, but Appablaza and Robinson (1967) and Lowe (1984) have noticed certain differences between the aphid population density at the seedlings and tillering growth stages of the plant. They reported that resistant variety has the lowest aphid progeny on the plant. The results of our studies confirm the findings of Appablaza & Robinson and Lowe. The least progeny produced within the first 10 and 15 days of larviposition periods were observed on Sabalan and Sardari, whilst Alamoot and Zarrin were intermediate between Alvand and Sabalan at the end of 15 day larviposition period.

The Intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm value): Data indicated significant differences between rm values at P 1%. Based on the aphid’s intrinsic rate of increase within 10 and 15 day periods of rearing on test varieties, Alvand had the highest rm value at both rearing periods and are thus regarded as the most susceptible variety. Sabalan had the lowest rm values and are considered to be resistant. Alamoot, Sardari and Zarrin seem to be partially resistant varieties (Table 3).

CONCLUSION

The results of this experiment showed that the factor of growth index of the varieties varies between 8.62 to 11.64, which means Sabalan, Zarrin and Sardari had the highest resistant effect on the aphid whilst Alamoot and Alvand had the ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1139 lowest effect on the aphid respectively. Also survival rate of the aphid has shown the same results with Sardari and Sabalan being resistant and Alamoot and Alvand being the susceptible varieties between the cultivars. The 10 and 15 days fecundity results showed the same ranking of the varieties with Alvand having the highest number of fecundity and Sardari and Sabalan having the lowest ones which means that Sardari and Sabalan were resistant to the aphid and Alvand was susceptible. The intrinsic rate of natural population increase (rm value) is considered as one of the most important factors of antibiosis resistance of different plant cultivars to insect pests. Alvand had the highest rm value whilst Sabalan had the lowest value indicating the susceptibility of Alvand to the aphid and the resistance of Sabalan to this pest. The results of this study indicated that at tillering growth stage, amongst the varieties studied, Sabalan was the resistant variety to the English grain aphid with Alvand being the most susceptible one, while the other varities Alamoot, Sardari and Zarrin appeared to be the intermediate varieties respectively. With extension of the studies to the other phenological stages of the test varieties, it is hoped that inclusion of the pest management program would be a valuable tool twoards lowering the damage potential of this aphid.

LITERATURE CITED

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Blackman, R. L. & Eastop, V. F. 2000. Aphids on the world’s crops. 2nd Edition. Jhon Wiley & Sons LTD., 466 pp.

George, K. S. & Gair, R. 1979. Crop loss assessment on winter wheat attacked by the grain aphid, Sitobion avena (F.), 1974-77. Plant Pathol., 28: 143-149.

Hein, G. L., Kalisch, J. A. & Thomas, J. 1996. Cereal aphids. Retrieved: (6, 2003). Available from: http://www. ianr.unl.edu/pubs/insects/g 1284.htm.

Holland, J. M. & Thomas, S. R. 1997. Quantifying the impact of polyphagous invertebrate predators in controlling cereal aphids and in preventing wheat yield and quality reductions. Ann. appl. Biol., 131: 375-397.

Kay, D. J., Wratten, S. D. & Stoks, S. 1981. Effects of vernalisation and aphid culture history on the relative susceptibilities of wheat cultivars to aphids. Ann. appl. Biol., 99: 71-75.

Kazemi, M. H. 1988. Identification and mechanisms of host plant resistance to cereal aphids in wheat. Ph.D. Thesis, Reading Univ., U.K. 255 pp.

Kazemi, M. H. & vanEmden, H. F. 1992. Partial antibiosis to Rhopalosiphum padi in wheat and some phytochemical correlations. Ann. appl. Biol., 121: 1-9.

Kazemi, M. H., Talebi-Chaichi, P., Shakiba, M. R. & Mashhadi Jafarloo, M. 2001a. Biological responses of Russian Wheat Aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) (Homoptera: Aphididae) to different wheat varieties. JAST 3 (4): 249-255.

Kazemi, M. H., Talebi-Chaichi, P., Shakiba, M. R. & Mashhadi Jafarloo, M. 2001b. Susceptibility of some wheat cultivars at stem elongation stage to the Russian Wheat Aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordrilko) (Homoptera: Aphididae) Agric. Scie. 11 (3) 103-112.

Lowe, H. J. B. 1984. Development and practice of a glasshouse screening technique for resistance of wheat to the aphid Sitobion avenae. Ann. appl. Biol., 104: 297-305.

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Markkula, M. & Roukka K. 1972. Resistance of cereals to the aphids Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) and Macrosiphum avenae (F.) and fecundity of these aphids on Graminae, Cyperaceae and Juncaceae. Ann. Agric. Fenn., 11: 417-423.

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Table 1. Mean development time, survival rate and growth index of nymphs of English grain aphid on five wheat varieties under green house conditions. Variety Mean development time (days) Survival rate Growth index (%) X S.D. Sardari 6.6 0.50 c+ 60.0 9.09 Sabalan 7.5 0.51 b 65.0 8.67 Zarrin 8.7 0.47 a 75.0 8.62 Alvand 7.3 0.47 b 85.0 11.64 Alamoot 8.4 0.50 a 90.0 10.71 + Means followed by a similar letter are not significantly different at a level of 1%.

Table 2- Mean fecundity of adult apterae of English grain aphid within 10 and 15 day periods of rearing on five wheat varieties. Variety 10 day 15 day X S.D. Sardari 29.85 2.35 d + 43.85 2.87 d Sabalan 27.60 2.28 d 41.55 2.65 d Zarrin 36.50 4.14 c 53.10 4.88 c Alvand 52.60 2.28 a 75.55 3.30 a Alamoot 45.90 2.92 b 67.00 3.51 b + Means followed by a similar letter in each column are not significantly different at a 1% level.

Table 3- Intrinsic rate of increase of the English grain aphid in reavings on five wheat varieties for 10 and 15 day periods under greenhouse conditions. Intrinsic rate of increase (rm values) Variety 10 day period 15 day period X S.D. X S.D. Sardari 0.2622 0.0109 c+ 0.2676 0.0109 c Sabalan 0.2379 0. 0093 e 0.2444 0.0089 e Zarrin 0.2513 0.0079 d 0.2562 0.0078 d Alvand 0.3306 0.0051 a 0.3340 0.0052 a Alamoot 0.2929 0.0062 b 0.2963 0.0058 b + Means followed by a similar letter in each column are not significantly different at a 1% level.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1141 LONGHORNED BEETLES FAUNA OF AMANOS MOUNTAINS, SOUTHERN TURKEY (COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE)

Hüseyin Özdikmen*, Mesud Güven and Caner Gören

* Gazi Üniversitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi, Biyoloji Bölümü, 06500 Ankara / TÜRKİYE. E- mail: [email protected]

[Özdikmen, H., Güven, M. & Gören, C. 2010. Longhorned beetles fauna of Amanos Mountains, Southern Turkey (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Munis Entomology & Zoology, 5, suppl.: 1141-1167]

ABSTRACT: It includes results of an investigation on the longhorned beetles fauna of Amanos Mountains (Southern Turkey: Osmaniye, Hatay, W Gaziantep, W Kilis provinces). 4 species are new records for Mediterranean Region of Turkey and 18 species are new records for Amanos Mountains.

KEY WORDS: Cerambycidae, Coleoptera, Amanos Mountains, Turkey.

Research area is South-Eastern Taurus Mountains (Amanos Mountains = Nur Mountains) in the present work. Amanos Mountains are a Mountain range that runs rougly parallel to the İskenderun Gulf in East of İskenderun Gulf in South- Eastern of Central Taurus Mountains. The range reaches a maximum elevation of 2,240 m (7,350 ft) and divides the coastal region of Cilicia from inland Syria. The highest peak is Bozdağ. A major pass through the mountains known as the Syrian Gates is located of the town of Belen. Amanos Mountains includes Osmaniye, Hatay, South-Western parts of Kahramanmaraş, Western parts of Gaziantep and Western parts of Kilis provinces.

MATERIAL AND METHOD

For the present work, cerambycid specimens were collected by the authors from various parts of Amanos Mountains between March-September in 2006- 2007 (Map 1). These specimens were deposited in Gazi University (Ankara, Turkey). The data were evaluated under the titles “Material examined”, “Chorotype” and “Remarks” in the text. Chorotype classification was based on Taglianti et al. (1999).

RESULTS FAMILY CERAMBYCIDAE SUBFAMILY PRIONINAE TRIBE REMPHANINI Rhaesus serricollis (Motschulsky, 1838) Material examined: Osmaniye prov.: Bahçe road, Çona village, 37 07 N 36 19 E, 126 m, 28.VI.2006, 4 specimens. Chorotype: Turano-Mediterranean. Remarks: The species is rather widely distributed in Turkey.

TRIBE AEGOSOMATINI Aegosoma scabricorne (Scopoli, 1763) Material examined: Osmaniye prov.: Bahçe road, Çona village, 37 07 N 36 19 E, 126 m, 22.VII.2006, 3 specimens; Zorkun road, Fenk plateau, 36 59 N 36 20 E, 1049 m, 11.VIII.2006, 3 specimens. 1142 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______

Chorotype: Turano-European. Remarks: The species is rather widely distributed in Turkey. It is the first record to Osmaniye province and thereby Amanos Mountains.

TRIBE PRIONINI Prionus coriarius (Linnaeus, 1758) Material examined: Osmaniye prov.: Çiftmazı, Kent forest, 37 01 N 36 17 E, 778 m, 24.VI.2006, 1 specimen; Zorkun road, Fenk plateau, 36 59 N 36 20 E, 1049 m, 11.VIII.2006, 1 specimen; Mitisin plateau, 36 58 N 36 21 E, 1402 m, VIII.2006, 5 specimens. Chorotype: W-Palaearctic Remarks: The species is rather widely distributed in Turkey. It is the first record to Osmaniye province.

SUBFAMILY LEPTURINAE TRIBE RHAGIINI Stenocorus auricomus (Reitter, 1890) Material examined: Osmaniye prov.: Boğaz plateau, 37 04 N 36 22 E, 713 m, 18.V.2006, 1 specimen. Chorotype: Anatolian. Remarks: The species is distributed only in Southern Turkey. It is the first record to Osmaniye province and thereby Amanos Mountains.

Dinoptera collaris (Linnaeus, 1758) Material examined: Osmaniye prov.: Zorkun road, Çiftmazı, 37 01 N 36 17 E, 223 m, 20.V.2006, 2 specimens; Boğaz plateau, 37 04 N 36 22 E, 713 m, 18.V.2006, 1 specimen. Chorotype: Sibero-European. Remarks: The species is rather widely distributed in Turkey. It is the first record to Osmaniye province and thereby Amanos Mountains.

TRIBE LEPTURINI Vadonia unipunctata (Fabricius, 1787) Vadonia unipunctata unipunctata (Fabricius, 1787) Material examined: Osmaniye prov.: Entry of Yarpuz, 37 03 N 36 25 E, 930 m, 18.V.2006, 1 specimen. Chorotype: Turano-European or Turano-Europeo-Mediterranean. Remarks: The species is widely distributed in Turkey.

Pseudovadonia livida (Fabricius, 1777) Pseudovadonia livida livida (Fabricius, 1777) Material examined: Gaziantep prov.: Akbez, Gülpınarı plateau, 36 51 N 36 30 E, 617 m, 19.V.2006, 2 specimens; Hatay prov.: Entry of Belen, Çakallı, 36 28 N 36 13 E, 652 m, 19.V.2006, 1 specimen; Osmaniye prov.: Zorkun road, Çiftmazı, 37 01 N 36 17 E, 223 m, 20.V.2006, 1 specimen; Hasanbeyli, Kalecikli village, 37 09 N 36 27 E, 587 m,19.V.2006, 1 specimen; Karaçay, 37 02 N 36 17 E, 212 m, 17.V.2006, 7 specimens; Akyar village, 37 02 N 36 11 E, 151 m, 17.V.2006, 12 specimens; Zorkun road, Fenk plateau, 36 59 N 36 20 E, 1049 m, 24.VI.2006, 2 specimens; Yarpuz road, Yukarı Haraz plateau, 37 04 N 36 22 E, 856 m, 26.VI.2006, 5 specimens. Chorotype: Sibero-European + E-Mediterranean (Palaestino-Taurian). Remarks: The species is widely distributed in Turkey.

Stictoleptura cordigera (Fuessly, 1775) Stictoleptura cordigera cordigera (Fuessly, 1775) Material examined: Osmaniye prov.: Hasanbeyli, 37 07 N 36 34 E, 829 m, 28.VI.2006, 1 specimen; Zorkun road, Fenk plateau, 36 59 N 36 20 E, 1049 m, 24.VI.2006, 1 specimen; Zorkun road, Çiftmazı, 37 01 N 36 16 E, 678 m, 24.VI.2006, 3 specimens; Cebel road, Çürükarmut plateau, 37 04 N 36 21 E, 911 m, 26.VI.2006, 3 specimens; Zorkun road, Ürün plateau, 37 01 N 36 16 E, 785 m, 24.VI.2006, 6 specimens; Zorkun road, Ürün plateau, 37 01 N 36 16 E, 870 m, 22.VII.2006, 2 specimens; Yarpuz road, Yukarı Haraz plateau, 37 04 N 36 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1143

22 E, 856 m, 26.VI.2006, 5 specimens; Zorkun road, Çiftmazı Gölyeri, 37 01 N 36 17 E, 751 m, 24.VI.2006, 5 specimens; Yarpuz road, 8th km, 37 04 N 36 20 E, 718 m, 26.V.2006, 1 specimen. Chorotype: Turano-European. Remarks: The species is widely distributed in Turkey.

Stictoleptura excisipes (Daniel, 1891) Material examined: Osmaniye prov.: Kalecik-Hasanbeyli road, 37 09 N 36 28 E, 679 m, 19.V.2006, 2 specimens. Chorotype: SW-Asiatic (Syro-Anatolian). Remarks: The species is distributed mostly in Southern parts of Turkey. It is the first record to Osmaniye province and thereby Amanos Mountains.

Stictoleptura fulva (DeGeer, 1775) Material examined: Hatay prov.: Akbez, Güzeluşağı village, 36 51 N 36 29 E, 780 m, 19.V.2006, 1 specimen; Osmaniye prov.: Haraz plateau, 37 04 N 36 21 E, 713 m, 18.V.2006, 1 specimen; Yarpuz road, Yukarı Haraz plateau, 37 04 N 36 22 E, 856 m, 26.VI.2006, 21 specimens; Yarpuz road, 8th km, 37 04 N 36 20 E, 718 m, 26.V.2006, 5 specimens; Zorkun road, Fenk plateau, 36 59 N 36 20 E, 1049 m, 11.VIII.2006, 1 specimen; Zorkun road, Fenk plateau, 36 59 N 36 20 E, 1049 m, 22.VII.2006, 2 specimens; Zorkun road, Çiftmazı Gölyeri, 37 01 N 36 17 E, 751 m, 24.VI.2006, 2 specimens; Zorkun road, Ürün plateau, 37 01 N 36 16 E, 785 m, 24.VI.2006, 2 specimens; Zorkun road, Fenk plateau, 36 59 N 36 20 E, 1049 m, 24.VI.2006, 9 specimens; Hasanbeyli, 37 07 N 36 34 E, 829 m, 28.VI.2006, 4 specimens; Cebel road, Çürükarmut plateau, 37 04 N 36 21 E, 911 m, 26.VI.2006, 7 specimens. Chorotype: European. Remarks: The species probably is rather widely distributed in Turkey.

Stictoleptura tesserula (Charpentier, 1825) Material examined: Osmaniye prov.: Yarpuz road, Yukarı Haraz plateau, 37 04 N 36 22 E, 856 m, 26.VI.2006, 1 specimen. Chorotype: Turano-European. Remarks: The species is distributed mostly in Northern parts of Turkey. It is the first record to Osmaniye province and thereby Mediterranean Region of Turkey.

Anastrangalia dubia (Scopoli, 1763) Anastrangalia dubia dubia (Scopoli, 1763) Material examined: Osmaniye prov.: Hasanbeyli, Kalecikli Village, N 37o09'986'‘E 36o27'716'', 587 m, 19.05.2006, 1 specimen. Chorotype: Turano-Europeo-Mediterranean. Remarks: The species is rather widely distributed in Turkey.

Anastrangalia montana (Mulsant &Rey, 1863) Anastrangalia montana montana (Mulsant &Rey, 1863) Material examined: Osmaniye prov.: Hınzırlı plateau, Kalaycıbatıran, 36 58 N 36 27 E, 1465 m, 25.VI.2006, 6 specimens; Yarpuz road, Yukarı Haraz plateau, 37 04 N 36 22 E, 856 m, 26.VI.2006, 2 specimens; Zorkun road, Fenk plateau, 36 59 N 36 20 E, 1049 m, 24.VI.2006, 2 specimens; Zorkun-Karıncalı-Hassa road, Küllü plateau, 36 57 N 36 21 E, 1603 m, 25.VI.2006, 3 specimens; Zorkun road, Mitisin plateau, 36 58 N 36 20 E, 1422 m, 25.VI.2006, 85 specimens. Chorotype: E-Mediterranean (Palaestino-Cyprioto-Taurian + Aegean). Remarks: The species is distributed Western and Southern parts of Turkey.

Pedostrangalia (Neosphenalia) emmipoda (Mulsant, 1863) Material examined: Hatay prov.: Akbez, Gülpınarı plateau, 36 51 N 36 30 E, 617 m, 19.V.2006, 3 specimens; Akbez, Güzeluşağı village, 36 51 N 36 29 E, 780 m, 19.V.2006, 1 specimen; Osmaniye prov.: Zorkun Road, Çiftmazı Gölyeri, 37 01 N 36 17 E, 751 m, 24.VI.2006, 3 specimens; Yarpuz road, Yukarı Haraz plateau, 37 04 N 36 22 E, 856 m, 1144 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______

26.VI.2006, 2 specimens; Yarpuz road, 8th km, 37 04 N 36 20 E, 718 m, 26.V.2006, 2 specimens; Cebel road, Çürükarmut plateau, 37 04 N 36 21 E, 911 m, 26.VI.2006, 1 specimen. Chorotype: SW-Asiatic. Remarks: The species is rather widely distributed especially in Western and Southern parts of Turkey.

Rutpela maculata (Poda, 1761) Rutpela maculata maculata (Poda, 1761) Material examined: Osmaniye prov.: Küllü-Islahiye road, Hınzırlı plateau, 36 57 N 36 25 E, 1620 m, 25.VI.2006, 3 specimens; Zorkun road, Çiftmazı Gölyeri, 37 01 N 36 17 E, 751 m, 24.VI.2006, 4 specimens; Yarpuz road, Yukarı Haraz plateau, 37 04 N 36 22 E, 856 m, 26.VI.2006, 8 specimens. Chorotype: European. Remarks: The species is widely distributed in Turkey.

Stenurella bifasciata (Müller, 1776) Stenurella bifasciata nigrosuturalis (Reitter, 1895) Material examined: Osmaniye prov.: Zorkun road, Çiftmazı Gölyeri, 37 01 N 36 17 E, 751 m, 24.VI.2006, 142 specimens; Zorkun road, Mitisin plateau, 36 58 N 36 20 E, 1422 m, 25.VI.2006, 2 specimens; Zorkun road, Ürün plateau, 37 01 N 36 16 E, 870 m, 22.VII.2006, 95 specimens; Hasanbeyli, 37 07 N 36 34 E, 829 m, 28.VI.2006, 2 specimens; Zorkun road, Fenk plateau, 36 59 N 36 20 E, 1049 m, 24.VI.2006, 8 specimens; Karaçay, 37 02 N 36 17 E, 212 m, 17.V.2006, 1 specimen; Zorkun-Karıncalı-Hassa road, Küllü plateau, 36 57 N 36 21 E, 1603 m, 25.VI.2006, 1 specimen; Zorkun road, Karacalar village, 37 02 N 36 16 E, 381 m, 24.VI.2006, 66 specimens; Zorkun road, Çiftmazı, 37 01 N 36 16 E, 678 m, 24.VI.2006, 39 specimens; Arslantaş-Osmaniye road, Kazmaca village, 37 11 N 36 11 E, 117 m, 28.VI.2006, 1 specimen; Cebel road, Çürükarmut plateau, 37 04 N 36 21 E, 911 m, 26.VI.2006, 26 specimens; Yarpuz road, 8th km, 37 04 N 36 20 E, 718 m, 26.V.2006, 190 specimens; Yarpuz road, Yukarı Haraz plateau, 37 04 N 36 22 E, 856 m, 26.VI.2006, 238 specimens; Zorkun road, Ürün plateau, 37 01 N 36 16 E, 785 m, 24.VI.2006, 47 specimens. Chorotype: Sibero-European + SW-Asiatic. Remarks: The species is widely distributed in Turkey.

SUBFAMILY ASEMINAE TRIBE ASEMINI Arhopalus rusticus (Linnaeus, 1758) Arhopalus rusticus rusticus (Linnaeus, 1758) Material examined: Osmaniye prov.: Mitisin plateau, 36 58 N 36 21 E, 1402 m, VIII.2006, 2 specimens. Chorotype: Holarctic. Remarks: The species probably is rather widely distributed in Turkey. It is the first record to Osmaniye province and thereby Amanos Mountains.

Arhopalus syriacus (Reitter, 1895) Material examined: Osmaniye prov.: Zorkun road, Fenk plateau, 36 59 N 36 20 E, 1049 m, 11.VIII.2006, 1 specimen. Chorotype: Mediterranean. Remarks: The species is rather widely distributed in South-Western and Southern parts of Turkey. It is the first record to Osmaniye province and thereby Amanos Mountains.

SUBFAMILY SPONDYLIDINAE TRIBE SPONDYLIDINI Spondylis buprestoides (Linnaeus, 1758) Material examined: Osmaniye prov.: Mitisin plateau, 36 58 N 36 21 E, 1402 m, VIII.2006, 1 specimen. ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1145

Chorotype: Sibero-European or Sibero-European + N-Africa. Because, according to Sama (2002), records from North Africa (Morocco) need confirmation. Remarks: The species is distributed mostly in Northern parts of Turkey. It is the first record to Osmaniye province and thereby Mediterranean Region and Southern Turkey.

SUBFAMILY CERAMBYCINAE TRIBE HESPEROPHANINI Stromatium unicolor (Olivier, 1795) Material examined: Kahramanmaraş prov.: Pazarcık, Bağdınısağır, 37 35 N 36 46 E, 787 m, 29.VI.2006, 2 specimens. Chorotype: Subcosmopolitan Remarks: The species is widely distributed in Turkey.

TRIBE CERAMBYCINI Cerambyx (s.str.) cerdo Linnaeus, 1758 Cerambyx (s.str.) cerdo cerdo Linnaeus, 1758 Material examined: Osmaniye prov.: Mitisin plateau, 36 58 N 36 21 E, 1402 m, VIII.2006, 2 specimens. Chorotype: Turano-Europeo-Mediterranean. Remarks: The species is rather widely distributed in Turkey.

Cerambyx (s.str.) dux (Faldermann, 1837) Material examined: Kahramanmaraş prov.: Pazarcık, Bağdınısağır, 37 35 N 36 46 E, 787 m, 29.VI.2006, 2 specimens; Osmaniye prov.: Central, 150 m, 19.V.2006, 1 specimen. Chorotype: Turano-Mediterranean (Turano-Balkan). Remarks: The species is widely distributed in Turkey.

Cerambyx (s.str.) miles Bonelli, 1812 Material examined: Osmaniye prov.: Düziçi, between Böcekli-Hıdırlı, 37 18 N 36 20 E, 266 m, 28.VI.2006, 2 specimens. Chorotype: S-European. Remarks: The species is rather widely distributed in Turkey. It is the first record to Osmaniye province and thereby Amanos Mountains.

Cerambyx (s.str.) welensii (Küster, 1845) Material examined: Osmaniye prov.: Düziçi, between Böcekli-Hıdırlı, 37 18 N 36 20 E, 266 m, 28.VI.2006, 1 specimen. Chorotype: S-European. Remarks: The species is rather widely distributed in Turkey. It is the first record to Osmaniye province and thereby Amanos Mountains.

Cerambyx (Microcerambyx) scopolii Fuessly, 1775 Material examined: Osmaniye prov.: Zorkun road, Fenk plateau, 36 59 N 36 20 E, 1049 m, 24.VI.2006 and 22.VII.2006, 7 specimens; Zorkun road, Fenk plateau, 36 59 N 36 20 E, 1049 m, 2 specimens (all specimens belong to C. scopolii nitidus Pic, 1892). Chorotype: European. Remarks: The species is widely distributed in Turkey.

TRIBE TRACHYDERINI Purpuricenus interscapillatus Plavilstshikov, 1937 Purpuricenus interscapillatus interscapillatus Plavilstshikov, 1937 Material examined: Hatay prov.: Yukarı Ekinci village, 36 15 N 36 07 E, 178 m, 27.VI.2006, 1 specimen; Sazlık, 36 54 N 36 07 E, 15 m, 17.V.2006, 1 specimen; Osmaniye prov.: Hasanbeyli, Kalecikli village, 37 09 N 36 27 E, 587 m,19.V.2006, 1 specimen; Zorkun road, Çiftmazı, 37 01 N 36 17 E, 223 m, 20.V.2006, 1 specimen; Zorkun road, Karacalar village, 37 02 N 36 16 E, 381 m, 24.VI.2006, 5 specimens.

1146 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______Purpuricenus interscapillatus nudicollis Demelt, 1968 Material examined: Osmaniye prov.: Zorkun road, Karacalar village, 37 02 N 36 16 E, 381 m, 24.VI.2006, 1 specimen. Chorotype: E-Mediterranean (Palaestino-Cyprioto-Taurian). Remarks: The species is distributed only in Southern parts of Turkey. It is the first record to Osmaniye province.

TRIBE CALLICHROMATINI Aromia moschata (Linnaeus, 1758) Aromia moschata ambrosiaca (Steven, 1809) Material examined: Osmaniye prov.: Düziçi, between Böcekli-Hıdırlı, 37 18 N 36 20 E, 266 m, 28.VI.2006, 1 specimen. Chorotype: Palearctic. Remarks: The species is widely distributed in Turkey. It is the first record to Osmaniye province and thereby Amanos Mountains.

TRIBE CERTALLINI Certallum ebulinum (Linnaeus, 1767) Material examined: Gaziantep prov.: Nurdağı, Exit of İslahiye, 37 10 N 36 43 E, 510 m, 08.IV.2006, 1 specimen; Hatay prov.: İskenderun-Arsuz, 20 km to Arsuz, 36 32 N 36 03 E, 1 m, 07.IV.2006, 2 specimens; Erzin, Gökdere village, 37 00 N 36 11 E, 163 m, 07.IV.2006, 2 specimens; Belen, 15.V.2006, 1 specimen; Akbez, Güzeluşağı village, 36 51 N 36 29 E, 780 m, 19.V.2006, 1 specimen; Arsuz, Akçalı, 36 24 N 35 57 E, 103 m, 07.IV.2006, 1 specimen; Erzin, Erzin İçmeler district, 36 57 N 36 14 E, 294 m, 07.IV.2006, 1 specimen; Osmaniye prov.: Kesmeburun village, Castabala (Hierapolis), 37 10 N 36 11 E, 99 m, 09.IV.2006, 56 specimens; Karagedik village, 37 12 N 36 15 E, 189 m, 08.IV.2006, 1 specimen; between Kumarlı-Kazmaca villages, 37 10 N 36 14 E, 147 m, 08.IV.2006, 18 specimens; Fakıuşağı village, 37 02 N 36 13 E, 145 m, 09.IV.2006, 25 specimens; Fakıuşağı village, 37 02 N 36 12 E, 154 m, 09.IV.2006, 7 specimens; Sarpınağzı village, 37 08 N 36 13 E, 72 m, 08.IV.2006, 2 specimens; Çardak village, 132 m, 37 04 N 36 16 E, 09.IV.2006, 4 specimens; Bahçe, 5 km to Bahçe, 37 10 N 36 28 E, 516 m, 08.IV.2006, 1 specimen; Bahçe, 37 11 N 36 33 E, 551 m, 18.V.2006, 4 specimens; Osmaniye-Gaziantep road 5th km., 15.V.2006, 2 specimens; Akyar village, 37 02 N 36 11 E, 151 m, 17.V.2006, 2 specimens; Zorkun road, Çiftmazı, 37 01 N 36 17 E, 223 m, 20.V.2006, 1 specimen; Kuşcubeli pass, 37 06 N 36 36 E, 1134 m, 19.V.2006, 1 specimen; Entry of Yarpuz, 37 03 N 36 25 E, 930 m, 18.V.2006, 1 specimen; Castabala (Hierapolis), 37 10 N 36 11 E, 90 m, 31.III.2007, 6 specimens. Chorotype: Turano-Europeo-Mediterranean. Remarks: The species is widely distributed in Turkey.

TRIBE DEILINI Deilus fugax (Olivier, 1790) Material examined: Hatay prov.: Harbiye, 36 07 N 36 08 E, 273 m, 30.III.2007, 1 specimen; Osmaniye prov.: Haraz plateau, 37 04 N 36 21 E, 713 m, 18.V.2006, 1 specimen; Zorkun road, Çiftmazı, 37 01 N 36 17 E, 223 m, 20.V.2006, 2 specimens. Chorotype: Turano-Europeo-Mediterranean. Remarks: The species is widely distributed especially in Western and Southern parts of Turkey. It is the first record to Hatay and Osmaniye provinces and thereby Amanos Mountains.

Tribus STENOPTERINI Stenopterus rufus (Linnaeus, 1767) Stenopterus rufus syriacus Pic, 1892 Material examined: Osmaniye prov.: Zorkun road, Çiftmazı, 37 01 N 36 17, 223 m, 20.V.2006, 9 specimens; Yarpuz road forest store env., 37 05 N 36 19 E, 273 m, 18.V.2006, 2 specimens; Zorkun road, Karacalar village, 37 02 N 36 16 E, 381 m, 24.V.2006, 1 specimen; Yarpuz road, Yukarı Haraz plateau, 37 04 N 36 22 E, 856 m, 26.VI.2006, 6 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1147 specimens; Hınzırlı plateau, Kalaycıbatıran, 36 58 N 36 27 E, 1465 m, 25.VI.2006, 5 specimens; Zorkun road, Ürün plateau, 37 01 N 36 16 E, 785 m, 24.VI.2006, 1 specimen; Cebel road, Çürükarmut plateau, 37 04 N 36 21 E, 911 m, 26.VI.2006, 24 specimens; Hasanbeyli, 37 07 N 36 34 E, 829 m, 28.VI.2006, 1 specimen. Chorotype: Turano-European. Remarks: The species is widely distributed in Turkey.

TRIBE HYBODERINI Lampropterus femoratus (Germar, 1824) Material examined: Hatay prov.: Dörtyol-Yeniyurt, 36 52 N 36 08 E, 11 m, 17.V.2006, 1 specimen; Sazlık, 36 54 N 36 07 E, 15 m, 17.V.2006, 4 specimens; Erzin-kaplıcalar, 36 57 N 36 15 E, 123 m, 17.V.2006, 14 specimens; Hassa-Söğüt road, Exit of Hassa, 36 47 N 36 29 E, 574 m, 19.V.2006, 3 specimens; Akbez, Gülpınarı plateau, 36 51 N 36 30 E, 617 m, 19.V.2006, 1 specimen; Osmaniye prov.: Akyar village, 37 02 N 36 11 E, 151 m, 17.V.2006, 21 specimens; Yarpuz road forest store env., 37 05 N 36 19, 273 m, 18.V.2006, 13 specimens; Bahçe-İnderesi road, 37 13 N 36 34 E, 700 m, 18.V.2006, 8 specimens; Kalecik-Hasanbeyli road, 37 09 N 36 28 E, 679 m, 19.V.2006, 5 specimens; Bahçe, 37 11 N 36 33 E, 551 m, 18.V.2006, 1 specimen; Haraz plateau, 37 04 N 36 21 E, 713 m, 18.V.2006, 1 specimen; Karaçay, 37 02 N 36 17 E, 212 m, 17.V.2006, 11 specimens; Entry of Yarpuz, 37 03 N 36 25 E, 930 m, 18.V.2006, 2 specimens; Hasanbeyli, Kalecikli village, 37 09 N 36 27 E, 587 m,19.V.2006, 1 specimen; Yarpuz road, 8th km, 37 04 N 36 20 E, 718 m, 26.V.2006, 1 specimen; Yarpuz road, Yukarı Haraz plateau, 37 04 N 36 22 E, 856 m, 26.VI.2006, 5 specimens. Chorotype: Turano-Mediterranean (Turano-E-Mediterranean). Remarks: The species is rather widely distributed in Turkey.

TRIBE CALLIDINI Hylotrupes bajulus (Linnaeus, 1758) Material examined: Osmaniye prov.: Zorkun road, Fenk plateau, 36 59 N 36 20 E, 1049 m, 11.VIII.2006, 2 specimens. Chorotype: Subcosmopolitan. Remarks: The species is widely distributed in Turkey. It is the first record to Osmaniye province.

Poecilium alni (Linnaeus, 1767) Poecilium alni alni (Linnaeus, 1767) Material examined: Osmaniye prov.: Kuşçubeli pass (Gaziantep border), 37 06 N 36 36 E, 1115 m, 31.III.2007, 1 specimen. Chorotype: W-Palaearctic. Remarks: The species is distributed mostly in Northern parts of Turkey.

TRIBE CLYTINI Cholorophorus nivipictus (Kraatz, 1879) Material examined: Osmaniye prov.: Zorkun road, Fenk plateau, 36 59 N 36 20 E, 1049 m, 24.VI.2006, 1 specimen; Yarpuz road, Yukarı Haraz plateau, 37 04 N 36 22 E, 856 m, 26.VI.2006, 3 specimens; Hınzırlı plateau, Kalaycıbatıran, 36 58 N 36 27 E, 1465 m, 25.VI.2006, 1 specimen. Chorotype: SW-Asiatic. Remarks: The species is distributed only in Southern parts of Turkey.

Chlorophorus sartor (Müller, 1766) Material examined: Hatay prov.: Sazlık, 36 54 N 36 07 E, 15 m, 17.V.2006, 2 specimens; Osmaniye prov.: Yarpuz road forest store env., 37 05 N 36 19 E, 273 m, 18.V.2006, 1 specimen; Zorkun road, Karacalar village, 37 02 N 36 16 E, 381 m, 24.VI.2006, 17 specimens; Arslantaş-Osmaniye road, Kazmaca village, 37 11 N 36 11 E, 117 m, 28.VI.2006, 3 specimens; Cebel road, Çürükarmut plateau, 37 04 N 36 21 E, 911 m, 26.VI.2006, 6 specimens; Yarpuz road, Yukarı Haraz plateau, 37 04 N 36 22 E, 856 m, 26.VI.2006, 2 1148 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______specimens; Yarpuz road, 8th km, 37 04 N 36 20 E, 718 m, 26.V.2006, 1 specimen; Düziçi, Böcekli village, 37 16 N 36 22 E, 273 m, 28.VI.2006, 1 specimen. Chorotype: Turano-European. Remarks: The species is widely distributed in Turkey.

Chlorophorus trifasciatus (Fabricius, 1781) Material examined: Osmaniye prov.: Karataş Dam env., 37 16 N 36 16 E, 143 m, 28.VI.2006, 3 specimens; Zorkun road, Karacalar village, 37 02 N 36 16 E, 381 m, 24.VI.2006, 1 specimen. Chorotype: Mediterranean. Remarks: The species probably is widely distributed especially in Western half of Turkey. It is the first record to Osmaniye province.

Chlorophorus varius (Müller, 1766) Chlorophorus varius damascenus (Chevrolat, 1854) Material examined: Hatay prov.: Yukarı Ekinci village, 36 15 N 36 07 E, 178 m, 27.VI.2006, 2 specimens; Kahramanmaraş prov.: Pazarcık, Bağdınısağır, 37 35 N 36 46 E, 787 m, 29.VI.2006, 1 specimen; Osmaniye prov.: Zorkun road, Ürün plateau, 37 01 N 36 16 E, 870 m, 22.VII.2006, 1 specimen; Zorkun road, Karacalar village, 37 02 N 36 16 E, 381 m, 24.VI.2006, 8 specimens; Arslantaş-Osmaniye road, Kazmaca village, 37 11 N 36 11 E, 117 m, 28.VI.2006, 4 specimens; Bahçe road, Çona village, 37 07 N 36 19 E, 126 m, 28.VI.2006, 1 specimen; Düziçi, Böcekli village, 37 16 N 36 22 E, 273 m, 28.VI.2006, 3 specimens; Toprakkale, Antakya road 1st km, 37 00 N 36 08 E, 75 m, 27.VI.2006, 5 specimens. Chorotype: Palearctic. Remarks: The species is widely distributed in Turkey.

Clytus ciliciensis (Chevrolat, 1863) Material examined: Hatay prov.: Sazlık, 36 54 N 36 07 E, 15 m, 17.V.2006, 1 specimen; Erzin-kaplıcalar district, 36 57 N 36 15 E, 123 m, 17.V.2006, 1 specimen; Osmaniye prov.: Kalecik-Hasanbeyli road, 37 03 N 36 30 E, 689 m, 19.V.2006, 1 specimen; Hasanbeyli, Kalecikli village, 37 09 N 36 27 E, 587 m, 19.V.2006, 2 specimens; Karaçay, 37 02 N 36 17 E, 212 m, 17.V.2006, 3 specimens; Zorkun road, Çiftmazı, 37 01 N 36 17 E, 223 m, 20.V.2006, 1 specimen. Chorotype: Anatolian. Remarks: The species is endemic to Turkey. It is distributed only in Southern parts of Turkey.

Clytus rhamni Germar, 1817 Material examined: Osmaniye prov.: Zorkun road, Çiftmazı Gölyeri, 37 01 N 36 17 E, 751 m, 24.VI.2006, 1 specimen; Cebel road, Çürükarmut plateau, 37 04 N 36 21 E, 911 m, 26.VI.2006, 3 specimens; Yarpuz road, Yukarı Haraz plateau, 37 04 N 36 22 E, 856 m, 26.VI.2006, 30 specimens; Yarpuz road, 8th km, 37 04 N 36 20 E, 718 m, 26.V.2006, 3 specimens; Zorkun road, Karacalar village, 37 02 N 36 16 E, 381 m, 24.VI.2006, 1 specimen; Zorkun road, Ürün plateau, 37 01 N 36 16 E, 785 m, 24.VI.2006, 2 specimens; Yarpuz road forest store env., 37 05 N 36 19 E, 273 m, 18.V.2006, 1 specimen. Chorotype: European. Remarks: The species is widely distributed in Turkey.

SUBFAMILY LAMIINAE TRIBE BATOCERINI Batocera rufomaculata (De Geer, 1775) Material examined: Osmaniye prov.: Fakıuşağı village, 37 01 N 36 12 E, 218 m, 26.VIII.2006, 5 specimens. Chorotype: Afrotropico-Indo-Mediterranean + Neotropic. Remarks: The species is distributed only in Mediterranean Region of Turkey.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1149 TRIBE DORCADIINI Dorcadion (Cribridorcadion) saulcyi Thomson, 1865 Dorcadion (Cribridorcadion) saulcy saulcyi Thomson, 1865 Material examined: Hatay prov.: İskenderun, Sakıtlı plateau, 36 32 N 36 14 E, 1003 m, 20.IV.2007, 1 specimen. Chorotype: E-Mediterranean (Palaestino-Taurian). Remarks: The species is only distributed between East of Mediterranean Region and West of South-Eastern Anatolian Region.

Dorcadion (Cribridorcadion) scabricolle Dalman, 1817 Dorcadion (Cribridorcadion) scabricolle scabricolle Dalman, 1817 Material examined: Kahramanmaraş prov.: Afşin, Emirilyas village, Mağaraözü district, 11.IV.2007, 2 specimens. Chorotype: SW-Asiatic (Anatolo-Caucasian + Irano-Caucasian + Irano-Anatolian). Remarks: The species is widely distributed in Turkey.

TRIBE PHYTOECIINI Oberea (s.str.) linearis (Linnaeus, 1761) Material examined: Osmaniye prov.: Entry of Yarpuz, 37 03 N 36 25 E, 930 m, 18.V.2006, 1 specimen. Chorotype: European. Remarks: The species is distributed mostly in Northern parts of Turkey. It is the first record to Osmaniye province.

Coptosia (s.str.) bithynensis (Ganglbauer, 1884) Material examined: Hatay prov.: Antakya, Saint Pierre church env., 16 12 N 36 10 E, 210 m, 30.III.2007, 1 specimen. Chorotype: Turano-Mediterranean (Turano-Balkan). Remarks: The species probably is rather widely distributed in Turkey. It is the first record to Hatay province.

Coptosia (s.str.) ganglbaueri Pic, 1936 Material examined: Osmaniye prov.: Osmaniye-Gaziantep road 5th km, 15.V.2006, 1 specimen. Chorotype: E-Mediterranean (Palaestino-Cypriato-Taurian). Remarks: The species is distributed mostly in South-Eastern parts of Turkey. It is the first record to Osmaniye province and thereby Mediterranean Region of Turkey.

Phytoecia (Pilemia) annulata Hampe, 1852 Material examined: Osmaniye prov.: Bahçe, Kızlaç village, Aslanlı Beli, 37 10 N 36 38 E, 768 m, 21.IV.2007, 3 specimens. Chorotype: SW-Asiatic (Anatolo-Caucasian + Irano-Caucasian + Irano-Anatolian). Remarks: The species probably is rather widely distributed especially in East half of Turkey. It is the first record to Osmaniye province and thereby Mediterranean Region of Turkey.

Phytoecia (Pilemia) hirsutula (Frölich, 1793) Phytoecia (Pilemia) hirsutula hirsutula (Frölich, 1793) Material examined: Osmaniye prov.: Boğaz plateau, 37 04 N 36 22 E, 713 m, 18.V.2006, 1 specimen; Zorkun road, Çiftmazı, 37 01 N 36 17 E, 223 m, 20.V.2006, 1 specimen. Chorotype: Turano-Mediterranean (Turano-E-Mediterranean). Remarks: The species is rather widely distributed in Turkey. It is the first record to Osmaniye province and thereby Amanos Mountains.

Phytoecia (Pilemia) maculifera (Holzschuh, 1984) Material examined: Osmaniye prov.: Bahçe, Kızlaç village, Aslanlı Beli, 37 10 N 36 38 E, 768 m, 21.IV.2007, 2 specimens. Chorotype: Anatolian. 1150 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______

Remarks: The species is endemic to Turkey. It is distributed only in Southern parts of Turkey.

Phytoecia (Helladia) adelpha Ganglbauer, 1886 Material examined: Osmaniye prov.: Hasanbeyli, 37 07 N 36 32 E, 711 m, 21.IV.2007, 2 specimens; Hatay prov.: Akbez, 36 51 N 36 32 E, 514 m, 31.III.2007, 22.IV.2007, 2 specimens. Chorotype: SW-Asiatic (Anatolo-Caucasian). Remarks: The species is distributed mostly in Southern and Eastern parts of Turkey. It is the first record to Osmaniye province.

Phytoecia (Helladia) alziari Sama, 1992 Material examined: Osmaniye prov.: Bahçe, Kızlaç village, Aslanlı Beli, 37 10 N 36 38 E, 768 m, 21.IV.2007, 2 specimens; Hatay prov.: Harbiye, 36 07 N 36 08 E, 273 m, 30.III.2007, 2 specimens; Harbiye-Yayladağı road, 36 07 N 36 08 E, 275 m, 30.III.2007, 1 specimen; Akbez, 36 50 N 36 32 E, 464 m, 22.IV.2007, 1 specimen. Chorotype: E-Mediterranean (Palaestino-Cypriato-Taurian). Remarks: The species is distributed only in Southern parts of Turkey.

Phytoecia (Helladia) humeralis (Waltl, 1838) Phytoecia (Helladia) humeralis caneri Özdikmen & Turgut, 2010 Material examined: Osmaniye prov.: Yaylalık village-Türkoğlu road, 36 17 N 36 37 E, 701 m, 18.V.2006, 1 specimen; Zorkun road, Çiftmazı, 37 01 N 36 17 E, 223 m, 20.V.2006, 1 specimen; Entry of Yarpuz, 37 03 N 36 25 E, 930 m, 18.V.2006, 5 specimens; Hasanbeyli, 37 07 N 36 32 E, 711 m, 21.IV.2007, 3 specimens; Toprakkale, 37 03 N 36 08 E, 107 m, 23.IV.2007, 3 specimens; Bahçe, Kızlaç village, Aslanlı Beli, 37 10 N 36 38 E, 768 m, 21.IV.2007, 1 specimen; Hatay prov.: Kırıkhan–Belen road, Kıcı, 36 28 N 36 16 E, 481 m, 31.III.2007, 16 specimens; Hassa–Kırıkhan road, 10 km to Kırıkhan, 36 33 N 36 23 E, 31.III.2007, 12 specimens; Serinyol, 36 21 N 36 13 E, 115 m, 30.III.2007, 3 specimens; Alahan castle, 36 19 N 36 11 E, 147 m, 30.III.2007, 10 specimens; Akbez, 36 50 N 36 32 E, 464 m, 22.IV.2007, 16 specimens; Samandağı, Hüseyinli village, 36 09 N 36 04 E, 149 m, 20.IV.2007, 1 specimen; Samandağı, Üzengili village, 36 09 N 36 04 E, 141 m, 20.IV.2007, 1 specimen; Gaziantep prov.: Akbez, Gülpınarı plateau, 36 51 N 36 30 E, 617 m, 19.V.2006, 1 specimen; Fevzipaşa–Islahiye road, 37 05 N 36 38 E, 542 m, 31.III.2007, 32 specimens. Chorotype: E-Mediterranean (Palaestino-Cyprioto-Taurian + NE-Mediterranean). Remarks: The species is widely distributed in Turkey. It is the first record of the species to Gaziantep province.

Phytoecia (Neomusaria) merkli Ganglbauer, 1884 Material examined: Osmaniye prov.: Zorkun road, Çiftmazı, 37 01 N 36 17 E, 223 m, 20.V.2006, 2 specimens. Chorotype: SW-Asiatic. Remarks: The species probably is rather widely distributed in Turkey.

Phytoecia (Neomusaria) waltli Sama, 1991 Material examined: Osmaniye prov.: Haraz plateau, 37 04 N 36 21 E, 713 m, 18.V.2006, 1 specimen. Chorotype: E-Mediterranean (Palaestino-Taurian). Remarks: The species is distributed only in Southern coast parts of Turkey. It is the first record to Osmaniye province and thereby Amanos Mountains.

Phytoecia (s.str.) caerulea (Scopoli, 1772) Phytoecia (s.str.) caerulea caerulea (Scopoli, 1772) Material examined: Osmaniye prov.: Sarpınağzı village, 37 08 N 36 13 E, 72 m, 08.IV.2006, 1 specimen; Akyar village, 37 02 N 36 11 E, 230 m, 07.IV.2006, 3 specimens; Bahçe, 5 km to Bahçe, 37 10 N 36 28 E, 516 m, 08.IV.2006, 2 specimens; Kumarlı-Kazmaca, 37 10 N 36 14 E, 147 m, 08.IV.2006, 4 specimens; Kesmeburun village, Castabala (Hierapolis), 37 10 N 36 11 E, 99 m, 09.IV.2006, 8 specimens; Kaypak, 37 07 N 36 27 E, 652 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1151 m, 19.V.2006, 1 specimen; Hasanbeyli, 37 07 N 36 32 E, 711 m, 21.IV.2007, 3 specimens; Bahçe, Taşoluk village, 37 10 N 36 29 E, 514 m, 21.IV.2007, 7 specimens; Issızca village, 37 08 N 36 20 E, 139 m, 21.IV.2007, 3 specimens; Kaypak, 37 09 N 36 27 E, 524 m, 21.IV.2007, 1 specimen; Bahçe, Kızlaç village, Aslanlı Beli, 37 10 N 36 38 E, 768 m, 21.IV.2007, 3 specimens; Castabala (Hieropolis), 37 10 N 36 11 E, 90 m, 31.III.2007, 11 specimens; Kırıklı village, 37 09 N 36 25 E, 470 m, 21.IV.2007, 1 specimen; Hatay prov.: Hassa–Kırıkhan road 20th km, 36 35 N 36 24 E, 145 m, 31.III.2007, 5 specimens; Alahan castle, 36 19 N 36 11 E, 147 m, 30.III.2007, 2 specimens; Hassa–Kırıkhan raod, 10 km to Kırıkhan, 36 33 N 36 23 E, 31.III.2007, 2 specimens; Harbiye, 36 07 N 36 08 E, 273 m, 30.III.2007, 1 specimen; Harbiye-Yayladağı road, 36 07 N 36 08 E, 275 m, 30.III.2007, 2 specimens; Yayladağ, 35 55 N 36 06 E, 787 m, 20.IV.2007, 1 specimen; Erzin, 36 57 N 36 14 E, 294 m, 07.IV.2006, 2 specimens; Akbez, 36 50 N 36 32 E, 464 m, 22.IV.2007, 19 specimens; Gaziantep prov.: Nurdağı, Exit of İslahiye, 37 10 N 36 43 E, 510 m, 08.IV.2006, 1 specimen; Nurdağı, Exit of İslahiye 5th km, 37 08 N 36 42 E, 490 m, 08.IV.2006, 1 specimen. Chorotype: Turano-European. Remarks: The species is widely distributed in Turkey. It is the first record to Gaziantep and Hatay provinces.

Phytoecia (s.str.) geniculata Mulsant, 1862 Material examined: Osmaniye prov.: Kumarlı-Kazmaca, 37 10 N 36 14 E, 147 m, 08.IV.2006, 1 specimen; Entry of Yarpuz, 37 03 N 36 25 E, 930 m, 18.V.2006, 1 specimen; Gaziantep prov.: Akbez, Gülpınarı plateau, 36 51 N 36 30 E, 617 m, 19.V.2006, 1 specimen; Hatay prov.: Dörtyol, Kuzuculu, 36 54 N 36 13 E, 119 m, 07.IV.2006, 1 specimen. Chorotype: Turano-Mediterranean (Turano-Balkan). Remarks: The species is rather widely distributed in Turkey.

Phytoecia (s.str.) icterica (Schaller, 1783) Material examined: Osmaniye prov.: Bahçe, 5 km to Bahçe, 37 10 N 36 28 E, 516 m, 08.IV.2006, 3 specimens; Fakıuşağı village, 37 02 N 36 13 E, 145 m, 09.IV.2006, 2 specimens; Kumarlı-Kazmaca, 37 10 N 36 14 E, 147 m, 08.IV.2006, 2 specimens; Haraz plateau, 37 04 N 36 21 E, 713 m, 18.V.2006, 1 specimen; Hınzırlı plateau, Kalaycıbatıran district, 36 58 N 36 27 E, 1465 m, 25.VI.2006, 2 specimens; Fakıuşağı village, 37 02 N 36 12 E, 154 m, 09.IV.2006, 1 specimen; Bahçe-İnderesi road, 37 13 N 36 34 E, 700 m, 18.V.2006, 5 specimens; Kalecik-Hasanbeyli road, 37 09 N 36 28 E, 679 m, 19.V.2006, 1 specimen; Zorkun road, Çiftmazı, 37 01 N 36 17 E, 223 m, 20.V.2006, 3 specimens; Bahçe, 37 11 N 36 33 E, 551 m, 18.V.2006, 2 specimens; Castabala (Hieropolis), 36 10 N 36 11 E, 100 m, 17.V.2006, 1 specimen; Karaçay, 37 02 N 36 17 E, 212 m, 17.V.2006, 4 specimens; Issızca village, 37 08 N 36 20 E, 139 m, 50 specimens; Bahçe, Taşoluk village, 37 10 N 36 29 E, 514 m, 21.IV.2007, 4 specimens; Toprakkale, 37 03 N 36 08 E, 107 m, 23.IV.2007, 26 specimens; Kırıklı village, 37 09 N 36 25 E, 470 m, 21.IV.2007, 2 specimens; Bahçe, Taşoluk village, 37 10 N 36 29 E, 514 m, 21.IV.2007, 2 specimens; Hasanbeyli, 37 07 N 36 32 E, 711 m, 21.IV.2007, 5 specimens; Akyar village, 37 02 N 36 11 E, 240 m, 23.IV.2007, 2 specimens; Bıçakçı village, 37 09 N 36 17 E, 293 m, 21.IV.2007, 1 specimen; Kaypak, 37 09 N 36 27 E, 524 m, 21.IV.2007, 1 specimen; Hatay prov.: Harbiye, 36 07 N 36 08 E, 273 m, 30.III.2007, 2 specimens; Kuzuculu, 36 53 N 36 15 E, 134 m, 23.IV.2007, 2 specimens; Samandağı, Hüseyinli village, 36 09 N 36 04 E, 149 m, 20.IV.2007, 3 specimens; Samandağı, Lahit area (Nekropol), Dor, 36 07 N 35 56 E, 77 m, 20.IV.2007, 5 specimens; Akbez, 36 50 N 36 32 E, 464 m, 22.IV.2007, 8 specimens; Dörtyol, Kuzuculu, 36 54 N 36 13 E, 119 m, 07.IV.2006, 2 specimens; Erzin, 36 57 N 36 14 E, 294 m, 07.IV.2006, 3 specimens; Erzin-Dörtyol road, Exit of Erzin, 36 55 N 36 13 E, 218 m, 07.IV.2006, 2 specimens; Gaziantep prov.: Nurdağı, Exit of İslahiye, 37 10 N 36 43 E, 510 m, 08.IV.2006, 1 specimen; Islahiye, 36 57 N 36 34 E, 510 m, 31.III.2007, 1 specimen; Kilis prov.: Hassa– Kilis road, Hisar village, 16.V.2006, 1 specimen. Chorotype: Turano-European. Remarks: The species probably is rather widely distributed in Turkey. It is the first record to Gaziantep and Kilis provinces.

1152 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______Phytoecia (s.str.) manicata Reiche & Saulcy, 1858 Material examined: Osmaniye prov.: Kesmeburun village, Castabala (Hierapolis), 37 10 N 36 11 E, 99 m, 09.IV.2006, 6 specimens; Kalecik-Hasanbeyli road, 37 09 N 36 28 E, 679 m, 19.V.2006, 2 specimens; Karaçay, 37 02 N 36 17 E, 212 m, 17.V.2006, 1 specimen; Kalecik-Hasanbeyli road, 37 03 N 36 30 E, 689 m, 19.V.2006, 2 specimens; Yarpuz road, Forest store env., 37 05 N 36 19 E, 273 m, 18.V.2006, 1 specimen; Bıçakçı village, 37 09 N 36 17 E, 293 m, 21.IV.2007, 2 specimens; Toprakkale, 37 03 N 36 08 E, 107 m, 23.IV.2007, 4 specimens; Issızca village, 37 08 N 36 20 E, 139 m, 21.IV.2007, 2 specimens; Kaypak, 37 09 N 36 27 E, 524 m, 21.IV.2007, 1 specimen; Akyar village, 37 02 N 36 11 E, 240 m, 23.IV.2007, 9 specimens; Hatay prov.: Erzin, Gökdere village, 37 00 N 36 11 E, 163 m, 07.IV.2006, 2 specimens; Erzin-kaplıcalar district, 36 57 N 36 15 E, 123 m, 17.V.2006, 1 specimen. Chorotype: E-Mediterranean (Palaestino-Taurian). Remarks: The species is distributed in South Turkey.

Phytoecia (s.str.) virgula (Charpentier, 1825) Material examined: Osmaniye prov.: Fakıuşağı village, 37 02 N 36 13 E, 145 m, 09.IV.2006, 1 specimen; Kesmeburun village, Castabala (Hierapolis), 37 10 N 36 11 E, 99 m, 09.IV.2006, 1 specimen; Fakıuşağı village, 37 02 N 36 12 E, 154 m, 09.IV.2006, 1 specimen; Karaçay, 37 02 N 36 17 E, 212 m, 17.V.2006, 1 specimen; Issızca village, 37 08 N 36 20 E, 139 m, 21.IV.2007, 2 specimens; Bahçe, Kızlaç village, Aslanlı Beli, 37 10 N 36 38 E, 768 m, 21.IV.2007, 1 specimen; Akyar village, 37 02 N 36 11 E, 240 m, 23.IV.2007, 1 specimen; Hasanbeyli, 37 07 N 36 32 E, 711 m, 21.IV.2007, 2 specimens; Hatay prov.: Alahan castle, 36 19 N 36 11 E, 147 m, 30.III.2007, 3 specimens; Akbez, Mozaik areas, 36 50 N 36 32 E, 497 m, 31.III.2007, 1 specimen; Dörtyol, Kuzuculu, 36 54 N 36 13 E, 119 m, 07.IV.2006, 1 specimen. Chorotype: Turano-European. Remarks: The species is rather widely distributed in Turkey. It is the first record to Osmaniye province.

Phytoecia (Blepisanis) vittipennis Reiche, 1877 Material examined: Osmaniye prov.: Zorkun-Karıncalı-Hassa road, Küllü plateau, 36 57 N 36 21 E, 1603 m, 25.VI.2006, 14 specimens; Küllü village, 36 57 N 36 24 E, 1707 m, 25.VI.2006, 8 specimens. Chorotype: Turano-Mediterranean (Turano-Balkan) Remarks: The species is rather widely distributed in Turkey.

Phytoecia (Blepisanis) samai Özdikmen & Turgut, 2008 Material examined: Osmaniye prov.: Küllü village, Amanos Mountains, 36 57 N 36 24 E, 1707 m., 25.VI.2006, 13 specimens; Zorkun-Karıncalı-Hassa road, Küllü plateau, Amanos Mountains, 36 57 N 36 21 E, 1603 m., 25.VI.2006, 14 specimens. Chorotype: Anatolian. Remarks: The species is distributed only in Amanos Mountains of South Turkey. This species was described by Özdikmen & Turgut (2008) on the base of these specimens.

TRIBUS AGAPANTHIINI Calamobius filum (Rossi, 1790) Material examined: Osmaniye prov.: Kesmeburun village, Castabala (Hierapolis), 37 10 N 36 11 E, 99 m, 09.IV.2006, 25 specimens; Kalecik-Hasanbeyli road, 37 03 N 36 30 E, 689 m, 19.V.2006, 7 specimens; Castabala (Hieropolis), 36 10 N 36 11 E, 100 m, 17.V.2006, 12 specimens; Karaçay, 37 02 N 36 17 E, 212 m, 17.V.2006, 1 specimen; Bahçe, 37 11 N 36 33 E, 551 m, 18.V.2006, 1 specimen; Zorkun road, Çiftmazı, 37 01 N 36 17 E, 223 m, 20.V.2006, 1 specimen; Akyar village, 37 02 N 36 11 E, 151 m, 17.V.2006, 12 specimens; Bahçe-İnderesi road, 37 13 N 36 34 E, 700 m, 18.V.2006, 11 specimens; Yarpuz road, Forest store env., 37 05 N 36 19 E, 273 m, 18.V.2006, 3 specimens; Osmaniye-Gaziantep road 5th km, 15.V.2006, 3 specimens; Castabala (Hieropolis), 37 10 N 36 11 E, 90 m, 31.III.2007, 1 specimen; Kesmeburun village, Castabala castle, 37 10 N 36 11 E, 107 m, 22.IV.2007, 170 specimens; ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1153

Toprakkale, 37 03 N 36 08 E, 107 m, 23.IV.2007, 5 specimens; Issızca village, 37 08 N 36 20 E, 139 m, 21.IV.2007, 10 specimens; Bahçe, Kızlaç village, Aslanlı Beli, 37 10 N 36 38 E, 768 m, 21.IV.2007, 1 specimen; Toprakkale, 37 03 N 36 08 E, 107 m, 23.IV.2007, 38 specimens; Hatay prov.: Samandağı, Lahit area (Nekropol), Dor, 36 07 N 35 56 E, 77 m, 20.IV.2007, 2 specimens; Kuzuculu, 36 53 N 36 15 E, 134 m, 23.IV.2007, 5 specimens; Akbez, 36 50 N 36 32 E, 464 m, 22.IV.2007, 1 specimen; Erzin-kaplıcalar district, 36 57 N 36 15 E, 123 m, 17.V.2006, 3 specimens; Dörtyol-Yeniyurt, 36 52 N 36 08 E, 11 m, 17.V.2006, 2 specimens; Belen, 15.V.2006, 14 specimens; Entry of Belen, Çakallı, 36 28 N 36 13 E, 652 m, 19.V.2006, 7 specimens; Akbez, Güzeluşağı village, 36 51 N 36 29 E, 780 m, 19.V.2006, 3 specimens; Gaziantep prov.: Akbez, Gülpınarı plateau, 36 51 N 36 30 E, 617 m, 19.V.2006, 3 specimens; Fevzipaşa-Islahiye road 1st km, 37 05 N 36 37 E, 515 m, 19.V.2006, 1 specimen; Kilis- Gaziantep road, Oğuzeli return, 16.V.2006, 10 specimens; Kilis prov.: Hassa–Kilis road, Hisar village, 16.V.2006, 2 specimens; Hassa–Kilis road, Gözkaya village, 16.V.2006, 21 specimens. Chorotype: Turano-Europeo-Mediterranean. Remarks: The species is rather widely distributed especially in Western half of Turkey. It is the first record to Kilis province.

Agapanthia (Epoptes) amicula Holzschuh, 1989 Material examined: Osmaniye prov.: Kalecik-Hasanbeyli road, 37 03 N 36 30 E, 689 m, 19.V.2006, 1 specimen. Chorotype: Anatolian. Remarks: The species is distributed only in a local area of South Turkey. It is the first record to Osmaniye province and thereby Amanos Mountains.

Agapanthia (Epoptes) dahli (Richter, 1820) Material examined: Osmaniye prov.: Karagedik village, 37 12 N 36 15 E, 189 m, 08.IV.2006, 9 specimens; Kesmeburun village, Castabala (Hierapolis), 37 10 N 36 11 E, 99 m, 09.IV.2006, 13 specimens; Kuşcubeli pass, 37 06 N 36 36 E, 1134 m, 19.V.2006, 13 specimens; Gaziantep prov.: Nurdağı, Exit of İslahiye 5th km, 37 08 N 36 42 E, 490 m, 08.IV.2006, 12 specimens. Chorotype: Sibero-European or Turano-European. Remarks: The species is rather widely distributed in Turkey.

Agapanthia (Epoptes) lateralis Ganglbauer, 1884 Material examined: Osmaniye prov.: Kesmeburun village, Castabala castle, 37 10 N 36 11 E, 107 m, 22.IV.2007, 6 specimens; Gaziantep prov.: Nurdağı-Islahiye, 37 08 N 36 42 E, 496 m, 22.IV.2007, 5 specimens. Chorotype: Anatolian. Remarks: The species is widely distributed in Turkey. It is the first record to Gaziantep and Osmaniye provinces and thereby Amanos Mountains.

Agapanthia (s.str.) suturalis (Fabricius, 1787) Material examined: Osmaniye prov.: Kalecik-Hasanbeyli road, 37 03 N 36 30 E, 689 m, 19.V.2006, 1 specimen; Zorkun road, Çiftmazı, 37 01 N 36 17 E, 223 m, 20.V.2006, 1 specimen; Karaçay, 37 02 N 36 17 E, 212 m, 17.V.2006, 1 specimen; Kesmeburun village, Castabala (Hierapolis), 37 10 N 36 11 E, 99 m, 09.IV.2006, 4 specimens; Bahçe, 37 11 N 36 33 E, 551 m, 18.V.2006, 5 specimens; Osmaniye-Gaziantep road 5th km, 15.V.2006, 3 specimens; Bıçakçı village, 37 09 N 36 17 E, 293 m, 21.IV.2007, 7 specimens; Kesmeburun village, Castabala castle, 37 10 N 36 11 E, 107 m, 22.IV.2007, 8 specimens; Hasanbeyli, 37 07 N 36 32 E, 711 m, 21.IV.2007, 1 specimen; Hatay prov.: Samandağı, Lahit area (Nekropol), Dor, 36 07 N 35 56 E, 77 m, 20.IV.2007, 1 specimen; Kuzuculu, 36 53 N 36 15 E, 134 m, 23.IV.2007, 3 specimens; Akbez, 36 50 N 36 32 E, 464 m, 22.IV.2007, 1 specimen; Kuzuculu, 36 53 N 36 15 E, 134 m, 23.IV.2007, 2 specimens; Belen, 15.V.2006, 4 specimens; Entry of Belen, Çakallı, 36 28 N 36 13 E, 652 m, 19.V.2006, 2 specimens; Erzin-kaplıcalar district, 36 57 N 36 15 E, 123 m, 17.V.2006, 1 specimen; Gaziantep prov.: Kilis-Gaziantep road, Oğuzeli return, 16.V.2006, 4 specimens; Fevzipaşa-Islahiye road 1st km, 37 05 N 36 37 1154 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______

E, 515 m, 19.V.2006, 1 specimen; Kilis prov.: Hassa–Kilis road, Deliosmanlı village, 16.V.2006, 1 specimen. Chorotype: Mediterranean. Remarks: The species is widely distributed in Turkey. It is the first record to Gaziantep and Kilis provinces.

Agapanthia (Smaragdula) lais Reiche & Saulcy, 1858 Material examined: Hatay prov.: Akbez, Güzeluşağı village, 36 51 N 36 29 E, 780 m, 19.V.2006, 2 specimens. Chorotype: E-Mediterranean (NE-Mediterranean + Palaestino-Taurian). Remarks: The species probably is rather widely distributed in South Turkey. It is the first record to Hatay province.

Agapanthia (Smaragdula) violacea (Fabricius, 1775) Material examined: Osmaniye prov.: Entry of Yarpuz, 37 03 N 36 25 E, 930 m, 18.V.2006, 3 specimens; Haraz plateau, 37 04 N 36 21 E, 713 m, 18.V.2006, 4 specimens; Hatay prov.: Akbez, 36 50 N 36 32 E, 464 m, 22.IV.2007, 4 specimens; Hassa–Kırıkhan road 20th km, 36 35 N 36 24 E, 145 m, 31.III.2007, 1 specimen; Gaziantep prov.: Kilis- Gaziantep road, Oğuzeli return, 16.V.2006, 1 specimen. Chorotype: Sibero-European. Remarks: The species is widely distributed in Turkey. It is the first record to Gaziantep and Osmaniye provinces.

With this work, specimens were collected from Amanos Mountains (Osmaniye, Hatay, W Gaziantep and W Kilis). These belong to 67 species of 33 genera of 21 tribes of 6 subfamilies. A list of these taxa as follows:

FAMILY CERAMBYCIDAE SUBFAMILY PRIONINAE TRIBE REMPHANINI Rhaesus serricollis (Motschulsky, 1838) TRIBE AEGOSOMATINI Aegosoma scabricorne (Scopoli, 1763) TRIBE PRIONINI Prionus coriarius (Linnaeus, 1758)

SUBFAMILY LEPTURINAE TRIBE RHAGIINI Stenocorus auricomus (Reitter, 1890) Dinoptera collaris (Linnaeus, 1758) TRIBE LEPTURINI Vadonia unipunctata (Fabricius, 1787) Vadonia unipunctata unipunctata (Fabricius, 1787) Pseudovadonia livida (Fabricius, 1777) Pseudovadonia livida livida (Fabricius, 1777) Stictoleptura cordigera (Fuessly, 1775) Stictoleptura cordigera cordigera (Fuessly, 1775) Stictoleptura excisipes (Daniel, 1891) Stictoleptura fulva (DeGeer, 1775) Stictoleptura tesserula (Charpentier, 1825) Anastrangalia dubia (Scopoli, 1763) Anastrangalia dubia dubia (Scopoli, 1763) Anastrangalia montana (Mulsant &Rey, 1863) Anastrangalia montana montana (Mulsant &Rey, 1863) Pedostrangalia (Neosphenalia) emmipoda (Mulsant, 1863) Rutpela maculata (Poda, 1761) Rutpela maculata maculata (Poda, 1761) Stenurella bifasciata (Müller, 1776) ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1155

Stenurella bifasciata nigrosuturalis (Reitter, 1895)

SUBFAMILY ASEMINAE TRIBE ASEMINI Arhopalus rusticus (Linnaeus, 1758) Arhopalus rusticus rusticus (Linnaeus, 1758) Arhopalus syriacus (Reitter, 1895)

SUBFAMILY SPONDYLIDINAE TRIBE SPONDYLIDINI Spondylis buprestoides (Linnaeus, 1758)

SUBFAMILY CERAMBYCINAE TRIBE HESPEROPHANINI Stromatium unicolor (Olivier, 1795) TRIBE CERAMBYCINI Cerambyx (s.str.) cerdo Linnaeus, 1758 Cerambyx (s.str.) cerdo cerdo Linnaeus, 1758 Cerambyx (s.str.) dux (Faldermann, 1837) Cerambyx (s.str.) miles Bonelli, 1812 Cerambyx (s.str.) welensii (Küster, 1845) Cerambyx (Microcerambyx) scopolii Fuessly, 1775 TRIBE TRACHYDERINI Purpuricenus interscapillatus Plavilstshikov, 1937 Purpuricenus interscapillatus interscapillatus Plavilstshikov, 1937 Purpuricenus interscapillatus nudicollis Demelt, 1968 TRIBE CALLICHROMATINI Aromia moschata (Linnaeus, 1758) Aromia moschata ambrosiaca (Steven, 1809) TRIBE CERTALLINI Certallum ebulinum (Linnaeus, 1767) TRIBE DEILINI Deilus fugax (Olivier, 1790) TRIBE STENOPTERINI Stenopterus rufus (Linnaeus, 1767) Stenopterus rufus syriacus Pic, 1892 TRIBE HYBODERINI Lampropterus femoratus (Germar, 1824) TRIBE CALLIDINI Hylotrupes bajulus (Linnaeus, 1758) Poecilium alni (Linnaeus, 1767) Poecilium alni alni (Linnaeus, 1767) TRIBE CLYTINI Cholorophorus nivipictus (Kraatz, 1879) Chlorophorus sartor (Müller, 1766) Chlorophorus trifasciatus (Fabricius, 1781) Chlorophorus varius (Müller, 1766) Chlorophorus varius damascenus (Chevrolat, 1854) Clytus ciliciensis (Chevrolat, 1863) Clytus rhamni Germar, 1817

SUBFAMILY LAMIINAE TRIBE BATOCERINI Batocera rufomaculata (De Geer, 1775) TRIBE DORCADIINI Dorcadion (Cribridorcadion) saulcyi Thomson, 1865 Dorcadion (Cribridorcadion) saulcy saulcyi Thomson, 1865 Dorcadion (Cribridorcadion) scabricolle Dalman, 1817 Dorcadion (Cribridorcadion) scabricolle scabricolle Dalman, 1817 1156 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______

TRIBE PHYTOECIINI Oberea (Oberea) linearis (Linnaeus, 1761) Coptosia (Coptosia) bithynensis (Ganglbauer, 1884) Coptosia (Coptosia) ganglbaueri Pic, 1936 Phytoecia (Pilemia) annulata Hampe, 1852 Phytoecia (Pilemia) hirsutula (Frölich, 1793) Phytoecia (Pilemia) hirsutula hirsutula (Frölich, 1793) Phytoecia (Pilemia) maculifera (Holzschuh, 1984) Phytoecia (Helladia) adelpha Ganglbauer, 1886 Phytoecia (Helladia) alziari Sama, 1992 Phytoecia (Helladia) humeralis (Waltl, 1838) Phytoecia (Helladia) humeralis caneri Özdikmen & Turgut, 2010 Phytoecia (Neomusaria) merkli Ganglbauer, 1884 Phytoecia (Neomusaria) waltli Sama, 1991 Phytoecia (s.str.) caerulea (Scopoli, 1772) Phytoecia (s.str.) caerulea caerulea (Scopoli, 1772) Phytoecia (s.str.) geniculata Mulsant, 1862 Phytoecia (s.str.) icterica (Schaller, 1783) Phytoecia (s.str.) manicata Reiche & Saulcy, 1858 Phytoecia (s.str.) virgula (Charpentier, 1825) Phytoecia (Blepisanis) vittipennis Reiche, 1877 Phytoecia (Blepisanis) samai Özdikmen & Turgut, 2008 TRIBUS AGAPANTHIINI Calamobius filum (Rossi, 1790) Agapanthia (Epoptes) amicula Holzschuh, 1989 Agapanthia (Epoptes) dahli (Richter, 1820) Agapanthia (Epoptes) lateralis Ganglbauer, 1884 Agapanthia (s.str.) suturalis (Fabricius, 1787) Agapanthia (Smaragdula) lais Reiche & Saulcy, 1858 Agapanthia (Smaragdula) violacea (Fabricius, 1775)

The new species, Phytoecia (Blepisanis) samai, was described by Özdikmen & Turgut (2008) on the base of specimens in this work. 4 species of them are new records for Mediterranean Region of Turkey [Stictoleptura tesserula (Charpentier, 1825), Spondylis buprestoides (Linnaeus, 1758), Coptosia (s.str.) ganglbaueri Pic, 1936 and Phytoecia (Pilemia) annulata Hampe, 1852]. 17 species of them are new records for Amanos Mountains [Stenocorus auricomus (Reitter, 1890), Dinoptera collaris (Linnaeus, 1758), Stictoleptura excisipes (Daniel, 1891), Stictoleptura tesserula (Charpentier, 1825), Arhopalus rusticus (Linnaeus, 1758), Arhopalus syriacus (Reitter, 1895), Spondylis buprestoides (Linnaeus, 1758), Cerambyx (s.str.) miles Bonelli, 1812, Cerambyx (s.str.) welensii (Küster, 1845), Aromia moschata (Linnaeus, 1758), Deilus fugax (Olivier, 1790), Phytoecia (Pilemia) annulata Hampe, 1852, Phytoecia (Pilemia) hirsutula (Frölich, 1793), Phytoecia (Neomusaria) waltli Sama, 1991, Coptosia (s.str.) ganglbaueri Pic, 1936, Agapanthia (Epoptes) amicula Holzschuh, 1989 and Agapanthia (Epoptes) lateralis Ganglbauer, 1884]. In addition to this, some species are new records for the provinces in Amanos Mountains. 26 species of them are new records for Osmaniye province [Aegosoma scabricorne (Scopoli, 1763), Prionus coriarius (Linnaeus, 1758), Stenocorus auricomus (Reitter, 1890), Dinoptera collaris (Linnaeus, 1758), Stictoleptura excisipes (Daniel, 1891), Stictoleptura tesserula (Charpentier, 1825), Arhopalus rusticus (Linnaeus, 1758), Arhopalus syriacus (Reitter, 1895), Spondylis buprestoides (Linnaeus, 1758), Cerambyx (s.str.) miles Bonelli, 1812, Cerambyx (s.str.) welensii (Küster, 1845), Purpuricenus interscapillatus Plavilstshikov, 1937, Aromia moschata (Linnaeus, 1758), Deilus fugax (Olivier, ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1157 1790), Hylotrupes bajulus (Linnaeus, 1758), Chlorophorus trifasciatus (Fabricius, 1781), Oberea (s.str.) linearis (Linnaeus, 1761), Phytoecia (Pilemia) annulata Hampe, 1852, Phytoecia (Pilemia) hirsutula (Frölich, 1793), Coptosia (Coptosia) ganglbaueri Pic, 1936, Phytoecia (Pilemia) hirsutula (Frölich, 1793), Phytoecia (Neomusaria) waltli Sama, 1991, Phytoecia (s.str.) virgula (Charpentier, 1825), Agapanthia (Epoptes) amicula Holzschuh, 1989, Agapanthia (Epoptes) lateralis Ganglbauer, 1884 and Agapanthia (Smaragdula) violacea (Fabricius, 1775)]. 6 species of them are new records for Gaziantep province [Phytoecia (Helladia) humeralis (Waltl, 1838), Phytoecia (s.str.) caerulea (Scopoli, 1772), Phytoecia (s.str.) icterica (Schaller, 1783), Agapanthia (Epoptes) lateralis Ganglbauer, 1884, Agapanthia (s.str.) suturalis (Fabricius, 1787) and Agapanthia (Smaragdula) violacea (Fabricius, 1775)]. 4 species of them are new records for Hatay province [Deilus fugax (Olivier, 1790), Coptosia (s.str.) bithynensis (Ganglbauer, 1884), Phytoecia (s.str.) caerulea (Scopoli, 1772) and Agapanthia (Smaragdula) lais Reiche & Saulcy, 1858]. 3 species of them are new records for Kilis province [Phytoecia (s.str.) icterica (Schaller, 1783), Calamobius filum (Rossi, 1790) and Agapanthia (s.str.) suturalis (Fabricius, 1787)]. According to references, 127 species have been known from Amanos Mountains until now. The number of known species from Amanos Mts. were rose up 145 (17 new records plus 1 new species) with the present work. So a revised faunal list is presented as follows:

A FAUNAL LIST OF LONGHORNED BEETLES OF AMANOS MOUNTAINS

In the list, the abbreviations (O), (H), (G) and (K) meaning Osmaniye, Hatay, Gaziantep and Kahramanmaraş provinces respectively. So these signed has been known from Amanos Mountains according to references. Also the abbreviations (O*), (H*), (G*), (K*), (A*) and (M*) meaning new records for Osmaniye, Hatay, Gaziantep, Kilis, Amanos Mountains and Mediterranean Region of Turkey. Bold taxa names were used for the examined species with the present work.

FAMILY CERAMBYCIDAE SUBFAMILY PRIONINAE TRIBE MACROTOMINI Prinobius myardi Mulsant, 1842 (H) TRIBE REMPHANINI Rhaesus serricollis (Motschulsky, 1838) (O, H) TRIBE AEGOSOMATINI Aegosoma scabricorne (Scopoli, 1763) (K) (O*) TRIBE PRIONINI Prionus coriarius (Linnaeus, 1758) (H) (O*)

SUBFAMILY LEPTURINAE TRIBE RHAGIINI Stenocorus auricomus (Reitter, 1890) (O*) (A*) Anisorus heterocerus (Ganglbauer, 1882) (O) Dinoptera collaris (Linnaeus, 1758) (O*) (A*) Cortodera cirsii Holzschuh, 1975 (O) Cortodera humeralis orientalis Adlbauer, 1988 (O) Cortodera rubripennis Pic, 1891 (H) TRIBE LEPTURINI Grammoptera (Grammoptera) baudi pistacivora Sama, 1996 (H) Vadonia unipunctata (Fabricius, 1787) (O) 1158 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______

Vadonia unipunctata unipunctata (Fabricius, 1787) Pseudovadonia livida (Fabricius, 1777) (O, H, G) Pseudovadonia livida livida (Fabricius, 1777) Anoplodera sexguttata (Fabricius, 1775) (H) Stictoleptura cordigera (Fuessly, 1775) (O, H, G, K) Stictoleptura cordigera cordigera (Fuessly, 1775) Stictoleptura excisipes (Daniel, 1891) (O*) (A*) Stictoleptura fulva (DeGeer, 1775) (O, H) Stictoleptura sambucicola (Holzschuh, 1982) (K) Stictoleptura tesserula (Charpentier, 1825) (O*) (A*) (M*) Stictoleptura tonsa (K. & J. Daniel, 1891) (O) Anastrangalia dubia (Scopoli, 1763) (O) Anastrangalia dubia dubia (Scopoli, 1763) Anastrangalia montana (Mulsant &Rey, 1863) (O, H) Anastrangalia montana montana (Mulsant &Rey, 1863) Pedostrangalia (Neosphenalia) emmipoda (Mulsant, 1863) (O, H, G, K) Pachytodes erraticus (Dalman, 1817) (H) Rutpela maculata (Poda, 1761) (O, H) Rutpela maculata maculata (Poda, 1761) Stenurella bifasciata (Müller, 1776) (O, H, G, K) Stenurella bifasciata nigrosuturalis (Reitter, 1895) Stenurella jaegeri (Hummel, 1825) (H)

SUBFAMILY ASEMINAE TRIBE ASEMINI Arhopalus ferus (Mulsant, 1839) (H) Arhopalus rusticus (Linnaeus, 1758) (O*) (A*) Arhopalus rusticus rusticus (Linnaeus, 1758) Arhopalus syriacus (Reitter, 1895) (O*) (A*)

SUBFAMILY SPONDYLIDINAE TRIBE SPONDYLIDINI Spondylis buprestoides (Linnaeus, 1758) (O*) (A*) (M*)

SUBFAMILY DORCASOMINAE TRIBE DORCASOMINI Apatophysis caspica Semenov, 1901 (H)

SUBFAMILY CERAMBYCINAE TRIBE HESPEROPHANINI Trichoferus griseus (Fabricius, 1792) (O, H) Stromatium unicolor (Olivier, 1795) (O, H) TRIBE PHORACANTHINI Phoracantha semipunctata (Fabricius, 1775) (O, H) TRIBE CERAMBYCINI Cerambyx (s.str.) cerdo Linnaeus, 1758 (O, H) Cerambyx (s.str.) cerdo cerdo Linnaeus, 1758 Cerambyx (s.str.) dux (Faldermann, 1837) (O, H, G) Cerambyx (s.str.) miles Bonelli, 1812 (O*) (A*) Cerambyx (s.str.) nodulosus Germar, 1817 (O) Cerambyx (s.str.) welensii (Küster, 1845) (O*) (A*) Cerambyx (Microcerambyx) scopolii Fuessly, 1775 (O) TRIBE TRACHYDERINI Purpuricenus budensis (Götz, 1783) (O, H, G, K) Purpuricenus dalmatinus Sturm, 1843 (O, H, K) Purpuricenus desfontainei (Fabricius, 1792) (O, H) Purpuricenus desfontainei inhumeralis Pic, 1891 Purpuricenus interscapillatus Plavilstshikov, 1937 (O*) Purpuricenus interscapillatus interscapillatus Plavilstshikov, 1937 (H) ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1159

Purpuricenus interscapillatus nudicollis Demelt, 1968 Purpuricenus nigronotatus Pic, 1907 (O) Calchanesthes oblongomaculata (Guérin-Méneville, 1844) (G) TRIBE CALLICHROMATINI Aromia moschata (Linnaeus, 1758) (O*) (A*) Aromia moschata ambrosiaca (Steven, 1809) TRIBE CERTALLINI Certallum ebulinum (Linnaeus, 1767) (O, H, G, K) TRIBE DEILINI Deilus fugax (Olivier, 1790) (O*) (H*) (A*) TRIBE STENOPTERINI Stenopterus flavicornis Küster, 1846 (H) Stenopterus rufus (Linnaeus, 1767) (O, H, G, K) Stenopterus rufus syriacus Pic, 1892 TRIBE HYBODERINI Lampropterus femoratus (Germar, 1824) (O, H, G, K) Procallimus egregius (Mulsant & Rey, 1863) (H) TRIBE MOLORCHINI Glaphyra (s.str.) marmottani Brisout de Barneville, 1863 (O) Glaphyra (s.str.) marmottani frischi Sama, 1995 Brachypteroma holtzi Pic, 1905 (O) TRIBE STENHOMALINI Stenhomalus (Obriopsis) bicolor (Kraatz, 1862) (O) TRIBE CALLIDIINI Hylotrupes bajulus (Linnaeus, 1758) (H, K) (O*) Ropalopus (s.str.) clavipes (Fabricius, 1775) (O, H) Ropalopus (s.str.) ledereri (Fairmaire, 1866) (O) Ropalopus (s.str.) ledereri ledereri (Fairmaire, 1866) Leioderes tuerki (Ganglbauer, 1886) (H) Callidium (s.str.) syriacum Pic, 1892 (H) Phymatodes (s.str.) testaceus (Linnaeus, 1758) (O, H) Phymatodes (Phymatodellus) rufipes syriacus (Pic, 1891) (O, H) Poecilium alni (Linnaeus, 1767) (O) Poecilium alni alni (Linnaeus, 1767) TRIBE CLYTINI Plagionotus (s.str.) arcuatus (Linnaeus, 1758) (O) Plagionotus (s.str.) detritus (Linnaeus, 1758) (H) Paraplagionotus (Echinocerus) floralis (Pallas, 1773) (O, K) Isotomus syriacus (Pic, 1902) (H) Chlorophorus aegyptiacus (Fabricius, 1775) (H) Chlorophorus dinae Rapuzzi & Sama, 1999 (O, H, K) Chlorophorus hungaricus Seidlitz, 1891 (O, G, K) Cholorophorus nivipictus (Kraatz, 1879) (O) Chlorophorus sartor (Müller, 1766) (O, H, G, K) Chlorophorus trifasciatus (Fabricius, 1781) (H) (O*) Chlorophorus varius (Müller, 1766) (O, H, G) Chlorophorus varius damascenus (Chevrolat, 1854) ?Rhaphuma gracilipes (Faldermann, 1835) (H) Xylotrechus (s.str.) arvicola Olivier, 1795 (H) Clytus ciliciensis (Chevrolat, 1863) (O, H) Clytus madoni Pic, 1891 (H) Clytus rhamni Germar, 1817 (O, H, G, K) Clytus taurusiensis (Pic, 1903) (O, H)

SUBFAMILY LAMIINAE TRIBE BATOCERINI Batocera rufomaculata (De Geer, 1775) (O, H) TRIBE DORCADIINI Dorcadion delagrangei Pic, 1894 (O, H) 1160 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______

Dorcadion divisum Germar, 1839 (O) Dorcadion halepense Kraatz, 1873 (H) Dorcadion (Cribridorcadion) saulcyi Thomson, 1865 (O, H) Dorcadion (Cribridorcadion) saulcy saulcyi Thomson, 1865 Dorcadion (Cribridorcadion) scabricolle Dalman, 1817 Dorcadion (Cribridorcadion) scabricolle scabricolle Dalman, 1817 ?Dorcadion tuerki Ganglbauer, 1884 (O, H) TRIBE PTEROPLIINI Niphona picticornis Mulsant, 1839 (O, H, K) TRIBE APODASYINI Anaesthetis anatolica Holzschuh, 1969 (K) TRIBE POGONOCHERINI Pogonocerus (s.str.) perroudi Mulsant, 1839 (H) TRIBE ACANTHODERINI Aegomorphus clavipes (Schrank, 1781) (H) TRIBE ACANTHOCININI Acanthocinus griseus (Fabricius, 1792) (H) TRIBE EXOCENTRINI Exocentrus adspersus Mulsant, 1846 (K) TRIBE SAPERDINI Saperda (Compsidia) populnea (Linnaeus, 1758) (H) Saperda (Compsidia) quercus ocellata Abeille de Perrin, 1895 (O, K) TRIBE PHYTOECIINI Oberea (Amaurostoma) erythrocephala (Schrank, 1776) (O) Oberea (Amaurostoma) erythrocephala erythrocephala (Schrank, 1776) Oberea (s.str.) linearis (Linnaeus, 1761) (H) (O*) Oberea (s.str.) oculata (Linnaeus, 1758) (H) Oxylia argentata (Ménetries, 1832) (H) Oxylia duponcheli (Brullé, 1832) (O) Mallosia (Eumallosia) imperatrix Abeille de Perrin, 1885 (O, H) Phytoecia (Pilemia) annulata Hampe, 1852 (O*) (A*) (M*) Phytoecia (Pilemia) hirsutula (Frölich, 1793) (O*) (A*) Phytoecia (Pilemia) hirsutula hirsutula (Frölich, 1793) Phytoecia (Pilemia) maculifera (Holzschuh, 1984) (O) Coptosia (Coptosia) bithynensis (Ganglbauer, 1884) (O) (H*) Coptosia (Coptosia) ganglbaueri Pic, 1936 (O*) (A*) (M*) Phytoecia (Helladia) adelpha Ganglbauer, 1886 (H) (O*) Phytoecia (Helladia) alziari Sama, 1992 Phytoecia (Helladia) ferrugata Ganglbauer, 1884 (H) Phytoecia (Helladia) humeralis (Waltl, 1838) (O, H) (G*) Phytoecia (Helladia) humeralis caneri Özdikmen & Turgut, 2010 Phytoecia (Helladia) millefolii (Adams, 1817) (O, H, K) Phytoecia (Helladia) praetextata (Steven, 1817) (H) Phytoecia (Helladia) praetextata nigricollis Pic, 1891 Phytoecia (Musaria) astarte Ganglbauer, 1886 (O) Phytoecia (Musaria) astarte astarte Ganglbauer, 1886 Phytoecia (Musaria) wachanrui Mulsant, 1851 (O) Phytoecia (Neomusaria) merkli Ganglbauer, 1884 (O) Phytoecia (Neomusaria) waltli Sama, 1991 (O*) (A*) Phytoecia (s.str.) bangi Pic, 1897 (O) Phytoecia (s.str.) akbesiana Pic, 1900 (O, H) Phytoecia (s.str.) caerulea (Scopoli, 1772) (O) (H*) (G*) Phytoecia (s.str.) caerulea caerulea (Scopoli, 1772) Phytoecia (s.str.) croceipes Reiche & Saulcy, 1858 (O, H) Phytoecia (s.str.) geniculata Mulsant, 1862 (O, H) Phytoecia (s.str.) icterica (Schaller, 1783) (O, H) (G*) (K*) Phytoecia (s.str.) manicata Reiche & Saulcy, 1858 (O, H, K) Phytoecia (s.str.) pubescens Pic, 1895 (H) Phytoecia (s.str.) pustulata (Schrank, 1776) (O) ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1161

Phytoecia (s.str.) pustulata pustulata (Schrank, 1776) Phytoecia (s.str.) rufipes (Olivier, 1795) (H) Phytoecia (s.str.) rufipes latior Pic, 1895 Phytoecia (s.str.) virgula (Charpentier, 1825) (H) (O*) Opsilia coerulescens (Scopoli, 1763) (O, K) Phytoecia (Blepisanis) vittipennis Reiche, 1877 (O, K) Phytoecia (Blepisanis) samai Özdikmen & Turgut, 2008 TRIBE AGAPANTHIINI Calamobius filum (Rossi, 1790) (O, H) (K*) Agapanthia (Synthapsia) kirbyi (Gyllenhal, 1817) (O) Agapanthia (Epoptes) amicula Holzschuh, 1989 (O*) (A*) Agapanthia (Epoptes) asphodeli (Latreille, 1804) (H) Agapanthia (Epoptes) dahli (Richter, 1820) (O, H) Agapanthia (Epoptes) detrita Kraatz, 1882 (H) Agapanthia (Epoptes) lateralis Ganglbauer, 1884 (O*) (G*) (A*) Agapanthia (Epoptes) verecunda Chevrolat, 1882 (H) Agapanthia (Epoptes) walteri Reitter, 1898 (H) Agapanthia (Drosotrichia) annularis (Olivier, 1795) (H) Agapanthia (s.str.) suturalis (Fabricius, 1787) (O, H, K) (G*) (K*) Agapanthia (Smaragdula) lais Reiche & Saulcy, 1858 (O) (H*) Agapanthia (Smaragdula) osmanlis Reiche et Saulcy, 1858 (H) Agapanthia (Smaragdula) violacea (Fabricius, 1775) (H) (O*) (G*)

* This work supported by the project of GAZİ UNIVERSITY (project number BAP- 06/32). It is parts of Master Thesis of Mesud Güven and Caner Gören.*

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Map1. The research area.

1168 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______TWO TAILED SPIDERS (ARANEAE: HERSILIIDAE) FROM THE RESERVE FORESTS OF NORTH BENGAL, INDIA

Souvik Sen*, Sumana Saha** and Dinendra Raychaudhuri*

* Entomology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata- 700019, INDIA. E-mails: [email protected]; [email protected] ** Department of Zoology, Lady Brabourne College, Govt. of West Bengal, P- ½, Suhrawardy Avenue, Kolkata- 700017, INDIA. E-mail: [email protected]

[Sen, S., Saha, S. & Raychaudhuri, D. 2010. Two tailed spiders (Araneae: Hersiliidae) from the reserve forests of North Bengal, India. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 5, suppl.: 1168-1175]

ABSTRACT: Taxonomy of 3 hersiliid species recorded from the Reserve Forests of North Bengal, India are dealt with. Of these Hersilia longivulva and Murricia trapezodica are recognized as new to science and H. striata Wang & Yin as new to India. They are described and illustrated.

KEY WORDS: Taxonomy, Hersilia, Murricia, new species, new record, reserve forests, India.

Globally, 169 species under 15 genera are included in the family Hersiliidae (Platnick, 2010). They in India are represented by 3 genera viz. Hersilia Audouin, Murricia Simon and Neotama Baehr & Baehr and are known by 3, 1 and 2 species respectively (Sebastian & Peter, 2009; Platnick, 2010). Earlier these two tailed spiders of India have received the attention of Pocock (1900), Gravely (1922), Tikader & Biswas (1981), Biswas & Biswas (1992), Baehr & Baehr (1993), Gajbe (2004), Rao et. al. (2005) and Majumder (2007). However, the genus Hersilia represented by the only species savignyi Lucas is known to occur in North East India (Tikader & Biswas, 1981; Biswas & Biswas, 1992; Majumder, 2007). Of the 3 genera Murricia is typically an Oriental one, while Hersilia is also distributed in Australian and Ethiopian regions and Neotama in Ethiopian and Neotropical regions (Baehr & Baehr, 1993; Rheims & Brescovit, 2004; Foord & Dippenaar-Schoeman, 2005,’06; Chen, 2007; Foord, 2008; Platnick, 2010). A systematic survey is conducted since 2006 in the Reserve Forests of North Bengal to explore the diversity of spiders. In the process we came across with 3 hersilids. Of these Hersilia longivulva and Murricia trapezodica are recognized as new to science and H. striata Wang & Yin as new to India. They are described and illustrated hereunder.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Spiders were collected and preserved following Tikader (1987) and Barrion & Litsinger (1995). The materials were studied using Stereo Zoom Binocular Microscope, model Zeiss SV-11. The measurements indicated in the text are in millimeters, made with an eye piece graticule. Leg measurements are shown as: total length (femur, patella and tibia, metatarsus I, metatarsus II, tarsus) for legs I, II and IV; total length (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus) for leg III; spination pattern are shown as: prolateral-dorsal-retrolateral-ventral. ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1169 Abbreviations: PL= prosomal length, PW= prosomal width, OL= opisthosomal length, OW= opisthosomal width, TL= total length, AME= anterior median eyes, ALE= anterior lateral eyes, PME= posterior median eyes, PLE= posterior lateral eyes; GNP= Gorumara National Park, CWLS= Chapramari WildLife Sanctuary, MWLS= Mahananda WildLife Sanctuary.

TAXONOMIC ACCOUNTS

Hersilia striata Wang & Yin, 1985 (Figs. 1-6, 19) Hersilia striata Wang & Yin, 1985, Acta zootaxon. sin., 10: 45. Female: PL- 3.2, PW- 2.5, OL- 3.5, OW- 3.2, TL- 6.7. Prosoma (Fig. 1) brown, cephalic region black, longer than wide, anteriorly narrowing, clothed with pubescence; cephalic region strongly raised, cervical furrows distinct, midlongitudinally with a ovoid marking; thoracic region flat with flowery decoration, radii marked by brown pubescence, fovea longitudinal. Ocular region blackish brown, elevated, eyes 8, pearly white, ringed with black, arranged in 2 strongly recurved rows, eye diameter AME>PME>PLE>ALE, ocular quad little wider than long. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME= 0.26, ALE-AME= 0.30, ALE-ALE=0.86, PME-PME= 0.33, PLE-PME=0.33, PLE-PLE= 0.93, ALE- PLE=0.10, AME-PME= 0.06. Clypeus greyish brown, height high. Chelicerae (Fig. 2) yellowish brown, promargin with 3 teeth, median one largest, retromargin with 7 very minute teeth, fangs brown, curved. Both maxillae and labium (Fig. 3) brownish yellow, apices paler, maxillae little wider than long, medially incurved, apical margin scopulate, labium wider than long, apically broad, distally narrowed. Sternum (Fig. 4) yellow, wider than long, anteriorly concave, posteriorly bluntly produced, clothed with few spine like brown hairs. Legs rusty brown, with dark annulations, ventrally off white, long, slender, clothed with small hairs, tarsal claw 3, each superior claw with 4 teeth, inferior claw toothless. Leg measurements: I 28.7 (7.8, 9.4, 7.2, 3.2, 1.1); II 27.2 (7.1, 9.0, 7.2, 3.0, 0.9); III 8.2 (2.4, 1.2, 2.1, 1.8, 0.7); IV 26.2 (6.8, 8.9, 6.8, 2.8, 0.9). Leg formula 1243.

Opisthosoma (Fig. 1) rusty brown, flat, little longer than wide, medially little broad, 4 pairs of midlongitudinal sigilla (muscular apodemes) in 2 parallel rows, a basal grey lanceolate marking extending nearly to 3rd sigilla, 2 lateral grey band joined together at both ends, inner margin broadly serrate at 2 points; venter off white, with silvery reticulations, posterolaterlly with a grey band, spinnerets yellow, anterior spinnerets smaller, separated by distinct triangular colulus, posterior spinnerets annulate, spiny, nearly 10 times longer than anterior ones, apical segment long, 2 times longer than abdomen.

Epigynum-Internal genitalia (Figs. 5, 6): epigynum poorly sclerotised, with 2 vulval plate; spermatheca 2 pairs, elliptical, sub parallel; copulatory ducts long, copulatory openings 2, adjoining, small, circular.

Material examined: 1 female, Budhuram, GNP, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 06.v.2008, coll. D. Raychaudhuri.

Distribution: China, Indonesia, Myanmar, Taiwan, Thailand (Chen, 2007; Platnick, 2010); India (New record): West Bengal.

1170 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______Hersilia longivulva sp. nov. (Figs. 7-12, 20) Female (Holotype): PL- 2.8, PW- 3.4, OL- 6.0, OW- 4.9, TL- 8.8. Prosoma (Fig. 7) yellowish brown, globose, wider than long, anteriorly narrowing, medially broad, clothed with pubescence and brown hairs; cephalic region strongly raised, cervical furrows deeply distinct; thoracic region flat with flowery decoration, medially with a deep longitudinal fovea, radii distinct, marked by brown pubescence. Ocular region black, eyes 8, pearly white, both rows strongly recurved, thus forming 3 rows of eyes, eye diameter AME>PME>PLE>ALE, ocular quad little wider than long. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME= 0.13, ALE- AME= 0.20, ALE-ALE=0.80, PME-PME= 0.20, PLE-PME=0.33, PLE-PLE= 0.93, ALE-PLE=0.13, AME-PME= 0.10. Clypeus raised, broader than the length of ocular quad. Chelicerae (Fig. 8) yellowish brown, long, robust, hairy, promargin with 3 teeth and retromargin with 9 minute teeth, fangs brown, strongly curved. Both maxillae and labium (Fig. 9) yellowish, apically strongly scopulate, maxillae medially incurved, apically broad, with few spine like hairs, labium wider than long, with a very short basal peduncle, medially broad, apically narrowed. Sternum (Fig. 10) yellowish, nearly cordate, both margins concave, posteriorly narrowed, clothed with small brown hairs. Legs yellowish brown, long, slender, each coxae with a ventral brown line, femora I and II with 2 longitudinal black bands, apices of femora, patella, tibia and metatarsi with a longitudinal black band, tarsal claw 3, each superior claw with 3 teeth, inferior claw toothless. Legs measurements: I 22.3 (5.6, 7.4, 5.5, 2.7, 1.1); II 23.1 (5.7, 7.5, 5.8, 2.9, 1.2); III 6.7 (1.5, 0.5, 2.2, 1.8, 0.7); IV 20.1 (5.0, 6.1, 5.4, 2.6, 1.0). Leg formula 2143; spinations: femora I-II=0050 and III-IV= 0030; tibia I-II= 0052 and III-IV= 0032; metatarsus I-IV= 0020.

Opisthosoma (Fig. 7) yellowish grey, flat, oval, medially broad, longer than wide, sub medially decorated with 3 pairs of irregular patch and 4 pairs of midlongitudinal sigilla (muscular apodemes), clothed with grey and black hairs, anteriorly with a tuft of spine like black hairs; venter yellowish, posterior half midlongitudinally with ‘v’ shaped brownish grooved marking, spinnerets yellowish brown, anterior spinnerets smaller, separated by distinct, yellowish brown, triangular colulus, posterior spinnerets very long, clothed with hairs and bristles, posterior spinnerets nearly 6 times longer than anterior, apical segment long, little longer than abdomen.

Epigynum-Internal genitalia (Figs. 11, 12): epigynum heavily sclerotised, with 3 long and broad vulval plate, median plate sub quadrate; 2 pairs of globular spermatheca, horizontally placed; copulatory ducts short, with 2 openings, widely separated, sub triangular; fertilization ducts distinctly long, directed downward.

Type material: Holotype: female, Chapramari, CWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 03.xi.2007, coll. S. Sen.

Type deposition: Entomology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, registration no. EZC 0022-10.

Distribution: India: West Bengal.

Etymology: The specific epithet is derived from the long vulval plate. ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1171 Remarks: The species shows a close affinity to Hersilia caudata Audouin, 1826 but can be separated by i) vulval plate long and broad (vulval plate short and flat in H. caudata) ii) spermatheca globular, horizontal (spermatheca nearly sub triangular, vertical, sub parallel in H. caudata); iii) fertilization duct long, directed downward (fertilization duct short, directed upward in H. caudata). Such differences appear to justify the erection of a new species.

Murricia trapezodica sp. nov. (Figs. 13-18, 21) Female (Holotype): PL- 1.8, PW- 2.1, OL- 2.4, OW- 4.0, TL- 4.2. Prosoma (Fig. 13) greyish yellow, globose, wider than long, anteriorly narrowed and produced, medially broad, marginally with grey band, with pubescence and hairs; cephalic region strongly gibbous, basaly marked by a deep transverse brown groove, cervical furrows deeply distinct; thoracic region flat, posteromedially with distinct, longitudinal fovea, surrounded by pubescence, radii distinct. Eyes 8, pearly white, basally encircled by black bands, anterior row strongly recurved so that anterolaterals come in line with that of posteromedians, thus forming 3 rows of eyes, posterior row also strongly recurved, eye diameter PLE>AME>PME>ALE, ocular quad much wider than long. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME= 0.17, ALE-AME= 0.11, ALE-ALE=0.52, PME-PME=0.17, PLE- PME=0.23, PLE-PLE=0.47, ALE-PLE=0.05, AME-PME= 0.05. Clypeus height small, little broader than the length of ocular quad. Chelicerae (Fig. 14) yellow, short, stumpy, hairy, promargin with 3 teeth and retromargin with 6 minute teeth, fangs yellowish brown, strongly curved. Both maxillae and labium (Fig. 15) yellowish brown, apically weakly scopulate, maxillae short, apically broad, basally narrow; labium basally fused with sternum, with a short basal peduncle, wider than long, apically narrowed, medially broad. Sternum (Fig. 16) yellow, nearly cordate, anteriorly broad, posteriorly narrowed, clothed with few spine like hairs. Legs yellow, with few annular black bands, long, slender, each coxa ventrally with a brown longitudinal line, tarsal claw 3, each superior claw with 4 teeth, inferior claw toothless. Legs measurements: I 10.3 (3.0, 3.5, 1.7, 1.5, 0.6); II 11.2 (2.8, 3.9, 2.1, 1.7, 0.7); III 3.5 (1.3, 0.2, 0.9, 0.8, 0.3); IV 9.9 (2.8, 2.7, 2.1, 1.7, 0.6). Leg formula 2143; spinations: femora I= 4300 and II-IV= 2200; tibia I-IV=3000; metatarsus I-IV= 2000.

Opisthosoma (Fig. 13) grey, trapezoid, dorsum with 2 trapezoid greyish markings, midlongitudinally with a greyish band extending from base to apex, margins further with greyish band, in-between with yellow white reticulations and greyish spots, basal trapezoid marking enclosing 2 and the distal enclosing 3 pairs of sigilla (muscular apodemes), clothed with grey hairs; venter yellow with black lateral marking and chalk white reticulations, posterior half midlongitudinally with ‘v’ shaped black marking, spinnerets yellowish brown, anterior spinnerets smaller, separated by distinct yellowish brown, triangular colulus, posterior spinnerets very long, as long as abdomen, apical segment longer, but smaller than abdomen, clothed with spine like hairs and bristles.

Epigynum-internal genitalia (Figs. 17, 18): epigynum poorly sclerotised, with 2 longitudinal depressions; 1 pair of small, oval spermatheca; copulatory ducts long, highly convoluted, forming loop; copulatory openings small, widely separate.

1172 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______Type material: Holotype: female, Sukhna, MWLS, Darjeeling, West Bengal, India, 07.iii.2009, coll. S. Saha.

Type deposition: Entomology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, registration no. EZC 0023-10.

Distribution: India: West Bengal.

Etymology: The species is so named because of the shape of abdomen.

Remarks: The species appears to be closely allied to Murricia triangularis Baehr & Baehr, 1993 but can be separated by i) spermatheca oval, copulatory ducts long, highly convoluted, forming loop (spermatheca and copulatory ducts never so in M. triangularis); ii) abdominal dorsum with 2 trapezoid greyish markings (such markings completely absent in M. triangularis); iii) legs with few annular black bands (legs devoid of any such band in M. triangularis); iv) each coxa ventrally with a brown longitudinal line (coxa without any such line in M. triangularis). Therefore, the present species is considered as new to science.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank Department of Biotechnology, Govt. of India (BT/PR6391/NDB/51/078/2005 dt. 20.11.2006) for sponsoring the project and Directorate of Forests, Govt. of West Bengal and the Head, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta for necessary support.

LITERATURE CITED

Baehr, M. & Baehr, B. 1993. The Hersiliidae of the Oriental Region including New Guinea. Taxonomy, phylogeny, zoogeography (Arachnida, Araneae). Spixiana (Supplement), 19: 1-96.

Barrion, A. T. & Litsinger, J. A. 1995. Riceland spiders of South and Southeast Asia. CAB International UK & IRRI, Philippines: 716 pp.

Biswas, B. K. & Biswas, K. 1992. State Fauna Series 3: Fauna of West Bengal, Araneae: Spiders, part 3. Zoological Survey of India,: 357-500.

Chen, S. H. 2007. Spiders of the genus Hersilia from Taiwan (Araneae: Hersiliidae). Zoological Studies, 46: 12-25.

Foord, S. H. 2008. Cladistic analysis of the Afrotropical Hersiliidae (Arachnida, Araneae) with the first record of Murricia and the description of a new genus from Madagascar. Journal of Afrotropical Zoology, 4: 111-142.

Foord, S. H. & Dippenaar-Schoeman, A. S. 2005. First record of the genus Neotama Baehr & Baehr (Araneae: Hersiliidae) from the Afrotropical region. African Invertebrates, 46: 125-132.

Foord, S. H. & Dippenaar-Schoeman, A. S. 2006. A revision of the Afrotropical species of Hersilia Audouin (Araneae: Hersiliidae). Zootaxa, 1347: 1-92.

Gajbe, P. 2004. Spiders of Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh (Arachnida: Araneae). Records of Zoological Survey of India, Occasional Paper, 227: 154 pp.

Gravely, F. H. 1922. Common Indian spiders. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society, 28: 1045- 1050.

Majumder, S. C. 2007. Pictorial handbook on spiders of Sunderbans: WestBengal. Zoological Survey of India,: 138 pp.

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Platnick, N. I. 2010. The World spider catalog, version 11.0. American Museum of Natural History. Available from: http://research.amnh.org/entomology/spiders/catalog/index.html. (accessed on 5th September, 2010).

Pocock, R. I. 1900. The fauna of British India, Arachnida. Taylor & Francis, London,: 153-279.

Rao, K. T., Bastawade, D. B., Javed, S. M. M. & Krishna, I. S. R. 2005. Arachnid Fauna of Nallamalai Region, Eastern Ghats, Andhra Pradesh, India. Zoological Survey of India,: 42 pp.

Rheims, C. A. & Brescovit, A. D. 2004. Revision and cladistic analysis of the spider family Hersiliidae (Arachnida, Araneae) with emphasis on Neotropical and Nearctic species. Insects Systematics and Evoution, 35: 189-239.

Sebastian, P. A & Peter, K. V. 2009. Spiders of India. Universities Press (India) Pvt. Ltd.,: 614 pp.

Tikader, B. K. 1987. Hand book of Indian spiders. Zoological Survey of India,: 251 pp.

Tikader. B. K. & Biswas, B. 1981. Spider fauna of Calcutta and vicinity. Records of Zoological Survey of India, Occasional Paper, 39: 149 pp.

Figures 1-6. Hersilia striata Wang & Yin: Female: 1. Prosoma and opisthosoma, dorsal view; 2. Chelicerae, ventral view; 3. Maxillae and labium, ventral view; 4. Sternum, ventral view; 5. Epigynum, ventral view; 6. Internal genitalia, dorsal view. 1174 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______

Figures 7-12. Hersilia longivulva sp. nov.: Female (holotype): 7. Prosoma and opisthosoma, dorsal view; 8. Chelicerae, ventral view; 9. Maxillae and labium, ventral view; 10. Sternum, ventral view; 11. Epigynum, ventral view; 12. Internal genitalia, dorsal view.

Figures 13-18. Murricia trapezodica sp. nov.: Female (holotype): 13. Prosoma and opisthosoma, dorsal view; 14. Chelicerae, ventral view; 15. Maxillae and labium, ventral view; 16. Sternum, ventral view; 17. Epigynum, ventral view; 18. Internal genitalia, dorsal view.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1175

Figures 19-21. Photographic Images: General Habitus: 19. Hersilia striata Wang & Yin, 20. Hersilia longivulva sp. nov., 21. Murricia trapezodica sp. nov.

Figure 22. Distribution of three hersiliids in North Bengal: Hersilia striata Wang & Yin, Hersilia longivulva sp. nov., Murricia trapezodica sp. nov. 1176 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______SYNOPSIS OF THE GENUS TEPHRITIS LATREILLE (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) IN IRAN

Ebrahim Zarghani*, Samad Khaghaninia*, Reza Farshbaf Pour Abad* and Babak Gharali**

* Dept. of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, IRAN. E-mail: [email protected] ** Dept. of Plant Protection, Ghazvin Research Station for Agriculture and Natural, IRAN.

[Zarghani, E., Khaghaninia, S., Pour Abad, R. F. & Gharali, B. 2010. Synopsis of the genus Tephritis Latreille (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Iran. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 5, suppl.: 1176-1181]

ABSTRACT: Based on specimens collected from Iran during years 2008-2009, ten species of Tephritis were recognized. Identification key to the species was prepared. The locality, host plants and figures of wing pattern of each species are given.

KEY WORDS: Tephritidae, Fruit flies, Tephritinae, Tephritis, Iran.

Tephritidae (true fruit flies) is a large family of the order Diptera with more than 4400 described species over the world. Considering their damage on fruit plantations, they are important insects from the agricultural point of view as well as forest entomology (Merz, 2001). Tephritis Latreille, with about 170 species is the sixth largest genus of Tephritidae and third largest genus in the Tephritinae, (Norrbom et al., 1999; Korneyev & Dirlbek, 2000). The majority of the species (about 120) occur in Palaearctic and a few are known from other zoogeographic regions. Except the old comprehensive but outdated, key to species of Hering (1944), other studies treated the genus in areas as small as countries (White, 1988 for Great Britain; Freidberg & Kugler 1989 for Israel and nearby areas; Merz, 1994 for North and Central Europe; Wang, 1996 for China and Kutuk, 2003 for Turkey). Tephritis is distinguished from the other genera in subfamily Tephritinae by a combination of following characters (only the major characters are listed; more complete lists of characters can be found in Freidberg & Kugler (1989) and Merz (1994)): 2 orbital setae, anterior setae acuminate and dark (brown or blackish), posterior setae usually lanceolate and pale (whitish or yellowish; in 2 species brown or black); 2 dark frontal setae; dorsocentral setae situated on or slightly posterior to transverse suture; scutellum flat, with 2 pairs of setae, apical setae about 0.5- 0.6 times as long as basal setae; wing pattern highly variable among the species, usually reticulate with well developed apical fork, sometimes stellate [as in T. cometa (Loew)], or even banded [as in T. postica (Loew)]; oviscape somewhat flattened dorsoventrally. Biologically, most species of Tephritis infest the flowerheads and in a few case stems of Asteraceae hosts that may induce formation of galls (Freidberg, 1984).

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Adult specimens were swept on flowers head of Asteraceae plants from several provinces of Iran during 2008 and 2009. The voucher specimens were deposited at Insect Museum of Tabriz University. Figures of the wings were prepared by photos of a digital camera installed microscope eyepiece. For identification, Hering (1944), Freidberg & Kugler ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1177 (1989), and Merz (1994) were consulted. Terminology follows primarily White et al. (2000), Merz (1994), Freidberg & Mathis (1986), and Freidberg & Kugler (1989).

RESULTS

Ten species (Tephritis bardanea, T. cometa, T. dioscurea, T. formosa, T. hurvitzi, T. hyoscyami, T. maccus, T. postica, T. praecox T. urelliosomima) infest Asteraceae plants in Iran.

Key to species of Tephritis in Iran

1. Apical fork of wing absent; only isolated brown spots present at end of veins R4+5 and M (Figures 1, 4, 6, 8)…...... 2 - Apical fork of wing present (Figures 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 10)...... 4

2. Wing with enlarged hyaline area, brown spots small (Figure 1) ...... bardanae (Schrank) - Hyaline areas on wing normal, brown spots large (Figure 4) ...... formosa (Loew)

3. Pterostigma hyaline on tip; 5-6 round hyaline areas in cells r4+5 and br. (Figure 6)...... hyoscyami (Linneaus) - Pterostigma completely dark brown; only 1- 2 hyaline areas in cells r4+5 and br. (Figure 15) ..…..……..…...... postica (Loew)

4. Branches of apical fork uniformly narrow along their entire length (Figures 2, 5, 7)...... 5 - Branches of apical fork widen distinctly towards wing margin (Figures 3, 9, 10) ...... 9

5. One hyaline area in cell r1 (Figure 7) ……………..……………...…….…...…….maccus (Hering) - Two hyaline areas in cell r1 (Figures 3, 5, 9) ……………………………………………….……….…...6

6. Wing without brown or black areas or with a few small spots in cell cua1 (Figures 1, 2).. 7 - Brown or black pattern distinctly present in cell cua1 (Figures 5, 6, 8)…...... 8

7. Frons about 1.8 times as wide as eyes; length of third antennal segment about 1.7 width; wing with 2 or more hyaline areas in cell m (Figure 2)...... cometa (Loew) - Frons equal to eyes wide……………………………………………….………….…………....……………...9

8. Hyaline base of wing without small gray or blackish markings; dark preapical ray in cell dm usually reaching hind margin of wing even if interrupted in middle (Figure 5); mesonotum with indistinct striation……...... hurvitzi Freidberg - Hyaline base, including entire costal cell and cells bm and bcu; apical portion widely blakish-brown, with few hyaline spots and indentations…………………………………………………… ………………………………………………..………………………….. urelliosomima Korneyev & Dirlbek

9. 2 large hyaline spots present in cell d Pterostigma with hyaline spots (Figure 9)………..… ……………………………………………………………………………………………..………….. praecox (Loew) - Six hyaline spots present in cell r4+5; the biggest hyaline spot not reaching vein R4+5 (Figure 3)………………….....………………………………………………………………………….….. dioscurea(Loew)

Genus Tephritis Latreille, 1804 Nouv. Dict. Hist. nat., 24 (Sec. 3): 196. Type species: Musca arnicae Linnaeus, 1758: Syst. Nat. Ed., 10, 1: 600. Remark: Extensive synonymy and bibliography in Thompson (1998).

1178 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______Tephritis bardanae (Schrank, 1803) Material examined: Tehran: Damâvand, 2070 m., 14.VII.1976, (Lavallee), 4♂♂,1♀: Chichekli: 38°35' N, 46°14' E, 1223 m, 21-JUL-2009; 1♀: Jonbar: 37°43' N, 46°05' E, 2203 m, 23-JUL-2009; 1♀: Arasbaran: 38°53' N, 47°12' E, 1368 m, 01-JUL-2009 (Khaghaninia). Diagnosis: Subcosta at least with indistinct transparent spot, wing with oblique brown band and large brown subapical spot with several hyaline spots (Figure 1); basal segment of ovipositor red, with darkened base and apex, length equal to two terminal tergites of abdomen combined. Host plants: Arctium lapa and A. tomentosum. Distribution: Northwest, South, Crimea, Caucasus, Kazakhstan, Western Europe and Iran (Gilasian and Merz, 2008).

Tephritis cometa (Loew, 1840) Material examined: 125♂♂, 99♀♀, 5 km North East Abali, , 35°50' N, 51°58' E, 2360 m, 08.08.2008; 1♀: Araz and Sarand: 38°39' N, 46°15' E, 1272 m, 02-JUN-2009; 1♂, 1♀: Jonbar: 37°43' N, 46°05' E, 2203 m, 23-JUL-2009; 1♀: Znozakh: 37°55' N, 46°41' E, 1893 m, 04-AUG-2009 (Khaghaninia). Diagnosis: Basal half of wing mainly hyaline; cell r1 with small subapical hyaline spot; branches of apical fork uniformly narrow along their entire length; hyaline spot of cell r2+3 continuous with basal indentation of cell r1, (Figure 2). Host plants: Circium gaillardotii, C. vulgare, C. arvense, and C. palustre (Giray, 1979; White, 1988; Freidberg and Kugler, 1989; Merz, 1994). Distribution: West and Middle Asia, Israel, Afghanistan, Russia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine, Moldova, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Uzbek, Tajikistan, Kirghis, Turkomanas, Switzerland, England, Germany and Turkey (Foote, 1984; White, 1988; Freidberg and Kugler, 1989; Merz, 1994; Kutuk and Ozgur, 2003), and Iran (Mohamadzade Namin et al. 2010).

Tephritis dioscurea (Loew, 1856) Material examined: 1♂: Uskuli; 38°51' N 46°59' E, 1367 m, 1 Jul. 2009; 1♀: Jonbar: 37°43' N, 46°05' E, 2203 m, 23-JUL-2009 (Khaghaninia). Diagnosis: Inner margine of brown septum between two large hyaline spot of anterior wing. r always beyond midpoint of section occupied by spots (closer to apex of wings); brown pattern of wings less developed; narrow brown spot along M3+4 not crossing backward through longitudinal fold of P3 (Posteromarginal wing cell), brown spots on vein A (anal) isolated (Figure 3). Host plants: Achillea millefolium, Artemisia absinthium, A. crithmifolia and Chrysenthemum corymbosum (Asteraceae) (Hendel, 1927; Merz, 1994). Distribution: Sweden, France, Hungary, Austria, Germany, Switzerland, Russia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine, Moldova, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, and Turkey (Foote, 1984; Merz, 1994; Thompson, 1998; Kutuk, 2005). Recorded by Zarghani et al. (2010) from Iran.

Tephritis formosa (Loew, 1844) Material examined: 1♂: Nazarabad, Tankaman, 22.07.2008; Taleghan 1, 1900 m, 36°9.941 N, 50°42.785 E, 19.06.2008 (Mohamadzade); 1♀: Araz and Sarand: 38°39' N, 46°15' E, 1272 m, 02-JUN-2009; 1♀: Chichekli: 38°35' N, 46°14' E, 1223 m, 21-JUL-2009; 1♀: Arasbaran: 38°53' N, 47°12' E, 1368 m, 01-JUL-2009 (Khaghaninia). Diagnosis: Brown spots large on wing; hyaline areas are small, Apical fork absent; only isolated brown spots at end of veins R4+5 and M. Host plants: Sonchus oleraceus, S. aspera, S. arvensis, Hypochaeris radicata, and Crepis virens (White, 1988; Freidberg and Kugler, 1989; Merz, 1994). Distribution: Europe, except Scandinavia, to Israel and Iran (Norrbom et al., 1999).

Tephritis hurvitzi Freidberg, 1981 Material examined: 1 ♂, Haraz Road, 2000 m, 36°36' N, 52°15' E, 14.06.2008 (Mohamadzade); 2♂♂: Znozakh: 37°55' N, 46°41' E, 1893 m, 04-AUG-2009; 1♀: Horand: ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1179

38°56' N, 47°27' E, 1439 m, 31-MAY-2009; 5♀♀: Jonbar: 37°43' N, 46°05' E, 2203 m, 23- JUL-2009 (Khaghaninia). Diagnosis: Basal half of wing mainly hyaline; apex of cell r1 without subapical hyaline spot; brown ray to costa in cell r2+3 narrow, at most as wide as hyaline spot at end of vein R2+3; reticulate brown area from middle of cell dm to end of cell bcu continuous (Figure 5). Host plants: Scorzonera syrica and Tragopogon longirostris (Freidberg and Kugler, 1989). Distribution: Europe, Middle Asia, Israel, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Iraq and Iran (Norrbom et al., 1999; Korneyev, Dirlbek, 2000, and Mohammadzade naming et al. 2010).

Tephritis hyoscyami (Linneaus, 1758) Material examined: 1♀: Qaradervish; 38°56' N 47°27' E, 1439 m, 31 May. 2009 (Khaghaninia). Host plants: Carduus crispus, C. defloratus, C. personata and C. aconthoides (Merz, 1994). Distribution: North and Middle Europe, Russia, Estonia, Latvia, Ukraine, Lithuania, Moldova, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Armenia, China, Switzerland and Turkey (Foote, 1984; Thompson, 1998; Merz, 1994; Kutuk and Ozgur, 2003). Recorded by Zarghani et al. (2010) from Iran.

Tephritis maccus Hering, 1937 Material examined: Tehran: Evin, 23.VIII.1973, light trap (Gilasian and Merz, 2008), 1♀, 5 km North East Abali, 2360 m, 35°50.304 N, 51°58.980 E, 29.08.2008 (Mohamadzade). Diagnosis: Medium-sized Tephritis with the wing pattern strongly resembling that of Capitites ramulosa Loew, differing from the latter by the structura of phallic glands, shape of the aculeus and by the head. Host plants: Unknown. Some specimens were swept from stands of Chondrilla, Picris and Scarriola. Distribution: Spain, Kyrgyzstan, Iran, Afghanistan, India. (Korneyev and Dirlbek, 2000, Gilasian and Merz, 2008).

Tephritis postica Loew, 1844 Material examined: 2♂♂, 2♀♀: 3 km West Bomehen, from flower heads of Onopordon acanthium, 03.06.2008, exit 21.06.2008; 2♂♂, 3♀♀: Damavand, reared from O. heteracanthum, 04.06.2009, exit 14.06.2009 (Mohamadzade); 1♂: Jonbar: 37°43' N, 46°05' E, 2203 m, 23-JUL-2009; 1♀: Jonbar: 37°43' N, 46°05' E, 2203 m, 23-JUL-2009 (Khaghaninia). Diagnosis: Only two large hyaline spots in cell r2+3, both distal of r-m crossvein (Figure, 8). Host plants: Onopordum cynarocephalum and O. acanthium (Freidberg and Kugler, 1989; Merz, 1994). Distribution: North Europe, West Asia, Iran, Italy, Spain, Israel, France, Switzerland, Germany and Turkey (Giray, 1979; Foote, 1984; Merz, 1994; Kutuk and Ozgur, 2003; Ozgur and Kutuk, 2003).

Tephritis praecox (Loew, 1844) Material examined: 1♀: Zidasht, Taleghan, 36°99' N, 50°42' E, 1900m, 14.06.2009; 1♂, 1♀: Horand: 38°56' N, 47°27' E, 1439 m, 31-MAY-2009; 2♂♂: Chichekli: 38°35' N, 46°14' E, 1223 m, 21-JUL-2009; 1♀: Arasbaran: 38°53' N, 47°12' E, 1368 m, 01-JUL-2009; 1♀: Horand: 38°56' N, 47°27' E, 1439 m, 31-MAY-2009 (Khaghaninia). Diagnosis: Only two large hyaline spots in cell r2+3, both distal of r-m crossvein (Figure 9) Host plants: Calendula arvensis (Merz, 1994). Distribution: South Europe, North Africa, Israel, Syria, Iraq and Uzbekistan and Iran (Norrbom et al., 1999; Korneyev and Dirlbek, 2000, and Mohammadzade namin et al., 2010).

Tephritis urelliosomima Korneyev and Dirlbek, 2000 Material examined: Fars: Bamu, 1700 m., 24.IX.1996, Tehran: Evin, 16.V.1996, light trap. Diagnosis: Medium-sized Tephritis with wing pattern somewath similar to that of Trupanea guimari (Becker, 1908) [syn. Urelliosoma guimari (Becker, 1908)], and differing from the latter by the head and body chaetotaxy typical for Tephritis. 1180 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______

Host plants: Unknown. Distribution: Spain, Syria, Jordan, Middle Asia, Afghanestan and Iran (Korneyev and Dirlbek, 2000, Gilasian and Merz, 2008).

LITERATURE CITED

Foote, R. H. 1984. Family Tephritidae, In: A. Soos and L. Papp eds., Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera (ed., R. C. Foote). Budapest and Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, 9: 66-149.

Fridberg, A. 1984. Gall Tephritidae (Diptera), In: Biology of Gall Insects (ed., T.N. Ananthakrishnan), Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., New Delphi, pp. 129-167.

Freidberg, A. & Mathis, W. N. 1986. Studies of Terelliinae (Diptera:Tephritidae): A revision of the genus Neaspilota Osten. Sacken. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, No. 439.

Freidberg, A. & Kugler, J. 1989. Fauna Palaestina. Insecta IV. Diptera: Tephritidae. Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Jerusalem.

Gilasian, E. & Merz, B. 2008. The first report of three genera and fifteen species of Tephritidae (Diptera) from Iran. Journal of Entomological Society of Iran, 27: 11- 14.

Giray, H. 1979. Turkiye Trypetidae (Diptera) faunasına ait ilk liste. Türkiye Bitki Koruma Dergisi, 3: 35- 46.

Hendel, F. 1927. 49. Trypetidae. In: Die Fliegen der Palaearktischen Region. (Ed. E. Lindner) SchweitzerbartÕschen Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, Vol. 5. E.

Hering, M. 1944. Bestimmungtabelle der Gattung Tephritis Latreille, 1804. Siruna Seva, 5: 17-31.

Korneyev, V. A. & Dirlbek, J. 2000. The fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) of Syria, Jordan and Iraq. Studia Dipterologica, 7: 463-482.

Kutuk, M. 2005. Two New Records of Tephritis Latreille, 1804 (Diptera: Tephritidae) from Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 29: 167-170.

Kutuk, M. 2006. The Fauna and Systematics of the Genus Tephritis Latreille, 1804 (Diptera: Tephritidae) with a Key to the Species of Tephritis in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 30: 345-356.

Kutuk, M. & Ozgur, A. F. 2003. Faunistical and Systematical Studies on the Genus Tephritis Latreille, 1804 (Diptera: Tephritidae) in the South West of Turkey Along with new Records. Turkish Entomology Dergisi, 27: 243-252.

Merz, B. 1994. Diptera, Tephritidae. Insecta Helvetica Fauna, Vol: 10, Geneve.

Merz, B. 2001. Faunistics of the Tephritidae (Diptera) of the Iberian Peninsula and the Baleares. Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique Suisse, 74: 91- 98.

Mohammadzade Namin, S., Nozari, J. & Rasolian, G. H. 2010. The fruit flies (Diptera, Tephritidae) in Tehran province, with new records for Iranian fauna. Vestnik zoologii, 44 (1): 20-31.

Norrbom, A. L., Carroll, L. E., Thompson, F. C. White, I. M. & Freidberg, A. 1999. Systematic Database of Names. In: Fruit Fly Expert Identification System and Systematic Information Database. (Ed. F.C. Thompson) Backhuys Publishers, Myia 9. Leiden.

Ozgur, A. F. & Kutuk, M. 2003. Adana Üli Meyve Sinekleri (Tephritidae: Diptera) Faunasõnõn Tespiti Çukurova Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 18: 35-44.

Thompson, F. C. 1998. Fruit Fly Expert Identification System and Systematic Information Database. North American DipteristsÕ Society, Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, the Netherlands.

Wang, X. 1996. The Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) of the East Asian Region. Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica 21. Supplement.

White, I. M. 1988. Tephritid Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae). Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects 10 (5a).

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1181

White, I. M., Headrick, D. H., Norrbom, A. L. & Carroll, L. E. 2000. 33 Glossary. In: Fruit Flies (Tephritidae): Phylogeny and Evolution of Behavior (eds., Aluja, M. and Norrbom, A. L.). CRC, Boca Raton, Washington, pp. 881-924.

Zarghani, E., Khaghaninia, S., Farshbaf Pour Abad, R. & Gharali, B. 2010. Two genera and five species as new records for fruit flies fauna of Iran from East Azarbaijan Province. Munis Entomology and Zoology, Vol. 5: 823-824.

Figures. Wings of Tephritis: 1- Tephritis bardanea; 2- T. cometa; 3- T. dioscurea; 4- T. Formosa; 5- T. hurvitz; 6- T. hyoscyami; 7- T. maccus; 8- T. postica; 9- T. praecox; 10- T. urelliosomima (All the photos are original except 8 and 10 which from Korneyev, 2000). 1182 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______HEAVY METAL ACCUMULATION IN ORIBATID MITE SPECIES (ACARI: ORIBATIDA) IN AGROECOSYSTEMS IN EGYPT. A CASE STUDY

Hamdy Mahmoud El-Sharabasy* and Ahemd Ibrahim**

* Plant Protection Department, ** Soil and Water Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, EGYPT. E-mail: [email protected]

[El-Sharabasy, H. M. & Ibrahim, A. 2010. Heavy metal accumulation in oribatid mite species (Acari: Oribatida) in agroecosystems in Egypt. A case study. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 5, suppl.: 1182-1188]

ABSTRACT: The responses of oribatid communities to heavy metal contamination were studied. Concentration of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc in oribatid species along Ismailia water canal, Egypt was measured. Metal levels observed in both soil and irrigation water was compared with standard values of FAO and established permissible levels reported by different authors. Mean concentration of heavy metals determined in irrigation water were much above the recommended levels. Concentrations of all the metals (mg kg−1 dry weight) in the studied agricultural soil were below the permissible level standard. The comparison of mean concentrations of heavy metal in examined soil with that of typical uncontaminated soil in this area revealed that Ismailia water canal using in irrigation of agricultural soil has increased the levels of heavy metals. All studied oribatid species appeared to be accumulator's different amount of heavy metals characterized by the highest bioconcentration factors. The results of the study show that the abundance and structure of the soil oribatid communities in the sampling locations were not influenced by levels of heavy metals in the soil. They also show that the diversity index can be valuable tools for assessing the impact of pollutants on different species of oribatid mites.

KEY WORDS: Oribatid mites, heavy metals, bioindicators, pollution, diversity.

Oribatid mites have successfully invaded almost all compartments of the biosphere. Apart from the diversity of habitats, their excessive adaptation ability is shown by great abundance and species richness. In most habitats, they constitute the largest proportion of microarthropods diversity. Oribatid mites consume mainly living or dead parts of plants or fungi, however there are some predators and scavengers to be mentioned as exceptions (Behan-Pelletier, 1999). As a consequence, they consume various kinds of food, and as such, they participate in numerous ways in the structure of the food web (Lebrun & Van Straalen, 1995). The reproduction biology and life cycle of oribatid mites can be considered extraordinary among arthropods from several aspects. The slow development, low fecundity and long larval stage of oribatid mites can help indicating long-term disturbances. Their low dispersion ability (Lebrun & Van Straalen, 1995) is also quite important, since these mites can hardly flee from sites affected by some kind of stress. Because of their important role in detrital food webs, there is increasing interest in their reaction to environmental conditions such as heavy metal pollution (Zaitsev & Van Straalen, 2001). Several studies have measured directly the accumulation of pollutants, in most cases heavy metals, in oribatid mites (Ludwig et al., 1992; Roth, 1993; Janssen & Hogervorst, 1993; Siepel, 1995; Heck et al., 1995; Van Straalen et al., 2001; Zaitsev & Van Straalen, 2001; Zaitsev et al., 2001; Skubala & Kafel, 2004; Gulvik, 2007). These studies have shown that oribatid mites easily accumulate environmental pollutants, such as heavy metals, but again there is a clear ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1183 variation among species according to their diet. For example, copper has been shown to accumulate effectively in oribatid species (Skubala & Kafel, 2004). Heavy metal pollution of water and agricultural soil is one of the most severe ecological problems on a world scale and also in Egypt. Long-term use of polluted water in irrigation is known to have significant contribution to trace elements such as Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in surface soil (Sharma et al., 2007). Excessive accumulation of trace elements in water and agricultural soils through drainage water irrigation may not only result in soil contamination but also affect food quality, safety, and has a damaging effect on all aquatic life (Sharma et al., 2007). Up to the present, the hazardous effects of prolonged irrigation by Ismailia Canal water on Acari: Oribatida in the agroecosystem of Ismailia Governorate, Egypt, has never been the target of any study before. This paper investigates the level of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in irrigation water, soils, and in oribatid mites from agricultural land Ismailia Governorate, Egypt, which is one of the largest area of mango fruits in Egypt. The aim of the work was to highlight the potential of Oribatid mites as indicators of ecosystem change in response to contamination and establish baseline data for these metals. The concentrations of heavy metals in water and soil were compared with the established safe limit, while the concentrations of heavy metals in oribatid mites were compared with previous studies of different authors. This provides a basis for guiding further activities aimed at preventing exposure of humans through monitoring and control of irrigation water.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study Area The subject of the present investigation is Ismailia Governorate, Egypt, (30° 58′ N and 32° 23′ E and elevation above sea level, 13 m). The area is almost flat and wetland with fertility soil and good climate. It is characterized by aridity with long hot rainless summer, mild winter and low amount of rainfall (50 mm). Ismailia Water Canal is considered the main source for fresh water, as it carries water from the Nile River. It is used in drinking, irrigation and industry (Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency, 2008). Sampling Five study sites were chosen along Ismailia water canal namely, Nefisha (site 1), Abou- Souier (site 2), Kasaseen (site 3), Mahsama (site 4) and Aldaheriya village (site 5). Three random soil samples of topsoil (0 - 20 cm), under mango trees, Mangifera indica L. (Family: Anacardiceae) were taken using a corer from March to October 2009. These areas were cultivated and irrigated by Ismailia water canal during such periods. Soil samples were taken from a representative quadrate (5 x 5 m) at each site. Sampling was done monthly (four times), making a total of 12 samples per date. A total of 480 samples were collected. The representatives of oribatida were separated from the soil using the Tullgren method. Mites extracted for heavy metal determinations were preserved in a mixture of water and glycerol with addition of alcohol and kept in a refrigerator to avoid evaporation and development of microflora. Oribatid mites were identified according to Balogh (1972). Water analysis Samples has been subjected to various analyses including pH value (using electronic pH meter), Total Soluble Salts (TSS) in mg L-1 according to Westerman (1990) by estimation of electric conductivity (EC), using conductivity meter. Total nitrogen, total phosphate and heavy metals were analyzed according to Standard methods for examination of water and wastewater (APHA, 1995). Soil analysis To perform chemical analyses, surface layers (0–20 cm) of all examined soil samples were selected. Organic matter content was determined and estimated according to Jackson (1967). Total calcium carbonates and chemical properties were determined according to Page et al., (1982) and Jackson (1967). Heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) were analyzed by 1184 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______the total adsorbed metals, using atomic spectrophotometer (Thermo-electron, S Series GE 711838). Test species and analytical methods For analysis of metal body burden, the species should be quite numerous, larger species and species which occur at all sample sites are preferable and suitable for searching trends of metals accumulation. Four species were chosen for the present study: Pergalummna flagellate, Scheloribates lavigatus (Koch), Zygoribatula undulata Berlese, Zygoribatula tritici El-Badry & Nasr and Oppiella nova (Oudemans). The mite species were pooled and weighted to establish their proper weight (1g), then dried and digested in a mixture of concentrated nitric and perchloric acids (7 : 1 by volume) and diluted in H2O. Determination of metal concentration was done with using atomic spectrophotometer (Thermo-electron, S Series GE 711838), background correction of deuterium lamp: 164.49. The values of relative standard deviation (RSD) for Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn were 0.9, 1.3, 417 and 0.3 %, respectively. Data Analyses The oribatid communities were characterized by the following indices: abundance, species richness and dominance, Shannon index of diversity (H′), and equitability (J). Differences between the sites were evaluated using One-Way ANOVA; this was followed by a multiple comparison of the means using Duncan's test. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) of heavy metals was calculated according to Skubala and Kafe (2004). To assess the contamination level of heavy metals, mean, minimum, maximum, and standard deviation of water, soil, and oribatid mites were performed using Microsoft Excel.

RESULTS

Water analysis and heavy metal concentration The pH values in Ismailia water canal ranged between 7.50 and 9.91 in all studied sites along the canal (Table 1). Total phosphate content showed a mean value 4.14 mg L-1, with the highest absolute value 4.86 and the minimum absolute value 3.11 mg L-1. All heavy metals determined in water samples were exceeded the standard levels of irrigation water as described by FAO (Pais & Jones, 1997). Heavy metal concentration in soil The texture of soils under investigation is sandy loam according to particle size distributions. Across the studied profiles, total calcium carbonate percentage ranged between 0.18 and 1.34% (Table 2). The soil profiles are alkaline where soil pH values ranged between 7.48 and 8.12. The mean values of total organic matter (TOM) percentage ranged between 0.39 and 0.95%. In addition, the contents of calcium carbonate are considerably low. Heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) recorded in high concentrations in the soil, which reflect the degree of pollution compared to the concentrations of normal and nonpolluted soils in Egypt (Table 2). Zinc content of the studied soil profiles samples not exceeds the maximum acceptable concentration in soils (300 m kg-1). It is varied from 4.97 to 7.77 m kg- 1, in which the highest absolute value for Zn content was recorded in sites 2 and 4, and the lowest one in site 5. Lead content not exceeds the maximum acceptable concentration (100 m kg-1) in which the mean values ranged between 8.50 and 13.50 m kg-1. While the maximum acceptable concentration of cadmium in soils is 5 m kg-1, the cadmium content varied from 0.12 to 0.24 m kg-1. The mean value for copper ranged between 11.39 and 15.59 m kg-1 within all investigated sites. Oribatid mites community In total, 7746 specimens and 15 species of oribatid mites belonging to 14 genera were found at different sites in the study area. The distribution of oribatid species over sites is shown in Table 3. Site four had the highest total density of oribatid mites in comparison with the others. Here mites reached a density of 3024 individuals, while the lowest density was observed in site 1 (659 individuals). The two-way ANOVA revealed significant differences in oribatid abundance between site 4 and the other sites (p < 0:05). The highest abundance of oribatids was noted in site 4, while the lowest abundance was noted in site 1 (3024 indiv. and 659 indiv., respectively) ( Table 3). Differences in species richness were not so remarkable between sites. The highest number of species was recorded in sites 3 and 5 (15 species). However, species richness at the two sites was only slightly higher than in site 2 (14 species). On the hand, the lowest number of species was recorded in sites 1(10 species) with the highest contamination with heavy ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1185 metals. Site 4 was characterized by the lowest species diversity (H' = 1.925), while the highest value of the Shannon index was the at site 3 (H' = 2.524). Results regarding equitability (J) among all sites were similar as in Shannon index (Table 3). The most dominant species was Scheloribates lavigatus ( 28.8 %) and Zygoribatula undulata ( 24.11 %) for site four. Meanwhile, Z. undulata was the most dominant species in site five. On the other hand, Oppiella nova was the most dominant sites one and two (15.36 and 14.44 %, respectively) (Table 3). Some species were not observed at sites 2 and 4; these were: Cosmochthonius lantus (Michael), Ctenacarus araneola (Grandjean) and Aphilacarus acarinus (Berlese). On the other hand, Papillacarus aciculatus Kunast was not observed in sites 1 and 2. Metal accumulation by oribatid species Data on heavy metal concentrations in various species of oribatid mite are represented in Table 5. For most of the metals, oribatid mites had the low concentrations. Although the concentrations of cadmium in soil and water were low (Table 2 and 3), cadmium concentrations in various species of oribatid mite were detected. The highest concentration was found in Pergalummna flagellata (3.73 mg kg-1) in site 1, and the lowest in Oppiella nova (0.11 mg kg-1) in site 5. Nevertheless the concentrations of this metal in mites were much higher than in soil and water. Copper (Cu) accumulation seemed to be very different from cadmium. The highest levels of Cu were found in Pergalummna flagellata and Zygoribatula undulata in site 2 (25.27 and 45.52 mg kg-1, respectively). The lowest concentration was observed in Oppiella nova in site 5 (7.7 mg kg-1) (Table 5). Lead (Pb) concentrations were more similar among the species, and data showed that site 2 was the highest concentration of Pb in Pergalummna flagellata Scheloribates lavigatus and Zygoribatula undulata (Table 5). The highest concentration of zinc (Zn) was observed in site 3 in Pergalummna flagellata (83.77 mg kg-1, respectively). However, the differences in zinc concentrations between mite species in the same site were not high. Microphytophagous mites (e.g. O. nova) accumulated in general more zinc than other species . This species had height Zn concentrations (feeding both on fungi and dead organic matter). Only in the case of lead and zinc in Oppiella nova, the highest concentrations were observed in site 3 (46.29 and 62.1 mg kg-1, respectively). The trends of concentration for heavy metals in different oribatid mite studied were in the order Zn > Pb > Cu > Cd. On the other hand, different pattern was found for oribatid species with each metal separately as following: Cd, mites in the order Z. undulata, > O. nova > P. flagellate > S lavigatus, Cu, Z. undulate > P. flagellata > O. nova > S. lavigatus ,Pb, P. flagellata > O. nova > S. lavigatus > Z. undulate, and Zn, P. flagellata >S. lavigatus >Z. undulata > O. nova. The bioconcentration factors (BCF) of the metals measured in the oribatid mite species in comparison with metals total content in the soil are shown Table 6. BCF is a parameter used to describe the transfer of trace elements from soil to oribatid body. It is notable that different oribatid mite species have quite different concentration ability for certain metals. The greatest BCF are found for cadmium and lead in all oribatid mites. BCF differs between sites. However, it was impossible to find a general rule for species analysed at all investigated sites. BCF was high with cadmium in all studied sites. Similar trend of lead can be observed (Table 6). The only exception is the cadmium burden in Oppiella nova (0.79) in site 5. On the other hand, the highest value for cadmium was 25.92 in P. flagellate in site 1. No clear trend about copper. Regarding to zinc, P. flagellate are not enriched with metal in all studied sites, with exception for site 3. Concentration of this metal in the body of oribatids was higher to the concentrations in the soil and irrigation water.

DISCUSSION

Water analysis and heavy metal concentration In spite of the great importance of soils in Ismailia Governorate for agricultural production in Egypt, little information exists about using mites as indicators of soil contaminated by heavy metals. This study was therefore undertaken in soils, water and oribatid mites of this area in order to identify the current levels of heavy metals. Physio-chemical analysis of water in the present study showed that irrigation water contained different amount of heavy metals. 1186 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______This might be due to a variety of industries discharging their treated and untreated waste water into the Ismailia canal which was the source of water used for irrigation purposes. In comparison with the standard guideline of irrigation water (Pais & Jones, 1997), it was found that the mean concentration of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn was higher than the recommended permissible level (Table 2). Heavy metal concentration in soil The order mean highest concentration of heavy metals (mg kg−1 dry soil) in agricultural soils of the study area (Table 3) was Cu > Pb > Zn > Cd. The extent of metals observed in agricultural soil in the present investigation exceeded the permissible levels reported by different authors like Kabata-Pendias and Pendias (1992) (Table 3). The comparison of mean concentrations of heavy metals in soil of the study area with the Egyptian non-polluted soils (Aboulroos et al., 1996) and maximum allowable concentration (MAC) of elements in agricultural soil showed that all of heavy metal concentrations were not exceeded the permissible levels (Table 3). The agricultural soil is contaminated with heavy metals through the repeated use of wastewater from different sources in irrigation as well as application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Cd, for example, is found in wastewater and also in phosphatic fertilizers. On many of agricultural soils, with the use of effluent contaminated water in irrigation, heavy doses of phosphate fertilizers have been applied for over 45 years. Oribatid mite communities The highest abundance of oribatids was observed in site 4 followed by site 5 (Table3). These sites are characterized by moderate contamination of heavy metals. Species richness was also the highest in the oribatid community in sites 5 , 3 and 2 compared with other studied sites. However, increased abundance of mites in sites 4 and 5 was probably due to increased volume of habitat as a result of accumulation of large amounts of un-decomposed leaf litter. The lowest abundance and number of species were noted in site 1, which is the most contaminated. Trace element and soil properties of site 1 may play a more important role in forming mite community diversity, and many species have disappeared in comparison with other sites. The reduction of the abundance and species richness of oribatid mites in some sites with high heavy metal concentration is not contradictory and well documented in the literature (Bengtsson & Tranvik, 1989; Gackowski et al., 1997). Accumulation of heavy metals in oribatid species Recently, metal concentrations were estimated in more than 30 species of mites along a contamination gradient (Zaitsev & Van Straalen, 2001; Skubala & Kafel, 2004). But unfortunately there are no studies on oribatid mites related to the environmental changes such as soil contamination with heavy metals as well as the validity of the water used in irrigation at least in Egypt. Zinc concentration varied from 14.71 mg kg-1 in Z. undulata (site 5) to 83.77 mg kg-1 in O. nova (site 1). The variation in copper content in oribatids was not higher, except in P. flagellate and Z. undulata in site 1. Only, the variation of cadmium burden was slight in most species (from 0.11 mg kg-1 in O. nova in site 5 to 3.73 mg kg-1 of P. flagellate in site 1 ). If we compare concentrations of cadmium in P. flagellate and O. nova in the present study with the lethal body concentrations established for Pergalumna nervosa and Oppiella nova (1.9 and 2.9 μg g-1,repectively see Skubala & Kafel, 2004) we can conclude that they are too low to cause any harm for them. Concentrations of zinc and copper were higher in microphytophagous species (O. nova) compared with the panphytophagous (P. flagellata) feeding groups (Skubala & Kafel, 2004). The accumulation of zinc could be related to feeding on ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1187 fungi, which is important part of microphytophage diet. Also, fungi are known as effective heavy metals accumulators (Khan et al., 2000). Heavy metals accumulating in fungi appear to be concentrated in cell walls (Siepel, 1995). Nevertheless, it is difficult to draw some general conclusions on the relationship between feeding type and heavy metal bioaccumulation, because of the lack of precise information on feeding habits of many oribatid species. The bioconcentration factors increased along the range: Cd > Pb > Cu > Zn for most of the species in almost all sites (Table 6). Zaitsev (1999) found that nine oribatid species were investigated in the surroundings of the metallurgical plant revealed the highest concentration factors for cadmium followed by zinc and copper. The greatest bioaccumulation factors were found for cadmium in all oribatid species, for example it was (25.92) in P. flagellate. Skubala & Kafel (2004) noted the highest concentration factors in Pergalumna nervosa for cadmium (0.04). A high concentration factor for copper may be expected in species, which use hemocyanin as an oxygen carrier, such as snails, isopods and some arachnids (Janssen & Hogervorst, 1993). As oribatids do not possess hemocyanin (Krantz, 1978), high copper concentrations may indicate the presence of other substances, which are capable of accumulating copper or crucial role of this element in the metabolism of oribatids. The low concentration factors of heavy metals may be explained by the ability of species to prevent high internal metal concentration, either by low uptake through the gut wall or by rapidly excreting (Janssen & Hogervorst, 1993). In conclusion, we can use oribatid mites as bioindicators to assess the environmental changes, particularly in the soil such as heavy metal pollution; this is due to the low fecundity of most oribatids and their poor power of dispersal.

LITERATURE CITED

Aboulroos, S. A., Holah, S. S. & Badawy, S. H. 1996. Background levels of some heavy metals in soils and corn in Egypt. Egypt. J. Soil. Sci., 36: 83-97.

APHA (American Public Health Association) 1995. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater (20th ed.). Washington, DC. American Public Health Association.

Balogh, J. 1972. The oribatid genera of the world. Akademia Kiado Budapest. 324 pp.

Behan-Pelletier, V. M. 1999. Oribatid mite biodiversity in agroecosystems: role for bioindication. Agricultural Ecosystem and Environment, 74: 411-423.

Bengtsson, G. & Tranvik, L. 1989. Critical metal concentrations for forest soil invertebrates. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 47: 381-417.

Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA) 2008. Environmental Action Plan Ismailia Governorate. 177 pp.

Gackowski, G., Seniczak, S., Klimek, A. & Zalewski, W. 1997. Soil mites (Acari) of young Scots pine forests in the region polluted by a copper smelting works at G1ogo´w (in Polish) – Zeszyty Naukowe ATR, Bydgoszcz, Ochrona S´ rodowiska, 208: 27-35.

Gulvik, M. E. 2007. Mites (Acari) As Indicators of Soil Biodiversity and Land Use Monitoring: a Review. Pol. J. Ecol., 55 (3): 415-440.

Heck, M., Rink, U. & Weigmann, G. 1995. Blei- und Cadmiumbelastung von Bodentieren in einem immissionsbeeinflußten Forst in der Nähe von Berlin. Z Ökologie Naturschutz, 4: 75–85.

Jackson, M. L. 1967. Soil chemical analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Janssen, M. P. M. & Hogervorst, R. F. 1993. Metal accumulation in soil arthropods in relation to micro-nutrients. Environmental Pollution, 79: 181-189.

1188 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______

Kabata-Pendias, A. & Pendias, H. 1994. Trace elements in soil and plants, 2nd edition. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fl.

Khan, Y. S. A., Hossain, M. S., Hossain, S. M. G. M. A. & Halimuzzaman, A. H. M. 1998. An environment of trace metals in the GMB Estuary. Journal of Remote Sensing and Environment, 2: 103– 113.

Krantz, G. W. 1978. A Manual of Acarology, second ed. Oregon State University Book Stores Inc., Corvallis.

Lebrun, P. & Van Straalen, N. M. 1995. Oribatid mites: prospects of their use in ecotoxicology. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 19: 361-380.

Ludwig, M., Kratzmann, M. & Alberti, G. 1992. The influence of some heavy metals on Steganacarus magnus (Acari, Oribatida). Z. Angew. Zool., 79: 455–67.

Pais, I. & Jones, J. B. Jr. 1997. The handbook of trace elements. St Lucie Press Boca Raton Florida, p. 31.

Page, A. L., Miller, R. H. & Keeny, D. R. 1982. Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties. Am. Soc. of Agron. in Madison Wisconsin USA.

Roth, M. 1993. Investigations on lead in the soil invertebrates of a forest ecosystem. Pedobiologia, 37: 270–9.

Sharma, R. K., Agrawal, M. & Marshall, F. 2007. Heavy metal contamination of soil and vegetables in suburban areas of Varanasi, India. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 66: 258–266.

Skubala, P. & Kafel, A. 2004. Oribatid mite communities and metal bioaccumulation in oribatid species (Acari, Oribatida) along the heavy metal gradient in forest ecosystems. Environmental Pollution, 132 (1): 51-60.

Siepel, H. 1995. Are some mites more ecologically exposed to pollution with lead than others? Experimental and Applied Acarology, 19: 391-398.

Van Straalen, N. M., Butovsky, R. O., Pokarzhevskii, A. D., Zaitsev, A. S. & Verhoef, S. C. 2001. Metal concentrations in soil and invertebrates in the vicinity of a metallurgical factory near Tula (Russia). Pedobiologia, 45: 451–66.

Westerman, R. L. (Ed.) 1990. Testing soils for salinity and sodicity. Soil testing and plant analysis (3rd ed.). SSSA Book Series No 3 Ch 12: 299–336.

Zaitsev, A. S. 1999. Metal accumulation by oribatid mites in the surroundings of the Kosogorsky metallurgical plant. In: Butovsky, R.O., Van Straalen, N.M. (Eds.), Pollution-induced changes in soil invertebrate food-webs, vol. 4. Amsterdam and Moscow, pp: 51-70.

Zaitsev, A. S. & Van Straalen, N. M. 2001. Species diversity and metal accumulation in oribatid mites (Acari, Oribatida) of forests affected by a metallurgical plant. Pedobiologia, 45: 467–479.

Zaitsev, A. S., Chauvat, M., Pflug, A. & Wolters, V. 2001 Oribatid mite diversity and community dynamics in a spruce chronosequence. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 34 (12): 1919-1927.

______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1189

SCIENTIFIC NOTE

APANTELES PROBLEM IN MUGA SILKWORM CROP

Himangshu Barman*

* Central Muga Eri Research and Training Institute, Central Silk Board, Lahdoigarh, Jorhat – 785700, Assam, INDIA. E-mail: [email protected]

Although pest infestation incidence is remarkably low under indoor rearing condition, certain insect pest particularly Apanteles sp. has been found to infest indoor muga crop. Apanteles sp. is a predator on several Lepidopteron insect including Antheraea assamensis Helfer. Muga crop in indoor is usually infested by Apanteles sp. at second and third instar and, infested larvae become stunted, weak and less locomotive, but still remain feeding leaf until predator’s larvae come out of their body and form cocoons in group over it. Apanteles belongs to Braconidae of Hymenoptera and contains several members that are important larval parasitoids of Lepidopteran pests. Several species of Apanteles attack leafrollers. Apanteles sp. may play a key role in biological control of leafrollers when combined with mating disruption or soft insecticides. Apanteles adults are susceptible to broad- spectrum insecticides. But Apanteles is difficult to rear inside laboratory to parasitoide leafroller insects as a bio-control measure. It is nature misfortune that this beneficial creature of nature also parasitoide our most valued Muga silkworm crop causing considerable damage, particularly in indoor rearing practice. It is because Antheraea assamensis is also a Lepidopteran insect. Thus Apanteles is a pest of Muga silkworm crop. The larva of Apanteles spends most of its life inside the host larva. It is usually only observed after it leaves the host when ready to pupate. At this time it is a typical maggot form and is creamy white. The maggot immediately form cocoons on the body of host larvae which appear as white fuzzy cocoon in group as many as 15. It is oblong and about 1/8 inch long. After cocoon formation by the parasite on their body, interestingly the host larvae of Muga worm still remain alive as such for considerable duration. The adult Apanteles sp. is about 1/8 to 3/16 inch long with a black body and long antennae. The female has a short ovipositor at the end of the abdomen.

1190 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______

Plate I. Pictures of Apanteles sp. cocoon formation over the body of Muga Silkworm (Antheraea assamensis Helfer) after piercing out of the body of Muga larvae by matured larvae of the parasite. ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1191 SCIENTIFIC NOTE

GYNANDROMORPHY IN ANTHERAEA ASSAMENSIS HELFER (SATURNIIDAE: LEPIDOPTERA) FROM LADHDOIGARH, ASSAM (INDIA)

G. Rajkhowa, Rajesh Kumar* and R. K. Rajan

* Central Muga Eri Research and Training Institute, Central Silk Board, Ministry of Textiles, Govt. of India, Lahdoigarh 785 700 Assam, INDIA. E-mail: [email protected]

The detection of a gynandromorph in nature is an extraordinarily rare event. Gynandromorphism is described as the simultaneous presence within the same organism of genotypically and phenotypically male and female tissues (Laugé 1985). “Gynandromorphs are incredibly rare,” says museum moth researcher Ian Kitching (press release). “We only have 200 such specimens in our collection of some 9 million butterflies and moths (http://blogs.nature.com/news/ thegreatbey....e_dual_sex.html).” Gynandromorph forms have been described in several orders of arthropods (Martini et al., 1999). In Lepidoptera, it is described in moths of the families viz., Saturniidae, Noctuidae, Geometridae and in butterfly families viz., Nymphalidae, Papilionidae etc. (Elis, 1993; Peigler, 1993; Friedrich, 1991; Sala & Bollino, 1991; Emmel & Boender, 1990; Bernardino et al., 2007; Urban, 1999; Gemeno et al., 1998; Chaudhuri et al., 1995). Hessel (1964) and Bridgehouse (1998) described bilateral gynandromorphy in Automeris io Fabricius and Hyalophora cercopia (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae), respectively. Earlier, the gynandromophy in tussar silkmoth, Antheraea mylitta Drury had been described from India by Chaudhuri et al. (1995), but in this manuscript, it has been reported a rare bilateral gynandromorph of muga silkworm, Antheraea assamensis Helfer from Lahdoigarh, Assam (India) for the first time. Muga silk is produced by a Himalayan nominotypical silk moth, A. assamensis Helfer and is limited in its distinction to northeastern parts of India, particularly Brahmputra basin of Assam. This silkworm is endemic in northeastern region of India, mainly Assam and Meghalaya. It is popularly known as ‘Golden Silk’ and the semi domesticated muga worm mainly feeds on Som (Persea bombycina King) and Soalu (Litsea polyantha Juss.). During the seed crop season of February-March, 2010 (locally known as Chatua crop), 3000 seed cocoons were kept for production of eggs at Muga Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Central Muga Eri Research and Training Institute, Lahdoigarh. In Assam, temperature during winter seed crops (February-March) prevailed 10-28°C and humidity ranges from 50-70%, but during February-March, 2010, in indoor conditions temperature and humidity was recorded 19-30°C and 50-80%, respectively. The moth emergence was recorded as 1530 numbers of male and 1261 numbers of female. So, among these moths only one rare specimen observed as gynandromorph. The gynandromorph’s left wings look male and right wings look female. On one side of the body, the gynandromorph's wings are larger and darker than on the other side. Wing expanse of both sides measured and observed 75mm in left side (male) and 80mm in right side (female). Male antenna dark brown, with their bases reddish pink, but female antenna is paler. Abdomen is chestnut brown. Left side wings (male) line somewhat whitish, incurved and outlined by dark brown, while 1192 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______on the right side wings (female) line dark brown, incurved and outlined by white. The male left side wings are dark brown and right female side wings are light pale brown. The antennae always quadripectinate in both male and female of A. assamensis Helfer, but the pectens size is different in both the male and female (Figs. 1, 2). Both the characters of pectens are distinctly present in gynandromorph specimen (Figs. 3, 4). So, this morphological variance shows the complete bilateral gyandromorphy. It is concluded that this bilateral gynandromorphy was become apparent for the first time in grainage of muga silkworm may be due to inbreeding of the populations or climatic factors.

LITERATURE CITED

Bernardino, A. S., Zanuncio, T. V., Zanuncio, J. C., Lima, E. R. & Serrao, J. E. 2007. Note on gynandromorphism in the eucalyptus defoliator Thyrinteina arnobia (Stoll, 1782) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias. 79 (2): 235-237.

Bridgehouse, D. W. 1998. Bilateral gynandromorph of Hyalophora cecropia (Saturniidae) in Nova Scotia. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Ontario. 129: 157-159.

Chaudhuri, A., Chakraborty, D. & Sinha, A. K. 1995. A report on the reproductive morphology of gynander tasar silkmoths Antheraea mylitta Drury (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera. 31 (3/4): 287-289.

Ellis, H. A. 1993. A bilateral gynandromorph of the poplar hawk moth (Laothoe populi Linn.). Vasculum. 78 (2): 15-17.

Emmel, T. C. & Boender, R. 1990. An extraordinary hybrid gynandromorph of Heliconius melpomene subspecies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Tropical Lepidoptera. 1 (1): 33-34.

Friedrich, E. 1991. Gynandromorphs of Euphydryas maturna L. (Lep.: Nymphalidae) and Papilio machaon gorganus Fruhst. (Lep.: Papilionidae). Entomologist. 110 (3): 114-116.

Gemeno, C., Anton, S., Zhu JunWei & Haynes, K. F. 1998. Morphology of the reproductive system and antennal lobes of gynandromorphic and normal black cutworm moths, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). International Journal of Insect Morphology & Embryology. 27 (3): 185-191.

Hessel, S. A. 1964. A bilateral gynandromorph of Automeris io (Saturniidae) taken at mercury vapor light in Connecticut. Journal of Lepidoptera Society. 18: 27-31.

Laugé, G. 1985. Sex determination: Genetic and epigenetic factors. In, Comprehensive insect physiology biochemistry and pharmacology, vol. 1. Embryogenesis and reproduction. G. A. Kerkut and L. L. Gilbert (Editors). Pergamon Press, Oxford, England. 487 pp.

Martini, A., Baldassari, N. & Baronio, P. 1999. Gynandromorphism and its manifestations in Diprionid Hymenoptera. Bollettino dell'Istituto di Entomologia "Guido Grandi" dell'Universitàdi Bologna, 53: 87-107.

Peigler, R. S. 1993. False gynandromorph of Attacus atlas (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). Tropical Lepidoptera, 4 (1): 47-48.

Sala, G. & Bollino, M. 1991. Some gynandromorphs of Papilio (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Tropical Lepidoptera, 2 (2): 115-116.

Urban, D. 1999. Gynandromorphy in Alloscirtetica brethesi (Joergensen) (Hymenoptera, Anthophoridae). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 16 (Supl. 1): 171-173. ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1193

1 2

3

4

Plate I. Muga silk moth, Antheraea assamensis Helfer (Lepidoptera : Saturniidae) . 1. Male (Normal), 2. Female (Normal), 3. Gynandromoph dorsal view, 4. Gynandromoph fronto- dorsal view.

1194 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______SCIENTIFIC NOTE

PTEROPTRIX BICOLOR (HOWARD, 1898) (HYMENOPTERA: APHELINIDAE) - A NEW PARASITOID OF PISTACHIO PEST SALICICOLA DAVATCHI (BALACHOWSKY & KAUSSARI, 1951) (HEMIPTERA: DIASPIDIDAE)

İnanç Özgen* and George Japoshvili**

* Dicle University, Plant Protection Department, Diyarbakır-TURKEY. ** Suleyman Demirel University, Plant Protection Department, Isparta-TURKEY.

Pteroptrix bicolor (Howard, 1898) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) was determined as parasitoid of pistachio pest, Salicicola davatchi (Balachowsky & Kaussari,1951) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Parasitization rate is also discussed. Observations on parasitation rate are presented. The parasitism of S. davatchi by P. bicolor was determined as the first record in world. Aphelinidae family has more than 1230 species under 34 genera. The members of the family are widespread across the world. They are either endo or ecto-parasites of Aphidoidea, Aleyrodoidea, Psylloidea and primarily Coccoidea superfamilies (Noyes, 2009). Pteroptrix species are parasitoids of many pests belonging to Diaspididae family in Turkey (Japoshvili & Karaca, 2002). This study was focused to reveal parasitism of S. davatchi, an important pest of pistachio. This study has been carried out in two pistachio orchards infested by S. davatchi during 2009 in Şanlıurfa Province. Five to ten infested pistachio shoots with 15 to 20 cm length, depending on the size of the orchards, were cut and collected during 18.05.2009 and 04.06.2009. The shoots were placed in paper bags with glass tubes on their top to observe emergence of parasitoids moving towards to light into the tubes. Depending on the size of the orchards, 5 to 10 infested pistachio shoots, 15 to 20 cm in length were cut and taken to the laboratory. The tubes were daily checked and emerged individuals were collected and placed in vials containing 70% alcohol. The emergence of parasitoids was weekly recorded. Material was slide mounted according Noyes (2009) and identified according to key of Yasnosh (1978) by second author. Voucher specimens are deposited to the entomological collection of I. Chavchavadze State University, Tbilisi, Georgia. The parasitization rate of P. bicolor on S. davatchi were calculated by counting parasitized scales according exit holes on them (Fig. 1) in Tülmen and Kırbaşı locations of Şanlıurfa province. Pteroptrix bicolor (Howard, 1898) was a first recorded as a parasitoid of S. davatchi. Parasitization ratios of S. davatchi by P. bicolor varied within 15 and 12 % Although, there were no significant differences in term of parasitization ratios within locations the ratios were higher in Kirbasi location compared to Tulmen (Figure 2). Percentage parasitization was calculated by the following equation. Parasitization Percentage (%) = The number of parasitization individual X 100 % The number of total individual (100 individual) P. bicolor parasitizes Salicicola kermanensis (Lindinger) which is pest of pistachio in Isparta province (Japoshvili & Karaca, 2002). However, the parasitism of S. davatchi by P. bicolor, observed in this study in the world. ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1195 Further investigations are needed for the oppurtunities to utilize P. bicolor in the biological control of S. davatchi in the future.

Figure 1. Emerging hole of Pteroptrix bicolor on Salicicola davatchi.

14% 12% 10%

8% Tülmen 6% Kırbaşı 4%

Parasitization rates 2%

0%

4.6

18.5 27.5 11.6 Date

Figure 2. Parasitization rates of Pteroptrix bicolor on Salicicola davatchi.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to thank to Dr. Mehmet Bora KAYDAN (Van Yuzuncu Yıl University, Plant Protection Department) for his efforts in diagnoses of Diaspid species and Ömür Baysal Ph.D. (Assoc. Prof. in Plant Pathology and Molecular Biology Labs BATEM, Turkey) for criticial review and preparation of the manuscript.

LITERATURE CITED

Japoshvili, G. & Karaca, İ. 2002. Coccid (Homoptera: Coccoidea) Species of Isparta Province, and Their Parasitoids from Turkey and Georgia. Turk. J. Zool., 26 (2002): 371-376.

Noyes, J. 2009. Universal Chalcidoidea database [online]. Accessed 24 November 2009. Available from: http://www.nhm.ac.uk/entomology/chalcidoids/index.html

Yasnosh, V. A. 1978. Family Aphelinidae. In: Medvedev, G. (Eds.). Key to the Insects of European part of USSR, III, part 2, 469-501 (In Russian).

1196 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______SCIENTIFIC NOTE

TWO REPLACEMENT NAMES FOR THE PREOCCUPIED SPECIFIC EPITHETS IN THE GENUS XYLOCOPA LATREILLE, 1802 (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE)

Hüseyin Özdikmen*

* Gazi Üniversitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi, Biyoloji Bölümü, 06500 Ankara / TÜRKİYE. E- mail: [email protected]

Family APIDAE Genus XYLOCOPA Latreille, 1802

Species XYLOCOPA HEDICKEI nom. nov.

Xylocopa alticola Hedicke, 1938. Deut. Ent. Zeit., 1938: 186-196. Preoccupied by Xylocopa alticola (Cockerell, 1919). Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 55 (2264): 167-221. (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Apidae: Xylocopinae: Xylocopini).

The names Xylocopa alticola (Cockerell, 1919) and Xylocopa alticola Hedicke, 1938 were included in the family Apidae. The specific epithet alticola was initially introduced by Cockerell (1919) with the original combination Mesotrichia stuhlmanni alticola Cockerell, 1919 from Tanzania. It is still used as a valid species name. Subsequently, Hedicke (1938) described a new species from Asia with the same species group epithet as Xylocopa alticola Hedicke, 1938 by original combination. It is also still used as a valid species name. Xylocopa alticola (Cockerell, 1919) has priority over Xylocopa alticola Hedicke, 1938. Thus, Xylocopa alticola Hedicke, 1938 is illegitimate and consequently can not be correct. The name Xylocopa alticola Hedicke, 1938 is a secondary junior homonym of the name Xylocopa alticola (Cockerell, 1919). According to Article 60 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (1999), it must be rejected and replaced. It has no synonym. So I propose for the specific epithet alticola Hedicke, 1938 the replacement name hedickei nom. nov..

Etimology: The name is dedicated to H. Hedicke who is current author name of the preexisting species Xylocopa alticola.

Summary of nomenclatural changes:

Species Xylocopa hedickei nom. nov. pro Xylocopa alticola Hedicke, 1938 syn. n., [nec Xylocopa alticola (Cockerell, 1919)]

Species XYLOCOPA WUI nom. nov.

Xylocopa sinensis (Wu, 1983). Entomotaxonomia, 5 (2): 13-, 132. Preoccupied by Xylocopa sinensis Smith, 1854. Catalogue of the hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part II. Apidae. British Museum (Natural History), London. p. 356. (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Apidae: Xylocopinae: Xylocopini).

The names Xylocopa sinensis Smith, 1854 and Xylocopa sinensis (Wu, 1983) were included in the family Apidae. ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1197 The specific epithet sinensis was initially introduced by Smith (1854) with the original combination Xylocopa sinensis Smith, 1854 from China. It is still used as a valid species name. Subsequently, Wu (1983) described a new species from China with the same species group epithet as Proxylocopa (Proxylocopa) sinensis Wu, 1983 by original combination. It is also still used as a valid species name. Xylocopa sinensis Smith, 1854 has priority over Xylocopa sinensis (Wu, 1983). Thus, Xylocopa sinensis (Wu, 1983) is illegitimate and consequently can not be correct. The name Xylocopa sinensis (Wu, 1983) is a secondary junior homonym of the name Xylocopa sinensis Smith, 1854. According to Article 60 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (1999), it must be rejected and replaced. It has no synonym. So I propose for the subspecific epithet sinensis Wu, 1983 the replacement name wui nom. nov..

Etimology: The name is dedicated to Y.-r. Wu who is current author name of the preexisting species Xylocopa sinensis.

Summary of nomenclatural changes:

Species Xylocopa wui nom. nov. pro Xylocopa sinensis (Wu, 1983) syn. n., [nec Xylocopa sinensis Smith, 1854] [Orig. comb.: Proxylocopa (Proxylocopa) sinensis Wu, 1983 from China]

LITERATURE CITED

Cockerell, T. D. A. 1919. Bees in the collection of the United States National Museum -3. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 55 (2264): 167-221.

Hedicke, H. 1938. Über einige Apiden vom Hindu-kush. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1938: 186-196.

ICZN. 1999. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Fourth Edition. The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London. 306 pp.

Smith, F. 1854. Catalogue of the hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part II. Apidae. British Museum (Natural History), London. 266 pp.

Wu, Y.-r. 1983. A study of Chinese Proxylocopa with description of two new species (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Entomotaxonomia, 5 (2): 129-132.

1198 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______SCIENTIFIC NOTE

ALTITUDINAL VARIATION OF MORPHO-PHENOTYPIC TRAITS OF DROSOPHILA NASUTA

B. R. Guruprasad* and S. N. Hegde

* Kannada Bharthi College, Kushalnagar, Madikeri. Department of Studies in Zoology, Manasagangotri, Mysore, INDIA. E-mail: [email protected]

Morphometric variation observed in natural population is frequently attributed to natural selection but the roles of non-genetic modification by the environments have been neglected (Coyne and Beecham, 1987). In Drosophila studies on several species have shown the adaptive nature of the body size. Latitudinal clines and seasonal changes have also been reported in D. malenogaster (David & Bocquet, 1975). Although a few such studies have been made to analyze the morphological variation in natural populations (Persons 1983, Hegde et al., 2000) there are no reports on altitudinal variation of morphometeric traits. Therefore present investigation was undertaken to study the variation in morphometeric traits such as sternopleural bristles, sctullar bristles and wing length of D. nasuta in four different altitudes of Chamundi hill located in Mysore (South Karnataka, India). To study morphometeric traits of D. nasuta flies were collected from 680, 780, 880, 980m altitudes of Chamundi hill situated at 110 36’ N latitude and 760 55’ N longitude. The total height of the hill from the foot is only 400m. This hill is covered by the scrub layers with small patches of evergreen type forest. D. nasuta is the most common and abundant species in this hill throughout the year (Hegde & Krishnamurthy) hence this species was used. The flies were captured using net sweeping method. The males obtained from nature were directly used for making measurements. One D. nasuta female obtained from the F1 progeny of each at the naturally inseminated female (Isofemale line) were used for measuring morphological traits. Fifty males and fifty females from each altitude were used for the analysis. To analyze the morphometric traits the sternopleural bristles, of the left sides of the body and sctullar bristles on the thorax were counted then the left wing of each fly was removed from the base, mounted on a transparent glass slide with a drop of water and measured from the humeral cross vein to the tip of the wing with a ocular micrometer (1unit = 100µm) under microscope (100x). The means and standard errors of all these three characters were calculated and analysis of variance followed by DMART was made calculated separately for both male and females. The scrutiny of table 1 shows that the female D. nasuta has more number of sternopleural and sctullar bristles than males. The wing length of females was also more than males. These morphometric characters are the indices of size, hence it can be concluded that as in most Drosophila, D.nasuta females are larger than males. Table 1 also shows variation in morphometric characters of male and females of D. nasuta. The sternopleural bristles number in males varied from 7.48 in 680m altitude to 7.90 in 980m. While in females is varied from 6.80 in 680m to 7.34 in 780m. The difference in the number of sternopleurals between 680 and others were significant while between 780m 880m and 980m difference was insignificant. In males the mean number of sctullar bristles increased (4.08 to 6.16) with the increase in altitude. In females mean number of sctullar bristles ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1199 varied from 4.20 in 680m to 4.43 in 880m. However the differences in the number of sctullar bristle was significant in males and not in females. The mean wing length varied from 1.78 in 680m altitude to 2.90 in 980m in males, while it varied from 1.89 in 680m to 3.00 in 980m in females. The difference in wing length at different altitudes was statistically significant (table1). The interesting feature of the study is that there is a progressive increase in these metric traits in males with the increase in altitude. While in females no such increase is noticed. This indicates that the male size increase with altitude. In females on the other hand, although differences exit in this traits, at different altitudes, there is no distant trend. The absence of clinal variation in the metric traits in females suggests that they are more heterogenous than males. This is because the females are exposed to higher selection pressures than males.

Table 1. Metric characters for males and females in different altitudes of Chamundi hill.

male females

Altitude Sternopleural Sctullar Wing length Sternopleural Sctullar Wing length

680 7.48 ± 0.149 a 4.08 ± 0.038 1.78 ± 0.110 a 6.80 ± 0.105 a 4.20 ± 0.075 a 1.89 ± 0.013 a a 780 6.90 ± 0.095 b 4.10 ± 0.049 a 2.59 ± 0.008 b 7.28 ± 0.094 b 4.30 ± 0.095 a 1.85 ± 0.015 a

880 7.00 ± 0.098 b 4.14 ± 0.054 a 2.62 ± 0.005 c 7.20 ± 0.085 b 4.50 ± 0.122 a 2.84 ± 0.014 b

980 7.90 ± 0.112 b 6.16 ± 0.052 b 2.90 ± 0.005 c 7.34 ± 7.054 b 4.43 ± 0.056 a 3.00 ± 0.015 b

F value 6.096* 1.769* 18.081** 7.687* 0.654 14.375**

*P<0.01; **P<0.001 The strains with same alphabet in superscript are not significantly different at 5% level according to DMART.

LITERATURE CITED

Coyne, J. A. & Becham, E. 1987. Hertability of two morphological Characters with in and amoung natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster, Genetics, 177: 737.

Hegde, S. N., Naseerulla, M. K. & Krishna, M. S. 2000. Variabilty of Morphological traits in Drosophila bipectinata complex. Indian J. of Exp. Biol,, 38: 707.

David, J. R. & Bocquet, C. 1975. Similarities and Different in Latitudinal adopatation of two Drosophila Sibling species. Nature, 257: 590.

Persons, P. A. 1983. The Evolutionary biology of Colonizing species. Cambridge Univ. Press Cambridge, p. 20.

1200 ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______SCIENTIFIC NOTE

PRECENCE OF SOLENOPSIS TETRACANTHA EMERY (INSECTA: HYMENOPTERA) IN THE PROVINCE OF LA PAMPA, ARGENTINA

J. L. Pall*, M. C. Coscaron** and E. Quirán*

* Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, Argentina, Uruguay 151 L6300CLB, Santa Rosa, La Pampa, ARGENTINA. E-mails: pall.joseluis@gmail .com; [email protected] ** División Entomología, Museo de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque s / n, B1900 La Plata, ARGENTINA. E-mail: [email protected]

The cosmopolitan genus Solenopsis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) is a large ant genus with 108 species in the New World (Bolton, 1995), of which 21 are known as fire or red ants (hormigas coloradas). They are aggressive and armed with a defensive sting. Some species are important plagues, as they have undergone steep increases in their population densities. This is especially true in urban areas of South America. Solenopsis species are difficult to identify because workers are small (less than 2 mm long) (Creighton, 1950; Mackay & Vinson, 1989). These ants are mainly hypogean and can be found near nests of other species of ants; they presumably steal their larvae or their food (Mackay & Vinson, 1989). They live in warm or temperate areas of America, including cool-temperate regions such as Patagonia. Most species of Solenopsis in Argnentina are grain-eating, arboreal, or necrophagous like S. saevissima, S. clytemnestra, and S. tridens (Fernández, 2003). S. tetracantha was recorded in the cities of Buenos Aires (Emery, 1905; Santschi, 1917) and La Plata (Forel, 1912) in Buenos Aires Province. The aim of this study was to identify the presence of Solenopsis tetracantha Emery in urban areas of Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Ten locations were randomly sampled (within the city limits). The map used to select the localities was the Section Map of the city of Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina. Samples were collected with a vacuum, observed under a stereoscopic microscope (72X), and identified using dichotomous keys (Moreno González & MacKay, in press; Bolton et al., 2007). Specimens were deposited in the Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia” (Buenos Aires, Argentina).

RESULTS

Studied specimens are workers of Solenopsis tetracantha Emery (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae) Biology: Solenopsis tetracantha has been found in nests of Acromyrmex striatus Roger, an ant with a cutting habit and considered a plague, as it affects agricultural ecosystems, together with Solenopsis leptanilloides Santschi. Appointment for the first time the presence of Solenopsis tetracantha Emery, in central Argentina (36°37'22.36'' S 64°17'01.74'' W). ______Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 5, Suppl., October 2010______1201 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We appreciate the contributions made by Roxana Josens (transfer of material); William Mackay & Pacheco (ID) & M. Griffin (groin language review).

LITERATURE CITED

Bolton, B. 1995. A new general catalogue of the ants of the world. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. 504 pp.

Bolton, B., Alpert, G., Ward, P. S. & Naskrecki, P. 2007. Bolton’s Catalogue of Ants of the World 1758-2005. Harvard University Press.

Creighton, W. S. 1950. Las hormigas de América del Norte, Bull. Comp. Zool. 104: 1-585, 57 placas.

Fernández, F. (Ed). 2003. Introducción a las Hormigas de la Región Neotropical. Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Bogotá, Colombia. XXVI + 398 pp.

Forel, A. 1912. Formicides néotropiques. Part IV. Sous-famille Myrmicinae (suite). Part V. Sous-famille Dolichoderinae. Part VI. Sous-famille Camponotinae. Mem. Soc. Ent. Belg., 20: 1-92.

Emery, C. 1905. Studi sulle formiche della fauna neotropica. XXVI. Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital., 37: 107-194, 47 figs.

MacKay, W. P. & Vinson, S. B. 1989. Dos nuevas hormigas del género Solenopsis (Diplorhoptrum) del este de Texas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Washington: 175-178.

Santschi, F. 1917. Description de quelques nouvelles fourmis de la République Argentine. An. Soc. Cient. Argent., 84: 277-283.