The Arthropod Cuticle 8 Molting
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Chapter 14 1. Specialization of Regions of the Body for Specific
Chapter 14 1. Specialization of regions of the body for specific functions, as seen in arthropods, is called A) tagmatization. B) metamerism. C) truncation. D) differentiation. E) cephalization. 2. Members of class __________ are among the most numerous crustaceans, and are both marine and freshwater in distribution. A) Cirripedia B) Copepoda C) Branchiopoda D) Malacostraca E) Isopoda 3. Which type of crustacean do many zoologists believe to have the greatest number of individuals of any type of animal on the planet? A) isopods B) fairy shrimp C) brine shrimp D) copepods E) barnacles 4. Which of the following phyla of animals are not ecdysozoan? A) Arthropoda B) Nematoda C) Gastrotricha D) Nematomorpha E) Kinorhyncha 5. Which of the following is not a synapomorphy that unites the members of the ecdysozoan clade? A) the blastopore develops into the anus B) loss of epidermal cilia C) possession of a cuticle D) shedding of cuticle through ecdysis E) all of the above are synapomorphies shared by ecdysozoans Page 1 6. The __________ is the outer layer of the arthropod exoskeleton, and it is composed of a waterproofing waxy lipoprotein. A) lipocuticle B) mesocuticle C) epicuticle D) endocuticle E) sclerocuticle 7. The tough, leathery polysaccharide in the arthropod procuticle is A) lipoprotein. B) calcium carbonate. C) scleroprotein. D) chitin. E) glycogen. 8. The arthropod skeleton hardens by __________, which is a formation of chemical bonds between protein chains. A) carbonization B) tagmatization C) calcification D) chitinization E) sclerotization 9. Sensory receptors called __________ occur in the arthropod exoskeleton in the form of pegs, bristles, and lenses. -
Research Interests Related to the Cambridge-MIT Institute
Nanoscale Structural Design Principles of Biocomposite Exoskeletons As a Guide for New Energy-Absorbing Materials Technologies Team 1 : Energy Absorbing Materials : Multiscale Design and Evaluation of Nanostructured Materials for Ballistic and Blast Protection MIT Institute for Soldier Technologies (ISN) Christine Ortiz, Assistant Professor Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering WWW : http://web.mit.edu/cortiz/www/ August 2002 I. Background : Structural Design Principles and Energy Absorbing Mechanisms From millions of years of evolution, nature has ingeniously figured out innumerate structural design principles to produce multifunctional, and in many cases stimulus-responsive, materials with superior mechanical properties[1-6]. Examples of these include exoskeletons of many invertebrate animals such as mollusks, arthropods (e.g. crustaceans such as crabs, insects), cnidaria (e.g. corals), and structural components of mammals such as turtle shell, rhinocerous horn, bovine hoof horn, deer antlers, elephant tusks, and teeth. Most tough biological materials are complex, hierarchical, multilayered nanocomposites that undergo a wide variety of different energy-absorbing toughening mechanisms at many length scales. Some of these mechanisms in both biological and synthetic composite materials [7-10] are shown in Figure 1 and include; 1) rupture of "sacrificial" weaker bonds in the macromolecular component (e.g. Mollusk shell nacre), 2) extension, pull-out, and/or ligament formation of a macromolecular component bridging an interface (e.g. Mollusk shell nacre), 3) void formation (e.g. via cavitation of rubber particles in a thermoset composite or stress whitening in semicrystalline polymers) leading to bulk plastic deformation, crack blunting, pinning and branching, 4) localized plastic deformation ahead of a crack tip (e.g. -
Nail Anatomy and Physiology for the Clinician 1
Nail Anatomy and Physiology for the Clinician 1 The nails have several important uses, which are as they are produced and remain stored during easily appreciable when the nails are absent or growth. they lose their function. The most evident use of It is therefore important to know how the fi ngernails is to be an ornament of the hand, but healthy nail appears and how it is formed, in we must not underestimate other important func- order to detect signs of pathology and understand tions, such as the protective value of the nail plate their pathogenesis. against trauma to the underlying distal phalanx, its counterpressure effect to the pulp important for walking and for tactile sensation, the scratch- 1.1 Nail Anatomy ing function, and the importance of fi ngernails and Physiology for manipulation of small objects. The nails can also provide information about What we call “nail” is the nail plate, the fi nal part the person’s work, habits, and health status, as of the activity of 4 epithelia that proliferate and several well-known nail features are a clue to sys- differentiate in a specifi c manner, in order to form temic diseases. Abnormal nails due to biting or and protect a healthy nail plate [1 ]. The “nail onychotillomania give clues to the person’s emo- unit” (Fig. 1.1 ) is composed by: tional/psychiatric status. Nail samples are uti- • Nail matrix: responsible for nail plate production lized for forensic and toxicology analysis, as • Nail folds: responsible for protection of the several substances are deposited in the nail plate nail matrix Proximal nail fold Nail plate Fig. -
Introduction to Arthropod Groups What Is Entomology?
Entomology 340 Introduction to Arthropod Groups What is Entomology? The study of insects (and their near relatives). Species Diversity PLANTS INSECTS OTHER ANIMALS OTHER ARTHROPODS How many kinds of insects are there in the world? • 1,000,0001,000,000 speciesspecies knownknown Possibly 3,000,000 unidentified species Insects & Relatives 100,000 species in N America 1,000 in a typical backyard Mostly beneficial or harmless Pollination Food for birds and fish Produce honey, wax, shellac, silk Less than 3% are pests Destroy food crops, ornamentals Attack humans and pets Transmit disease Classification of Japanese Beetle Kingdom Animalia Phylum Arthropoda Class Insecta Order Coleoptera Family Scarabaeidae Genus Popillia Species japonica Arthropoda (jointed foot) Arachnida -Spiders, Ticks, Mites, Scorpions Xiphosura -Horseshoe crabs Crustacea -Sowbugs, Pillbugs, Crabs, Shrimp Diplopoda - Millipedes Chilopoda - Centipedes Symphyla - Symphylans Insecta - Insects Shared Characteristics of Phylum Arthropoda - Segmented bodies are arranged into regions, called tagmata (in insects = head, thorax, abdomen). - Paired appendages (e.g., legs, antennae) are jointed. - Posess chitinous exoskeletion that must be shed during growth. - Have bilateral symmetry. - Nervous system is ventral (belly) and the circulatory system is open and dorsal (back). Arthropod Groups Mouthpart characteristics are divided arthropods into two large groups •Chelicerates (Scissors-like) •Mandibulates (Pliers-like) Arthropod Groups Chelicerate Arachnida -Spiders, -
Phylum Arthropod Silvia Rondon, and Mary Corp, OSU Extension Entomologist and Agronomist, Respectively Hermiston Research and Extension Center, Hermiston, Oregon
Phylum Arthropod Silvia Rondon, and Mary Corp, OSU Extension Entomologist and Agronomist, respectively Hermiston Research and Extension Center, Hermiston, Oregon Member of the Phyllum Arthropoda can be found in the seas, in fresh water, on land, or even flying freely; a group with amazing differences of structure, and so abundant that all the other animals taken together are less than 1/6 as many as the arthropods. Well-known members of this group are the Kingdom lobsters, crayfish and crabs; scorpions, spiders, mites, ticks, Phylum Phylum Phylum Class the centipedes and millipedes; and last, but not least, the Order most abundant of all, the insects. Family Genus The Phylum Arthropods consist of the following Species classes: arachnids, chilopods, diplopods, crustaceans and hexapods (insects). All arthropods possess: • Exoskeleton. A hard protective covering around the outside of the body (divided by sutures into plates called sclerites). An insect's exoskeleton (integument) serves as a protective covering over the body, but also as a surface for muscle attachment, a water-tight barrier against desiccation, and a sensory interface with the environment. It is a multi-layered structure with four functional regions: epicuticle (top layer), procuticle, epidermis, and basement membrane. • Segmented body • Jointed limbs and jointed mouthparts that allow extensive specialization • Bilateral symmetry, whereby a central line can divide the body Insect molting or removing its into two identical halves, left and right exoesqueleton • Ventral nerve -
Comparative Neuroanatomy of Mollusks and Nemerteans in the Context of Deep Metazoan Phylogeny
Comparative Neuroanatomy of Mollusks and Nemerteans in the Context of Deep Metazoan Phylogeny Von der Fakultät für Mathematik, Informatik und Naturwissenschaften der RWTH Aachen University zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades einer Doktorin der Naturwissenschaften genehmigte Dissertation vorgelegt von Diplom-Biologin Simone Faller aus Frankfurt am Main Berichter: Privatdozent Dr. Rudolf Loesel Universitätsprofessor Dr. Peter Bräunig Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 09. März 2012 Diese Dissertation ist auf den Internetseiten der Hochschulbibliothek online verfügbar. Contents 1 General Introduction 1 Deep Metazoan Phylogeny 1 Neurophylogeny 2 Mollusca 5 Nemertea 6 Aim of the thesis 7 2 Neuroanatomy of Minor Mollusca 9 Introduction 9 Material and Methods 10 Results 12 Caudofoveata 12 Scutopus ventrolineatus 12 Falcidens crossotus 16 Solenogastres 16 Dorymenia sarsii 16 Polyplacophora 20 Lepidochitona cinerea 20 Acanthochitona crinita 20 Scaphopoda 22 Antalis entalis 22 Entalina quinquangularis 24 Discussion 25 Structure of the brain and nerve cords 25 Caudofoveata 25 Solenogastres 26 Polyplacophora 27 Scaphopoda 27 i CONTENTS Evolutionary considerations 28 Relationship among non-conchiferan molluscan taxa 28 Position of the Scaphopoda within Conchifera 29 Position of Mollusca within Protostomia 30 3 Neuroanatomy of Nemertea 33 Introduction 33 Material and Methods 34 Results 35 Brain 35 Cerebral organ 38 Nerve cords and peripheral nervous system 38 Discussion 38 Peripheral nervous system 40 Central nervous system 40 In search for the urbilaterian brain 42 4 General Discussion 45 Evolution of higher brain centers 46 Neuroanatomical glossary and data matrix – Essential steps toward a cladistic analysis of neuroanatomical data 49 5 Summary 53 6 Zusammenfassung 57 7 References 61 Danksagung 75 Lebenslauf 79 ii iii 1 General Introduction Deep Metazoan Phylogeny The concept of phylogeny follows directly from the theory of evolution as published by Charles Darwin in The origin of species (1859). -
The Arthropod Phylum Phyla a Major Groups of Organisms
Lab 1: Arthropod Classification Name: _______________________________ Hierarchical Classification System Classification systems enable us to impart order to a complex environment. In biology, organisms may be grouped according to their overall similarity (a classification method known as phenetics) or according to their evolutionary relationships (a classification system known as cladistics). Most modern scientists tend to adopt a cladistic approach when classifying organisms. In biology, organisms are given a generic name (reflecting the genus of the organisms), and a specific name (reflecting the species of the organism). A genus is a group of closely related organisms. Genera which are closely related are grouped into a higher (less specific) category known as a family. Families are grouped into orders, and orders into classes. Classes of organisms are grouped into phyla, and phyla are grouped into kingdoms. Domains are the highest taxonomic rank of organisms. Domain Bacteria, Eubacteria, Eukarya Kingdom Plants, Animals, Fungus, Protists Phylum Cnidaria, Annelida, Arthropoda Class Insecta, Arachnida, Crustacea Order Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera Family Tipulidae, Apidae, Scarabeidae Genus Scaptia, Euglossa, Anastrangalia Species beyonceae, bazinga, laetifica Glossary of Phylogenetic Terms Phylogeny: interrelationships of organisms based on evolution Systematics: the study of the diversity of organisms, which attempts to organize or rationalize diversity in terms of phylogeny Taxonomy: the technical aspects of systematics, dealing with the formal description of species, establishing rankings of groups, and general principles of classification and naming Phylogenetic Tree (cladogram): a diagrammatic representation of the presumed line of descent of a group of organisms. Thus, a phylogenetic tree is actually a hypothesis regarding the evolutionary history of a group of organisms. -
Onychophorology, the Study of Velvet Worms
Uniciencia Vol. 35(1), pp. 210-230, January-June, 2021 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15359/ru.35-1.13 www.revistas.una.ac.cr/uniciencia E-ISSN: 2215-3470 [email protected] CC: BY-NC-ND Onychophorology, the study of velvet worms, historical trends, landmarks, and researchers from 1826 to 2020 (a literature review) Onicoforología, el estudio de los gusanos de terciopelo, tendencias históricas, hitos e investigadores de 1826 a 2020 (Revisión de la Literatura) Onicoforologia, o estudo dos vermes aveludados, tendências históricas, marcos e pesquisadores de 1826 a 2020 (Revisão da Literatura) Julián Monge-Nájera1 Received: Mar/25/2020 • Accepted: May/18/2020 • Published: Jan/31/2021 Abstract Velvet worms, also known as peripatus or onychophorans, are a phylum of evolutionary importance that has survived all mass extinctions since the Cambrian period. They capture prey with an adhesive net that is formed in a fraction of a second. The first naturalist to formally describe them was Lansdown Guilding (1797-1831), a British priest from the Caribbean island of Saint Vincent. His life is as little known as the history of the field he initiated, Onychophorology. This is the first general history of Onychophorology, which has been divided into half-century periods. The beginning, 1826-1879, was characterized by studies from former students of famous naturalists like Cuvier and von Baer. This generation included Milne-Edwards and Blanchard, and studies were done mostly in France, Britain, and Germany. In the 1880-1929 period, research was concentrated on anatomy, behavior, biogeography, and ecology; and it is in this period when Bouvier published his mammoth monograph. -
Coincidence of Photic Zone Euxinia and Impoverishment of Arthropods
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Coincidence of photic zone euxinia and impoverishment of arthropods in the aftermath of the Frasnian- Famennian biotic crisis Krzysztof Broda1*, Leszek Marynowski2, Michał Rakociński1 & Michał Zatoń1 The lowermost Famennian deposits of the Kowala quarry (Holy Cross Mountains, Poland) are becoming famous for their rich fossil content such as their abundant phosphatized arthropod remains (mostly thylacocephalans). Here, for the frst time, palaeontological and geochemical data were integrated to document abundance and diversity patterns in the context of palaeoenvironmental changes. During deposition, the generally oxic to suboxic conditions were interrupted at least twice by the onset of photic zone euxinia (PZE). Previously, PZE was considered as essential in preserving phosphatised fossils from, e.g., the famous Gogo Formation, Australia. Here, we show, however, that during PZE, the abundance of arthropods drastically dropped. The phosphorous content during PZE was also very low in comparison to that from oxic-suboxic intervals where arthropods are the most abundant. As phosphorous is essential for phosphatisation but also tends to fux of the sediment during bottom water anoxia, we propose that the PZE in such a case does not promote the fossilisation of the arthropods but instead leads to their impoverishment and non-preservation. Thus, the PZE conditions with anoxic bottom waters cannot be presumed as universal for exceptional fossil preservation by phosphatisation, and caution must be paid when interpreting the fossil abundance on the background of redox conditions. 1 Euxinic conditions in aquatic environments are defned as the presence of H2S and absence of oxygen . If such conditions occur at the chemocline in the water column, where light is available, they are defned as photic zone euxinia (PZE). -
Research Article the Continuing Debate on Deep Molluscan Phylogeny: Evidence for Serialia (Mollusca, Monoplacophora + Polyplacophora)
Hindawi Publishing Corporation BioMed Research International Volume 2013, Article ID 407072, 18 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/407072 Research Article The Continuing Debate on Deep Molluscan Phylogeny: Evidence for Serialia (Mollusca, Monoplacophora + Polyplacophora) I. Stöger,1,2 J. D. Sigwart,3 Y. Kano,4 T. Knebelsberger,5 B. A. Marshall,6 E. Schwabe,1,2 and M. Schrödl1,2 1 SNSB-Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, Munchhausenstraße¨ 21, 81247 Munich, Germany 2 Faculty of Biology, Department II, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat¨ Munchen,¨ Großhaderner Straße 2-4, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany 3 Queen’s University Belfast, School of Biological Sciences, Marine Laboratory, 12-13 The Strand, Portaferry BT22 1PF, UK 4 Department of Marine Ecosystems Dynamics, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8564, Japan 5 Senckenberg Research Institute, German Centre for Marine Biodiversity Research (DZMB), Sudstrand¨ 44, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany 6 Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, P.O. Box 467, Wellington, New Zealand Correspondence should be addressed to M. Schrodl;¨ [email protected] Received 1 March 2013; Revised 8 August 2013; Accepted 23 August 2013 Academic Editor: Dietmar Quandt Copyright © 2013 I. Stoger¨ et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Molluscs are a diverse animal phylum with a formidable fossil record. Although there is little doubt about the monophyly of the eight extant classes, relationships between these groups are controversial. We analysed a comprehensive multilocus molecular data set for molluscs, the first to include multiple species from all classes, including five monoplacophorans in both extant families. -
•Nail Structure •Nail Growth •Nail Diseases, Disorders, and Conditions
•Nail Structure Nail Theory •Nail Growth •Nail Diseases, Disorders, and Conditions Onychology The study of nails. Nail Structure 1. Free Edge – Extends past the skin. 2. Nail Body – Visible nail area. 3. Nail Wall – Skin on both sides of nail. 4. Lunula – Whitened half-moon 5. Eponychium – Lies at the base of the nail, live skin. 6. Mantle – Holds root and matrix. Nail Structure 7. Nail Matrix – Generates cells that make the nail. 8. Nail Root – Attached to matrix 9. Cuticle – Overlapping skin around the nail 10. Nail Bed – Skin that nail sits on 11. Nail Grooves – Tracks that nail slides on 12. Perionychium – Skin around nail 13. Hyponychium – Underneath the free edge Hyponychium Nail Body Nail Groove Nail Bed Lunula Eponychium Matrix Nail Root Free Edge Nail Bed Eponychium Matrix Nail Root Nail Growth • Keratin – Glue-like protein that hardens to make the nail. • Rate of Growth – 4 to 6 month to grow new nail – Approx. 1/8” per month • Faster in summer • Toenails grow faster Injuries • Result: shape distortions or discoloration – Nail lost due to trauma. – Nail lost through disease. Types of Nail Implements Nippers Nail Clippers Cuticle Pusher Emery Board or orangewood stick Nail Diseases, Disorders and Conditions • Onychosis – Any nail disease • Etiology – Cause of nail disease, disorder or condition. • Hand and Nail Examination – Check for problems • Six signs of infection – Pain, swelling, redness, local fever, throbbing and pus Symptoms • Coldness – Lack of circulation • Heat – Infection • Dry Texture – Lack of moisture • Redness -
CH33 Arthropods All.Pptx
10/15/14 Biosc 41 Announcements 10/15 Quick Platyhelminthes Review v What type of symmetry do animals in Phylum v Quiz today- Phyla Platyhelminthes and Mollusca Platyhelminthes have? v v Lecture- Phylum Arthropoda Digestive system: mouth only (protostomes) v How does gas exchange take place? v Lab- Phylum Arthropoda v What are protonephridia for? v What is the class of free-living flatworms? An v Mon’s lecture will finish any arthropod info we don’t get to example? today, have arthropod quiz, and do an exam review activity v What are the classes of parasitic flatworms? Example? v Mon’s lab will finish arthropod lab material (+ crayfish dissection) Quick Mollusca Review Quick Mollusca Review v Features and structures universal amongst molluscs: v Four major classes: § Mantle- secretes shell in shelled molluscs; sometimes § Class Polyplacophora- Chitons portions of mantle form siphon(s) § Class Gastropoda- snails, nudibranchs, slugs § Foot- contains sensory cells; adapted in various ways in § Life cycle includes trochophore & veliger larvae different classes § Veliger stage involves torsion § Visceral mass- internal organs consistent between classes, but arranged in different orientations § Class Bivalvia- clams, oysters, mussels § Life cycle includes trochophore & veliger larvae § Circulatory system includes heart and is open in all but cephalopods (which have a closed circulatory system) § Class Cephalopoda- squid, octopus, cuttlefish, nautilus § Nervous system includes nerve cords and centralized brain tissue § Mantle has been modified to include a siphon for locomotion § Digestive system includes radula, well-developed digestive gland, and “complete gut” § Foot has been modified into tentacles § Heart and kidneys function as excretory system § Closed circulation and complex brain Quick Mollusca Review Quiz 5 v What is a possible adverse effect of suspension feeding? 1.