Ce nt re fo r Eco logy & Hydrology N AT U RA L ENVIRO N M EN T RESEA RC H CO U N C IL

Provisional atlas of British hover les (Diptera, Sy ae)

_ Stuart G Ball & Roger K A Morris

_

J O I N T NATURE CONSERVATION COMMITTEE NERC Co pyright 2000 Printed in 2000 by CRL Digital Limited ISBN I 870393 54 6

The Centre for Eco logy an d Hydrolo gy (CEI-0 is one of the Centres an d Surveys of the Natu ral Environme nt Research Council (NERC). Established in 1994, CEH is a multi-disciplinary , environmental research organisation w ith som e 600 staff an d w ell-equipp ed labo ratories and field facilities at n ine sites throughout the United Kingdom .

Up u ntil Ap ril 2000, CEM co m prise d of fou r comp o nent NERC Institutes - the Institute of Hydrology (IH), the Institute of Freshw ater Eco logy (WE), the Institute of Terrestrial Eco logy (ITE), and the Institute of Virology an d Environmental Micro b iology (IVEM). From the beginning of Ap dl 2000, CEH has operated as a single institute, and the ind ividual Institute nam es have ceased to be used .

CEH's mission is to "advance th e science of ecology, env ironme ntal microbiology and hyd rology th rough h igh q uality and inte rnat ionall) recognised research lead ing to better understanding and quantifia ttion of the p hysical, chem ical and b iolo gical p rocesses relating to land an d freshwater an d living organisms within the se environments".

CEH prov ides independent research to info rm governm ent policy on natural resource man agemen t and en vironm ental protection, and to raise public awareness of en vironm en tal issues. Major develop ments in com missio ned research ft m ded by Govern ment have taken place in severa l areas of pu blic co ncern , su ch as flood risk estim ation and flood forecasting, risk assessment of genetically mo dified cro ps, the ecological effects of endocrin e disrup to rs, and th e eco logical impacts and d rive rs of land use change .

CEFEs rese arc h is finance d by the UK Government thro ugh th e scie nce budget, an d by private and p ublic se cto r cu sto mers who comm ission o r sponso r specific research programm es. CEFEs expertise is also w idely used by international organisations in overseas co llaborative projects.

Th e resu lts of CEH re search are available to those respo nsible for the protection, manageme nt and w ise use o f our nat ural resou rces, bein g published in a wide range of scientific joumals an d other publicatio ns. The CEH Ann ual Report contains more general information ,

Th e Biological Reco rds Centre is operated by CEH , as p art of the Environmental Information Cen tre based at CEH Mon ks Wood (form erly ITE Monks Wood). BRC is jo intly fund ed by CEH and th e Jo int Natu re Con se rvation Com m ittee (JNCC), the latter acting on behalf of the statutory nat ure conser vation agencies in England , Sco tland . Wales and Northern Ireland . CEH and JNCC su p port BRC as an important co mp onent of the developing National Biodiversity Network. BRC seeks to help natu ra lists and research biologists to co-ordinate their efforts in study ing the occurre nce of plants an d an imals in Britain and Ireland , and to ma ke the results of these studies available to o thers.

Pu blish ed by B iolog ica l Records Cen tre CE TI M on ks Wood A b bots Rip on H u n ting d on Ca m bs PE28 2 LS Tel: 0 14 8 7 772 400; Fax : 0 14 8 7 773 4 6 7; WWW bitp :// w w w .ceb .a c u le

Cover illustration:Rh ing ia ca mp estris by Stuart G Ball REF Cols-9-3- c4 )0) es-f Cid - 2 _0 0

Centre for Ecology & Hydrology

NAT U RAL ENVIRO N MEN T RESEA RC H C OUN CIL

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Provisional atlas of British h overfl ies (Diptera, Sy rphidae)

Stu a rt G Ball & Roger K A Morris

Centre for Ecology end Hydrology Bush Estate Penicaik Mithothien / EI-126 OQB

JOINT NATURE CONSERVATION COMMITTEE Citatio n in fo rm atio n Ball S.G. & Morris A.K.A. 2000. Provisional atlas of B ritish hoverfl ies (D ip tera, Sy p hidae) . Hu ntingdon : Biological Records Centre . CON TENTS

I N TR OD UCTI ON 1 Histo ry of the Recording Scheme 1 Coverage 2

STA TUS OF H OVER IN BR I TAI N 5 recorded from Ireland but not Britain 5 Species believed to have become established , or to have increased 5 Species believed to be migrants, partial migrants or vagrants 5 Species believed to be extinct in Britain 6 Species which have declined sign ificantly 6 Rarity and threat 8 Biodiversity Action Plans 8 Habitat-indicator statuses 9

N OTE S ON TH E DISTR IB UTI ON MA P S A N D SPE CIES A CCO UN TS 13 The maps 13 Nomenclature 13 Species accounts 13 Ph enology histograms 13

MA P S AN D SPE CIES A CCO UN TS 15

A CK N OWLED GEM EN TS 151

R EFE R EN CES 155

SPE CIES INDEX 159 á IN TR OD UCTI ON

The are a family of attractive, and often Philip Entw istle retired as Recording Scheme organiser brightly coloured flies which are Familiar to most and Hoverf- ly Newsletter editor. The latter job was people be cause they are frequently seen visiting taken over by Graham Rotheray, and the workload of flowers in parks and gardens. They have rece ived a dealing with records was spread by establishing a generally 'goo d press' as beneficial because network of local advisors to check and forward the larvae of many of the common garden species records to BRC. feed on . However, because many possess wasp-like black and yellow striped patterns, or In 1988 a new journal, D ipterists D igest, was launched mimic be es, they are often mistaken for which has prove d an important vehicle for papers on Hymenoptera, and during mass movements of some the natural history of hoverflies in Britain, Ireland and of the common migratory species have occasionally the near continent. The first issue featured a hoverfly figured in the press as 'a plague of wasps'. They are on the front cover and papers concerning hoverflies often the first group to be tackled by budding have always provided a substantial portion of the dipterists and the availability of a well illustrated contents. identification guide (Stubbs & Falk 1983) has greatly boosted interest in the group over the last decade . Between 1987 and 1991 the Recording Scheme With 266 British species, many (but by no means all) underwent a period of inactivity with no national of which are easily identified, they are an ideal organiser and with no prospect of BRC having group to study. They are also extremely diverse in resources to progress the provisional atlas. Then, in form, life-style and habitat preference, which means late 1990, Stuart Ball and Roger Morris took over as that an interesting range of species can be found in national organisers, with Roger Morris in charge of most localities and habitats. These factors have day-to-day liaison with contributors and record en couraged an active recording scheme which has checking, and Stuart Ball in charge of data processing. collated information about the distribution and In Autumn 1991 the records that had been natural history of these fascinating insects. computerised by BRC were loaded into a copy of the Recorder database and the process of checking them History of t he Hoverfly Recording began . The considerable backlog of information on Scheme cards and other paper forms which had be en submitted to BRC, but not input to computer, was The Hoverfly Recording Scheme was launched in another rather daunting task. By 1992 the records 1976 (Stubbs 1990), under the umbre lla of the input by BRC had been checked against the original Central Panel of Diptera Recording Schemes, with cards and progress was being made on trawling new John lsmay as the first national organ iser. In 1980 records, both on cards and on disk from various Philip Entwistle took over as scheme organiser and databases. he subsequently initiated the Houerfly Newsletter which first appeared in October 1982 including six In 1992 David Iliff took over as editor of Hoverfl y distribution maps. In 1983 a preliminary atlas, Newsletter and in March 1993 the Central Panel containing 30 hand-plotted maps, was produced by started a series of ann ual training events with a the Biological Records Centre (BRC) (Entwistle & weekend wo rkshop on hoverfly identification at Stubbs 1983). Also in 1983 British Hoverflies, a well Preston Montford Field Studies Centre . In 1994 the illustrated and 'user friendly' identification guide, was Central Panel reformed itself as an indepe ndent published (Stubbs & Falk 1983), which opened up society, 'Dipterists Forum', affiliated to the British hoverfly recording to many more people. Anoth er Entomological and Natural History Society. Its significant publication was Hoverflies in the objectives include publication of newsletters, such as Na turalists ' Ha nd books series (Gilbert 1986). This Hoved ly Newsletter, to foster the study of Diptera and Dipterists provides an excellent summary of biology and many to publish the resulting works in its journal, useful hints on observing, studying and recording Digest. hoverflies, but it should not be relied upon, on its own, for identification . \Th at had been considered a Information about hoverfly biology has continued to rather specialised and difficult group became by far increase, especially knowledge of larvae . Graham the most popular group of flies. Rotheray was particularly active in the latter field and published a summary of the current state of our Calls for records to be submitted to BRC for the knowledge in Colour guide to hoverfl y la rvae production of a provisional atlas were made at (Rotheray 1994). In 1996 Alan Stubbs produced a Dipterists Day in 1985 and 1986 and, together with Supplement to B ritish Hoverylies including the records that had been accumulated by Ismay and information on the 15 species added to the British list Entwistle, around 80 000 records arrived at BRC of since the original publication in 1983 and updated which 54 500 were input to computer file . In 1987 keys to some genera (Stubbs 1996). Table I . Number of records submitted, by year of observation

Cumulative % Cumulative (of dated records) 664 0.18% 1 577 0.42% 2 907 0.78% 7 031 1.89% 10 709 2.88% 14 786 3.98% 18 696 5.03% 28 065 7.55% 39 619 10.65% 60 507 16.27% 111 940 30. 10% 238 793 64.22% 336 065 90.38% 371 836 100.00%

C overage from 1987 onw ards, and a rath er small proportion (7 .6%) from before 1970 (Table 1). Whilst there Up to June 1999, the re co rding scheme had co llated were undoubte dly far few er active re corders in the 374,784 re cords from 2,445 ten kilometre squares; p ast, older records are under-repre sented because th e gre at m ajority from Great Britain (2,36 1 ten th ere has been no co nce rted attempt to obtain kilometre squares), the remain der being from records from th e literatu re an d museum coll ections. Ireland (79 squares), an d th e Chann el Islan ds (fi ve A few collections have been re -exam ine d an d squares) . Th e co ll ated re cords cover all British re co rds submitted to the scheme (notably th e Diver sp ecies. Th ere are 2,862 ten kilometre squares in co llection of sp ecimens from Studlan d, Dorse t in the Great Britain's National Grid which contain some 1930s, the British Entomological & Natural History lan d , so th e scheme has re ce ived at least one re cord Society collection, Exeter Museum an d Doncaster fro m 82.5%. Figu re 1 sh ows all ten kilome tre Muse um), but the only other substantial source of squares in Gre at Britain from which at least one older records is the data collated by Steven Falk in re co rd has been re ce ived , an d Figu re 2 sh ows the pre paring the Nation al Review of Diptera for the number of species re corded from each square . Nature Con servancy Cou ncil in the late 1980s (Falk Th ese map s, especially Figu re 2, give a go od 1991a). These records conce ntrate on the rarer genera l impre ssion of the coverage th at has been sp ecies including both literature records and ach ieved so far . Coverage is patchy w ith some local inform ation from some major collections such as re cord ing schemes having surveyed their areas those of the Natural Histo ry Museum , Royal Scottish inten sive ly — notably in Surrey , but also Esse x, Museum, Cam bridge University Museum of Zoology Somerset, Dorset, Oxfordsh ire, so uth-west Wales , an d the Hop e De partment, Oxford . th e Sorby Natu ralists' are a, Rotherham , the Coventry are a an d th e territory of the North West Hoverfly Reco rding Group . Some other are as remain p oorly covere d , esp ecially the We lsh borders, Wiltsh ire an d th e areas aro und th e Wash (w hich appears to be genuinely very p oor for hoverfl ies). Coverage in Scotland is much better th an is show n here , esp ecially in th e east, due to th e activities of the Scottish Hoverfly Record ing Sch eme run by Ken Watt, but n ot all of th ese re cords were available to the Nation al Record in g Sch em e for th is Atlas Alth ough records from North ern Irelan d have bee n collated at the Centre for Environmental Data an d Recording (CEDaR) in Belfast, th ese have not been inco rpo rated in to the schem e as yet an d very few re co rds from the Irish Republic are available to us. Conse quently, th is atlas does not atte mp t to cover Ireland.

Th e re cord s su bmitte d to the scheme are ove rwh elmingly (70.2%) from dates aft er the publication of Stubbs an d Falk (1983) , with half • 1980 onwards 0 1960 to 1979 8 0 Before 1960

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Fig ure I . M I ten ki lometre squares in Great Bri tain from which at least one record has been received • 125+ • 100- 124 • 75- 99 • 50- 74 • 25- 49 • 1- 24

e e . . • • • • • • • • e • • m im e rn • • • • • • • e s • • a • • . .. 0 • • D O • • • • . . • • • im. * o li o • • • • O O O O O O O • • • • • • m g . . . fl u. • • • —412) • e a s e • 0 0 . • • . . .. • • • 0 0 : • • • • • • • • • A, • 6 . * N W U . • • • • M • • M O E . • M O • • • • • . . . . . • • • a • m e • • • • • • ...... • • • • • • • • • 6 9 : • • • • 0 0 0 0 0 . ..G m • 0 0 0 0 • • •In • IP' : • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 0 0 0 0 0 .... • • • • • • • • • • 0 . .. • o g e e • • • • • . . . . . * a . O 0 0 •

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Fig u re 2 The numbe r of species reco rded from each square STA TUS OF H OVER FLIES IN BR I TAIN

Species recorded from Ireland but Species believed to have become not Britain established, or to have increased

Pa rag us cons tr ic tus Sin li c, 198 6 Two spe cies of `bulb ', Merodon equestris This spe cies was separated from P. tibia& (Fabricius) and Eu merus tuberculatus Rondani are (Fallen) relatively recently and has proved to be believed to have been accidentally imported widespread on limestone pavement in the through the international trade in bulbs. M. equestris Burren, County Clare (Speight & Chandler 1995). arrived in the latter part of the last century and was A record from the area of the Burren mentioned reported first from the garden of Verrall's brother in under P. tibia lis in Stubbs and Falk (1983) 1867 (Verrall 1901). E. tu berculatus arrived proved to be this species. It is quite possible that somewha t later and was added to the British list by it may occur on limestone pavement in Great Collin (1918). The recording scheme holds one pre- Britain an d any specimens of P. tibialis in 1920 record, a museum specime n taken in Surrey in collections from this habitat should be re- 1905. Both of these gene ra are rich in species in examined. southern and eastern Europe, especially around the eastern Mediterranean, and it is not inconceivable Cb eilo s ia a b ene a vo n Roser, 1840 (C. las ka i that more spe cies of either genus could arrive by Speigh t, 1978 in Stubbs and Falk ( 19 83)) th e same route (see, for example, Speight (1988a)). In Europe th is appears to be a species of Rather more species are though t to have become montane pastures, but it is only known in the established, or to have spread, during this century in British Isles from calcareous grasslands on plantations. Xy lota coeru leiven tris limestone pavement and machair of western Zetterstedt appears to be unique amongst Ireland, with 16 records between 1979 and 1985 hoverflies in being recorded historically only from from counties Clare, Donegal, Fermanagh, Sligo native Caledonian pine forest, but to have spread and Mayo (Speight 1987). It most closely widely in planted in recent years. It has resembles C. p ubera (Zetterstedt) and has been now reached parts of southern and central England. found by sweeping low-growing vegetation , or Erioz ona sy rphoides (Fallen) is one of the most occasionally visiting flowers of A nten naria, spectacular additions to our faun a and was first Hiera ciu m, Ra n uncu lus and Tara xacu m, mainly recognised from a 1968 specimen, although an in May, but extending into June . It should be earlier (1957) specimen was subsequently located. looked out for on limestone pavement in north- It is now being recorded quite frequently in conifer west England and Wales and could conceivably plantations in the north and we st. Dasysy rph us occur on machair in the Western Isles. f riu liensis (van der Goot), first recorded in 1982 and possibly Spbegina sibirica Stackelberg Cb eilo s ta p s tlop b tb a lma Becke r, 1894 discovered in 1991, may show a similar pattern of This hoverfly has only recently been adequately spread in the future . Eriozona erratica (Linnaeus) is distinguished from the closely similar C.p raecox another species associated with conifers which has (Zetterstedt) by Claussen and Kassebeer (1993). been recorded more frequently in recent years. Martin Speight has re-examined Irish material which had previously been determined as Anoth er spectacular migrant/ vagrant that has C. p raecox and found that all the specimens he become resident is Volu cella z ona ria. This was examined we re C. p silophtba lm a, but British considered to be a very rare vagrant to the south specimens to which he had access were true coast at the start of the century, but became C. p raecox (Speight 1996a). Little is known as established in the London area in the 1940s. It is yet about C. p silop hthalma except that it occurs now frequent in and around London, especially in in various scmb woodland situations and has an suburban gardens, and seems to be becoming more early flight period (Irish records: 21 April - 24 widely established along the south coast and may May). Speight (1996a) gives a key to be moving northwards through Hertfordshire. C. m u ta bilis (Fallen), C. praecox and C. psilop hthalma and Claussen and Kassebeer (1993) give illustrations of the male terrninalia of Species believed to be m igrants, part ial these species and C. lalligens Claussen & migrants or vagrants Kassebeer (which is part of the same species complex, but has only been found so far in th e Several hoverflies, especially members of the Pyren ees), but separation from C. p raecox is genera Ep isyq9bus, Eupeodes, Sy rph us, Sca eva and very difficult and any suspected specimens of Helophilus, are be lieved to migrate regularly over C. psilophth alma should be referred for expert large distances in Europe. Torp (1984) gives a table examination. of species believed to be migratory in Denmark. Migratory behaviour in these insects is not like that Species believed to be extinct in Britain of birds in which the same individual travels north to breed in summer and then travels south for the My o lep ta p o te ns (Harris , 1780) winter. In the case of migrants, individuals Levy and Levy (1998) give an account of the history travelling north in spring lay eggs which produce of this spe cies, on which the following is based. It one or more new generations during the summer or was discovered in 1945 by John Cowley, a Somerset early autumn , and it is their progeny which travel naturalist, at two woodland sites near Shapwick in southwards. The arrival of such migrants in Britain the Somerset Levels. J E Collin established their depends upon weather patterns which bring them identity (Collin 1950) and located three older in our direction and, consequently, their abundance specimens in collections which had previously been varies greatly from year to year. Many of these identified as M. d ubia (Fabricius) (with no data , but species are permanently resident, although their one is thought to date from 1828). Cowley found numbers may be reinforced in som e years by the several more specimens in 1946, 1947 and 1949 arrival of migrants, whilst others (eg Scaeva py rastri sometimes in the company of ECM d'Assis-Fonseca (Linnaeus), Helop h ilus trivitta tus (Fabricius)) may who also found a single male in Blaise Wood near rely entirely on immigration and have no Bristol in 1949. Collin (1950) reports another permanent breeding population. Some others (eg specimen collected by Dr E E Lowe from Coomb e Eristalis tenax (Linnaeus), Sp ba erop horia scnp ta Dingle (part of the Blaise Castle Estate) in 1945. In (Linnaeus)) which are not noted as long-distance April 1961 J C Hartley found six larvae in a rot-hole travell ers, may be partial migrants (or at least very at Ashton Court (near Blaise Castle) . He preserved mobile) within the British Isles. For example, one and reared adults from the other fi ve. The breeding pop ulations of S. scrtp ta do not appear to species has not been found again since 1961 desp ite be permanently established in Ireland although searches by a number of eminent dipterists. The adults are recorded regularly (Speight 1996b). original locality at Loxley Wood has been largely coniferised and is thought to be unsuitable, but Spectacular arrivals of Ep isy rp h us ba lteatus (De apparently suitable habitat remains in the Blaise Geer), Eup eodes corona e (Fabricius) and Sca eva Castle area. py rastri have been described from the south and east coasts when great numbe rs are present in Species which have declined signifi cantly coastal localities and many are washed up dead on the tide-line . The Scottish Hoverfl y Recording M e r e f a Ua x (Linnaeus, 1798) Scheme has arranged for water-traps to be operated Records are confi ned to the Speyside area of the on oil rigs in the North Sea and has obtained Central Highlands of Scotland, but some of the older interesting information on the occurrence of literature describes it as `numerous' around th e tum hoverflies well away from land. of the century. Very few adults have been found in recent decades and almost exclusively from around Other species such as Eup eod es lu ndbecki (Soot- Loch Garten in the Abernethy Forest. In 1996 the Ryen), Helop h ilus af lin is Wahlberg an d Sca eva Malloch Society located the breeding site whe n a a lbomaculata (Macquart) are probably vagrants pup arium was found in a rotten pine stump which reach Britain only occasionally and have been (Rotheray & Stuke 1998), so a more systematic found mainly in localities such as Fair Isle, North search for larvae became possible. Subsequent Norfolk and parts of the south coast which are also searches have located two small populations, with noted for the occurrence of vagrant birds. It is only about 20 occupied stumps in total, in pine possible th at the very poorly known Helop hilus plantations near human habitation . Searches in native g roenla nd icus (Fabricius) also belongs in this pinewood in Abernethy and Rothiemurchus have so category (as a vagrant from the Arctic). The status far proved unsuccessful. The larvae in a given stump of several species such as Eup eodes lapp on icus are of very mixed sizes, suggesting a larval period of (Zetterstedt), D id ea a ln eti (Fallen) an d several years and that th e number of adults Xa ntb a nd ru s comtus (Harris) is less clear. Their eme rging in any one year may be very small. This is sporadic occurrence and lack of any clear now thought to be the most threatened of the rare association of records with what is presumed to be Scottish saproxylic hoverflies. their breedin g habitats has led to suggestions that they may be migrants or vagrants which become Ca llice r a sp tno la e Ro ndan i, 1944 locally established for a time . Sca eva m ecog ram ma This fl y was discovered in 1924 at Thom don, Suffolk (Bigot) presents an in teresting case : this and has been recorded from less than ten localities, Mediterranean species has been recorded only once all in East Anglia. It appears to be rare throughout its in Britain in August 1905, from Am iston , near known European range : northern France south to Edinburgh, which seems an unlikely place for a the Pyrenees, central Spain and the Mediterranean, vagrant to turn up; it has be en suggested that it Germany, Italy, Roumania and Tajikistan (Speight may have been an accidental import (Stubbs & Falk 1998). It has only been found at two localities in the 1983) . last two decades, both in Cambridgeshire , and it appears to have be come extinct at one of these by records come from the New Forest (probably 1983. At the other it was reduced to breeding in only because this is where the dipterists traditionally two trees, one of which blew down in the winter of looked), but it has not be en found there since the 1994/95. English Nature commissioned a survey of early 1950s. The re were a numbe r of records from the known localities, and also potential sites in East Dorset, especially in the 1930s, but recent Anglia, un der the Species Recovery Programme. In extensive searches for the Dorset Hoverfly Atlas 1997, Graham Rotheray visited 18 sites in Norfolk, (Levy, Levy & Dean 1992) failed to rediscover it. Suffolk and Cambridgeshire and searched about 170 There is a long history of records from Dartmoor, rot-holes for larvae, but without success . In but the last one th at could be authenticated was September 1998, about 60 rot-holes at 18 sites were made in 1973, despite a number of searches in th e searched, again without success, but two late 1970s and 1980s. Consequently it was feared observations, both of single adults at ivy flowers, extinct. Then, in 1993, we investigated historic were made at a site in Suffolk. localities on Dartmoor and rediscovered a population at one of them (Levy & Levy 1994). Ch ry s o to z um octo ma cula tum Curtis, 18 37 Subsequent searches revealed populations in two A rare species associated with extensive heathlands adjoining ten kilometre squares. In 1998 Gordon mainly in the New Forest, Dorset and Surrey Ramel surveyed sites in this area and, despite it (although generally found at the edges of heaths, being a disappointing season, found the species at rather than the main blocks of heathland habitat). seven localities. These typically included somewhat Most of the very few recent records are from the acid (pH 6.33- 6.59) boggy pools with plants such vicinity of Thursley and Hank ley Commons. A recent as Sphag n um, Meny a nthes, Na rthecium and . survey commissioned by English Nature, under the Biodiversity Action Plan, failed to rediscover the D a mmers cb mid tia f er rug inea (Falle n, 18 17) species at Stud land, which had been one of its best This hoverfly was discovered by Col. Yerbury on localities. An association of larvae with ants is Speyside , Scotland , late in the last century an d this susp ected and further work is needed to elucidate area has always been its stronghold, although this. records are scattered somewhat more widely in the Scottish Highlands. Although some accounts from Do ro s p rof ug es Harris , 1780. the turn of th e century suggest it was quite This is another species suspected to be associated in frequent, modern dipterists have found it rarely and some way with ants, and which seems to have been in small numbers. Recent work by the Malloch recorde d more freque ntly in the past. A 19th century Society showed that the larva feeds under the bark observation suggests that the larvae may be of recently fallen aspen Pop ulus trem ula and associated with ants living in wood, where they located it in eleven ten kilometre squares . Mature probably feed on ant-attended aphids. A recent stands of aspen are a scarce habitat, and the observation by R Hawkins suggested oviposition on hoverfly is therefore considered very vulnerable. the trunk of an isolated ash tree surrounded by scrub Action is neede d to protect existing breeding sites on chalk downland (Stubbs 1996), but Morris ( 1998) an d to establish sympathetic management of aspen quotes Hawkins as stating that oviposition was not groves in the Highlands. There is concern that plans proven in the field . Speight (1988b) described the to reintroduce the European beaver Castor fiber pup arium and suggests (Speight 1998) that Lasius Linnaeus in the Scottish Highlands potentially pose f uliginosus (Latreille) is the most likely host species. a threat to this species. The most important asp en Most records are associated with well-drained, basic stands are all close to watersides in the proposed soils and most frequently, but not exclusively, come reintroduction areas and aspen is the beaver's from unimproved chalk or limestone grassland. Adults preferred foodplant. are typically found sunning themselves on leaves, or visiting flowers such as , on the edges of scrub. D eclining sp eci es a s socia ted w ith d ea d w o o d However, adults seem to be very elusive and Speight There are a numbe r of threatened hoverflies, (1998) suggests they may be primarily arboreal. including members of the genera B rachy opa, Whilst the majority of records come from south-east Calip robola, , Myolepta, Ma llota and England, there are a wide scatter elsewhere. There Pocota, whose larvae are associated with ancient are a number of old records from around Morecambe trees. For example, B rachyopa breed in sap runs, Bay, and it was recently rediscovered at two localities Callicera, My olepta, Mallota and Pocota in rot holes. in this area (Gorman and Sumner quoted in Stubbs, This is a vulnerable and declining habitat because 1996). It was also taken on the coast of Mull many sites that once supported old trees have been (Ravenscroft quoted in Stubbs, 1996). cleared for agriculture and forestry and, where they do remain, individual ancient trees are often Er is ta lis cty p ta rum (Fabricius , 1794) removed by landowners and foresters for reasons of This is a species of south-west England which tidiness and safety. However, recent studies occurred mainly in the New Forest, the Dorset targeted on the larvae rather than the elusive adults heaths, Dartmoor and Cornwall. Most of the older have shown that some (eg Callicera ruf a, Pocota p ersona ta) are not as restricted as was thought make a re-assessment of statuses timely, but this is and may be able to survive in areas with few, not the place to undertake the task. isolated breeding trees. The provision of artifi cial breeding sites has also proved feasible for Biodiversity Act ion Plans Callicera (MacGowan 1994). Whilst there is no room for complacency, th is certainly suggests that The Biodiversity Steering Group Report (UK more work on larval biology and surveys targeting Biodiversity Steering Group 1995) took a rather larvae would be ap prop riate. diff erent ap proach in trying to identify species which require conservation action as a high Declini ng a nt a s s o cia ted sp ecies priority. The report contained three lists: Toge ther with Chry sotox u m octo tna culatu m and Dorosp roj uges, discussed above, several other • The 'long lists' included 1,252 species species, including Chtysotox um elega ns Loew and (including 14 hove rfl ies) which met a set of M icrod on dev iu s (Linnaeus) ap pear to have been criteria (th ough by no means all species recorded less frequently in recent de cades than in meeting the criteria are included). the past and are considered threatened. The larvae • A 'short list' of 116 species (including two of M . d evtus live in nests of the ant Lasius f lavus hoverfl ies) was drawn from the 'long list' (Fabricius) on chalk downland and so, over and which were considered the highest priority above the general reduction in chalk grassland , it is and the report includes action plans for these possible th at loss of open areas to scrub may be species. imp ortant. C. elega ns is poorly known and, • A 'middle list' included around 300 more although its larvae are suspected to be associated species (including two more hoverfl ies) for with ants, there is no defmite information . The which it was intended to draw up action plans. relationship between hoverfl y larvae and social Hymenoptera is a fascin ating subject and better The criteria used to select species for the 'long list' information is required so that more systematic were as foll ows: searches can be made to establish the status of • Species considered to be threatened with such species more firmly. extinction at International or European level (essentially species listed in IUCN World Red Rarity and t hreat Lists or on various International Conventions and Directives). Several attemp ts have been made to assess the • Species for which Britain has particular rarity of, and threat to, British hoverfl y species. responsibility; where Britain supports 25% or The British Inse ct Red Data Book (Shirt 1987) more of the total population at some period listed 56 species, although detailed accounts are during their life. This includes any endemic given for only the most threatened species. The species. introduction to this work gives a detailed • Species which have declined by 25% or more description of the meaning of the categories and in Britain during the last 25 years. th e crite ria used to assess species. They are based • Very localised species (those occurring in 15 on the criteria developed by the Inte rnational or fewer ten kilometre squares in Britain). Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) for • Species protected by various pieces of Red Data Lists. Falk (1991a), in the National domestic or international legislation. Review of Diptera, re-assessed the IUCN categories into which the species fell and also The species selected for the 'short list' we re those considered another tier of species - th ose recorded qualifying under category 1 or where Britain from 16 to 100 of the ten kilometre squares of the supported 75% of the total population, or those National Grid (termed 'Notable' or, more recently, showing a 75% or more decline. Table 2 shows the 'Nationally scarce '). Falk (1991a) includes detailed species included in the shod , middle and long lists. accounts for all species listed . Table 2 summarises the statuses assigned to species listed in these Following the publication of the Steering Group works. Report in 1995, there has been much activity. The UK Biodiversity Group agreed to revise the Subseque nt to these publications, IUCN has structure and terminology of the lists to ensure develop ed a new system, with differe nt categories clarity, and to publish a revised list of species for and more stringent, quantitative criteria, which was which action plans are being prepared. This published in 1994. The considerable increase in publication (UK Biodiversity Group 1998) defines knowledge of the biology, status and distribution two categories: of hoverfl ies resulting from this recording scheme and oth er recent work, and the adoption by the • Sp ec ies o f Co nservatio n Co nce rn . All Jo in t Nature Conse rvation Committee of the new species which meet the published 'long list' IUCN criteria for future British Red Lists would criteria (shown above). • Prior ity Species. From within the list of Species of Conservation Concern, all species which qualify under the published 'short' and 'middle list' criteria are classified as Priority Species. Species which qualify under one of the follow ing criteria should be considered as Priority Species: • Species which are globally threatened • Species which are rapidly declining in the UK, ie by more than 50% in the last 25 years

Annex 3 of the report lists 389 Priority Species, including seven species of hoverfly which are listed in Table 2. All Priority Species should be the subject of targeted action and are in the process of having action plans written.

Habitat -indicator statuses

Another type of assessment attempts to identify 'indicator species' — those whose presence reveals something about the nature of the site they inhabit. This concept has been applied most frequently to woodland species and some invertebrates have been identified as 'habitat continuity indicators'. These are species which tend to occur in sites with historical continuity of cover by mature deciduous woodland. They are frequently associated in some way with ancient or over-mature trees and appear to have poor dispersal ability. Therefore, in our highly fragmented countryside, in which sites that support these conditions are scarce and often isolated, it is argued that, if such a species is lost through inappropriate management (eg clear- felling), even if this is only for a relatively short period, it is unlikely that the site could be re- colonised. Consequently, the presence of such species is evidence that the ir habitats have been continuously present in the area over a long time span . Stubbs (1982) selected 'primary woodland indicators' and placed them in three categories: H1 — Strong, H2 — Good and H3 — Weak .

Speight (1989b) identified species across a broad range of insect groups which he considered 'useful in identifying forests of international importance to nature conservation'. This list includes 10 species of hoverfly which occur in Great Britain. There have been attempts to identify indicators for habitats other than woodland, but these are less well developed as yet. For example, Whiteley (1995) gives a provisional list of wetland indicator species for the Sheffield area and Morris (1998) gives lists of species associated with chaLk, heathlands, wetlands and woodlands in Surrey. Table 2. Species whi ch have been assigned threat, rarity or habitat indi cator status. Where ihe name cun endy in use di ff ers from the name used in the original source, the latter name is show n in parenthesis.

Shi n Falk DoE UK BG Stubbs Speight Species ( 1987) ( 199 1a) ( 199 5) ( 1998) ( 1982) ( 1989b)

Anasimyia intetp uncta Vulnerable Rare Anasirny ia lunulata Notabl e f allax Endangered End angered Long H I B ra chy op a bicolor Vuln erable Rare El l Bracby opa insensilis Notable H 3 Brachy opa p ilosa Rare Notable H I Brachy opa scutellaris H 2 Bracbypalpoides lentus H I Brachypalpus lap hdfon nis Rare Notable H I Calip tabola speciosa Endangered End angered H I Ca !lia na au rata (aenea.) Vuln erable Rare H 3 Callicera ruf a Endangered Rare H 2 Callicera spi nolae Endangered End angered Short H 3 Cbalcosy rphus eunotus Vuln erab le Vulnerable H I Cbalcosy rphus nemorum 1.12 Cbarnaesy rphus caledonicus Endangered End angered Cbamaesy rpbus scaevoides Rare Rare Chei losia barbata Notable H 3 Cbeilasia carbonaria Rare Notable H I cbrysocoma Rare H 2 Chef losia cy nocephala Rare Notable Chef losla lad opa (bonesta) H 2 Choi losia rnutabilis Rare Notable Chef losia nebulosa Rare Rare Chef losia nignpes Rare Rare Chef losia p ubera Rare Notable Cbeilosia sablbergi Rare Vuln erab le Chet losla semif asciata Rare Cbei losia soror Notable Cbei losia speciesB Rare Endangered Chef losia velutina Rare Notable Cbrysotox um elegans Rare Rare Cbry sotox urn octotnaculatu rn Vulnerab le Vuln erab le Sho rt Cbrysotoxum vernale Endangered Endangered Criorbi na asilica Notable H 2 Criorbina berberina 112 Criorb ina fl occosa H 3 Criorbina ranunculi Notable H 2 Didea alneti End angered Endangered Long Didea f asciata Notable H 1 Didea intennedia Notable Doros p rof uges (co nop seus) Vulnerab le Vuln erable Long Ep istrophe diapbana Notable Bp /str op he grossulariae H 3 Ep istrophe nitidicollis 1.12 Eriozona erratica (Al egasy rpbus annulipes) Notable Eristalis cryptarum Vulnerab le Vulnerab le Long Eristaln rup ium Notable Eumerus ornatus Notable Long Eumerus sabul onu m Rare Notable Eupeodes lapponicus (Metasy rpbus) Notable Mid dl e Eupeodes lati lunulatus (Metasy ipbus) Notable Eupeodes nielseni (M etasy l sh iss) Notable 1 -13 Eupeodes nitens (M elasy rp hus) Notable El l Ferdinandea cup rea 1-12 Ferdinandea ruf icornis Vulnerab le Notable 112 I fammerscbmidtia f erntginea End angered Endangered Lon g 1.11 Nelophilus gmenlandicus Rare Vulnerabl e Heringla brevidens (Neocnemodon) Notable Heri ngia latitarsis (Neocnemodon) Notable H er i ng ia p ubescens (Neocnernodon) Notable contin ued ...

10 Shir t Fa lk Do E UK BG Stub bs Spe ig ht Spe cies ( 198 7) ( 199 12) ( 199 5) ( 1998) ( 198 2) ( 198 9b ) Hering ia ver ru c ula (Neoc nem od on) Nota ble Lej ops vitta tus Vulne ra ble Vuln e rable Long Mallow cim bicifon nis Vuln era ble No ta b le H 2 Mela ng yn a ba rbif m ns Nota b le Mela ng yna erica n tm Rare Mela nogaster aerosa (Cb r oga ster ma cq ua n i) Rare Nota ble Mela nosto m a d ubiu m Nota ble Mela nostom a sp ecies A Nota ble Meligra m m a eu cbrom u m (Ep istrop be eu cb rom a) Rare Rare H 2 Mehg ram ma gutta tu m (Mela ng yna gu tta ta) Rare No ta ble H 2 Melig ram m a tria ng ulif eru m (Mela ng yn a tria ng ulifera) Notable 113 M icrodon a nalis (egg ed ) Rare No ta ble 112 Mic rod on devius Vuln era ble Vuln e ra ble Long Mic m don m uta bilis Rare No ta ble My olep ta d ubia (/uteola) Rare No ta ble H2 My olep ta p otens Enda nge re d Endange re d Mid dle H 2 Neoasc ia g en icula ta Nota ble Neoasc la in terrup ta Notable Neoa scia obliq ua Rare No tab le On bonev ra brevicorn is Rare No ta ble On bon evra gen tcula ta Rare No tab le Pa ragus albif ron s Rare Vuln e ra ble Pa ragus titnalis Nota ble Pa rasy rpbus n igrita rsis Endangere d Enda nge re d Long Pa rbelop b ilus constm ilis Vuln e ra ble Vu lne ra ble Pelecoc era tric in cta Rare Rare Pip iz a lugubris Nota ble Pipiz a lu teita rsis Pip tz ella ma cultp en n is Rare Rare Pip iz el la virens Notab le Pla tycb eirus d iscim a nus Notab le Pla rycb ein a im ma rgin atus Notab le Pla ty ch eirus m ela n opsis Rare Rare Pla orcbeirus p erpalliclus Rare No ta ble Pla ty ch eirus p odag ratus Nota ble Pla lycbetrus sticticus Nota ble Pla tychein a ta n alis H3 Pocota p ersona ta Vuln e rable Vuln era ble Long Fi l Po rtevin ta macula ta 112 Psi Iota a n tb rac in a Vuln e rab le Vuln e ra ble 112 Rb ing la rostrata Vuln e rab le Rare H 2 Ripon n ensia sp lend ida (Lejoga ste r) Notable Sp baerop borta loeurt Vuln e ra ble Vuln era b le Sphaervp boria virgata Nota ble Spbegin a clu n ipes 112 Sp begtn a elega ns (k im akowicz ii) 112 Sp begin a verecu nda Notable I 11 Triglyp bus p rim us Notab le Volucella in a nis Nota ble Volucella infl ata Nota ble Volu cella z ona ria Notab le Xa n tba nd rus co m tu s Vuln e ra ble Nota ble Xy lota abiens Nota ble H 2 Xy lota coe ru leiv entris Nota ble Xy lota f oru m Nota ble 112 Xy lota sy lva ru m 113 Xy lota ta rda Nota ble H 2 Xy lota x a n tb ocn em a Nota ble H 2 á N OTES ON TH E DISTR IB UTI ON MAP S AN D SPE CIES A CCOUN TS

T he maps referred to every time unless there is some specific point of emphasis or disagreement. Other ' l oved & The maps show the squares of the National Grid information has been culled from the and other more recent from which records have been received in Great Newsletter, Dipterists Digest Britain . Ireland is not mapped. The date class of the literature, and references are quoted at the relevant most recent record from each square is indicated point for such information. using one of three symbo ls: The paragraph on distribution summarises general patterns of distribution and comments on issues of • from 1980 onwards abundance, localisation, habitat preferences etc, o from 1960 to 1979 which are not evident from the map. Records which o be fore 1960 or undated do not appear on th e map may occasionally be Most of the species maps show th e conventional referred to, eith er be cause full details were not ten kilometre squares of the distribution . However, available at the time of writing, or because some for three species, Blera f e lla ; Callicera sp inola e vague localities (eg W est Suffolk') in older literature and Ha m rnersch midtia f etr ug in ea, the maps have cannot be mapp ed at this scale. been plotted using 50 kilometre squares. This reduced accuracy has been used at the request of Phenology histograms the recorders to disguise the exact localities of these species, which ale considered to be especially The phenology histograms for each species show vulnerable to collectors. the number of records in fortnightly intervals from 24 February to 16 November. Records which are Whilst we have attempted to check dou btful or known to relate to larvae, pupae or reared adults inconsistent records, there are many which have yet have been exclude d from the histograms; the to be followed up and which are omitted from the remainder have been assumed to relate to adults maps where we feel uncertain about their accuracy. observed in th e field. For some species it is likely that unusual dates relate to larval and pupal records Nomenclature where life-stage information has not been reported to the scheme . Figure 3 shows the total number of The nomenclature used in this atlas follows records received in each period to illustrate the Chandler (1998) with one additional species, seasonal coverage of recording. Figure 4 shows how Platy cheirus splendens Rotheray, 1998, which was many species have be en recorded in each period described after the checklist was published. and indicates that peak diversity occurs from the Alternative names for species, which appear in end of May to June, but that the main season major works such as Coe (1953), Kloet and Hincks extends from about mid-May to early September (1976), Stubbs and Falk (1983), Rotheray (1994), without great variation in the number of active Stubbs (1996) and notes published in Hoverf iy species. Newsletter and D ipterists D igest have been listed at the head of species accounts and are include d in All the phenology histograms show the numbe r of the index. Stubbs (1995) gives a chronological list of records on the vertical axis, but the scale on this the additions to the British hoverfly fauna from axis varies greatly depending on the total number Verrall (1901) to 1990, which can be helpful in of records for each species. However, all are scaled interpreting older records. so that the longest bar is roughly the same he ight, to facilitate comparisons of seasonal pattern Plant nomenclature follows Stace (1997). between species.

Species accounts

Information about the biology of spe cies is synthesised from a number of sources. Larval information comes mainly from Rotheray (1994) and Speight (1998), sup plemented by Smith (1989). Other comments are based on Stubbs and Falk (1983), Stubbs (1996) an d Speight (1998) with some extra information from Coe (1953) and our own experience . These major sources are not

13 ..r., e Q Number of species ot-z Number of records 3 _. — K3 IV CO CO :tk Cr..> t ri 0 CA 0 C.11 0 (31 t — tO ro co o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (11 8 cr. a al o o o o a 0 0 0 0 0 a o o o a - 3 o o o o o a a a o 3 11 Feb a 11 Feb 2 25 Feb 3 25 Feb 2. cr t., ro•- 10-Mar a , 10-Mar "R. 24-Mar tto 24- Mar 0 V a a 07-Apr :9 07-Apr ro c 21-Apr a 21-Apr

0 05-May °,2> 05-May 0- 0- 5^ = 19-May g 19-May (§1 02-Jun 02-Jun "R a . 16-Jun 16-Jun

30-Jun 30-Jun

14-J ul 14-Jul

28-Jul 28-Jul

11-Aug 11-Aug

25-Aug 25-Aug

08-Sep 08-Sep

22-Sep 22-Sep

06-Oct 06-Oct

20-Oct 20-Oct

03-Nov 03-Nov M AP S AND SPECI ES ACCOUN TS

Anasimyia contractaClaussen & Tarp, 1980 Anasimyia int erpuncta(Harris, 1776)

44,

4,1

I . • •

* 8 : • - • • 0 • • • . • a • • s. •

0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology Larvae are of the 'long-tailed' type, living in ponds and Larvae of this genus are of the 'long-tailed type, but ditches w here decaying vegetation is abundant, have not yet been described for this species. Adults especially in fen. Adults are rarely found far from the are found in fens and river margins where decaying margins of breeding sites. This species seems to be very vegetation, especially Gly ceria , is abundant, although closely associated with Typha; the larvae have been the species has been recorded at localities dominated found between submerged leaf sheaths, whilst adults by Phragmites. They have been found at Woodwalton have been recorded feeding on the pollen in Germany and Wicken Fens around paths adjacent to areas (Imhof 1979) and are often found sitting on the leaves of flooded in winter where they will visit flowers, the plant. Adults are also found at Iris p seu da corus, but especially Caltha . possibly not feeding. Dist ribut ion Dist r ibut ion A scarce species with a limited distribution in the fens Separated from A. tra nsfuga relatively recently (Stubbs of East Anglia, the Norfo lk Broads, the Thames 1981), and earlier records are confused with that species. marshes and the marshes of East Sussex. It is mainly Recent records have shown that this is the more frequent an early flying species, so it is perhaps overlooked, but of the pair, the recording scheme having received recent records from the Norfolk Broads show that approximately twice as many records as for A. tra nsfuga. there is at least a partial second generation in July and It is w idespread in southern Britain, extending August. northwards as far as Nairn in Scotland, though tending to be more frequent in the eastern lowlands. •

Anasimyia Ith eata(Fabricius, 1787) Anasimyla lunulata(Meigen, 1822) He/op /i t/us linea tus Fabricius in Coe (1953) Helop bilus lu n u la tta Meigen in Coe ( 1953)

0

0 •

• • • 0. 0 • 0

• . r • • • O 0 a •

300 60 250 50 200 40 150 30 100 20 50 10 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology Larvae are of the gong-tailed' type, living in eutrophic Larvae are of the gong-tailed' type and live principally wetlands of all sorts in rotting plant debris just below in more acid localities than is typical for other the surface. Typ ical sites support emergent plants such members of the genus including valley bogs and as Typ b a, Gly ce ria and Sp a rg a n iu m and can be very cut-over bogs where vegetation is regenerating. It is small (eg Typ ba fi lled roadside ditch) . Adults are most possible that sites with some base infl uence are frequently found among marginal vegetation, often preferred and this might account for the restricted resting on leaves, but also at the fl owers of distribution of this species. Adults are rarely found far Ra n u n c u lus , Ca ltb a, etc. from the water's edge and often perch on fl oating leaves. Visits Caltba, Meny a n tbes , and white umbels. Distribution A frequent and w idely distributed species in the British Distribution low lands, w hich can be abundant at some localities. Most recent records are from west Wales where it can be abundant at some sites, although there is a scattering elsewhere, including South Uist, Cheshire, Dorset and the New Forest. There are old records from eastern Britain including East Anglia, but some of these may stem from confusion with A . in tesp u n cta which was not added to the British list until 1981 (Stubbs 1981).

16 Anasimyia transfr ga (Linnae us, 1758) Arctop hila superbiens (Muller, 177 6) Hetcpbtlus transfuga Lin na eu s in Co e ( 1953) Arrtophila Jahn (Harris) in Snibbs and Falk ( 1983), A . mussitans (Fa bricius, 1775)

• e •

0 . • • •

•0 •

s. • 00 • • •

• . •

0 •

•

0

60 140 50 120 100 40 80 30 60 20 40 10 20 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology Due to the con fusion w ith A. con tracta , it is not certain The larvae remain und escribe d, but are thoug ht to be to which species larval descriptions un der this name in aq uatic or semi-aquatic. Stubbs and Falk (1983) report earlier literature apply. Found in wetland margins an obse rvation of a female ovip ositing in a water-filled where decay ing vegetation is abun dant, and tall ho ofpr int in a shaded muddy path beside a stre am. emerge nt vegetation such as Glyceria, Scitp us or Found near springs, wet flushes or streams, usually Spa rga n iu m also occurs. This species will tolerate near the edge of wood lan d or carr. Adu lts visit p urp le smaller and more shaded water bodies than those flow ers, especially Succisa, white umbels and yellow typically favoured by other members of the genus, comp osites . occu rring for example in ditch es beside woo dland rides . Dist r ibutio n A no rthern and western species which is locally Dist rib ut ion ab un dant in su itable localities, th ese tendin g to be Much th e least common of the three w idesp read she ltered , and on neutral to acid soils. In the area of A nasimy ia species, occurring mo st often in the East Ang lia where it occu rs, this sp ecies is p art of a south ern low lan ds of England north to Scotland . It is faun a which includ es no rthern elements in several scarce in the south-w est, Wales and northern Britain. It taxa. ap pears to be genuinely scarcer than A. con tracta, from which it was separated by Stubbs ( 1981), and with which confusion may have occurred in the past.

/ Baccha elongate (Fabricius, 177 5) Blera fallax (Linnaeus, 1758) Ba ccb a obsc unp en nis Meige n, 1822 has been conside re d a Cy nortb ina f all= Lin naeus in Coe ( 1953) distin ct sp ec ies in previou s British lite ratu re , but not here

0 • ••••

• e, •• •

• 1 • 1,0 .13 2 . Rs. • •• •• •

8 •••••181 • ts

•

350 6 300 5 250 4 200 3 150 2 100 50 1 0 0 Fe b Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The larvae are ap hidophagous, preying on a variety of La rvae are associated with Pin us sy lve stn s in Scotland. ground-lay er species in shaded situations , eg Uro m ela n A p up a rium has been foun d in a rot-hole in a p ine j a cea e on Cen ta u rea sca biosa , B ra chy ca u d in a nap elli stum p (Rotheray & Stuke 1998). Larvae have o n A co n itu m , and th e bramble ap hid S itobion subsequently been foun d in wet, heart-rot cavities in f rag a ria e on Ru bus. It ove rwinters as a larva. Adu lts pine stumps. A single cavity may conta in larvae of very are found in shady p laces such as woodland rides and mix ed size, suggesting a larval p eriod spann ing several edges, hedge rows and matu re ga rdens, and may b e ye ars. The adults are fou nd in Pin us forest, and have seen ho vering low am ongst gro u nd -layer plants. been observe d sunn ing themse lves on tnm ks and flying about the base of larg e, live , native Pin u s trees. Dist r ib ut io n Widely reco rd ed thro ugh out Brita in, but like most Dist r ibut ion woodland sp ecies, sca rce or abse nt fro m poorly- A very rare species of th e Caledon ian pine forest, with wooded areas such as the East Anglian fens and the th e few rece nt records confin ed to Speyside. Old Scottish islan ds. There is considerable un certainty reco rds , whilst still confine d to the Speyside area of ab out the status of B . obsc u np e n n is which has often central Scotland , are more widespread , and some been regard ed as a distin ct species. Most records accounts around the turn of the century describ e the sub m itted to th e scheme are attributed to 'Ba ccba sp .', species as 'nume rous'. Records of th is species have b ut analysis o f those whe re se p aration has be en been mapp ed by 50 kilometre squares. atte mp ted do not suggest any diff erences in range , flight p eriod or ha bitat pre ference.

18 bicolor (Fallen, 1817) Brachyopa insensilis Collin, 1939

e

•

• • •

• • q t r •

12 40 10 30 8 20 4 10 2 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The larvae occur in runs or other accumulations of The larvae of this species occur in runs or sap, usually under the bark of Fagus, but also A esculus accumulations of sap under the bark of trees. and Quercus. Adults are usually found sitting on sun-lit Although traditionally associated with Uhnus, in recent tree trunks or vegetation near the larval habitat, and years it has been found on a w ide range of broad- have also been taken at burrows of the goat moth leaved tree species including Frax in us, Fag us , Tilia, Cossus cossus(Linnaeus) (Peny quoted in Stubbs, and particularly Aesculus, often in urban and suburban 1996). Males will hover close to sap-runs. Does not situations. Adults are usually found sitting on tree seem to visit flowers. trunks or vegetation near the larval habitat, and can often be seen hovering in small groups immediately in Dist ribut ion front of a sap run. Stirring up a sap run (presumably A rare southern species which has been found most releasing odours) often results in the rapid arrival of frequently in the New Forest and the Windsor area. adults (but should not be done on a regular basis as it Old records require caution, as this was the only can kill young larvae). member of its genus recognised as British prior to 1939, and the additional species were not covered by a Dist r ibut ion widely available key until that by Coe (1953). Since the realisation that both adults and larvae can Consequently, older records could refer to any easily be found at sap runs on A esculus, this species Bra chyopa species, and must be treated as such has been recorded much more frequently and over a unless a specimen still exists and can be checked. much w ider area, although most records of adults are still from the south and east of Britain. Rotheray (1994, 1996) considers it the commonest species of the genus based on larval records, and it will Probably be found in any urban location w here A esculus is present.

17 Brachyopa pilosa Collin, 1939 Brachyopa scutellaris Robineau-Desvoidy, 1843

0 8

II 0 • • • . • • •• •

• o • t • ;4 OID • . L . •

• .1 • IPS . • • •

25 140 120 20 100 15 80 10 60 40 5 20 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The larvae inhabit runs or other accumulations of sap The larvae of this species occur in runs or under the bark of Pop ulus tremu la in Scotland accumulations of sap under bark near the base of (Rotheray 1996) , but usuall y of Fagus, Betula or trees, a variety of host species being used, including occasionally Quercus in southern England. Adults have Frax inus, Pop utus tremula , Tax us and Uhnus. Adults been found in association w ith Pop ul us a lba/ ca nescens are usually found sitting on sun-lit vegetation near the in the south-east (Morris 1998). They are usually found larval habitat, or hovering, sometimes in large sitting on tree trunks or vegetation near the larval numbers, around Quercus and Betu la trees. Of the habitat, but have also been taken at the fl owers of Brachyopa species, this is the most likely to be swept Pru nus padus in Sutherland (Entw istle quoted in from vegetation which is not obviously near a sap run Stubbs ( 1996)) . (perhaps only because basal sap runs are more diffi cult to fmd). This can be one of the commonest Dist r ibut ion woodland hoverfl ies on hot spring days in south-east This species is uncommon, with a markedly disjunct England (eg Wealden woods), but its emergence distribution. It is scarce but w idespread in southern period appears to be quite short (Morris 1998). England with records north to Northamptonshire. in Surrey and the Windsor area (w here it is rather more Dist r ibut ion frequent than in other southern localities) it may have Widespread, but slightly more frequent in the south temporarily benefi ted from the large number of trees and east. This is the commonest species in the genus felled by the 1987 storm. In Scotl and it has only been based on adult records (Rothemy 1996). found in the Moray and Cromany Firth areas (Rotheray 1996).

20 lentus (Meigen,1822) Brachypalpus laphriformis(Fallen, 1816)

Xy low le n ta Meigen in Co e ( 1953), Xfi otom ima lewa Bm cbj pap is bima cula w s (Macquar t, 1829) in Coe ( 1953) (Meige n, 1822) in Kloet an d Hin d u ( 1976) and Kloet and Hincks ( 1976)

ge,

• • • • •

• • - Is :8/ • 00 • • 0. 8

• ••• •r • I • ••• • • . • • • • • • • •

• 68 • 0

160 80 140 70 120 60 100 50 80 40 60 30 40 20 20 10 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The larvae of this sp ecies occur in th e decaying The larvae are found in rot-holes in large bro ad-leaved heartwoo d of Fag us , p articularly in live trees w ith tre es, usually Fag us , but also Fra x in us and Q u e rc us . exp osed decay at grou nd level. Adults are often se en Males are usually found sunn ing themselve s on trun ks flying aro un d the base of, or basking o n Fag us trun ks or flying around fallen trees in clearings. Fema les are and stum ps. They have occasionally been found at more elusive , but can be found investigatin g trees Cra ta eg u s flow ers, and have also been recorde d suitable for breeding . In flight, th ey close ly resemble visiting flow ers of Ra n u n cu lu s . There are several so litary be es of the genus Os m ia and may therefore re cords of sp ecime ns foun d indo ors on windo ws in have be en overlook ed. Occasion ally fou nd at the wooded districts. flow ers of trees and shrubs such as P ru n us .

D istri bution D ist r ib u t io n This species is p roving to be more freque nt and A sc arc e species of well-woode d areas in southern wid espread than previously be lieve d and, whilst it is Britain. Whilst probably most frequent in 'clas sic' recorded most frequently from well-wo od ed areas o f dead-woo d localities, esp ecially the New Forest, th ere south ern Britain , it is widespread no rth to central ha ve also been recent records from south-w est Scotland . England and south Wales Its distribution extends north to the Lake District.

L 1 speciosa(Rossi, 1790) Callicera aurata(Rossi, 1790)

Cal & era aenea (Fabricius, 1777) in Coe (1933), Ki oet and H inck s (1976) and Stu bbs and Falk ( 1983) ; see Speight ( 199 1)

•

25 20 20 15 15 10 10

5 5

0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The larvae inhabit the decaying heartwood of Fagus, The larvae usually inhabit water-fi lled rot-holes in particularly large old stumps, where they may occur Fag us, although other tree species can be used; there deep in the roots. Adults are usually found resting on, is, for example, a recent record from a rot-hole in or fl ying around suitable stumps, and may be attracted Betu la . This species may frequent trees in urban to heart rot when this is exposed or disturbed. They situations, as well as in woodland. Recent experiments can also be found visiting fl owers, especially in the New Forest have shown that artifi cial %overfl y Cra taeg us, at some distance from breeding sites. nest-boxes' (plastic bottles containing water and Speight ( 1998) reports that they can be found away sawdust with a side opening) are successful in from forests, feeding on fl owers along large rivers w ith supporting larvae. Adults are elusive, and may be gallery forest. He suggests that they are using these mainly arboreal, but can be found visiting riverine 'corridors' to move betw een forests. fl ow ers. They have also been recorded at Rosa cani na , Ru bus, Cotoneaster, Pru nus lusita nica, and white Distribution umbels. Recent records of this rare species are almost confi ned to the New Forest and the Win dsor area, and it is not Distr ibution uncommon at the latter site. There is an undated A rare species occurring mainly in southern forests. record (quoted in Coe (1953)) from the remnants of The majority of records come from the New Forest, Needw ood Forest near Burton on Trent, and a sighti ng although there are scattered records north to the LI ke at Fairmile Common, Surrey in 1995. District. Like other members of the genus, the adults of this species are very diffi cult to fi nd, and it is probably easier to record by searching for larvae.

22 Cal &era rufa Schummel, 1842 Callicera spinolae Rondani, 1944

dit

e ,

5 8 7 4 3 5 4 2 3 2 1 1 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The larvae occur in rot-holes in Pi nus filled with The larvae inhabit water-filled rot-holes in large, old saturated debris, and have recently also been found in Fagus, and have also been reared from Pop ulus in a similar situation in Larix (Mac Gowan 1994). Adults continental Europe. Adults are seldom found, but are hardly ever seen, but when found are usually several records refer to individuals feeding on H edera sitting on pine trunks or stumps or hovering nearby. flow ers in the autumn. Experiments have shown that rot-holes created artifi cially by cutting into pine trunks with a chain-saw Distr ibut ion are utilised readily and can be occupied within two This extremely rare species has always been confi ned years. to East Anglia, and there are recent records only from two Cambridgeshire sites. It w as extinct at one of these Dist ribut ion by 1983 and, at the other, was reduced to breeding in This species, found only in the Caledonian pine forest two trees, one of w hich blew dow n in the w inter of of Scotland, was considered an extreme rarity until a 1994/95. English Nature has commissioned a survey of survey was carried out by the Mal loch Society, who, all historic localities, and other potential sites in East by searching for larvae rather than adults, succeeded Anglia, under the Biodiversity Action Plan. No in finding the species in most of the remaining forest specimens were found in the 18 sites visited in 1997, areas which they examined (Rotheray & Mac Gowan but two observations of a single adult were made at 1990). one site in Suffolk in 1998. Survey work is ongoing. Records of this species have been mapped by 50 kilometre squares.

23 Chalcosyrphus eunotus (Loew,1873) Chalcosyrphus nemorum(Fabricius, 1805) B racbj pa lp u,s eu notu s Loew , 1873 In Coe ( 1953) and Kloet Xy lota nem onn n Fab ric lus in Coe ( 1953), Xy lotonama and Hinck s (1976) nem oram (Fa b riciu s, 1805 ) In Kloe t and Hinck s (1976)

o° •

•

%

• so :• • t •• • . •

•

4 200

3 150

2 100

1 50

0 0 Fe b Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Bio logy The larvae are fou nd in sap -runs and other The larvae are foun d in sap-runs and other accumulations of sap un de r bark . Th is sp ecies has accumulations of sap un der the bark of water-so dden been bred fro m an artificial rot-hole on th e Continent. fallen trees or branches or in wet rot-holes. This It may be esp ecially asso ciated with dead wood lying sp ecies is ge nerally fou nd in wet, wood ed situations, in w ater, as adults are n early always found in bu t adults can also occur on sunny vege tation at the asso ciation with small stre ams and have been se en edg es of woods and along rides. They may be regu lar sitting on p artially subm erged logs in streams . Males visitors to Ra n u ncu lu s and other yellow fl ow ers. ap p ear to p atrol small to ve ry small streams, frequently resting o n logs an d p rojecting sto nes (Sp eight 1998) . In Distribution the field , it is extre mely similar in app earance to Altho ugh widesp read in Britain, this species is very B ract yp a lp us lapb rif orm is. local everywhere and never seems to be found in abund ance. It is more freque nt in the south th an Dist ribut ion elsewhere. A ra re sp ecies with re cen t records fro m woo dlands in Do rset, Gloucestershire and the We lsh b orde rs, inclu d ing a locality near Wrexh am , and anoth er on the Riv e r Mo nn ow in Wales It is p ossibly under-recorded because o f its early fl ight p eriod .

24 Chamaesyrphus caledonicus Collin, 1940 Chamaesyrphus scaevoides (Fallen, 1817)

, e

3 40

30 2 20 1 10

0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The larva of this species remains undescribed. Adults The larva of this species remains undescribed. Adults have been found by sweeping heathy vegetation under have been found in a variety of locations within Pinus, including dunes planted with pines, in Scotland. Caledonian pine forest, often visiting Poten tilla erecta flowers among heathy vegetation and along ride Dist ribut ion margins, where they are most frequently caught by This little know n and extremely rare hoverfly was sweeping. discovered in Britain by Dr D Sharp at 'Boat-o'-Garten' in July 1903, but was identified as C. lusitan icus , a Distribution species known otherwise only from Spain and This is a common species in the native pine woods of Portugal. In August 1935, Ci Wainwright and J E Collin central and north-w estern Scotland. It has also been caught 'a few specimens at Culbin Sandhills' and found in conifer plantations in the same geographic Collin was able to compare them with cotypes of area and may be more widely distributed than C. lusita nicus, concluding that they belonged to a new previously thought. species which he described as C. caledonicus (Collin 1940). Recently, it has been taken by I Perry in Rothiemurchus in July 1988 and again at Culbin Sands (under Pinus growing on the dunes) by A Wass in July 1991. The only other record available is a specimen in the British Museum collection taken in July 1917 by J J F X King from 'Rannoch'.

25 Chellosia albipila Meigen, 1838 Cheilosla albitarsis (Meigen, 1822)

69, t?, • • • • •

• is

100 1200 80 1000 800 60 600 40 400 20 200 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The larva e are stem-miners usually in Cirsiu m p a lustre The larvae have been found in the rootsto cks of large and Cardu us. Oven vinters as a p up ariurn . Adu lts are Ra n u nc ulus tepens plan ts in late summer. Adu lts can usually foun d visiting early sp ring-flow ering shrub s be foun d in da mp meadow s, marshy places and such as Salix and Crataegus , in the vicinity of wet grassy wood land rides, whe re they are most frequently grassy p laces where the larval foo d-plant occu rs, often se en at fl ow ers of Ran u nculus rip en s and R. bu lbosus in wood lan d or scrub . Th e edge s of da mp , grassy (rarely R. acris), but other white and yellow fl ow ers are tracks or rides in woods are typ ical localities, where also visited. Acco rding to Speight (1998) this is an males can be fou nd hove ring near fl owering shrubs. 'anth rop oge nic species , favoured by p rese nt-th y farming practices.' Distribution This species is widesp read th rougho ut Britain, and Dist ribution p ro bably un der-re cord ed, because o f its very early A widespread and oft en abu nd ant species throug ho ut flight p eriod . Searching for larvae in thistle stems is Britain. p ro bably th e best way to establish its p resence at a site.

26 Cheilosia antique (Meigen, 1822) Cheilosia barbata Loew, 1857

• • e , •

a 1LP° • 113 . r • 0 0 a• la• •a 83 i • •

120 30 100 25 80 20 60 15 40 10 20 5 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The larvae feed in the rootstocks of Primula, where The larva of this species remains unknown. Adults are they hollow out cavities in the thickened stem bases, found on chalk downs or in woodlands on clay, or often killing the plants. Found in woodland clearings occasionally on sandy soils, as in Surrey where they and tracksides and unimproved pastures where the visit a w ide range of white and yellow flowers foodplants grow . Adults are generally found along including most white umbels. woodland rides or edges, and along old hedges, where they fly low amongst the vegetation. Dist ri but ion Mainly recorded from southern dow nland extending Dist r ibut ion from Kent, through Surrey and Sussex to Hampshire, Records are thinly scattered from throughout Britain. and in woodlands on the clay through Oxfordshire to Some records for C. antiqua may actually refer to Warwickshire. Melan ogaster h irtella, male specimens of which are frequently mistaken for this species.

L / Cheilosia bergenstammt Becker, 1894 Cheilosia carbonaria Egger, 1860

. • •

• ci a •I' 3.7 IP 0

a• • S ° g:

• • I.

too a r, e. • a 1‘ . • •

250 20 200 15 150 10 100 50 5

0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The lar vae mine the stems and roots of Se net io The larva of this species remains unkn own . Adu lts are j a c oba ea and may cause p lan ts to w ilt. It is also likely most frequ ently fou nd alo ng woodla nd rides and th at other Se n ec to species are utilised. Adults are often edg es, usually on well-drained and calcareous soils. found on or near the lar val foo dp lant in ope n areas in They fly low alo ng tracksides, woodland edges and woodland (in clu ding conifer p lan tations), rough large hedgerows and visit a range of white umbels and gra ssland an d waste gro und , inclu ding derelict urban ye llow comp osites . an d industr ial sites. Distr ibution Dist ribution An uncomm on species foun d mainly in well-wood ed Rather local through out Brita in, th is species is most areas of central-southern Englan d from Sussex to freq uent in drier locations, such as occur on chalk and De von , but with a few isolated records from as far sandy so ils . north as Derbys hire. Although Stubb s ( 1982) lists th is as a 'good' primary woo dland indicator, it has p roved not to be confined to an cient wood lan ds .

28 Cheilosia chrysocom a (Meigen, 1822) Cheilona cynocephola Loew, 1840

4 .1

•

• • 0

• e • „

60 30 50 25 40 20 30 15 20 10 10 5 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The larva of this species remains unknow n , b ut egg Th e larvae mine the stems of n uta ns. Usually laying has been ob served o n Angelica sylvesfr is in foun d in unimproved calcareous grassland w he re the Europe (Doczkal 1996). Adults are typ ically fou nd larval foodp lan t occurs , o ften near rive rs, streams or sitting on path s, or occasionally at flow ers such as flushes. Adu lts fly low amongst the vegetation and visit Salix catkins, in wood lan d rides, glades or edg es, a range of flow ers includ ing white umbels and ye llow o ften , bu t no t exclusively, on calcareou s soils and compo sites. usually with ma rshy cond itions nearby . Dist r ibut io n Dist ri butio n The distribu tion of this species mainly follows the Records are thinly scattered no rth to ce ntral Scotland , chalk an d limestone (o n which its larval foo dplant inclu ding north-west England and Wales, w ith a grou p occurs) from East Anglia to the Mendips. Records are of recent records in Berkshire and Oxfordshire . som ew hat concentrated towards the south-west (Dorset, Somerset and Wiltshire) , with few re cords from the chalk of so uth-east Englan d, desp ite this being a relatively w ell-recorded area. There are th inly scattered re cord s from Wales and no rthern England , and one locality in Scotland, near Edinburgh .

29 Chellosia fraterna(Meigen, 1830) Chellosia griseiventrisLoew, 1857 Includes Cheilosia species C sensu Stubbs and Falk (1983) •1 #

8 lo •

• 0 •

160 20 140 120 15 100 80 10 60 40 2 20 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The larvae mine the stems and basal rosettes of Separated from C. lattf ron s (- intonsa) by Stubbs and palustre. Adults are oft en seen visiting flow ers Falk (1983); the available British voucher specimens such as in situations where the larval are distinctly diff erent from that species, with longer food-plant occurs, such as marshes and damp bodies and darker wings. Not considered as distinct meadow s. According to Speight ( 1998) this is a from C. latif rons by most European workers. The woodland species found in clearings, often along larvae are unknown, but thought to be associated w ith streams or rivers. yellow comp osites such as Hyp ochoeris. Adults have been found in a variety of locations including sites on Distribut ion chalk, sand and clay soils. Altho ugh w idely distributed and frequent, this species seems to be more abundant in the north and west. The Dist ribution specimen described as 'Cheilosia species C' by Stubbs Almost all records lie south of a line between the and Falk ( 1983) , seems to be a particularly small Sevem and the Vale of Pickering, with more records individual from the second generation of this species from the west of this area. (Falk quoted in Stubbs ( 1996)) .

30 (Fallen, 1817) Cheilosia illustrate (Harris, 1780) Cbeilosia corydon(Maths)

• • • 8 • a

• • • • GO •

• •

Jit • • a • 0

0 • 08 • 0 •

o 8 • • •

120 1000 100 800

80 600 60 400 40 200 20 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct NOV Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct NOV

Biology Biology The larvae mine the ste rns and roo ts o f a wide rang e The larvae have be en found in th e large ro otstocks of of th istles (Cirsiu m and Carduus spp .), esp ecially Heracleu rn sph ondy liu m (G E Roth eray, pen . comm .). Cirsiu rn palustre, which tend to become stu nted and Adults are most commonly found at flow ers of multi-ste mmed . Females have been ob se rved to Heracleu m and other white umbels along glad es, oviposit on sma ll, yo ung, flow ering sp ikes gro wing tn ckside s, hedges, etc and are a typical compo ne nt of from the centre o f the rose tte (G E Rothemy, pers. the mid-summer fauna o f hog we ed flow ers. comm.). Adults are fou nd visiting flow ers such as Salix catk ins in the early spring, usually in sheltered Distribution situa tions such as woo dlan d rides or edges. Males A very co mm on species through out Britain w he reve r typ ically ho ver at considerable height. white um be llifers such as Heracleu m and Angelica grow . Distribution Adu lt re cords are scarce, p rob ably because th is very early-fly ing species is often missed by collecto rs, but also be cause individuals tend to fly high and out of reach, h overing or visiting flow ers near the tops of b ushes . It is much easier to record by se arching for larvae in thistle stems, and records gathered using this method have shown that it is not u nco mmo n thro ughout most o f Britain, although records are scarce in Wales and south-w est England.

.J 1 Cheilosia impressaLoew, 1840 Chellosia laslopaKowarz, 1885 Cbeilosta bonesta Rondani in Stubbs and Falk (1983)

SW

• .0

• • o • 0 -n0 0 • • • o • • • • • I,. • 0

co • : 7 - •

oe•

160 140 140 120 120 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The larva of this sp ecies remains unkn ow n . Adults are The lar va of this species remain s unkn ow n . Adu lts are found in da mp situations such as carr woodland and often found visiting fl ow ers such as A n th riscus woo ded river-b anks, w he re they visit white umbels, sy luestris in wood ed localities , bo th broad-leaved and especially Oe n a n the c roc a ta , and a range of other coniferous. Usually fou nd in sheltered situations such fl owers including yellow comp osites and Ra n u n cu lus . as clearings and tracksides and oft en settles on sun-lit Males hove r at moderate height in sh eltered situ atio ns foliage. in clearings and glades Distribution Distribution Not un common in southern Britain north to abo ut A frequent species in southern England south of a line Merseyside and south em Yorkshire . Elsew here there from th e Wash to th e Severn , becoming increasingly are very few , widely scattered records north to scarce further north an d extending as far as Stirling . Abe rdeensh ire . There appear to be many more reco rds from th e east of its range .

32 (Z et ter stedt , 1838) Cheilosia longula(Z et ter stedt , 1838) Cbeilosia intonsa Loew in Stubbs and Falk (1983)

0 49,

• 0

• • 0 • • • • • • % • •

• •

.4 a 8 So. . • . •

50 70 60 40 50 30 40 20 30 20 10 10 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The larva of th is sp ecies remains unknow n , but it is The larvae inh abit large fungal fru iting bod ies thought that they may be associate d with including , Su illus and Leccin u m . The occup ied au tu mna lis . Adults are found in dry grasslan d , fruiting bod y eventually loses its shap e and becomes a including coastal grassland and dunes, where they fly brow n smudge on the ground. Adults are usually low amongst the vegetation . Acco rding to Spe ight found along wood land (b road-le aved and con ifero us) (1998) they visit yellow composites, Ranu ncu lus , and edges and rides, or in glades where they can often be wind-p ollinated flow ers such as Plan tago and Luzu la. found on sun-lit vegetation. A range of flow ers inclu ding white umbels and yellow composites are Distribution visited . Cheilosia latif rons has a widesp read, b ut scattered distribution throughout Brita in, althou gh confusion Distribution w ith the recently-se parated C. griseiven tris may cast This species is widely distributed through out Brita in It doubt over the validity of some records . There are few is frequent in both the north and south of England , records north of Yorkshire , in East Anglia or the East where it occurs in acidic, sandy locatio ns, especially Midlan ds, but many from th e London area, includ ing heathland, but there are comparatively few records the Thames marsh es. from similarly well-recorded parts of the English Midland s.

33 (Fallen, 18 17) Chellosia nebulosaVerrall, 187 1

oe°

•

•

•

35 20 30 25 15 20 10 15 10 5 5 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The larvae have been found in the roots of Card uus The larva of this species remains unknown. Adults are aca nth oides. Adults are recorded from a variety of found visiting fl owers such as Sal ix catk ins along habitats including marsh and fen, scrub, woodland, woodland rides and edges, often near can or marshes. acid heath and dunes. Speight (1998) lists 'well-drained Males hover high up beside fl owering Salix or sites oft en susceptible to short-duration w inter Cra taegus bushes. fl ooding' amongst its preferences and notes that in the north of its range (Denmark, Sweden and nort hern Dist ribution Germany) it is primarily coastal. Very scarce but widely scattered north to central Scotland. Distribution Older records indicate a w ide distribution north to Central Scotl and, but there is a marked concentration of recent records in Cheshire, South Lancashire and South Yo rkshir e, and a number of records from large dune systems in Wales and north-w est England .

34 (Meigen, 1822) Cheilosia pagana(Meigen, 1822)

4 of

ir°

Us. . • . . •

.1.9 • •• •

• CI. •

14 500 12 400 10 300 8 6 200 4 100 2 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The larva of this species remains unk now n. Adults are The larvae inhabit semi-liquid , de caying tissue in the usually fou nd on flow ers in woodland rides and edg es roots of p lan ts. For example, there is a rearing record (Stubbs on calcareous so ils. Males can sometim es also be from decaying ro ots of A n tbrisc us sy luest ris fou nd in large nu mbers basking on sunl it leaves. 1980). Adults are usually found on flow ers, often white umbels such as A n th rtscu s and He racteu rn, in clearings Distribution and rides in woods , on waste gro und , roadsides, This is a common species within its very restricted hedg erows, rough field-edges, etc. rang e on the chalk downs of so uth -east England, especially in Surrey, Sussex and Hampshire . There are Distribution also a few records, bo th old an d re cent , from the Widesp read and comm o n through out Brita in. limeston e in Gloucestersh ire and Somerset .

35 Cheilosiapraecox (Z etterstedt , 1843) (Z et terstedt, 1843) Cbeilosta globulipes Becker w as considered as a doubtfully Includes Chet/aria species D & E sensu Stubbs and Falk distinct species by Stubbs and Falk ( 1983) but is here ( 1983) considered synonymous

44;

• •

40 • • I • • ..• • • • • 8 • I :.

0

60 250

50 200 40 150 30 20 100 10 50 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The larva has been recorded from a mi ne in the basal The larvae inhabit the roots of Cin ium spp, especially rosette of H ieracium p ilosella . Adults are usually seen Cirsium p alustre. Adults are frequently found visiting visiting fl owers such as Sail a' catkins, early in the white umbels such as H eracleum and fl owering bushes spring in woodland edges (broad-leaved and such as Crataegus and Prunus sp inosa , along coniferous), scrub and damp grassland. Males tend to woodland rides and edges (broad-leaved and hover in sheltered, sunny locations whilst females can coniferous), scmb and hedgerows. Males tend to be found hovering over short turf with Hyp ocboern , hover quite high up near trees and bushes and both Leon tod on and H iera ci um . sexes frequently settle on sun-lit foliage at some height above the ground. Dist r ibut ion Although generally scarce, this species is widespread Dist r ibution in Wales and England north to the Humber, and there A widespread and common species north to Yorkshire are a small number of recent records from as far north and Cumbria, becoming scarcer further north, although as Scotl and. It is possibly missed by some recorders records extend into northem Scotland. The segregation because of its early fl ight period. into species D and E by Stu bbs and Falk ( 1983) has been found, on further investigation, to represent the spring and summer generations of a single species.

36 Chellosia pubera (Zette rstedt , 1838) Cheilosia sahlbe rgi Bec ke r, 1894

459

25 5 20 4 15 3 10 2 5 1 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Se p Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Se p Oct Nov

Biology Biology The larva of th is species rema ins un known . Adu lts The larvae have been fou nd in association with have been foun d at Canna flow ers, an d sun ning on Polyg on u m vivip am m , where they se emed to be leaves at scrub edg es, in wet pasture, fen edg es and grazing exte rnally on the roots (G E Rotheray, pers. lake shores. They fly low over the vegetation in grassy , comm.). Adults are fou nd at high altitude (700 m op en areas often along streams or oth er wet edg es. up wards) and have been recorded visiting th e flow ers of Poten tilla m a sa and spp . usually near Dist ribut ion wate r. They fly low and rap idly over the vegetation Althoug h recorded from southern England , recent often perching on sun-lit sto nes and rocks in sheltered records range from the no rthern half o f East Anglia spots. north to the west coast of Scotland and the Heb rides, with most com ing from no rthern England. Dist ribut ion There are many records from th e Ben Lawers area of central Scotland . The species has a rather restricted high-altitude habitat within which it is p rob ably widespread.

I (Fallen, 18 17) Cheil osia semifasciata Becker, 1894 Ch eilos ia f asciara Sch iner & Egger in Coe ( 1953)

co •

•

50 40 30

20 10 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology Th e larvae inhab it large fun gal fru iting bo dies, The larvae form 'blotch mines' on the leaves of Se d u m inclu d ing B oletu s, Po lyp oru s , etc. The occup ied fruiting telep h iu m in southern England and Um b ilic us rup est ris in body loses its shap e and becomes a brown sm udge the south-west and Wales. Adults are rarely fou nd far from on th e gro und . Adults are usually fou nd in woo dlan d stands of th e larval foo dplant. The early fl ight p eriod may (b road -leaved an d conifero us) and may be comm on lead to the adults being overlooked, and its prese nce is on the flow ers of wh ite umbels such as Hera cleu m p robably better established by searching for lar val min es an d Pa st in a ca . They are often to be fou nd resting on (illustrated in Rotheray ( 1994)) . Even these may be diffi cult foliag e of bushes and tall herbs in da pp led sunlight to fi n d, as larger larvae comp lete ly consum e the con tents along glad es and tracksides. of a leaf causing it to drop , and then move to another.

Distr ibution Dist ribution Fre quent in w ell-wooded areas in southern Britain but This is a rare species with few recent records. In south ern scarce no rth of th e Hu mbe r, with a few widely England, wh ere its food-plant is scarce, it is confined to a sc atte red records extending as far as the Invern ess few scattered loca lities. In North Wales its food-p lant is area . w idesp read , but recent observations sugg est that ma ny patches , even those close to kn ow n colonies, are un use d . At one strong colony it was no ted that the plants remained green and fl eshy in late June , whilst at many oth er localities in the same area they had turned brow n and withered. It is possible that the larvae require a plant to be grow ing in a situation whe re its leaves remain suitable for larval feeding longer than usual (A P Fowles, p ers. comm .).

38 Cheilosia soror(Z et ter stedt , 1843) Cheilosiauriformis(Becker, 1894)

Cbeilos ta mffi pes (Rreyssler) Cbeilana a rgen tif ro a s Helle n , 19 14

e

•

• 8 • : ' •

60 1 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The larvae are believed to inhab it fungi, and this The larvae remain undescribed. Spe ight ( 1987) species is rep orted to have be en bred from truffles. co nclude s that this species is asso ciated with broad- Adu lts are stro ngly assoc iated with chalk and leaved wood land , and in most cases with areas that limestone , where they have been found fee ding on the are se aso nally floo ded. Males ho ver 7- 10 m abo ve the flow ers of white umbels, especially He rac leu m and groun d , and fem ales have been foun d sitting Pastina ca , in grassy rides and glades. Accor ding to inco nspicu ously on tussocics o f dead grass . Adu lts visit Spe ight ( 1998) they are fou nd in 'clearings, tracksides, spring-flow ering shrub s such as Sa fix and Cra taeg u s. hedg erows, usually in partial shade'. Distribution Distribution Th is sp ecies was adde d to the British list only relatively Records are widely scattered from chalk and limestone recently by Spe ight (1986) as C. a rgen tif ron s. Origin ally areas, mainly in eastern Englan d, as far no rth as foun d in Irelan d in 1985, it has subsequently been More cambe Bay. Recent records from London sub urb s foun d in Scotland (n ot mapp ed), Yorkshire and suggest that it may be more widely distributed , possibly De rbysh ire (Sp eight 1986 ; Whiteley 1988; Stubbs 1996). influenced by the calcareous content of concrete and There are too few records as yet to allow any further rubb le in urb an areas. interp retation of its status and distribution.

39 (Panzer, 1798) Cheilosia velutina Loew, 1840

•

•

• •• e , •

OD

I S: •

• •

500 25

400 20

300 15

200 10

100 5 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun J ul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun J ul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology Th e larvae have been found in th e roots of The lar val host is given as Scrophu larta nodosa by Scrop h u laria n od osa and S. a u riculata . Adults are Brisc hke (1880) and Spe ight ( 1998) quotes an usually foun d in damp wood land rides or similar lush , American reference, according to which it mines the w ooded lo cations, and have been se en visiting the ste ms of Cirsiu m p a lustre . This is a very p oorly- flowers of Scroph u laria . The males, wh ich are understood species whose hab itat requirements are d istinctive because of their large size , elongate form difficult to define . It is most frequently found in mid- an d long, da rk wings, are common ly found basking on to late summ er amongst a profus ion o f its close sunlit leave s. relative, C. prox ima , at the flow ers of white umbels such as Pastina ca . Distribution Widesp re ad and common thro ug hout Britain. D istribution This species remains p oorly kn ow n with very few confirmed records, mainly on the easte rn side of Britain, including a recent on e from near Edinb urgh . It is p erh aps most likely to be fou nd where there is a profusion of C. p ra r ima ; checking a large number of sp ecimens of this comm on sp ecies is essential if C. teha in a is to be reco rded .

40 Cheilosia vernalis (Fallen, 1817) Cheilosia yicina (Zet terstedt, 1849) Cbeilosia nasut ula Becker in Stubbs and Falk (1983)

•

•

e o •

• •0 018 . • I . 8

• CO

..4

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• 7

250 100

200 80

150 60

100 40

50 20 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The larvae are thought to tunnel in the stems of Th e larva of this species remains unknow n. Adults are Ma trica ria, and Soncb us. Adults most often found visiting flowers in either open or are usually found on low-growing Asteraceae or white wooded situations (broad-leaved or coniferous), or umbels in open, flow ery situations such as dry (especially males) basking on sunlit leaves. grassland, heathland margins, road verges and waste ground. Also in grassy clearings in woodland and in Dist ribut ion dunes. This species has a markedly northern distribution. It is frequent from north Wales and the Penni nes Dist r ibut ion northw ards, and is one of the commoner Cheilosia Widespread and frequent in southern Britain. Less species in Scotland. There are a few records from frequent in the north, with some records extending to southern England, but confusion with C. an tiqua is northern Scotland. possible.

'1 1 Cheilosia vulpine (Meigen, 1822) Cheilosia species A sensu Stubbs and Falk ( 1983)

-e. e ce°

• • • •

. • I •

co

70 1 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The larvae have been found in decaying tissue in the Unknown. roots of cultivated globe artichok e Cynara scoly mus in France. Adults are usually found visiting flowers of Distribution w hite umbels such as H era cleum in open woodland A single male in the Verrall Collection was taken at (broad-leaved or coniferous) and unimproved Wooditton Wood, Cambridgeshire in 1912. The locality grassland, usually on well drained soils. has subsequently been coniferised.

Distr ibut ion Reasonably frequent in southern Britain, with scattered records north to southern Scotland .

42 Cheilosiaspecies BsensuStubbs and Falk ( 1983) cemiteriorum(Linnaeus, 1758) Cbosogaster chalybeataMeigen in Stubbs and Falk ( 1983) if 4

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1 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology Unknow n. Larvae unknown, but probably aquatic in common w ith other Chrysogaster species. Adults are usually Distribut ion found in wet meadows, fens and valley-bogs w here A single specimen was taken by I MacGowan on the they visit flowers, especially white umbels, but they banks of the River Dee at Ballater, central Scotland in can also be frequent in damp woodlands w here they 1981. should be sought amongst C. solstitial ts.

Dist ribut ion A widespread but local species, found most frequently in the west. It is rather scarce in south-east England, although it is present throughout the w eald of Sussex.

43 Chrysogaster solstitialis (Fallen, 18 17) Chrp ogaster virescens Loew, 1854

c5 2

8 is.

• • • I st el. I

•

400 80

300 60

200 40

100 20

0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jut Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The larvae inhab it organ ically-rich mud at the edge of La rvae unkn own , but probably aquatic in comm on seepages, bro oks an d sm all water bod ies in woodland with other a g sog as ter species. Associated with boggy, and scrub . They live beneath fallen leaves or other acid ic locations with carr, woo ded stream-sides or deb ris in very shallow water. Adults are usually seen da mp scrub . Adults are freque ntly found at flowers, o n the flowers of white umbels such as Hera cleu m , inclu ding those of Sa rotba m n us scop a ria , white A ng el ica , Oe n a n th e and Tori lis, esp ecially in damp um bellifers, Filip e nd u la and Ra n u n c u lus . shady locations . Dist ribution Distribut ion Although widely distributed, this species ap pears to Widesp read and very comm on , except in urb an occur mainly in the north and west, and is locally en vironments. freq uent in th e Scottish Highlan ds. In the south-east it se ems to be con fined to acid heathlan d locations .

44 arcuatum(Linnaeus, 1758) Chrysotoxum bicinctum (Linnaeus, 1758)

• •

• es:

• 0 0 •

• • •

B • • a • t° r • •:rne

• a

120 500 100 400

80 300 60 200 40 100 20 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The larvae have been found feeding on root aphids Larvae of species in this genus are thought to be associated with the nests of ants. They are not easy to associated with ants, perhaps feeding on ant-attended find, and the best time to search for them is at night root aphids, although a larva of this species has been (G E Rotheray, pers. comm.). Occurs widely in upland reared in the laboratory on pea aphids. Adults are and moorland locations, in unimproved grassland with usually found in grassy places, oft en on the edges of scrub, and in grassy openings in woodland. Adults fly woodland or scrub or along hedgerows where they low among ground vegetation and visit a wide range visit a w ide range of flowers. of flowers in sheltered situations. Dist ribut ion D ist ribut ion Widely distributed throughout Britain but usually A predominantly northern and western species, locally encountered in small numbers. frequent north of a line from the Severn to the Humber, although there is a recent record from the 13reckland of Norfolk.

45 (Har ris, 1776) Chrysotoxum elegansLoew, 184 1 •1 4,e

0 -;

Ge° e,

200 35 30 150 25 20 100 15 50 10 5 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May J un J ul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The larva o f this sp ecies remains unkn own, but is The larva has be en described from a fully grow n tho ug ht to be associated with ants, perh aps feeding on sp ecimen found beneath a sto ne in grassland . Foun d ant-a tte nded root aph ids . Adu lts are usually foun d in in a variety of well drained , grassy situations rang ing well d rained grassy p laces, oft en near she lter such as from woodlan d edge and scrubby dow nland in south - woodland edge or hedg erows where they visit a w ide east Englan d, to op en cliff-top s in the south-w est. range o f flow ers. Seen in flight, they have a striking Adults fly low and fast over low vege tation and visit resemb lance to a social wasp . flowers, including white um be ls, Pastina ca sa tita and Ra n u n cu lus . Distribution This sp ecies o ccurs so uth and east of a line from the Distribution Severn to the Hum ber (an almost comp lete reversal of Very scarce , but widely distributed in southern the range o f C. a rcu a tu m ) , excep t for scattered England , this sp ecies be comes more freque nt towards localities along the coast of Wales and the coast of the south-west where it is oft en , but not exclusively, north-w est Englan d . It is locally abundant, esp ecially in asso ciated with coastal habitats. central-so uth ern England .

46 Chrysotoxum fertivum (Linnaeus, 1758) Chrysotoxum octomoculatum Curtis, 1837

e,

8. 2. . 8 0

•

it

140 12 120 10 100 8 80 6 60 4 40 20 2 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The larva and p up arium have been described by The larva remains unkn own, but is thought to be Spe igh t (1976) who fou nd a mature larva with ants associated with ants. Usually fou nd near the edges of (Las ius n iger) und er a sto ne in a scrubby pasture . exte nsive dr y heathland where it is fast-flying and Normally found in grassy places near the she lter o f elusive . Speight (1998) reports that females fly fast and woo dlan d edge , scr ub or he dgerows. Adults fly fast low over bare ground and short vegetation whilst and males hover at 2- 4 m. Visits a wide range of males hove r at a he ight of 3- 5 m aroun d trees and flow ers. bushes , settling at 2 m or above .

Distribution Distribution was not Widespre ad in southern Britain, althou gh usually Older records are p rob lematic, since C. verra lli enco un tered in small numbers; scarce and largely distingu ished from this sp ecies until 1940. There are coastal in the no rth. very few recent records , all from Do rset, Hampshire and Surrey. Only Thursley and Hankley Comm ons seem to have p rod uced reasona bly regu lar reco rds in the last two decade s, other records being scattered singletons. Although it was reco rd ed fairly regu larly at Studland in the past, a recent survey commissioned by English Nature failed to fmd it, and its status in Britain must now give cause for serious concern .

/ Chrysotoxum vernaleLoew, 184 1 Chrp otoxum verminCollin, 1940

• geg'0 • ° 8

20 80

15 60

10 40

5 20

0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The larva remains unknow n, but is tho ught to be Thi s species has been reared from larvae found in a associated with ants. There are insuff icient records to nest of the ant Lasius niger (Linnaeus). Pupae have develop a clear picture of this species' habitat been found under a stone, and females have been requirements. seen ovipositing close to the entrances of ant nests. Found on well drained soils usually near the shelter of Dist ribut ion trees or hedgerows. Typ ical situations include grassy Very scarce. Records are mostly old, and come from places in scrub, woodland rides and glades or on the Hampshire, Dorset, Devon and Cornwall . fringes of heathland. Adults are often seen resting on vegetation, and occasionally visit flowers such as Ru bus and Rosa .

Dist r ibut ion Mainly southern England, but extending through the Midlands in a broad band to Merseyside and South Lancashire. Whilst very local, it can be abundant where it occurs.

48 Criorhina = Inca (Fallen, 1816) Criorhina berberina(Fabricius, 1805)

4( c52

•

• •

• al l ". • .• ••• • w • I.

• 8 • •

120 300 100 250 80 200 60 150 40 100 20 50 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology Larva undescribed, but has been reared from Larvae have been found in rotten wood in cavities in heartwood debris in a cavity in Fagus. Adults, which the trunks of Betula and rotten roots of Fagus, but are are convincing hive-bee mimics, are usually found in probably associated with rotting wood in a range of or near woodland with overmature trees and can oft en broad-leaved species. Adults are usually found in be seen visiti ng fl owers, especially Crataegus, or sitting woodland with overmature trees and are often seen or flying around the base of stumps and dead or dying visiting flowers or settled on sunlit foliage. Males patrol trees. Males patrol fl owering trees and shrubs at some flowers and flowering shrubs. Females can be found height. flying around the bases of stumps and dead or dying trees. D ist ribut ion Widespread but scarce. More frequent in well-wooded D ist r ibut ion districts of southern Britain, but extending northw ards The commonest member of the genus, occurring most to the Tyne Valley. frequently in well-wooded areas in central and southern Britain, but extending northw ards into Scotland.

49 Criorhina floccosa (Meigen, 1822) Criorhina ranunculi (Panzer, 1804)

4(

•

0, • o •• 0 .

1. o• • $e I 00 r m. 0• 0 a •4• • r • • • 30. • •• o• I. • • 00 •ii • • • • we 00 00 • .• ° • • • • • • •

•

200 120 100 150 80 100 80 40 50 20 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology Larvae have been found in wet, decaying wood debris Larvae have been found in a rotting Fagus stump. in cavities in Ul mus and A cer and also in wet decaying According to Speight ( 1989b) it 'almost certainly occurs roots of a Fag us stump . Adults are usually seen visiting in trunk-base -infected, wet-rot cavities' in a fl ow ers, especially Crataegus, in woodland rides and range of broad-leaved trees. Whilst large, old broad- glades, but also in hedgerow s and oth er places where leaved trees in woodland are probably the normal old trees and stumps are present. Adults frequently breeding habitat, females have been seen inspecting bask on sunlit A ce r p seu d op la ta n u s leaves. the bases of birch trees in heathland. Adults fl y early in the spring and are usually seen visiting the blossom Dist ribut ion of early-fl owering shrubs such as Pn itzus sp in osa, and Widespread, but scarce. Most frequent in well-wooded occasionally Crataegus, or basking on sunlit foliage. areas of southern Britain, but extending northwards to Males fl y with a characteristic high-pitched whine. the Invern ess area. Dist ribut ion Both the early fl ight period and the tendency to stay high up when visiting fl owering shrubs may lead to this species being under-recorded. Whi lst the bulk of records are from southern Britain, there are scattered records throughout the north including northern Scotl and and around the Moray Firth . Recent observations suggest that it is locally abundant in some localities in north-west England.

50 Dasysyrphus albostriatus (Fallen, 1817) Dasysyrphus friuliensis (van der Goot, 1960) Syip bus al bostrtatus Fallen in Coe (1953)

14,

t o .24

: • :•

300 20 250 15 200 150 10 100 5 50 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The larvae of this species are aphidophagous and The larvae are -feeding and overwinter in leaf arboreal, occurring on both coniferous and broad- litter on the forest fl oor. Adults have most often been leaved trees. They feed nocturnally, resting near the found in rides, or near the edges of conif erous aphid colony by day on twigs and branches, where plantations where they visit flowers such as white they are superbly camoufl aged by their bold colour umbels and Ra n u nc ulus . On the conti nent, it is patterns and 'frilly edges'. Adults are usually found considered to be associated with Picea forests and near trees in situations such as woodland rides and plantations. edges, hedgerows and gardens w here they can be found visiting flowers, such as white umbels and D ist r ibut ion yellow composites, or settled on sun-lit vegetation. This species was first recorded in Britain in 1979 from Yorkshire, and has subsequently been found in north D ist ribut io n and central England, and at least one locality in Wales. Widespread throughout Britain, but scarce in the It is thought to be a recent colonist of conifer extreme north of Scotland. plantations, and is likely to be found more w idely in future. Dasysyrphus hilaris(Z etterstedt, 1843) Dasysyrphus pinastri(De Geer, 1776) Sr p hus lunulatus Meigen in Coe (1953), Dasysy lp hus lu n ula tus (Meigen) in Stubbs and Falk ( 1983)

05

•

• I.

10 120 8 100 6 80 60 4 40 2 20 0 0 Fe b Ma r Apr May J un Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Ma r Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The taxon omic status of this species is unclear. The larvae are aphidophagous and arboreal, occurring Alth ough it may be a p ale-faced variety of D . ve n ustus on both conifero us and broad-leaved trees. Usually (see d iscussion in Stubb s and Falk (1983)) , a male foun d near trees in localities such as woodland rides sp ecimen h as recently been foun d in Scotlan d by and edges an d aroun d matu re h edgerow s, most Philip Entw istle which has ge nitalia distinct from either frequently in or near conifero us forest and planta tions. D . ve n ustus or D . f riu lie ns is, and its sp ecifi c status may Adu lts visit a wide range of fl ow ers. therefore be justifi ed (Entw istle 1995; Stubbs 1998) . Dist r ibut ion Dist ribut ion Widespread throughou t Britain, but more abun dant in Specimens attributed to this taxo n have been foun d at th e northern half of the cou ntry. w idely scattere d localities from southem Englan d to th e Scottish Highlan ds.

52 Dasysyrphus tricinctus (Fallen, 1817) Dasysyrphus venustus (Meigen, 1822) Sy rp bus tricinctu s Fa IlEnhi Coe (1953) Sy rp has ven ustus Meigen in Coe ( 1953)

a

• • 51 • o ••• • . % 1 .• • a • es a

• • • • • es; • • so • • IC

200 600 500 150 400 100 300 200 50 100 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The larvae (illustrated in Rotheray (1994))occur on The larvae are aphidophagous and arboreal, occurring both coniferous and broad-leaved trees and have been on both coniferous and broad-leaved trees. They feed observed feeding on sawfly larvae and lepidopterous nocturnally and rest near the aphid colony by day on caterpillars, but Rotheray (1994) reports that it is a twigs and branches where they are superbly frequent predator of aphids on Acer pseud op latan us . camouflaged by their bold colour patterns and 'frilly Adults are usually found in or near woodland along edges' (see photograph in Rotheray ( 1994)). Adults are rides, edges and tracksides where they visit a range of usually found near trees in situations such as fl owers. woodland rides and edges, hedgerows and gardens. A wide range of fl owers are visited. Dist r ibut ion Widespread throughout Britain to northern Scotland. It Dist r ibut ion is often common in both broad-leaved and coniferous Widespread throughout Britain to northern Scotland, woodlands, and in south-east England it tends also to but more frequent in southern Britain and scarce in be associated with heathland. the northern part of its range.

53 Didea alneti (Fallen, 18 17) Didea fasciata Macquart, 1834 •1

(61,

-0

a "

: • 1° • - : • : • 0 0 • i ° • • .1 • CO

CO

:

10 80 8 60 6 40 4 20 2

0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The larvae are aphidophagous and usually associated The larvae are aphidophagous and arboreal on both w ith conifers, although they have also been found coniferous and broad-leaved trees. Adults are generally feeding on arboreal aphids on broad-leaved trees, found in or near woodland, including conifer such as those on Sa lix and Lacli nus sp . on Quercus. plantations and scrub, where the males aggressively Adults occur in or near woodland, including conifer defend sunlit patches. Typical localities include rides, plantations where they are primarily arboreal, but will clearings and tracks through trees. descend to visit flowers. Dist r ibut ion Dist ribut ion Widespread throughout Britain. Whilst listed by Stubbs This species has an unusual distribution, with several (1982) as a 'good' primary woodland indicator, records w idely separated areas producing a number of records submitted to the recording scheme suggest that it over a period of a few years (eg Forest of Dean in the occurs in woodland of all types, including conifer 1890s, Sutton Park around the turn of the century , plantations, secondary woodland and scrub. Speyside area in 1930s) followed by apparent local extinction. This pattern suggests an occasional migrant or vagrant (or accidental import?) that sometimes establishes temporary populations. The only recent records come from Slaley Forest, a large conifer plantation in southern North umberland, where it was found tw ice in 1989.

54 Didea intermedia Loew, 1854 Doros profugesH an i s, 1780 Dams concpseus (Fabricius) inStubbs and Falk (1983)

gr:)2

-a. vo trito •

2.

°

10 30 8 25 20 6 15 4 10 2 5 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology Larvae are strongly associated w ith Pi nus and have A 19thcentury observation suggests that larvae may be been found feeding on aphids on Pi n us n ig ra . Adults associated with ants living in w ood, probably feeding are almost always associated with coniferous forest, on ant-attended aphids. Adults have most frequently including conifers planted on sand dunes. A few been seen at the edge of scrub or woodland around records from broad-leaved woodland in southern Rubus, either visiting the fl owers or resting on Britain are suspect, and may well be misidentifications vegetation. They have also been recorded sitting on a of D . f asc ia ta . rotten tree trunk , around sap-runs and on reeds. On chalk dow nland in Surrey, oviposition was observed Dist ribut ion low down on the trunk of a young Fr ar inus (Hawkins A northern species, with most records from Scotland quoted in Stubbs (1996)) although this was not proven and northern England. It also occurs on coniferised (Morris 1998). Adults appear to be very elusive and may heathlands in Norfolk , Suff olk, Surrey, Hampshire and be primarily arboreal; recent records include several Dorset. According to Coe ( 1953) there are old but specimens in Malaise traps at sites where the species reliable records from the New Forest. has not otherwise been recorded.

Dist ri but ion This species is strongly associated with soils on a basic substrate. Although older records are more widespread, most recent records come from on or near the chalk of southern England, although there are some from the southern l ake District, and from Mull (not mapped). There is a long series of records from Leigh and Benfleet in Essex from the 19th Century to the 1960s.

55 •

Epistrophe cliaphona (Zet terstedt, 1843) Epistrophe eligans (Harris, 1780) Sp p bus diapba nus Zetterstedt in Coe ( 1953) Symbus eligans Harris (bij asclatus Fabricius) in Coe (1953)

gel

• 0. CO e Y 81 •

co •

• OD

41*

50 1000 40 800 30 600 20 400 10 200 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The larva of this species is undescribed, but other The larva is aphidophagous, and mainly arboreal, but members of the genus are aphidophagous, and mainly also found on shrubs and sometimes Ru bu s. Adults are associated w ith trees, but also shrubs and tall herbs. characteristically found in the spring, hovering around , Females have been observed ovipositing on and visiting the fl owers of trees and bushes, H era cleu m (Dobson 1997). Adults usually occur at particularly Pru nus sp inosa and Cra taegus. Males hover woodland edges or in scrubby habitats where they can singly , or in small groups, beneath the branches of be found visiting fl owers or resting on sunlit mature trees. Woodland edges, scrub, orchards, mature vegetatio n. Males hover at 2- 4 m in open patches. hedgerows and larger gardens with well established Adults visit white umb els and sometimes other fl owers. trees are likely localities.

Dist r ib ut ion Dist r ibut ion A scarce species, w ith most records coming from the A characteristic early spring species throughout southem counties of England. England and Wales, becoming scarcer in the extreme north of England and with only a few records from the southern half of Scotland.

56 Epistr ophe grossulariae(Meigen, 1822) Epistrophemelanonoma(Zetterstedt, 1843) Sy rp b u s g ru ssu la riae meigen in Coe ( 1953)

• •• • • • • !!;• •

500 7 6 400 5 300 4 3 200 2 100 1 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The larvae are frequently found feeding on aphids on The larva of this species remains undescribed, but A cer pseu dop lata nus , but may also prey on other other members of the genus are aphidophagous, arboreal aphid species. A species of broad-leaved associated mainly with trees, shrubs and tall herbs. woodland. Adults are usually found visiting flowers, Adults have been found where grassland, w oodland especially white umbels and Succisa p ratensis along and scrub occur together, and in woodland clearings woodland rides and edges, scrub and around mature w here they visit flowers. Adults fly extremely rapidly hedgerows. Males hover in clearings, over tracks, etc. (Speight 1988a).

Dist ribut ion Dist ribut ion Widespread throughout Britain, but less frequent in Recently added to the British list. This species was fi rst eastern England. Although this species remains on the caught in Surrey in 1986 (Beuk 1990), and seems to be wing until October, early specimens may be spreading. The occurrence of the species in Britain overlooked amongst the many black and yellow was predicted by Speight (1988a), and separation from species active in spring. other British members of the genus is dealt w ith by Speight ( 1988a) and Stubbs (1996). Epistrophe raticli collis(Meigen, 1822) Epistropheochrostoma(Z et terstedt , 1849) Sy rpbus nitidicollis Meigen in Coe (1953)

• cr° • e ,

•

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% • 8 •

120 1 100 80 60 40 20

0 0 Feb Ma r Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Ma r Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology La rvae feed on arbo real ap hids and have been fou nd The larva of this species remains un describe d , but on a variety of trees and shrub s inclu ding Ma lus , other members of the genus are aphidop hagou s and Pru n u s and Sa m bu cus . Adults are found in wo od land mainly associated with tre es, but also shrubs and tall rid es and glades where th ey are usuall y seen basking he rbs. In continental Europe adu lts are fou nd in on sunlit foliage , but will visit fl ow ers including white wood land clearings, perhaps inclu ding those in con ifer umbels, Ra n u n c u lus and Ru bus. forests, oft en fl ying rather high (Speight 1988a).

Distribution Distribution Loca l in the sou thern half of Britain north to the Th is species was recently add ed to the British list on Midlan ds, but with a recent re cord fro m the southern the basis of a single specimen fou nd by David Heaver edge of th e Scottish Highlan ds . on a p artly woode d slope on the south side of the Menai Strait in North Wales (Heaver 1990). The occurrence of this species in Britain was pred icted by Sp eight (1988a) and separation from oth er British members of the ge nu s is de alt with by Speight (1988a) and Stubbs ( 1996).

58 Episyrphus balteatus (De Geer, 1776) Eriozona erratica (Linnaeus, 1758) Syip bus balteatus De Geer in Coe ( 1953) Syrpb us annu hpes Zetterstedt in Coe (1953), Megasyrpb us ann ulipes (Zetterstedt) in Stubbs and Falk ( 1983), Didea annuhpes (Zetterstedt) in Rotheray ( 1994)

0 -0

04'

• a .

2000 30 25 1500 20 1000 15 10 500 5

0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The larvae prey on a wide range of aphids on trees, The larvae are aphidophagous, and usually associated shrubs and herbs, including cereal crops and cabbages with conifers ( A bies, Picea and A nus), although they (especially in gardens), but appear to prefer aphid are also known to feed on other arboreal aphids such colonies low down. Adults are usually seen visiting as those on Sath c. Adults are often associated with fl owers or basking on foliage. They are very frequent in open rides and glades in conifer plantations, where gardens, parks, waste ground and urban areas, they visit a wide range of fl owers. They are easily sometimes in large numbers. confused with Syrp b us in the field, but the thorax is quite noticeably blacker and shiny, and in life the Dist r ibut ion markings are orange rather than yellow . This species migrates north from southern Europe in the spring, breeding along the way. Migrants typically arrive Dist r ibut ion in Britain in late June and July when aphid numbers are This w idespread species was formerly regarded as very building up. Hoverfl y larvae can reach high densities in scarce, but it has been recorded more frequently in cereal crops, resulting in vast numbers of emerging recent years, possibly because recorders have paid adults in late summer. In the autumn these migrate more attention to rides in conifer plantations. It is also southwards and the adults overwinter. It normally has a possible that its populations undergo large fl uctuations, single generation in Britain, but some adults overw inter resulting in large numbers of records being received here and unseasonal records can occur if the weather is following occasional good years. For example, 40% of mild. This is one of the most abundant and widespread all records submitted to the recording scheme date hoverflies, and the species for which the recording from 1992 and 1993. scheme has received most records, although numbers vary considerably from year to year depending on conditions for migration and on aphid numbers.

59 Eriozona syrphoides(Fallen, I 8 17) Eristalinus aeneus(Scopoli, 1763) En stalLs aeneus Sco p oli in Coe (1953 )

dic sp

9

• •

• 0

• •

•

g

70 70 60 60 50 50 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology Th e lar vae are ap hidophagous, and usually associated This is a coastal species in Britain. The larvae are of w ith matu re conifers ( A bies , P ic ea) . In the form er the Jong-tailed ', aquatic type , and live in brackish Cze choslovakia, they have been fou nd feeding on the pools and ro ck-pools where decaying seaweed ap hid Cin a ra p in ea e in established (40 year old) P ic ea accumulates. Adults are often foun d basking on bare plantations. Adults are usually fou nd visiting flow ers areas or rocks on p ath s and banks, or visiting flowers along rides or edg es in conifer plantations, b ut they such as Se n ec io , rarely more than a few tens of metres have also been foun d in bro ad-leaved woo dlan d . from the high -tide mark . It overwinters as an adult. Male s hover in dapp led sunshin e beneath the canop y . Dist ribut ion Distribution This species occurs w idely aro un d the coast of Britain This spe cies was fi rst reported from Snowdo nia in on both rocky sho res and in saltmarsh. It can be 1968, but an earlier specime n (from Lancaster in 1957) abu nd ant at some localities. Althoug h almost entirely w as sub se quently locate d . Recent record s are widely coastal in th e northern part of its range, it occurs scatte red thro ughout northern an d weste rn Brita in . The inland furth er south in Euro p e and is distinctly sp ecies is pro bably sp reading in con ifer plan tations anthr op ogen ic, breeding in sewage farm s or in and likely to be foun d more widely in future . There is ass ociation with du ng (Sp eight 1998). a rather anom alous record of a sp ecime n fou n d dead on a pave ment in the centre of Coventry in 1982 (Palmer 1985); it is p ossible that this was a ro ad casualty carried by a vehicle from a more typ ical hab itat.

60 •

Eristalinus sepulchralis(Linnaeus, 1758) Eristalis abustvusCoffi n, 1931 Er i sta lir sep u lcbra lis Linn aeu s in Coe ( 1953)

co

0. 1., . • •

. • • • • • 8 i •

0 a 0 . • • • • •.c1 • • N O S II • e • • • *

a • 0 • . • si

• • •

350 120 300 100 250 80 200 60 150 40 100 50 20 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The lar vae of this species are of the l ong-tailed ', The larvae are of the 'long-tailed ', aqu atic typ e, and aquatic typ e, occurring in rotting vegetation aroun d are asso ciated with wet, d ecaying org anic matter such pond s and marsh es especially when enr iched with as that around ponds. It has been fou nd at th e edge of an imal dung , etc. They can also breed in polluted a po nd on moorland (Smith 1989). Adults are usually conditions, such as the n m-off from dung heaps and seen visiting flow ers arou nd the edges of scrub, silage clamps. Adults can often be seen settle d on bare h edges and tall vegetation near th e lar val hab itat . mud, or swept from long vegetation near breeding places, and may be fou nd visiting a wide range of Distribution flowers. Adults overw inter. Widely distributed thro ug ho ut Britain, bu t more freque nt near the coast, th is may b e th e most Distribution abu ndant Eristalis in some coastal wetlan ds. It may Widely distributed and often abun dant in wetlan ds in easily be overloo ked amo ngst oth er small erista lines, southern Britain, but esp ecially abundant in lowlan d and care with identification is required . and coastal wetland s (eg coasta l grazing marshes). It is more restr icted in the no rth, becom ing a mainly coastal species in Scotland . Erist alis arbust orum( Linnaeus, 1758) Eristalis cryptarum(Fabricius, 1794) Eoseristalis cryptarum (Fa bricius, 1794) in Levy and Levy ( 199 4) .4

• • .•

0 0 to%

•

I.

a

1200 12 1000 10 800 8 600 6 400 4 200 2 0 Feb Ma r Apr May J un J ul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Ma r Apr May J un J ul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The larvae are of the gon g-ta iled ', aqu atic typ e, and The larva remains un known, but is likely to be of th e are associate d with sh allow standing water inclu ding gon g-tailed ', aquatic type an d ap pears to be associated w et, decaying organ ic matter aro und p onds and with sheltered and somewhat acid pools supp orting ditches, farmyard manure h eap s and silage runoff. p lan ts such as Sp hagn u m , Menya n tbes, Na rtheciu m Adults are usually found visiting fl ow ers in op en and Caltha . Adults can be fou nd visiting fl ow ers situations such as w oodland rides, hedge row s, ne arby including Ra n u n cu lus , Caltha , Menya nthes and meadows, ro ad ve rges and u rban wastelands . It is a Ca rda mine . Has a very long fl ight period and is fre qu ent visitor to gard ens. p rob ably multi-brooded .

Distribution Distribution Regard ed as a p ronounced migrant and quite stro ngly A south-western sp ecies w ith many old records from anthr op oge n ic, so it is one o f the comm onest D artm o or and the New Forest, mostly dating from th e hove rfl ies in parks, gardens and farmlan d as well as all last century up to abo ut 1950; also from Dorset, sorts of w etland situ ations. Found thro ug hout Britain. esp ecially Studlan d , in the 1930s, and Cornw all in 1910. Record s became increasingly scarce throu gh the 1960s, and there is only a single record from the early 1970s, from Dartmoor. Two Dipterists' summer fi eld meetings in Devo n in the late 1970s and 1980s failed to find it and the species was fea red extinct. Then in 1993 it was re-discovered at one of its old localities on Dartmoor an d it has sub se qu ently be en foun d at seven localities in the immediate vicinity.

62 Eristala horticola(De Geer, 1776) Eristalis interruptus (Poda, 1761) En:galls nemorum (Linnaeus) in Stubbs an d Falk ( 1983)

• • . 0 • • •• 4°jog at

• • IP I.

St • • • •

• 0

0 •

a .

•

500 600 400 500 400 300 300 200 200 100 100 0 0 Fe b Mar Apr May J un J ul Aug Se p Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May J un Jul Aug Se p Oct Nov

Biology Biology The lar vae are of the gong-tailed ', aquatic typ e , and The larvae of are of the gong-tailed ', aquatic type and are foun d in most types of wetlan d, but esp ecially the are found in shallow water and se mi-aq uatic situations margins of ponds and wood ed streams. Adu lts are at the margins of streams and p ools, often w he re there usually fou nd visiting flow ers, especially wh ite umbels, is nutrien t enrichm ent (cow -dung , etc) . Adults are often in th e vicin ity of tre es or scrub . They sometimes usually seen visiting flowers, especially white umbels, visit gard en flow ers. often in the vicinity of trees or scrub . Males ma ke themselves con sp icuous be cause of th eir fast and Distribution no isy flight. This species has a very characteristic Widespre ad and frequent thro ugh ou t Britain. It is courtship in which the male ho vers above a female p robably p rese nt in all districts, but app ears to be which is visiting a flow er (see photograph in Stubbs more abundant in northern England and Scotlan d . and Falk (1983)). Care is needed in sep aration from some oth er Erista lis species, especially E. In terrup tus and E. rup iu m . Distribution An abun dant flow er-visiting species, foun d thro ughout Britain.

63 Eristalis intricarius(Linnaeus, 1758) Eristalis parallax(Scopoli, 1763) •1 If

17 .

st

. •

700 1400 600 1200 500 1000 400 800 300 600 200 400 100 200 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The larvae are of the 'long-tailed', aquatic type and The larvae are of the 'long-tailed', aquatic type and occur in semi-liquid organic matt er such as organically occur in a w ide range of situations where wet, enriched mud and waterlogged peat besides ponds decaying vegetable matter accumulates, including wet and drains, but also in slurry pits and cow-dung. manure heaps in farmyards. Adults are usually found Adults are usually found visiting fl owers, especially visiting fl owers such as fl owering shrubs, white fl owering shrubs, white umbels, and Cirsium, umb els, yellow composites and Rubus, and are often in the vicinity of trees or scrub. Males can be frequent visitors to gardens. Males oft en hover near seen hovering at some height above tracks and in fl owering shrubs. woodland rides. This is a good bumblebee mimic, occurring in three colour forms. Dist r ibut ion One of the commonest species throughout Britain. Has Distribution a very long fl ight season and is one of the most Widespread and common throughout Britain , possibly abundant early spring species as well as one of the more local in the north. most abundant on ivy fl owers at the end of the season.

64 Eristalis similis(Fallen, 18 17) Eristalis ium Fabricius, 1805 Enna& pratorum (Meigen, 1822) in Falk ( 1990) and Stubbs ( 1996)

44, 4, e

s

• OD 0 0

• 0

•

• •

100 1 80 60 40 20 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The larvae are of the l ong-tailed' type and are The larva of this species remains undescribed, but apparently aquatic in clean-water situations, such as other members of this genus are of the 'long-tailed', spring-fed permanent streams. Adults are usually aquatic type. Single adults have been found on two found in fairly open situations such as wet meadows occasions in a woodland ride and a damp area in a and streamsides with abundant fl owers, often in the conifer plantation. In conti nental Europe it is uplands (to about 300 m). They can sometimes be associated with mature to over-mature broad-leaved found in glades in conifer plantations w here fl owers forest and Mediterranean evergreen forests. Adult are abundant. males hover at 2- 4 m over woodland tracks, and both sexes can be found sitting on sunny trunks or visiting Dist ribution flowers (Speight 1988a). This is a northern and western species which can be very local, even in apparently suitable areas. Care is Distr ibution needed in identifi cation as it is easily confused with Falk ( 1990) added this species to the British list on the E. interruptus and E. hort icola. basis of a single specimen found in Warw ickshire in March 1990. He illustrates the specimen and gives characters to separate it from other British members of the genus. A second specimen was found by Austin Brackenbury in Derbyshire in July 1997. The occurrence of this species in Britain was predicted by Speight (1988a) who comments on the diffi culty of distinguishing it from E. pertinax . It appears to have become more frequent in recent years in nearby parts of co ntinental Europe (Speight 1998).

65 Erist alis tenax (Unnaeus, 1758) Eumerus ornatus Meigen, 1822

Elf

8

• • . ass • secci •

8 . • 8. • • a • • o • •

•

1200 50 1000 40 800 30 600 20 400 200 10 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The larvae are of the l ong-tailed , se mi-aquatic typ e, The larva of this species is und escribed, but other living in organically enr ich ed oo ze such as the mud members of this genus usually live in p lant bulbs or fringing eutroph icated and/ or p olluted wate r bodies, ro ots . Adults are no rmally fou nd in b road-le aved the run-off fro m farmyard manure heap s, silage and woo dla nd where they can be fou nd resting on bare slurr y p its , and even exud ates from p utrefying corp ses . patches on p aths and banks, fl ying low ove r, or When mature , larvae leave to look for somew here dry, sunn ing o n, short vegetation . Males are distinctly oft en a little above groun d , to p upate. In do ing so th ey terr itorial and de fend sunlit patch es. Occasionall y visits may tra vel tens o f metres from the larval habitat and fl owers such as Gera n iu m robertia nu m . turn up in unusual p laces. Adults disp erse w ide ly and visit a w ide range of fl ow ers. Can be abundant in Distribution gard ens . Adults o verwinter (not infrequently in A local species in well-wo od ed areas of southern houses) , and occasio nal ind ividua ls can be seen Brita in, with scattered records north to the La ke during warm spells th roug hout the w inter. District. Recent records suggest that th is species is less scarce than was th ought, and may o ften be overlooked Distribution because of its habit o f fl ying close to the ground . Widesp read and very common . Markedly anthrop og enic, a p ronounced migrant and w ith a very long fl ight p eriod .

66 Eumerus sabulonum (Fallen, 1817) Eumerus strigatus (Fallen, 1817) •1

ecti eo,

OS

8

• 0

25 140 120 20 100 15 80 60 10 40 5 20 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Od Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The larvae remain unkn own, but are thought to tunnel The larvae tunnel in the bulbs of Na rcissus and in bulbs or roots. Circumstantial evidence suggests rhizomes of I ris, as well as a range of other cultivated Jasione montana is among possible host species. and w ild species, usually when there is some damage Adults have been found resting in the sun on bare and rot is present. There is a possibil ity that Pastinaca ground and sandy banks, or flying low over short sati va is a wild host (A E Stubbs pers comm .). Adults vegetation, when they resemble small solitary bees. are usually found flying low among vegetation or Most localities are coastal, and range from steep resting on dead stems and bare soil. They occur in grassland slopes with bare ground to sand dunes. gardens, but are more frequent in wetland habitats; Occasionally visits fl owers. they were, for example, much more abundant than E. tu bercula tus in material from water traps in the East Dist ribut ion Anglian fens. A coastal species whose range extends from Hampshire and Dorset westwards and northw ards to Distribution Anglesey, and which has been recently discovered in Widespread throughout lowland Britain, but less Ayrshire. Adults are diffi cult to locate or catch, so the frequently recorded than E. tubercula tus . species is probably under-recorded. The recent increase in records has resulted from the a better understanding of this species' requirements, gained during the Dipterists' summer fi eld meeting in Devon in 1989.

U Eumerus t uberculat us Rondani, 1857 Eupeodes coronae (Fabricius, 1794) Sy rpbus corollae Fabricius ( consisto Harris) in Coe (1953), Meta sy rpbus corollae (Fabri cius) in Stubbs and Falk (1983)

•

•

•

• 0 .

3 •• • • • • • •• al•• • • *5 • • s • 12. T es • • • CO

•

140 800 120 100 600 80 400 60 40 200 20 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The larvae tunnel in damaged bulbs of Na rcissus and The larva feeds on aphids on various low growing many other cultivated and wild species. Adults are plants, especially Fabaceae. Adults are highly mobile usually found low in vegetation or resting on dead and may be found at fl owers in all sorts of fairly open stems or bare patches of soil. They are abundant in situations from woodland clearings to amble farmland gardens. and urban areas. Visits a w ide range of fl owers and commonly occurs in parks and gardens. This species Dist r ibut ion overwinters as a puparium and has a very long fl ight The commonest member of the genus, frequent in period. gardens, where it is know n to gardeners as the 'lesser bulb fl y' and sometimes regarded as a pest. Speight Dist r ibution (1985) concludes that this species is not established in One of the commonest fl ower-visiting species /reland, and points out that it was not recorded in thro ughout Britain, and believed to be boosted in Britain until the beginning of this century, suggesting abundance, at least in some years, by migration from that it may have been introduced from southern or the continent. central Europe via import ed bulbs. E. tu berculatu s was added to the British list by Collin ( 1918) and the recording scheme holds only one pre-1920 record , a museum specimen taken in Surrey in 1905.

68 Eupeodes lapponicus (Zetterstedt, 1838) Eupeodes latifasciatus (Macquart, 1829) Sy ip bus lappo nicus Zenerstech in Coe ( 1933), Metasp p bus Sp p bus la tif ascia tu s macquart in Coe (1953), Merasyrpbus lapp a nicus (Zetterstedt) in Stubbs and Falk (1983) lanla scian ts (Macquart) in Stubbs an d Falk ( 1983)

1 0 e cl

4 •B• • • •• . 0 ••c:8 •10, S. S. • • •

4 250 200 3 150 2 100 1 50

0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The larvae have be en fou nd feed ing at some heigh t in la rvae have been found feeding o n root aph ids . In conifers ( P icea) , but also feeding on aphids on lab ora tory culture they will feed on a wide rang e of E uony m us an d Q u e rcus . Although little is known o f aphids associated with low growing he rbs and shru bs . adult requ irements, an association w ith coniferous Generally fou nd in wetlan d situations, with a woodlan d is suspected. Some, but not all British preference for wet meadows with J u n c us or other lush records are from areas of native p inewood , but it has vegetation. Adu lts visit a range of white and yellow also been found recently visiting flow ers along rides in flow ers of low growing sp ecies, o ften in the vicinity of a conifer p lantation (Levy & Levy 1998) . There is some water. evidence that it overwinters as an adult, bu t over- w inte ring larvae and p up aria have also been fou nd in Dist ribu t ion forest floor litter. The overall p icture is, therefore , Widely d istrib uted but scarce, with the nu mber of confusing and the status and requ irements of records varying gre atly from year to ye ar. Th is sugge sts E . lapp on ic us are unclea r. that it may be a migrant, or at least boosted in ab un dan ce in some years by imm igration . Dist r ibutio n A very rare species with old records from the Scottish Highlands, but w ith the very few recent records from south-we st England . It is considered to be a highly migrato ry sp ecies in continental Euro pe.

69 Eupeodes latilunulatus(Collin, 193 1) Eupeodes lundisecki(Soot - Ryen, 1946) Sy rp hu.s la tilun ula tus Collin in Coe ( 1953) , Netasy rp hu s la tilu n ula tu s (Co llin) in Stu bbs an d Falk ( 1983)

• o •

or a 0 • ,,, $• •

20 4

15 3

10 2

5 1

0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The larvae are ap hidop hago us and have be en foun d The larva is un kn own . This is a com mon species on on Cirsiu m a rvense . Adu lt requirements are little the Continent, where adu lts are fou nd in mixed kn ow n , but most re cords refer to con ifer woods , w ith woodland, conifer p lan tation s, gardens, etc, and visit a acid h eathlands and wetlands also mentione d . It has variety of fl ow ers, esp ecially white um bels, Cirsiu m been found visiting yellow composites, Eupb orb ia , and Carduus and often settle on sun-lit vegetation . Na rtheciu m , Salix , Sorbus and Stella ria and has also According to Speight (1998) in fl ight it is very been record ed from a garden Malaise trap . reminiscent of Scaeva .

Distribution Dist ribut ion Records are few and widely scattered ; Added to the British list by Watt and Rob ertson (1990) misidentifications are a p roblem , and it may be from specimens at Aberd een in 1976, Fair Isle in 1982 overlook ed amon gst large nu mb ers of similar black an d Tynron , Du mfries in 1984, and recorded in several and ye llow h overfl ies . There is a p ossibility that this ye ars from Stiffkey, Norfolk by Ivan Perry. It is cou ld be a rare migrant/ vagrant. La rge-scale regard ed as migratory in continental Europ e and large- movements app arently occu r out of Scan dinavia in scale movements app arently occur ou t of Scan dinavia Augu st/ Sep tember. in August/ Sep tem ber. Occurr ences on the east coast are consistent with this being a migrant/vagrant from northem Europe .

70

Eupeodes luniger (Meigen, 1822) Eupeodes nielseni Dusek & Laska, 1976 Sp p bus lu niger steigen in Coe (1953), Metasp p bus lun iger Ma asp p bus n ielseni Dusek & Laska in Swbbs and Falk (Meigen) in Stubbs and Falk (1983) ( 1983)

i v

•

•

• LS)/ 0 •

• • • • •

•

we

500 30 400 25 20 300 15 200 10 100 5 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May J un J ul Aug Sep Oct Nov Fe b Mar Apr May Jun J ul Aug Se p Oct Nov

Biology Biology Larvae are ap hidop hagous on a variety of low growing The larvae are aphidop hagous and associated w ith p lan ts. The adults are ve ry mobile and likely to be conifers. E. n ielse n i is a little-kn ow n species, described found visiting flow ers in almo st any fairly o pen in 1976. Adu lts have been found mainly at th e edges situation from clearings in woods, to farmland and of ma ture Pin us forest, w here th ey visit flow ers such as urban parks , gardens and waste ground . They are (n a g, Sorbus and Sa lix repens , but have also frequ ent visitors to gard ens. Males ho ver at some been fou nd in p artially-coniferised wood lan d. height beside b ushes and in shafts o f sunsh ine in Accord ing to Speigh t ( 1998) they are largely arboreal. w oo dland . Distribution Dist ri but ion There are very few records ; the majority are from the Like E. corolla , this is a very widespread and common Scottish Highland s but the re are a few from scattered species. Of the two , this is the more freque nt species localities in so uthern England. It is p ossible that th is earlier in th e ye ar. It can be commoner than species is spreading in co nifer planta tions in the south, E. coron ae , especially in south-east EnglancL It is highly and will be foun d more w idely in future. migratory and numbers are p robably augmented in some years by immigrants from southern Euro p e. Eupeodes nitens(Z etterstedt, 1843) Eupeodesspecies AsensuStubbs ( 1983) Sy rp hus n itens Zetterstedt in Coe ( 1953) , Meta sy rp bus Meta sy lp hus sp ecies A in Stub bs and Falk ( 1983) nitens (Ze tte rstedt) in Stubbs and Falk (1983)

ce°e

8

8 •

12 6 10 5 8 4 6 3 4 2 2 1 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology Th e lar vae are undescrib ed , bu t it has been reared Recorded from the edges of P icea plan tation s, and from a larva collected off Cirs iu m in alp ine grasslan d also from p artially-conifer ised broad-leaved woo dland (Goe ldlin qu oted in Sp e ig h t ( 1998)) . Adults are usually where Pic ea is present. found in mature broad-leaved woodland where they visit fl ow ers, esp ecially white um bels and yellow Distribution co mp osites, in glades an d rides. Accord ing to Sp eight This taxon was fi rst recogn ise d in 1947 from South (1998) they are largely arb oreal. Devo n. The ve ry few British sp ecimens have been tak en at widely scattere d localities in England and Distribution Wales, and it h as also been foun d in southe rn A scarce sp ecies with records widely scattered Scandinavia and the Alp s. It has p ossibly only recently thro ugho ut Britain , but concentrated in th e forest belt colonised British conifer plan tations. of central-so uth ern Engla nd , and the woods of He refords h ire and Worceste rsh ire , such as Wyre Forest. Ferdinandeacuprea(Scopoli, 1763) Ferdinandea ruficornis(Fabricius, 1775)

r I • 0 .floo °

•

• • • •

250 10 200 8 150 6

100 4

50 2

0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The lar vae , which whe n present are oft en n ume rous, The larvae remain undescribe d but are th ough t to be are usually fou nd in sap -runs on broad-leave d trees, associated with sap -run s. The species has be en reared but have also been found in a variety of other from a burrow of the goat moth Cossus cossus situations where semi-liquid rotting material is present (Linn aeus) on Pop u lus and pup aria have be en found at inclu ding the decaying roo ts of cultivated glob e the base of Pop u lus attacked by Cossus larvae . Believed artichoke Cyna ra scolymus in France. They are adapted to be associated with broad-leaved woodlan d with to mano euvre into small spaces such as be low bark , overmature trees . Adults are se ldom foun d and may be and remain hidden deep within the sap . The pup ae largely arboreal, but have been foun d sunning on tree usually occur un der loose bark near a sap-run . Adults trunks and visiting Herac leu m umbe ls. are often foun d sunning themselves on tre e trunks or p osts, and sometimes visiting flowers such as Distribution Ran u ncu lus. They usually occur in or near woo dland , A scarce species , with recent records being domin ated but can also be associated with tre es in hedge row s, by sp ecimens from Malaise traps, some of th ese parks and othe r situations . o pe rating well away from sub stantial areas o f woodland . It is p ossible that adu lts are overloo ke d, Dist ribut ion perhaps by staying high in the canop y . Stubbs an d Widesp read th rou gh out Britain but never comm on , Falk ( 1983), how ever, suggest gen uine scarcity due to a occurring most frequently in areas w ith plenty of close association with b urrow s of the goat m oth , b road-leaved woo dlan d. which is itse lf a scarce insect (see map in British Wildlife 4(5), 323). Hammerschmidtia ferruginea (Fallen, 18 17) Helophilus affinis Wahlberg, 1844

•

10 1 8 6 4 2 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The larvae inhabit sap-runs or (more often) The larvae are undescribed. According to Speight accumul ations of decaying sap under the bark of ( 1998), it is associated with small water bodies in recently dead, mature Pop ulus tremula . Adults are unimproved grassland, acid fen and the edges of usually found near the larval habitat, either sitting on raised bogs. Adults hover over small pools. trunks and stumps or visiting fl owers nearby such as Salty and Rosa. They have been found visiting the Dist r ibut ion fl ow ers of Pn tn us padus in Sutherland (Entwistle This species was recently added to the British list by quoted in Stubbs, 1996) . Stuk e ( 1996) , based on a single specimen in the Royal Museum of Scotland collected by A B Duncan in Dist ribut ion August 1982 on Fair Isle, and originally identifi ed as A very rare species, recorded mainly from Speyside. A H . hy bridus. It has been rapidly extending its range recent survey by the Malloch Society found larvae in southw ards from Scandinavia and northern Europe in 11 localities where mature groves of Pop ulus tremula recent decades. It has been recorded regulady from occurred. Stands of mature aspen are a scarce habitat Denmark (previously only isolated specimens) , and for and this species is regarded as very vulnerable. the first time in the Netherlands and north-west Records of this species have been mapped by 50 Germany since 1980 and recently in south-west kilometre squares. Germany and Switzerland (Speight 1998) . Speight ( 1988a) predicted its occurrence in Britain, and gives a key to separate it from the other British members of the genus. Helophilus groenlandicus (Fabricius, 1780) Helophilus hybridus Loew, 1846

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• a •

• • •

2 200

150

1 100

50

0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The larva is unknow n. Adult habits are little known, The larvae are of the 'long-tailed' aquatic type, but it is an insect of tundra bogs. associated with wet, decaying organic matter, particularly accumulations of decaying vegetation at Dist r ibut ion the edges of ponds and ditches. They have been This species is known only from a very few specimens recorded from decaying rhizomes of Typha. Usually from the north-w est coast of Scotland and the Inner found in the richer types of wetland including fen, Hebrides, although there are as yet unconfi rmed recent coastal marshes and wet woodland. Adults seem to records from the Isle of Man (Thorpe quoted in Stubbs stay close to water and are usually swept from , or (1996)). This is a species with a northern Holarctic found visiting flowers, in tall vegetation fringing distribution, occurring in Norway, the Baltic countries, wetlands. northern Russia, northern , Greenland and North America from Nova Scotia to Alaska and the Dist r ibut ion mountainous parts of Canada and the USA (but not A widespread but local species which seems not to recorded from Iceland) (Speight 1998). Its status in stray far from breeding habitat. Britain is not known. It is possibly established in remote areas of north-western Scotland where fi eld recorders are few , or could be a vagrant from further north, although it is unusual for vagrants to be recorded mainly from the north-west. Helophilus pendulus (Linnaeus, 1758) Helophdustrivitt atus (Fabricius, 1805) Helophilus parallelus (Harris, 1776) in Kloet and Hin cks ( 1976)

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1200 140 1000 120 100 800 80 600 60 400 40 200 20 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology Larvae are of the l ong-tailed' aquatic type and can be Larvae undescribed, but have been reared in captivity found in almost any enriched, wet or semi-liquid from eggs laid on an infusion of hay in water and medium ranging from waterlogged, rotting vegetation at from larvae found in semi-liquid mud mixed with the edges of ponds and ditches to water-filled tree animal dung. Speight (1998) describes it as a species of hollows, water-butts, wet compost heaps, slurry pits open wetlands including river-margins, seasonally and even in cow-dung. Ad ults appear to be very fl ooded grassland and saltmarsh. Adults are found mobile and can be found almost anywhere, frequently visiting a wide range of fl owers, not infrequently well well away from water, and visiting a w ide range of away from sites suitable for breeding. fl owers from ground vegetation to tree-flowers. They are frequent visitors to garden fl owers. Distribution This is a very widespread but usually infrequent Dist ribution species, found only as single specimens. There is no One of the most widespread and common British obvious association with any particular habitat (some hoverfl ies. Speight (1998) describes it as records coming from very dry habitats, quite 'anthropogeni c and ubiquitous in some regions of unsuitable for breeding), but it is possibly more Europe because of its ability to use a w ide range of frequent near the coast. This pattern of occurrence standing water and sub-aqueous habitats'. suggests that it is very mobile and it is regarded as a migrant in continental Europ e.

76 Heringia brevidens (Egger, 1865) Heringia heringi(Z etter stedt , 1843) Neoc nemod on In evid ens (Egger) in Stubbs and Falk (1983)

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8 •

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• s • • So o • • o • •

4 70 60 3 50 40 2 30 20 1 10 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Fe b Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The larva is unkn ow n . There is a possible association Th e lar vae attack the gall-forming ap hid Scbiz oneu ra with pop lar , inclu ding and Salix fringing small lan ug in osa on Litmus, and have also b een reared from ponds in woodlan d . Adults can be seen visiting aphid galls on Pop ulus and Sa lix . Th is is a woodlan d flowers (eg Caltba p alustris, Ru bus) , but they typically sp ecies usually found resting on sunn y vege tation in fly very close to the gro und , making them very difficult woodland rides, clearings and edges or in mature to spot. hedgerows. According to Speight ( 1998), adu lts p refer partially shaded situations and also visit flow ers in Distribution partial shade. This sp ecies may have suffered a decline This sp ecies was added to the British list in 1980, but as a result of Dutch elm diseas e. sp ecime ns in collections date back to 1949 . There are very few records, w idely scattered in England and Distribution Wale& A local sp ecies in southern England w ith scattered records furth er north and west to Lothian . Recent record s suggest it is scarcer than was thought, b ut like most p ip izines, it could be overlooked or ignored by many recorders.

/ / Heringia lat it arsis (Egger, 1865) Heringia pubescens De lucchi & Pschorn-Walcher, 1955 Cnem odon Im am-ski Egg er in Coe (1953), Neocnemodon Neoc nemodon p u bescens De lucch i & Psc horn -Walche r in Inbo rn , (Egger) in Stub bs and Falk ( 1983) Stub bs and Falk ( 1983)

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•

00 0 ° • •

14 20 12 15 10 8 10 6 4 5 2 0 0 Fe b Mar Apr May J un J ul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May J un J ul Aug Se p Oct Nov

Biology Bio logy The larvae are ap h idop hagous and have been fou nd Th e lar va is un described . The sp ecies is associated attacking the woolly ap hid D reyf usia p icea on A bies . It with a range of broad-leaved and mixed woo dland has also been fou nd feedin g on aphids on M a lus , and adults can be seen visiting flow ers in woodland Pop u lus an d Uli n us. A species of matu re coniferous rides (for example, they were seen in abund ance an d m ixe d w oodlan ds . Adu lts can b e fou nd visiting feeding on Mercu ria lis p ere n n is pollen by Stubbs flow ers (e g A n th riscus sy lvest ris , Pru n u s, Ru bu s, Rosa ) (1996)), but th ey typ ically fly ve ry close to the gro und , along w oodland rides and edges and settled on sunlit making them diffi cult to spot. leave s. Speight ( 1998) describes this sp ecies as largely arb oreal, but descending to visit flow ers. Dist ribut ion There are few, scattered records, mostly from south em Dist ribut ion England , but also Wales, Yorksh ire and the Scottish There are a few scattered re cords mainly in th e Highlan ds. southern half of Brita in, inclu ding Wales, but on e from Midloth ian , Scotland .

78 Heringia verrucula(Collin, 193 1) Heringia vitripennis(Meigen, 1822) Cnemodon terfu cula Colli n in Coe (1953), Neocnemodon Cnemodon etnipennis Ateigen in Coe (1953),Neocnemodon Lyn-undo (Collin) in Stubbsand Falk (1983) vitripenuts (Meigen) in Stubbsand Falk ( 1983)

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C° • 0 02 0

•

5 35 30 4 25 3 20 2 15 10 1 5 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology Th e larva is undescribed. Associated with a range of The larvae are predatory on adelgid bugs and have broad-leaved and mix ed woodland. Adults fly rapidly also been found attacking the woolly aphid Dreyfusia amongst low vegetation along woodland rides and p icea onA bies, and coccids on Populus italica. clearings. An early fl ying species w hich can be found Associated with a range of woodland types including visiting spring fl owering shrubs such as Sahx. conifer plantations and even urban parks and mature gardens. Adults visit a range of low growing fl owers, Dist ribution but also fl owering shrubs. They have been caught in V ery few , widely scattered recorcLs north to the Scottish numbers in water traps set among Ru bus. Highlands. Distribution Though still infrequent, this is the least scarce member of the genus. Records are concentrated tow ards the south-east, but there are scattered records from Wales, northern England and Scotland. This species was separated from H . pubescens in 1955, before which, records of these two species were confused.

/ 7 Lejogaster m etallina (Fabricius, 1777) Lejogaster tarsat a (Mege rle in Meigen, 1822) La gaster sp lendida (Meigen) in Stubbs and Falk (1983)

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•

300 50

250 40 200 30 150 20 100 50 10 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Ma r Apr Ma y Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The larvae are aquatic and fou nd amongst plant ro ots The larvae are aquatic and have been fou nd amongst just below the water surface in slow fl ow ing situations. fl oating, decaying vege tation in a pond. Adults are Foun d in all types of op en wetlan d habitats inclu ding most often found in or ne ar coasta l marshes, for w et meadows, marsh es, fens and fl ushes (including example at the fringes of mildly brackish ditches, or in mildly acidic conditions) , especially whe re J u n cus is the transition zon e betw een fresh and saline water in abunda nt. Adults are freque ntly fou nd visiting fl ow ers, coastal fl ush es. They visit fl ow ers, especially white Ra n u n c u lus being especially favoured, usually close to umbels and Ra n u n cu lus . bre edin g habitat. Dist r ibut ion Dist r ib ut io n Although this is ma inly a coasta l species in Britain A widesp read and frequent sp ecies in suitable there are confirmed inlan d reco rds , but confusion with localitie s through out Britain. L. m etallin a makes the distrib utio n diffi cult to assess It app ears to be a scarce species ge nerally, bu t can be abundant at some localities.

80 vittatus(Meigen, 1822) Leucozona gf aucia(Linnaeus, 1758) Helophilus vincaus Meigen in Coe ( 1953) Syipbus glaucius unnaeus in Coe ( 1953)

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20 500 400 15 300 10 200 5 100

0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The larvae are aquatic. Speight ( 1998) quotes a The larvae prey on ground layer aphids. A woodland German description of the development: eggs are species, typically found in clearings, rides, and apparently laid on stems and leaves of emergent tracksides, but also in tall vegetation along roadside plants. After hatching larvae remain at the water hedgerows, scrub, etc. Adults are usually seen visiting surface amongst fl oating plants until the last instar flowers, especially white umbels such as when they move into submerged organic ooze. In and A ngel ica , Britain, it is associated with stands of Bolboschoenus ma n umi ts in grazing marsh ditches, from which adults Dist ribut ion can be swept. Adult females have been found feeding Widely distributed in well-wooded lowland areas on the pollen of this plant (Stubbs 1996). throughout Britain, but possibly more of a northern and western species than L. late rn a ria . The gap in Dist r ibut ion distribution in eastern England and East Anglia appears A very local species of coastal grazing marshes, with to be genuine, and not an artefact of recorder eff ort. most records from the Thames Marshes. There are also recent records from Norfolk (Halvergate Marshes), Kent (Romney Marsh), Sussex (Pevensey and Lewes Levels), Somerset (Somerset Levels and Bridgewater Bay) and Glamorgan (Gwent Levels). It is frequent where it occurs. Apparently not confi ned to coastal marshes elsewhere in Europe and there is a seemingly genuine inland record: an old, undated specimen in the Natural History Museum collection from Felden, Hertfordshire collected by A Piff ard who lived and died in 1909.

81 Leucozona laternaria(Muller, 1776) Leucozona lucorum(Linnaeus, 1758) Sr p hus latern a n us Mueller in Coe (1953)

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• '30 • •

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350 1000 300 800 250 200 600 150 400 100 200 50 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The larvae are associated with Cava riella aphids on The larvae prey on ground layer aphids. Adults fl y in white umbels. Its habits and requirements appear to be dappled sunshine in situations such as woodland rides very similar to L. glaucia and the two are often found and edges, roadside verges and hedgerows, where together on the same fl owers. they are often found in association w ith Silene d ioica and Stella ria h olostea . Distr ibut ion Like L. g la u c ia , this species is widely distributed in Dist ribut ion well-wooded lowland areas thro ughout Britain , and the One of the characteri stic hoverflies of early spring tw o are often found together. Despite show ing a thro ughout lowland Britain, with an earlier fl ight period simil ar gap in its distribution in eastern England, this is than the other Leucozona species. However, it can be a more eastern species than L. g la u cia, and is much found in small numbers throughout the summer less frequent in South Wales and the south-w est suggesting a partial second brood. peninsula than that species.

82 M allow cimbiciformis (Fallen, 1817) M elangyna arctica(Z etterstedt , 1838) Syrpbus a rct icu s Zetterstedt in Coe (1953)

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• •

• .0

ect°3 • 8

14 50 12 40 10 8 30 6 20 4 10 2 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The larvae, which are of the 'long-tailed' type, are The larvae are aphidophagous, appearing to have a found in water-filled rot-holes in a w ide range of clear preference for Pteroca llis u ln ii on A ln us. Adults broad-leaved trees, but often Fag us and Casta n ea . usually fly around fol iage and flowers in trees, but can Holes of all sizes and positions on the tree are used, also be found visiting flow ers at ground level. They but there seems to be a preference for holes some usually occur in or near woodland, both coniferous metres above the ground with a narrow entrance. and broad-leaved. Several larvae may occur together in one hole. Adults are extremely convincing hive-bee mim ics and elusive, Dist ribut ion but are sometimes found visiting flowers such as This is mainly a northern species with most records Pru n us lus ita n ica , Ru bus and Rosa ca n ina . from Scotland and northern England. There are scattered records throughout Britain except for the East Dist ribut ion Mi dlands and extreme south-east England. Scarce, but with records widely scattered over southern Britain north to a line between the Humber and the Mersey, and with recent records from North Yorkshire and the Clyde Valley (Barr 1996). There does not seem to be a strong association with woodland, and isolated large trees provide suitable breeding sites even in urban areas. Adults are probably under-recorded, and presence at a site may be better established by searching for larvae.

83 M elangyna barbifrons (Fallen, 1817) M elangyna cinct a (Fallen, 1817) Sr p bus barbif m ns Fallen in Coe ( 1953) Sr p bu s cifi cuts Fallen In Coe ( 1953)

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10 160 140 8 120 6 100 80 4 60 40 2 20 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The larvae are aphidophagous, members of this genus The larvae are aphidophagous, appearing to have a appearing usually to have close associations w ith one, clear preference for Phy llap h is f ag i on Fag us, but w ith or a few , aphid species. Adults usually occur in broad- records from aphids on Q uercus, A ce r and Tilia . This leaved w oodland, and are among the species which is a species of broad-leaved woodlands, typically can be found visiting Sali x blossom in the early spring. found in glades, rides and edges, but can also occur around scrub and mature hedges. Adults are usually Distribut ion seen visiting flowers and are especially fond of white There are scattered records throughout Great Britain. umbels along wooded tracksides. Males hover at some This is likely to be an under-recorded species on height over tracks and clearings in woodland. account of its early emergence period. Distribution Widespread and locally common.

84 M elangyna cornpositarum (Verra II, 1873) M elangyna ericarum (Coffi n, 1946) Syrphus ericarum Collin in Coe (1953)

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50 4 40 3 30 2 20 1 10 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The lar va is unk nown. Adults are associated with Th e larva is unkn ow n . Associated with native P in us coniferous woo d lands and plan tations where they can woodlan ds in the Scottish Highlan ds. Adu lts can be be fou nd visiting flow ers, especially Heracleu m and swept or fou nd visiting flow ers in op en rides where A ng elica , in rides and glades. Males ho ver fairly high they fly low dow n over the bare edg es of tracks and at the edges of stands of trees . clearings.

Distribution Distribution The re is considerable confusion be twe en this species A species of the Caledonian p ine forests. and M . la bia la ru m and many reco rde rs do not attempt to d istingu ish between the two. Th is species is sa id to be the more northerly of the pair, with few er records from southe rn Englan d and Wales.

85 M elangyna labiatar um (Verrall, 1901) M elangyna laslophthalma (Zetterstedt , 1843) Sylp hus lasiophth al mus Zetterstedt in Coe (1953)

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• •

• • 00

80 250

60 200 150 40 100 20 50 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The larvae are aphidophagous, members of this genus The larvae are aphidophagous. This is a characteristic appearing usually to have close associations with one, species of woods, both broad-leaved and coniferous, or a few , aphid species. Adults are usually found in in the early spring, where they visit the fl owers of trees, woodland where they visit fl ow ers, especially such as Salix , and ground layer species, like yellow He racle u m and A ngelica , in open glades and rides. composites, Ra n u n cu lus and Alliu m . Males hover in clearings and over tracks. Both sexes can be found Dist ribution settled on sunlit tree trunks. There is considerable confusion betw een this species and M . comp osita ru m and many recorders do not Distr ibut ion attempt to separate them. This species is believed to Widely distributed in well-wooded areas throughout have the more southerl y distribution of the tw o, and is Britain. Often abundant where it occurs. common in well-wooded lowland districts of England and Wales. There are scattered Scottish records, but their validity is open to question.

86 M etangyna quadrimaculcrta (Verrall, 1873) M elangyna umbellat arum (Fabricius, 1787) Syrpbusquarin maculatus venal] in Coe (1953) Sppbus umbellatarum Pabricius in Coe ( 1953)

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0 8 0 •

50 100 40 60 30 60 20 40 10 20 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The larvae are aphidophagous, and appear to have a The larvae are aphidophagous, and appear to have a clear preference for adelgids on A bies. A woodland clear preference for Cavanella aphids on w hite species w hich overwinters as a puparium. Adults are umbels. Adults are usually found in or near woodland, active very early in the spring when they usually visit especially on the flowers of Hera cleum and Angelica . fl owering trees such as Sal ty and Corylus catk ins in Males hover high over paths and clearings. Speight clearings and rides. According to Speight (1998) they (1998) states that this species is associated w ith wet are associated with mature broad-leaved woodland woodland: 'forest streams with Salix ; Sali x carr; beside where ovenn ature trees are present and normally visit streams and rivers fri nged with Salix '. taller trees in fl ower w hen these are available. Dist r ibut ion Distribut ion Scarce in the southern half of Britain, rare in northern Scarce but widely distributed. Possibly under-recorded England, but extending into central Scotland. This because of its early fl ight period. species can be confused with M. compositarum and AI . labiatan tm and is very diffi cult to separate from M. ericar um , so care is needed.

87 M elanogaster aerosa(Loew, 1843) M elanogast er hir tella Loew, 1843 Cbrysogaster macquarti Loew in Stubbs and Falk (1983) Cbrysogaster birtella(Loew) in Stubbs and Falk (1983) 1

• • •••:• • • • " I • ••••••

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30 700 25 600 20 500 400 15 300 10 200 5 100 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology Th e larvae are aquatic living beneath the surface of The larvae are aquatic, inhabiting mud adjacent to semi-liquid, enriched mud near plant roots where there emergent plants such as Typha and Gly ceria, but is no water movement. Larvae typically occur in acid especially favouring , usually at the bogs and fl ushes and around small moorland streams, edges of running water. They have modifi ed hind although they may also be associated with ditches on spiracles which are used to gain access to the air alluvial levels. Adults are usually swept, or found spaces in the submerged pans of emergent plants. visiting flowers, close to water. Found in marshes or near the margins of running water where there is lush emergent vegetation. Adults Dist r ib ut ion are usually swept from waterside vegetation or found This mainly northern and western species is visiting fl owers, especially white umbels, Caltha, Iris, w idespread in acid areas but rarely abundant. Care is Menya nthes, Ranunculus, etc. needed w ith identification, as this species is diffi cult to separate from M . hirtella, which often occurs in similar Dist r ibut ion places but fl ies later in the year. Widespread and common. According to Speight (1998) this is very much an Atlantic seaboard species w hich is quite scarce in central and southern Europe.

88 M elanostoma dubium (Z et terstedt , 1838) M e lanortoma mellinum ( Linnaeus, 1758) Mela nostoma me llinu m var. du biu m verrall nec Eetterstedt in Coe ( 1953)

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11/4

5

• 8. 8

25 1000 20 800 15 600 10 400 5 200 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The larvae remain unknow n, but other members of There are isolated observations of larval feeding on a this genus are suspected to be general predators in leaf wide range of prey species, including torp id adult fl ies litter. Adults are found in mountainous areas, and Musca domestica and Pare& cinerella . They have recent work by Mac Gowan and Rotheray (quoted in been reared on aphids in the laboratory, but when Stubbs (1996)) suggests that there is an altitudinal d ine these are not available they will readily take other prey, between M. meltin u m at lower altitude and M. du biu m including Tonrix larvae, and even rotting chickw eed! higher up. This might suggest that these are ecotypes The normal habits of larvae in the field remain of the same species, but opinion among European unknown, but they are suspected to be general workers is divided. predators in leaf litter, and are reported to be nocturnal. Occurs in a variety of grassy situations, Distribut ion preferring damp locations, and gravid females show a This is an upland species which occurs above about preference for shady places. Adults fly low among the 460 m in northern and western Britain. vegetation and can be found visiting flowers, usually near ground level. Frequent at wind-pollinated fl owers such as Poaceae and Plantago.

Distribut ion One of the most abundant and widespread hoverfl ies throughout Britain, occurring in all types of grassy situation , including in the uplands, w here it is often abundant in damp places such as fl ushes and damp meadows.

89 M elanostoma scalare(Fabricius, 1794) M elanostoma form AsensuStubbs ( 1983)

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3.

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1200 5 1000 4 800 3 600 400 2 200 1 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology Although the larvae have been reared on aphids in the Biology unknow n. Suggested by MacGowan and laboratory, their normal habits in the fi eld remain Rotheray (quoted in Stubbs (1996)) to be part of an unknown. They are suspected, however, to be general altitudinal d ine between M. rnellinum at low altitude predators in leaf litter. Occurs in a variety of open and M. dubium at high altitude, this form representing grassy situations, preferring damper places. Adults are an intermediate ecotype. found fl ying low dow n amongst ground vegetation and visiting a w ide range of fl owers, including wind- Dist ribution pollinated fl owers such as Poaceae and Plantago. Based on a series taken in the Caimgorms along the tree line in Glen Einich, but there are a few similar Distribut ion specimens in the Natural History Museum collection Widespread and common in grassy situations from central Scotland. There is a museum specimen, throughout Britain, but not normally found in apparently labelled as this species, collected from mountainous or moorland locations. Lancashire.

90 M eligramma euchromum (Kowarz, 1885) M eligramma guttatum ( Fallen, 1817) guttata Sppbus eucbramusKow arz in Coe (1953), Epistropbe Sr pbu s guttatusFall en in Co e (1953), Mela ngan n eucbroma (Kowarz) in Stubbs and Falk (1983) (Fall en) in Stubbs and Falk ( 1983)

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•

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20 25 20 15 15 10 10 5 5

0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The larvae are aphidophagous, and are mainly The larvae are aphidophagous, and have been reared associated with trees (particularly fruit trees) and from aphids on . Usually found in shrubs. Adults are usually found in or around woodland, especially wooded river banks, wet woodland or scrub, and are most often seen basking woodland and carr, where Salix or Alnus occurs. on sunlit foliage, especially At er pseudoplatan us and Adults are found in clearings where they visit flowers, Aesculus hippocastanum leaves. A specimen was especially white umbels. reared from a puparium found in a suburban garden in Surrey (G Collins, pers. comm.) . Distribut ion Records are few but widely scattered. In the fi eld, this Distribution species appears very similar to common Platycheirus A rare species w ith few records, mainly from the species (eg P. albirnanus, P. scutatus) and is probably south-east, but extending north to north-west England. overlooked. Although possibly overlooked amongst other black and yellow species, this appears to be a genuinely elusive hoverfly and it is possible that adults spend much of their time out of reach in the canopy.

7 1 M eligramma trianguliferum (Zetterstedt, 1843) M eliscaeva auricollis( M eigen, 1822) Sy rp bus trla ng ultf er Zette rstedt in Coe (1953), Mela ngy na Syrp bus aun collis Meigen in Coe (1953) tria ng ub fe ra (Zeue rste dt) In Stubbs and Falk (1983)

44-

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50 250 40 200

30 150

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0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology Th e larvae , which are convincin gly camouflage d as The lar vae can be found feeding on aphids on shrubs bird d rop p ings (see p hotograph in Rothemy ( 1994)), such as Be rbe ris and Sa rotha m n us , and also on th e feed on a range of ap hids on trees, esp ecially fruit flow ers and stems of white umbels. They have also trees and shr ubs. Ge ne rally foun d around tre es alo ng been found with the p syllid Psy lla aln i on A ln us woo dland rides and edges or amongst scrub , inclu ding g lu tin osa . Typically fou nd near trees (b road-leaved iso late d p atches o f scrub on heathlan d and moo rland . and coniferous) along wo od lan d rides and edges, Adults are elusive and may be arb oreal, b ut can be large hedgerows, in mature gardens, etc. Adults are found visiting flow ers, especially white um be ls. foun d at a w ide range of flow ers, bu t are perhaps equ ally frequently seen settled o n sunlit foliage. Males Distribut ion hover over tracks and aroun d p rojecting, sun lit Scarce but w idely distributed in Englan d , with a bra nches of trees. tendency to be more frequent in the so uth . There are ve ry few , widely scattered records in northern Englan d, Distribution Wales an d Scotland. Comm on and widely distributed in the south , becoming scarcer further north , but recorded from Scotland .

92 M eliscoeva cinct ella(Zett erstedt , 1843) M erodon equestris(Fabridus, 1794) Sr p bus cinciellus Zeuerstech in Coe (1953)

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500 600 400 500 400 300 300 200 200 100 100 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Se p Oct Nov

Biology Biology The larvae feed on ap hids on a variety of tre e species The larvae of th is species (the 'greater bu lb fly') , tunn el in th e includ ing Q u erc us, Picea , Pin us, Ma lta and Sa m bucus . bulbs of many p lan ts, especially cultivated da ffo dils Na rci ssus, Normally fou nd near trees (b road-leaved and and are rega rde d as a p est by some gardeners. Adults visit conifero us) along woo dland rides and edg es, in op en flowers close to breeding sites and can often be se en resting scrub , etc, whe re they visit flowers, including tre e and mating o n the lea ves of larval foo dplan ts. Freq ue ntly settles blossoms in the spring and white umbels, amongst on ston es or patch es of bare groun d in the sunshine . Seve ral many others, in the summ er. colour forms are re cogn ised .

Distribution Distribution A widesp read and common species, perhaps more This sp ecies is widespread and comm on in gardens. Wh ilst th e abun dant in the south . distribution show s an urban tendency, this fly is no t restricted to synanthro pic ha bitats ; wild bluebell Hy a cin am ides n o n -sc rtp ta bulbs , for example, p rovide an eq ually accep table larval foo d . It is believed to have been accidenta lly introd uced in importe d bulbs some time towards the end of th e last century; Bloomfield ( 1895) states that it 'use d to be considered a very rare British inse ct, but is no w be coming comm on '. R McLachlan , in a footnote to that paper, noted that a horticulturist friend introduced it to his garde n by an 'unlucky p urchase' o f a b ag o f bulbs from th e south of Europ e. It belongs to a large ge nus with many oth er Euro pean species, especially in the eastern Mediterranean , and it is q uite possible that other species could arrive by a similar ro ute (se e Spe ight (1988a) for a discussion of the possibilities). 93 M icrodon analis(Macquart, I 842) M icrodon devius(Linnaeus, 1761) M icrod on eggeri Mik in Stubbs and Falk (1983)

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110 eg

I.

50 20 40 15 30 10 20 10 5

0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology Th e ve ry distinctive larvae live in ant nests. They are The very distinctive larvae live in ant nests. They are hemisp herical in shap e and heavily armoure d , and hemispherical in shap e and he avily armoure d, and pre y on the eggs and larvae of Las ius n ig er or an ts of prey on the eggs and larvae of Lasius f la vu s in nests th e Fo rm ica ruf a group , under the bark of stu mps or usually on chalk grassland . The p up ae are of similar decaying trunk s of B et u la or Pin us, usually on shap e and are also armoured . Adults are elusive and h eathlan d . Their feeding behavio ur is describ ed by usually encountere d as single sp ecimens when Barr (1995). The pupae are of a sim ilar shape and are sweep ing chalk grasslan d . also arm oure d . Adults are rarely seen , and th e sp ecies is most frequ ently recorded by searching for larvae Dist ribution an d p up ae . A rare species mainly fou nd on chalk grassland in south ern England, esp ecially the Downs of Surr ey and Dist ribut ion Ham pshire , from which the great majority of records Th is sp ecies has a disjunct distribution . It occurs in the originate. It has also been recorded from fens at Cothill south of England on the h eaths of the London Basin, in Oxfordsh ire , and Redgrave and Middle Harling in th e Weald , the New Forest and Do rset, and also in Suffolk , with a number of re cords both old and recent heathy valleys in Central Scotland . from the fi rst two localities suggesting well established populations . There are a few records from North Wales, including on e recent, and a 19th century sp ecimen in The Natural History Muse um collection from Wyre Forest.

94 M icrodon mutabilis (Linnaeus, 1758) Myathropa fiorea( Linnaeus, 1758) My iam p a j lorea Linn a e u s in Coe (1953)

4,,e die

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100 700 600 80 500 60 400 300 40 200 20 100 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology T h e very distin ctive larvae live in ant nests. They are Th is is the most abu n dant and least cho osy of the hemispherical in shap e, heavily armoured and p rey on hoverflies associated with decaying wood . The larvae, th e eggs and larvae of a variety of ant species which are of the l on g-ta iled ' aquatic typ e, occu r in including Form ica lerna n i Bondroit, F f us ca Linnaeus, any situation whe re w et w ood debris are p resent, such Las ius rug er Linnaeus and My rm ica rug in od is Nyland er as wate r-filled hollow s co ntaining de caying leaf and often , but not exclusively, in wet or boggy situations. wood detritus, and decay ing roots deep un dergro un d . Their feeding be haviour is described by Ban (1995). They can also de velop in cow-dun g. They will readily On Mull, an avera ge of 5.5 larvae p er ne st of F. lem a n i use artificial b reeding sites consisting of containers of were re corded over a 10 year period (Ban 1995). The water mixed with rotte d sawdust or w ood lan d litte r. pupae are of similar shap e and are also armoured. Adu lts disperse widely an d visit a variety of flow ers. Adu lts are usually seen hovering low over p aths or Males hover in the canop y, making a loud , high- other bare areas in boggy heath lan d, wet meado ws p itched bu zz. They are oft en se en in gard ens . and dune slacks. Distribution Distribution Widespread and common throughout Britain . The most widely distributed species of the genus, occurring dow n the west coast of Britain from Scotland thro ugh no rth-west Englan d an d Wales to the so uth-west p eninsula, where it is p erhap s most frequent . It also occurs on wet heath in Surrey, the New Forest and Dorset.

95 M yolept a dubia (Fabricius, 1805) M yolepta patens (Harris, 1780) Myolepta lu teola (Gmelin) in Stubbs and Falk (1983)

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25 3 20 2 15 10 1 5 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The larvae live in rot-holes in broad-leaved trees, The larvae live in water-filled rot-holes in ancient including Fagus and Quercus. The larvae in a given rot- broad-leaved trees, including Fagus, Qu ercus and hole may be of very mixed sizes, suggesting they Populus and probably take several years to reach require more than one year to complete development. maturity. Little is know n of the adult habits, but they Tends to be found in or near ancient broad-leaved are presumed to be similar to M. du bia . w oodland, but has also been found in fenland in East Anglia (eg Wicken Fen) and a chalk-pit in Essex. This Dist r ibut ion suggests that isolated trees in hedgerow s and similar See introduction for a summary of the history of this situations can provide suitable larval habitat. Adults very rare species in Britain. Only know n from two very can be found visiting fl owers such as white umbels, restricted areas in Somerset and most of the 20 known usually in partial shade, and also sitting on leaves in British specimens date from the 1940s. It was last dappled sunshine. Overwinters as larvae. found in 1961 and is feared extinct. Appears to be a rare species throughout its know n range. Dist r ibut ion A scarce species recorded from south and south-east England, from Somerset and Dorset to East Anglia.

96 Neoascia geniculata (Meigen, 1822) Neoascia int errupta (Meigen, 1822)

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50 20 40 15 30 10 20 5 10 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The small , semi-aquatic larvae have been found in The larva of this species remains unknown, but other decaying vegetation around the margins of ponds. members of the genus are semi-aquatic, inhabiting wet Usually swept from lush emergent vegetation, such as organic matter. Adults are usually swept from lush Glyceria, around ponds and ditches. Adults visit vegetation around ponds and ditches, especially fl owers, especially Ranunculus, but do not seem to Tjpha. They have been found around mildly brackish move far from larval habitat. ditches in grazing levels, in fenland and around richer ponds and ditches well inland. Speight ( 1998) notes Dist ri but ion that this species is largely coastal in the northem part This is a diffi cult species to identify and may be of its European range. under-recorded It appears to be widely distributed and is often abundant in suitable habitat. Dist ri but ion This species was only added to the British list in 1981, but has subsequently been recorded quite widely in the south-east of England, including East Anglia, and northwards to north Wales, Lincolnshire and South Yorkshire.

97 Neoascia meticulosa(Scopoli, 1763) Neoascla obliqueCoe, 1940 Neoasa a aenea (Meigen, 1822) in Coe (1953) and Kloet and Hincks (1976)

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120 40 100 30 80 60 20 40 10 20 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology Both larvae and pupae have been found on Typ in g, The larva of this species remains unkn own, but other the larvae betw een the submerged leaf sheaths, the members of the genus are semi-aquatic, inhabiting pupae on plants grow ing on a floating mat of accumulations of wet, organic matter. Found amongst vegetation. Aduls are normally found among lush lush vegetation in marshes and water margins in vegetation such as Typ ha and Gly ceria, fringing sheltered locations, such as at the edges of wet woods wetlands and visit a variety of flowers. and wooded streams.

Distr ibut ion Distr ibution Widespread and locally abundant in suitable habitat, Widely distributed but generally scarce, with most with a tendency for records to be more frequent from records from northern England and Scotland. Recent eastern Britain. observations suggest that this can be the most frequently encountered member of the genus in some parts of Derbyshire and Yorkshire, w here it is possibly associated with beds of Petasites (I) Whiteley, pers. comm.; Stubbs 1996).

98 N eoascia podagrica (Fabricius, I 775) N eoascia tenur (Har ris, 1780) Neoascia &spar (Meigen, 1822) in Coe ( 1953) and Kloet and Hinck s ( 1926)

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500 600 400 500 400 300 300 200 200 100 100 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The small, semi-aquatic larvae have been found in wet Larvae have been found at about the level of the water manure in a farmyard, cow-dung and wet compost. surface within the stem sheaths of dead Typha in a They seem to be able to utilise a wide range of slow fl owing stream. As an adult, this is probably the situations w here highly nutrient-enriched, semi-aquatic most frequently encountered member of the genus, conditions are present. Adults can be found in any occurring in lush vegetation around the margins of all habitat where there is lush vegetation, typically in types of water body, especially where beds of hedgerows, woodland edges, gardens (where it is emergent plants such as Glyceria , Typ h a or Phragrni tes presumably breeding in compost heaps) and around are present. A dul ts are m ost often found by sweeping the margins of w ater. They are typically found by such vegetation, but will visit a w ide range of fl owers. sweeping, but will visit a wide range of fl owers. Males hover near to fl ow ers in bloom. Distribution Widespread in wetlands throughout Britain, and often Distribution extremely abundant in suitable habitat. A widespread and very common species.

99 Orthonevra brevicornisLoew, 1843 Orthonevra genk ulata Meigen, 1830

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Biology Biology The larvae are aquatic, living in accumulations of The larva of this species remains un kn ow n, but is de caying vegetation , esp ecially in mesotrop hic or base- presumed to be aquatic like others of the ge nu s. rich se epage s in fens , meado ws an d occasion ally Generally foun d in mildly acid , boggy areas in woods . Adults can be foun d in marshe s and fens . Scotlan d, but also in fens in East Anglia and on heathland with base influe nces in southern Britain. Dist ribut ion Adults are usually fou nd close to water where they will This scarce sp ecies is widely distributed in England , visit flowers, bu t also settle on bare patch es and dead th ou gh p ossibly more frequent towards the south and vegetation in the sun. east. There are scatte red re cords from both Scotland and Wales. Dist ribut ion A scarce sp ecies, found most frequ ently in central Scotlan d, but with scattered records in Englan d . It ap pears to be closely associated with acid heath s in Surrey (Morris 1998).

100 Orthonevra nobilis ( Falle n , 18 17) Paragus albifrons (Fallen, I 8 17)

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100 3 80 2 60 40 20 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Se p Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The larvae are aquatic and have be en fou nd in The larvae feed on a range of groun d layer and organically enrich ed mud in sp rings and flushes. arb oreal aphids and have been fou nd on Cirsiu m Adu lts are usually fou nd by sw eep ing lush vegetation arvense, Carduus and Onopordon . Tom ( 1994) also in marsh es and fens, but th ey can also be seen visiting mentions Ononis repens as a plant on which lar vae flow ers. Occasionally found well away from wetlan ds. have be en fou nd . Adults are secretive and ha rd to find , but have ge nerally b een ta ke n in coastal Dist ribut ion localities, including flood embank ments around Widespread in wetlands throug ho ut Brita in, bu t most grazing marsh and coasta l shingle. Speight (1998) states frequent in southern low lan d areas. Adults app ear to that it is only active in early morning or late evening , be very mobile and can be fou nd well away from wet under warm con ditions, and flies within stands of taller sites. grasses etc, along the edg es of paths and in clearings.

Dist ribut ion A rare sp ecies. Th e very few records are from th e south coast between Dorse t and Essex, with a 19th century record from near Ipswich , Suffolk. There are app arently inlan d specimens from Guildford ( 19th century) and Salisbury ( 1950) in the Hop e Museum co llection. The most recent records come fro m the Th am es Marsh es (in both Essex and Kent) and Hythe (Hampshire) . This species was p rese nt on the Isle of Portland be tween 1890 and 1950, but recent attempts to re-locate it there have so far been unsuccessful.

10 1 Paragus haem orrhousM eigen,1822 Paragus tibia s(Fallen,1817)

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200 7 6 150 5 4 100 3 50 2 1 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The larvae feed on a range of grou nd layer and The larvae feed on a range of grou nd layer and arb oreal ap hids . Adu lts are ge nerally fou nd re sting on , arboreal ap hids . In Britain, adults ap pear to be or h overing abov e, bare gro un d along tracks and paths restricted to dry heathlan d, where they behave in a in a varie ty of situations including grasslan d, sandy very similar way to P . ba em orrh ou s , the two species heath , d un es and coastal cliffs. They can occasionally sometimes occu rring together. A very similar species , be seen visiting flow ers. Males patrol sunny patch es P. constrictus Simic, has recently been re cogn ised from and stands of flow ers. limestone pavement in the Burren, Irelan d (mention ed un der P. tibia lis in Stubbs and Falk (1983)), and any Distribution specimens from limestone p avement in north-west Much the common est member of the gen us, b ut Englan d should be checked for this species . p ro bably overlooked by many re corders. It is p erhaps m ost frequ ent on chalk grassland in southern England , Distribution an d in coastal habitats all aro und southern Britain. It is A ra re species of dry heathland in southern Britain, scarcer elsew here , but with records extending to which may be ove rlooke d amongst the much north ern Scotlan d. com moner P. ha em orrb ous . Before the revision by Spe ight (1978), the only species recognised in this genus in Britain were P . a lbif rons and P . tibialis , but earlier specimens which have been checked have mostly pro ved to be P. b a ernorrb ous . Consequently , all p re-1978 records must be con sidered suspect unless sp ecimens are available and have be en re-examined .

102 •

Parasyrphus annulatusg et ter stedt , 1838) Parasyrphus lineolag et terstedt , 1843) Sy p bus annulatus Zenerstedt in Coe ( 1953) Sy rp bus lineolo Zenersiedi in Coe (1953)

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50 30 25 40 20 30 15 20 10 10 5 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The larva is not described, but those of this genus are The lar vae are arboreal p redators on ade lgids and u sua lly arboreal p re dators on ade lgids and p ine ap hids and have been fou nd in the crow ns of Picea . It aphids. Normally fou nd in larger woods , usually w ith has also been bred from a pup arium found und er the some con iferisation. Adults are generally found visiting bark o f Picea a bies. Adults are usually fou nd in or near flow ers, or settled on sunlit vegetation and are fairly conifer forests and p lan tations ( P in u s, Picea and A b ier) distinctive , b eing no ticeably smaller than other black whe re they ma y be larg ely arboreal, but descend to and yellow syrp hines. feed on flow ers in rides and clearings.

Distribution Distribution Very local (but sometimes abu ndant where it occurs) Widespread and locally common . This sp ecies is in wood s in southern and central Englan d , with p robably more frequ ent in the north and west, scattered records through out most of mainland Britain , extending to northern Scotland , b ut also occurs in north to south-east Suthe rland. con ifer planta tions in the Midlan ds and the south .

10 3 Parasyrphus malinellus(Coffi n, 1952) Parasyrphus nigritarsis(Zetterstedt, 1843) Sy rp bus m alinellus Collin in Coe (1953) Sy rp bus nigrita rsis Zetterstedt in Coe (1953)

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35 16 30 14 25 12 10 20 8 15 6 10 4 5 2 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology Th e larva o f th is sp ecies is undescribed , but those of The larvae feed on the eggs , lar vae and pup ae of leaf- other members of this genus are usually arboreal be etles (Coleop tera, Chrysomelidae) associate d with pre dators on ade lgids and p ine ap hids . Adults are A ln us, Pop ulus and Sa lbc. Adu lts have been foun d found along rides in conifer plan tations, and in resting on the foliage of trees and scr ub , ofte n close to partially-coniferised broad-leaved woodlan d , where wet woodland or waterside trees, and males were they fl y amongst the conifer foliage at some height, recorded in three cons ecutive years sitt ing on a p lastic descend ing to visit fl ow ers. coated was hing line in the garden of Adrian Fowles in west Wales, adjoinin g a wooded valley with Sal& Dist ribut ion cinerea and Pop u lus trem ula . De scrib ed new to science in 1952 on th e basis of British material caught between 1932 and 1942, th is Dist ribut ion sp ecie s has subse quently been fou nd at widely The status and distribution were review ed by scattered localities thro ughout mainland Britain, MacGowan and Watt (1994), although the recording although most frequ ently in central-so uthem Englan d . sch eme holds some additional records. It was It has re cently been fou nd in n um ero us conifer originally de scribed from sp ecimens take n in central p lan tations in Som erset (Dean quoted in Stubbs Scotlan d, and, althou gh there are recent record s from (1996)) . a n umber of Scottish localities, these are outnum bered by records from south and west Wales. It has also been repo rte d from Com wall, northern England , Suffolk and Hamp shire . It is p ossibly overlooked because of its resemblan ce (especially in the fem ale) to the com mon Sy rp h us sp ecies.

10 4 Parasyrphus punctulatus(Verrall, 1873) Parasyrphus ittigery (Z ett erstedt , 1843)

Sy rp h u s p u nctula t us Va ra 11 in Coe ( 1953) Sn obus vimger Zenerstedt in Coe ( 1953)

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250 100 200 80 150 60 100 40 50 20 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The larvae are illustrated by fl otheray ( 1994). Although The aphidophagous larvae have been found mainly females of this species have been seen laying eggs on on conifers ( A bies, Pi cea and Pi nus), but also on Fagus young shoots of Picea, their range of prey is known to and, in Switzerland, on Ribes nigru m. Adults are include aphids on broad-leaved shrubs and trees usually found in woodland (either broad-leaved or including Rosa and Fagus. Adults can be found visiting coniferous), but they are often taken on heathland in a variety of spring fl owers in open areas in or around southern England, where they are probably associated woodland, both broad-leaved and conif erous and with invading Pi nus. They appear to be largely occasionally in parks and large gardens with mature arboreal, but will descend to visit fl owers in rides and trees. Males hover close to tree foliage and both sexes clearings. are found settled on sunlit foliage, usually at some height. Distribution This sp eci es ap pears to be most frequent in northern Distribution Britain, especially the Scottish Highlands, but there are A widespread and common early spring species in also records from the heathlands of central-southern woods throughout Britain, with records north to England. There are few recent records from Wales, the Shetland. south-west peninsula or eastern England.

105 (Ma 1m, 1863) Parhelophilus frutetorum(Fabricius, 1775) H elop h ilus co ns im ai s Ma Im in Coe ( 1953) Helop h ilus f rutetorum Fabriclus in Coe ( 1953)

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35 120 30 100 25 80 20 60 15 10 40 5 20 0 0 Feb Ma r Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Ma r Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The larva is un described . Adults are ass ociated with La rvae and p up aria have been fou nd in organic rich accumulations o f wet, decaying matte r, p articularly mud at the edge of a woodland pond. Adults are Typ h a , in eutro phic bogs, but also occasiona lly in fens usually fou nd aro un d p ools in fen and wet woodland . in easte rn England . Adu lts are ge ne rally fou nd in lush The y are normally found in lush vegetation near vegetation fringing water bodies and rarely stray far stand ing wate r, but both sexes will visit nearby tree fro m water. They fl y aro un d rap idly, and settle o n, flowers and settle on sunlit tree foliage . Visits a wide emergent vegetation and visit fl owers such as range of fl ow ers, especially white umbels and yellow M eny a n thes , Ra n u n cu lus and Pote n tilla p a lustrls. composites.

Distr ibut ion Distribution Alth o ugh the scarcest of the three Pa rh elop h ilus Locally abundan t in su itab le habitat in south-east sp ecies , it has pro ved to be m uch less rare than England, with scattered reco rds from south-w est p re viously thoug ht, being foun d at widely scattered England, south W ale s an d the Midlands no rth to Ayr. localities from Do rse t to southern Scotland, sometimes It is scarce in the more no rtherly parts of its range . in abundance.

10 6 Parhelophilus versicolor (Fabricius, 1787) tricinctaMeigen, 1822 He tophilus veracolor Fabricius in Coe (1053)

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• • • I . • •81 r • • • • • • • . % • • • •

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160 20 140 120 15 100 80 10 60 40 5 20 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The larvae have been found in the decaying rhizomes The larva of this species remains unknow n. It is of Typha in a pond and puparia have been found restricted to heathland (including clearings in wooded betw een the leaf sheaths of the plant. There seems to heath and the tracks and rides of conifer plantations be a strong association with Typha and adults are which have been planted on heathland). Adults are often found resting on the stems and leaves of the usually found by sweeping low flowery vegetation plant. Occurs in wetlands of all types where there are bordering tracks and rides, but can also be seen pools and water-filled ditches with stands of tall, visiting a range of flowers. and yellow emergent vegetation. Adults are usually swept from composites are oft en abundant in such situations and such vegetation, or found visiting flowers nearby. are particularly favoured.

Dist ribut ion Dist ribut ion Locally abundant in suitable habitat in the lowlands of This species has mainly been recorded from the southern Britain, and occurring northwards to Nairn. extensive heathland sites of Dorset and Hampshire, but Scarce in the northern part of its range. there are recent records from Devon, the Isle of Wight, Sussex and at least four localities in Surrey. It can be reasonably abundant at some localities.

107 Pipiza austriacaMeigen, 1822 Pipiza itimaculataMeigen, 1822

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160 30 140 25 120 20 100 80 15 60 10 40 5 20 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The larvae of this gen us are ap hidop hagous, app earing The larva o f this species remains unkn ow n , but those to favour ap hicLs which se crete a w axy flocculence of other members of this genus are aphidop hago us, (w oolly ap h ids) . Th ey have also been reared on ap p earing to favour aph ids which secrete a waxy Cava riella ap hids on Heracteu m sph on dy liu m . Adults flocculence (w oolly aphids) . Adults are usu ally fou nd are usually fou nd resting o n vegetation along resting on vege tation alo ng woo dland margins, w oodland margins, although they occasionally visit occasionally visiting flow ers. flow ers. Distribution Distribution P. bimacu lata , P. fen estrata , P. lug u bris and Widesp re ad but local in sou thern Englan d, ap parently P. noctiluca are justifiably seen as comp rising a becoming scarcer to the west and north , with records difficult species complex by many recorders, and are extend ing in to southern Scotlan d . often ignore d. Consequently, they must be regard ed as under-recorded and p robably subje ct to frequent misidentification . Records are widely scatte red, though most frequent in southern Englan d.

108 Pipiza fenestrata Meigen, 1822 Pipiza lugubris(Fabricius, 1775)

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Biology Biology The larva of this species remains unknown , but other The larva of this species remains unknow n, but other members of the genus are aphidophagous, appearing members of the genus are aphidophagous, appearing to favour aphids which secrete a waxy flocculence to favour aphids which secrete a waxy fl occulence (w oolly aphids). Adults are usually found resting on (w oolly aphids). Adults are usually found resting on vegetation along woodland margins, occasionally vegetation along woodland margins, occasionally visiting fl owers such as Ra n u n cu lus . visiting fl owers, but also in wetland situations, especially where Filipen d u la u lm a ria occurs. Distr ibut ion P . bim a cu lata , P. f en estra ta , P. lug u bris and Dist ribution P. n octilu ca are justifi ably seen as comprising a P . bim a cu la ta , P. fen estra ta , P. lug u bris and diffi cult species comp lex by many recorders, and are P. n oc tilu ca are justifi ably seen as comprising a often ignored. Consequently, they must be regarded as diffi cult species complex by many recorders and are under-recorded and probably subject to frequent often ignored. Consequently, they must be regarded as misidentifi cation. There are few, mainly old records, under-recorded and probably subject to frequent these extending north to the Scottish border. misidentifi cation. Records are few , and appear to be more frequent in older collections. They are w idely scattered in the southern half of Britain, with very few north of the Humber.

109

Pipiza luteitaras Zetterstedt, 1843 Pipiza noctiluca (Linnaeus, 1758)

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Biology Biology The larvae feed on Scbizoneura aphids, which curl the The larvae are aphidophagous, and have been reared leaves of Ulmus. This species is associated w ith broad- on a variety of ground layer and arboreal species, leaved woodland, and adults are oft en found resting including Cavariella on white umbels. Adults are on foliage along the edges of rides and clearings. usually found resting on vegetation along woodland Males defend patches of sunlight, hovering a few margins, hedgerows and similar situations, or visiting metres above the ground. fl ow ers.

Distr ibut ion Distribution The most distinctive member of the genus, and not P. bimaculata, P. fenestrata , P. lugubris and diff icult to identify reliably . This is a scarce but P. noctiluca are justifi ably seen as comprising a w idespread species in the southern half of Britain, diffi cult species complex by many recorders, and are tending to be recorded more frequently from the east. often ignored. Consequently, they must be regarded as Whilst its range extends northw ards to Scotland, it is under-recorded and probably subject to frequent rare in the northern part of its range. Although listed misidentifi cation. This is much the most frequently by Stubbs ( 1982) as a 'good' primary woodl and recorded member of this group, however, and records indicator, recent records suggest that it is not confi ned are widespread in the southern half of Britain, with to ancient woodlands, and the presence of Uhnus may scattered records to northem Scotland. be a more significant factor.

110 Pipizella macutipennis (Meigen, 1822) Pipizella viduata (Meigen, 1822) ;v ire o &wipes (Meigen) in Stubbs and Falk ( 1983)

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8 300 7 250 6 5 200 4 150 3 100 2 1 50 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology Th e larva of this species remains unkn own , bu t other The lar vae are associated with ant-attended, root- members of the genus p rey on root-fee ding aphids. It feeding ap hids on umbels (eg A n a u rap h is su bterra n ea is mentione d as having been fou nd with Sy rph us attended by Lursius n iger Linn aeus on the roots of lar vae on a variety of aphids , but it is not clear Pastin a ca sa tiva ) . Generally fou nd by swe ep ing dry whether th e ap hids were being use d as prey. About grasslan d (including calcareous and coastal grasslan d), half the records of adults appear to come from coastal dry heathlan d and woodla nd rides, or se en visiting low situations, but it is also recorded from inland localities, flow ers, especially Ca ll u m , Past in a ca and o ther including a woo d land ride. According to Speight umbels. Adults will bask on sunlit leaves, but generally ( 1998) it is associated with dry, unimproved grassland stay clo se to the gro un d . areas in scrub o r wood land . D istribution Distribution A widespread and comm on species fou nd in suitab le A very rare sp ecies with widely scattered records from localities throughout Britain , althoug h most frequ ent in southern Englan d north to south ern Scotla nd . In the southern lowland s. Europ e, this species has be en confused with the very similar P. z en egge ne ns is Go eldlin (w hich is not yet kn ow n in Britain , but occurs in Belgium and France) , so the few British sp ecimens should be re-examined with this in m ind . The male terminalia are figu red by van der Go ot (198 1).

1 11 Pipizella virens (Fabricius, 1805) Platycheirus allsimanus (Fabricius, 178 1) Platy cbetrus cy a rteus (m il ler, 1776)

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Biology Biology On th e continent, the larvae are repo rte d to be The early stages of this commo n species require associate d with ap hids on the roots of white umbe ls. further investigation. They ap pear to feed on aphids Foun d in taller an d lusher vege tation th an P. vid u a ta , on low gro wing plan ts and bushes and have also be en in a range o f situations inclu ding woodlan d and scrub fou nd on A bies, Ma lus and Pb rag m ites . The sp ecies is edges, the fringes o f wetlan ds, and cliff top and other multi-bro od ed , and adults can be fou nd at alm ost any coastal grassland . Ad ults stay close to the ground and time of year, but they are particularly ab un dant at w ill bask on sunlit leaves, but are sometimes fou nd flowers in spring. Adu lts can be fou nd in most visiting taller flowers inclu ding white umbels. habitats, but frequently in more hum id, sheltered situ ations such as woodlan d edge , hedg erows, scrub Distribution and gardens. Much scarcer than P. vid u a ta , th is sp ecies is largely restricte d to the lowlands of south-east England , Distribution althoug h there are a few records from north ern One of the comm on est and most widespread o f our Englan d , so uth-w est Englan d and Wales. Sep aration sm aller ho verflies. fro m P. vid u a ta req uires care and is b est do ne by examination of th e male terrninalia which are figured by van der Go ot ( 198 1).

112 Platycheirus ambiguus(Fallen, 1817) Platycheirus amplusCurrant, 1927

M ela na stoma a m big uus Fallen in Coe (1953)

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Biology Biology The larvae feed on aphids on trees and shrubs. They This is a comparatively recently described species and are most often found visiting spring blossom, the larva is not yet known. Adults have been found in especially P 714nus spinosa and fl owering Salix in sunny, poor fens and around moorland fl ushes where they fly sheltered situations such as woodland margins and low dow n amongst sedges and other tall vegetation in large hedgerows. According to Speight (1998) there is a the vicinity of water. strong association w ith scrub; males hover close to fl owering shrubs, often in amongst the branches, Dist r ibut ion whilst females are found at the fl owers or in the Having already been found in Ireland (Speight & immediate vicinity. Vockeroth 1988), this species was added to the British list from Scotland in 1990. An older specimen, dated Distr ibut ion 1910 and previously identifi ed as P. p ettatus, was Although a very local species, it can be abundant in subsequently located in the collections of the Royal suitable localities. It is w idespread in England and Museum of Scotland (Rotheray 1990). There are still Wales north to central Scotland, but more frequent few British records, all from Scotland towards the south-east.

113 Platycheirus angustatus(Z et ter stedt , 1843) Platycheirusclypeat us agg.

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Biology Biology The larvae feed on aphids within the gro und layer. Th e clypea tus group , which has always presented Found in damp grassland situations such as marsh , fen identification d ifficulties, was recently 'sp lit' by Spe ight an d se ason ally flooded , unimp roved grasslan d . Adults and Goeldlin (1990) and Go eldlin et a l. (1990), with fly low dow n amongst tall, emergent ve getation and three new sp ecies introduced ( P. occ u ltus , are usually fou nd by sweep ing. They visit a rang e of P. eu ropae us , P. rcan sarensis) . Old records of flow ers includin g th e flower heads of sedges and P. clyp ea tus ', for which no sup p orting sp ecimens exist, grasses. have been map ped only as P. clyp ea tus agg. The map includes all reco rds of the segregate species as well as Distribution the aggregate. All of the sp ecies in th is complex are Widesp re ad and comm o n thro ug hout Britain. associated with wet habitats.

Dist ribut ion Widely distributed and comm on.

114 Platycheirusclypeatus (Meigen, 1822) Platycheirus discimanusLoew, 187 1

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Biology Biology The early stages of th is common species require The lar va is unk nown . Adults are usually fou nd further investigation . Larvae are rarely found at aphid around spring blosso m, especially Pru n us sp inosa and co lonies, and may be generalise d p redators within the Sa ltx , in shelte red situations such as woo dlan d edges litter layer. Since the sp litting of this species co mplex (b oth bro ad-le aved and conifero us) and hedge row s. by Speight and Go eldlin ( 1990) and Goeldlin et a l. Adults can be fou nd visiting the flow ers, or resting in (1990), P. cisp ea tus sensu stric to has been by far the the im med iate vicinity of flowering bushes where they most frequ ently recorded segregate taxon . It is found sun themse lves on dead grass tussocks, etc. in all sorts of grassy situations, but most abun da ntly in da mp grassland including po nd , stream and d itch D ist ribut ion margins. Adults fly low down amongst tall vegetation This species may well be ove rlooked be cause of its and are easily fou nd by sweep ing. They also visit a early fligh t p eriod and its resemblance to the very wide range of flowers includ ing se dges and grasses. comm on P. a lbitna n us , w hich occurs in similar situations. Records are scarce , but w ide ly scattered; D istribution althou gh they tend to be concentrated toward s the Widespread , occurring through out Brita in. low lan ds of southern England, there are reco rds from uplan d localities in northern England and Scotla nd .

1 15 Platycheirus europaeus Goeldlin, Maibach & Platycheirus fulyiventris (Macquar t, 1827-8) Speight , 1990

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Biology Biology The larva is u nk now n . This is on e of the species Th e lar vae feed on the ap hid Hy a lop te n ts p ru n i on re cently sp lit from P . clyp ea tus by Speight and Go eldlin mon ocotyledon ous plants in wetlan ds. It is usually ( 1990) and Goeldlin et a L (1990) , and as yet, few foun d in marshes, by p onds, ditches or slow fl ow ing re co rds h ave been received . Scottish re cords mainly rivers, usually where lush vegetation such as re fer to damp , op en situatio ns within woodland Ph rag m ites or Gly ceria m ax im a occu rs. Adults fl y (including p ine forest), wh ilst in Englan d , the species is am ongst stands of reeds and sedges frequ ently settling re corded from wet woodland rides, oft en on clay soils. on the stems and will visit fl ow ers of sedges, grasses In Wales it has b een found in damp scrub in san d and Pla n tag o. dun es. Ad ults fl y low dow n amongst the vegetation and will visit the fl ow ers of se dg es and grasses. Distribut ion This species is very local, though oft en abun dant Dist ribution where it occurs. It is most frequ ent in the lowlan ds of This ap p ears to be a widesp read b ut scarce sp ecies in south-east Britain, esp ecially wetlan ds along the east Brita in, although it can be ab un dant where it occurs. co ast of Englan d , but it is also widely scattered in the north and west. It becomes increasingly scarce furth er north, but occurs in reason able numbers in som e wetlan d localities in so uth-east Scotlan d (Stubb s 1996).

116 Platycheir us grandit arsus (Forster, 1771) Platycheirus immarginat us (Zet terstedt, 1849) Pr opbaena g nanditan a (Forster)in Stubbs and Falk (1983)

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Bio logy Biology Larvae undescribed. Pupae have been found in The larvae feed on the aphid Tri ch oca llis cyp eri on w etland fl ood litter. It occurs in wet meadows and in Ca rex in wetlands. In Britain, it is usually found in the lush vegetation fringing marshes, ponds, lakes etc, brackish marshes and saltmarsh, and Speight (1998) including more acid habitats such as poor-fen and notes the tendency for it to be a coastal species M oli nia grassland. Adults fl y amongst stands of tall towards the Atlantic margins of Europe. Adults fl y low vegetation such as J u n cus and Ph rag m ites and down amongst stands of tall vegetation and have been frequently settle on the stems. They visit a wide range found at the fl owers of B olbosch oe n us ma ri tim us . They of fl owers, especially Ran unculus, and males can be are normally found by sweeping. found hovering over open areas such as paths. Dist r ibut ion D ist ri but io n Very localised, but can be abundant where it occurs. Widespread and common. This is a problematic species in that identifications made using older keys (even by experienced workers), are frequently wrong, and do not take account of recent species splits (eg P. occultus) . Although there are many inland records, especially in the older literature, it is not at all clear w hether the species genuinely occurs away from brackish coastal localities in Britain . Most identification guides (eg Coe (1953); Stubbs and Falk (1983)) suggest that there are inland records, but records since 1990 from the most experienced and reliable recorders are almost exclusively coastal, and it is these which have been mapped here.

117 Platycheirus manicatus(Meigen, 1822) Platycheirus melanopsisLoew, 1856

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Biology Biology Larvae feed on aph ids o n low grow ing p lants and The larva of this sp ecies has recently been fou nd by bushes. Accord ing to Stubbs and Falk ( 1983) it is a Rotheray ( 1997), who suggests that they may feed on grassland species, p re ferring drier grasslands on the scale in sect A rctoth esia ca tap h ra cta (Ho moptera: neutral to calcare ous so ils, but Speight (1998) describes Ortheziidae) which is freque nt amongst the roots of it as a sp ecies of wet or humid op en ground and montane p lants . It is found in mounta ins on Rotheray (1993) reports that gravid females seem to calcareous ro cks, at medium to high altitude in alp ine p re fer mo ist shady situations. Our exp erience is that it grasslands and open structured Pin us woodland from is freq ue ntly swept fro m long grass in most habitats, ab out 260 to 300 m upwards. Males tend to hover low b ut is esp ecially abunda nt in coastal grasslands . Adults over roads or ba re areas on tracks. are often foun d visiting a wide range o f flowers, especially white um bels. Distribution Recent work by the Malloch Society suggests that this Distribution is quite a w idespread species in the mou nta ins of the Widesp read and comm on , including many o f th e Scottish Highlands , especially in Perth and the Scottish islands . Caimgorms. It is also recorded from the Lake District. Records from Wales and southern Englan d are pro bably misidentifications, although there seems no reason why the species should not occur on mountains in Snow d onia and the Pennines .

118 Platycheirus nielseni Vockeroth, 1990 Platycheirus occultus Goeldlin, Maibach & Speight, 1990 Plaaycheitus spe cies A in Stub bs and Falk ( 1983)

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Biology Biology The larva is unkn ow n . This species was sp lit from Th e larva is unk nown. This is one of the species split P. pettatus by Vockeroth (1990), an d so far there are from P. clypeatus by Spe ight an d Go eldlin (1990) and relatively few records. It can be frequent in damp Go eldlin et at (1990), and as ye t there are relative ly p laces such as wet, rushy meadows and along stream fesy records. It is found in peaty w etlan ds including sides in up lan d areas, usually where there is some acid bog an d moorlan d in the north and west; shelter from scrub or trees. Males can be foun d calcareous fen in eastem Englan d ; and wet heathland hovering in group s in cle arings and over streams, in in central-so uthern England. Adu lts fly low d ow n dappled sunshine. amongst lush vegetation and are usually fou nd by sw eep ing, bu t also visit flowers. Distribution Th is sp ecies app ears to be widespread in the north Distribution and west, inclu ding Scotland, Wales and north ern Records received so far suggest that th is is a England, with some records from fairly high altitude widespread and locally ab und ant sp ecies in suitable on moorland . In the south of England there are habitats. It can occu r at fairly high altitud e on records from Do rset, Somerset and Breckla nd , and on e moorland in the north and west confirm ed re cord from the Tham es marsh es.

1 19 Platycheirus peltatus agg. Platycheirus peltatus (Meigen, 1822)

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Biology Biology P . p e lta tus has been sp lit into th ree sp ecies ( P . a tnp lus , The early stages of this common sp ecies require P . n ielse n i and P . p elta tus s.s .) by Vockeroth (1990) . Old further inve stigation becau se the identifi catio n of the records o f 'P. p elta tus ' for which no sup p orting sp ecim ens that have been described is open to doubt. sp e cim en exists, have been map ped only as P . p elta tus The availab le data suggests that they p rey on a range agg . Th e map includes all records of the segregates as of aphids in shaded , mo ist sites. 'P. p etta tus ' was split well as th e aggregate . by Vockeroth (1990), and relatively few records have been receive d for P. p eltatus s.s . It app ears to be a more Dist ribut ion lowlan d species than P. n ielse n t, occurring in up land Widespre ad and common through out Britain. are as only along valley flo ors . It is fou nd in damp , grassy situations along rivers and streams , in wood land rides and clearings and aroun d larg e hedgerows. Adu lts fi y low dow n amon gst the vegetation and will se ttle on sunlit leaves. Males hover over bare patches.

Dist ribution Widespread and comm on in low lands thro ugh ou t Brita in .

120 Plat ycheirus perpallidus Verrall, 1901 Platycheirus podagratus (Zetterstedt, 1838)

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Biology Biology The larvae are associated with the ap hid Trichocallis The larva is unkn ow n . Occurs at the edges of cyperi on Carex in wetlan ds. It occurs along the oligotrop hic lak es and in boggy areas on moorland at margins of ditches, p on ds and rivers, especially in wet moderate altitudes, although it has been fou nd at poor-fen where Carex occurs. Adu lts fly amongst 700 m in the Pe nn ines. Adults fly low amongst stands stands of tall, emergent vege tation . Usually found by of vegetation such as Carex or Ju n cus, usually close to sweep ing, but th ey se em to prefer the open-w ater side water, and are often fou nd by sw eep in g. It has been of vegetation stands, wh ich can make them fou nd visiting sedge flow ers. inaccessible. Distribution Distribution A scarce and local species of northern England and This is a very local sp ecies, wh ich may nevertheless be Scotlan d , with most records from the Scottish abun dant where it occurs. It is most freque nt in Wales, Highlan cLs. There are records from North Wa les. Som e northern Englan d and Scotlan d, esp ecially the central older records, which do not take into accoun t re cent Highlands. It is rare in southern Britain. sp ecies splits, may refer to P. occu ltus.

12 1 •

Platycheirus ramsarensisGoeld lin, Maibach & Platychelrus rosarum(Fabricius, 1787) Speight , 1990 Py rophaena ;m ann>: (Fabricius) in Stub bs and Falk (1983) 4,2

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25 300 20 250 15 200 150 10 100 5 50 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology Th e larva is unkn ow n . This sp ecies was split from La rvae unk nown , bu t are p resum ed to feed on aphids P . clyp ea tus by Spe ight and Go eldlin ( 1990) and in wetlan d situations . Pu p a e ha ve been found in Goeldlin et a l. ( 1990) , and there are relatively few fenland fl ood refuse. It occu rs in wet meadow s and in re cords as ye t. It has been foun d in oligotrop hic, wet the lush vegetation fringing marshes, ponds , lakes, etc. situations beside moorland stre ams and lake s, usually Adu lts fl y amon gst stands of tall vegetation such as w here there are sma ll fl ushes with abun dant Ca rex or Ju ncus and Phragm ites and freque ntly settle on th e J u n cus. Adults fl y low dow n amongst stands of ste ms. They visit a wide range of fl ow ers and males ve getation and will visit fl ow ers such as Ca ltha . can be found hovering over more open areas. Generally occurs in th e sam e habitats as Distribution P. g rand itarsa , and the two are often found together. Fro m th e relative ly few re cords received so far, th is ap p ears to b e a widesp read and relatively freque nt D ist ribution sp ecies in moo rland are as of Wales, the Pennines, Generally less abunda nt than P . g rand itarsa , b ut Scotland and Ex moor. It is oft en ab un dant where it similarly widesp read. O c c u r s .

12 2 Platycheirus scambus (Staeger, 1843) Platycheirus scutatus (Meigen, 1822)

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Biology Biology The larvae feed on aphids within the ground layer. The larvae prey on a variety of aphid species on low Found in damp grassland including saltmarsh, poor- growing plants, bushes and small trees. A species of fen and the fringes of marshes, often where there is woodland edge (both coniferous and broad-leaved) some shelter from trees or scrub. Adults fly amongst and scrub, including hedgerows, parks and mature stands of tall vegetation and are rarely found far from gardens. Adults are usually found resting on sunlit the edges of water. They will visit a w ide range of vegetation or visiting a w ide range of fl owers in fl owers and males hover near fl owering shrubs, such clearings, tracksides, etc. It is multiple brooded and as Salix , near water. has a long fl ight period.

Dist r ibut ion Dist r ibut ion Locally abundant in Scotland and northem England, Widespread and common. Until very recently, two and more widespread than was thought in the south, species were confused under the name P. scutat us in including the Midlands, w est Wales and south-west Britain. Records preceding the separation of England. Records from southern England need careful P. sp len dens and P. scutatus s.s. by Rotheray (1998) scrutiny as misidentifi cation is possible. could refer to either taxon. However, records of adults from July onwards are likely to be of P. scutatus s.s. whilst earlier records are mixed. It appears likely that both are frequent and widespread, but P. scutatus s.s. will still turn out to be one of our commonest species.

123 Platycheirus splendensRotheray, 1998 Platycheirus sticticus(Meigen, 1822)

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Biology Biology Newly described by Rotheray ( 1998). Bred from larvae The larva is unknown. The habitat preferences of collected from leaf-curl galls of Scb iz on eu ra u lm i on adults are little known, but the species has been taken Ulm us gla bra and also Bracbyca u d us sp . on Silen e in rough grassland, along woodland edges and d ioca . Adults closely resemble P. scu tatus w ith which it hedgerows at altitudes of up to 240 m. This is a little was previously confused. Rotheray ( 1998) found that known and poorly recorded species and more larvae enter diapause (unlike P. scutatus) not forming a information would be welcome. puparium until the following spring and the few records of adults available so far support this, Distribution suggesting it has a short Bight period early in the There are few records, w idely scattered from southern season. England to northern Scotland. It appears to be scarce, but may well be overlooked amongst commoner grey- Distribution marked Pla otcheints species. Roth eray (1998) examined material under the name of P. scutatus in several museum collecti ons and found specimens from all over Britain which proved to be this species, suggesting it w ill turn out to be frequent and w idespread. Several specimens came from city parks in Edinburgh and Oxf ord.

124 Platycheirus tarsalis (Schummel, 1836) Pocota personate (Harris, 1780)

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Biology Biology Th e larva is unknow n . A woo dland sp ecies, typ ically The lar vae are foun d in rot-holes high up in various trees, foun d along he rb-rich rides, woodland edges o r but most frequently Fag us and Pop u lu s. Larval development hedgerow s. In spring it is most often found visiting the probably takes a few years and lati tae of different size flow ers o f A llia ria p et iolata , but will visit a range of classes can be found toge ther in the sam e rot-ho le. Adu lts other flow ers. are good bum blebe e mimics and are seldom found , but can sometimes be se en visiting flow ers, especially Cra ta eg u s Distribution blossom, near lar val hab itat. They have also been observed This was believed to be a scarce species , but recent hovering abo ut the entran ces to rot-holes. re cords suggest it is a widespread an d often abun dant woo dlan d hoverfly in the southern lowlands and Distribution Midlands where it appears to prefer wood lan ds on A rare sp ecies, restricted to woodlands and parklands with clay . There are scattered records throughout the no rth ancient trees, althoug h there are (mostly old) records from and west extending north to Inverness-shire. urban localities like Hampstead He ath and Blackh eath in Londo n, and Banbury Road , Ox ford. It is main ly re corded from the forest belt of central-southern England, with the majority of records com ing from 'classic dead-wood localities ' like Windsor Forest and the New Forest. There is a scatter of records elsewhere in southern Britain, extending northwards th ough the Welsh border coun ties to th e Wirral. Duncombe Park in North Yorksh ire is rathe r isolated locally and the most no rtherly locality kn ow n. Reco rds from the eastern side of Engalnd mostly date from the 1930s and 40s or ead ier.

12 5 Por tevinia maculat e (Fallen, 1817) Psilota anthracina Meigen, 1822 Cheilosia macu lata Fallen in Coe (1953)

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300 25 250 20 200 15 150 10 100 50 5 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The larvae tunnel in th e b ulbs o f A lliu m u rsin u m . On th e continent, the larvae have be en foun d in sap- Du ring its rather short flight p eriod , males are often ru ns on trees (Stubb s 1996) and the female has been ab undant around stands of th e larval foo dp lant, w here obse rved to oviposit in the exit ho le of Cera m byx th ey can b e seen visiting the flow ers and resting on the cerd o Linna eus in an ancien t living Q u ercus (Speight, foliage . Fem ales are surp risingly elusive , bu t are 1998 quoting Doczk al, pers. comm .). In Britain, it is p resumab ly also present, tho ugh making themselves re stricted to sites with large num bers of ancien t trees. less consp icu ous. Adults are elusive , but are sometimes foun d visiting Cra taegus or Sa lix flow ers. Distribution Widesp re ad and often ab unda nt wh erever th e larval Distribution food-p lant grow s (usually, but not exclusively, in Th e great m ajority of records are from a few sites with woodland) . It has recently b een re cord ed from large pop ulation s of ancien t tre es, such as Windsor north ern Scotland . Forest, the New Forest an d Richm ond Park, but there are recen t re cords from Essex, Worcestersh ire , Warw icksh ire and Derbyshire . The adults are possibly ove rlooked by hoverfly recorders because of th eir clo se rese mblan ce to shining blue-black muscids (eg Hy d rotaea spp .).

126 RhingiacampestrisMeigen, 1822 Rhingia rostrata (Linnaeus, 1758)

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Biology Biology The larvae live in cow-clung, fragments of which The larva is unknow n. Many records are associated adhere to their bodies, ensuring that they are well with broad-leaved woodland and Speight ( 1998) states camoufl aged. How ever, adults are found in areas that adults fly 'within woodland, visiti ng fl owers in where cattle are absent, raising the possibility that dung small glades and dappl ed sunlight'. Like I?. campestr is, of other species, or even other media such as wet it has two fl ight periods; in May/June and again in compost, may be used. Occurs in meadows, gardens, early autumn. Autumn records are much more hedgerows, woodland edges, etc. Adults are usually numero us. seen visiting fl owers, especially pink or purple fl owers with concealed nectar sources, or resting on Dist ributio n vegetation. The long extension to the face, and the A rare and enigmatic species which is sometimes long proboscis sited beneath, gives access to deep found in great abundance at a locality and then fl owers, such as Silene, which other hoverfl ies cannot disappears. Records are concentrated in south-east exploit. England, especially in the woods of the Weald and the Chilterns, and in South Wales. Records from the latter Dist ribut ion area have increased, especially in the autumn . Widespread and very common throughout Britain, including many of the islands, but the numbers of records received per year has fl uctuated widely and there is a possibility that they are scarcer in the year following a dry season.

127 Riponnensia splendens (Meigen, 1822) Scaeva albomaculata (Macquart , 1842) Ortbonevra splendens (Meigen) in Stubbs and Falk (1983)

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140 1 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 Feb Ma r Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Ma r Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology Th e larvae are aquatic , occurring in ve ry shallow , slow Little know n . In Gre ece , it visits fl ow ers such as Cy tisu s moving water with accumulations of woody debris. It in dry grassland . is found in marshes and fens (esp ecially close to trees or scrub) , sp rings and seep ages in woodland and Dist ribution alo ng farm d itch es besid e hedg erows. Adults are A Mediterranean species, one sp ecimen of which was found amongst ve getation close to water or settled on take n in Sussex in August 1938 . A se cond , take n in th e foliage of trees and bushes. They frequently visit 1949 on the Isle of Wight, has re cently been fl ow ers, esp ecially Ranuncu lus and w hite umbels, but discovered in a museum colle ction (Palm er 1996). also a varie ty of oth ers.

Dist ribut ion Widesp re ad and common in the lowlands of the so uthem half o f Britain , scarcer in th e north , although extend ing to cen tral Scotland .

12 8 Scaeva mecogramma (Bigot, 1860) Scaeva pyrastri( Linnae us, 1758) Syrpbus mecog ram ma Bigot in Coe (1953)

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Biology Biology Acco rding to Spe ight (1998), this is a sp ecies of Th e lar vae fee d on a wide range of gro und layer and Quercus ilex / Q. su ber forest, o live gro ves and citrus (less frequently) arboreal aphids. Adults are o ften seen orchards . Highly migratory. visiting flow ers such as white umbels, Cirsium an d Cardu us. This is a migran t which reaches Britain Distribution around June from south ern and central Euro p e, A south ern European species recorded from Spain, breeding he re to give a ge neration in late summer. southern France , Corsica, Italy and Switzerlan d Althoug h it is kn ow n to overwinter in central Europe , (Speight 1998). A single male was taken in Am isto n, there is little evidence of this from western Europ e Lothian in August 1905. This seems an unusual p lace suggesting that its annual occurrences are totally for a vagrant to turn up , and it was p oss ibly an depend ent on immigration (Speight 1998) . In Irelan d accidental imp ort. and western Scotlan d , the earliest records are in July, sugg esting that it do es no t usually manage to breed in these areas.

' Distribution Widespread in th e lowlan ds of the south ern half of Britain . In no rthern Englan d and southern Scotlan d records are noticeably clustered along th e east coast, as one might exp ect for a migrant sp ecies. It seems to be scarce further north in Scotland , although it is record ed north to Shetlan d . The numbers of records received vary greatly betw een years.

129 Scaeva selenit ica (Meigen, 1822) Sericomyia lappona(Unnaeus,1758)

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Biology Biology The larvae feed on aphids on Pi n us and Picea. A The larvae are of the 'Iong-tailed' aquatic type, and are puparium has been found under the bark of Picea. associated with peaty pools and boggy stream-sides in Records that make reference to habitat most frequently moorland and with wet woodland, such as Salix cart specif y woodland (including both broad-leaved and Adults are usually seen visiting fl owers, or basking on coniferous), although open habitats, such as chalk sunlit foliage, rocks etc, near larval habitat. In southern grassland, are also mentioned. In the south of England England, this species is associated with sandy, acid this species is mainly associated w ith Pi nus on heathland, not always in wet areas. It tends to occur heathland. Adults are often seen visiting fl owers, such earlier in the year than S. silentis, although they are not as white umbels, along woodland rides and edges. infrequently seen together. Males hover in clearings. Distr ibut ion Distribut ion Very similar in distribution to S. silenas (the two species Scarce but w idely scattered. Whilst Stubbs and Falk often occurring together), but less abundant and more 0 983) state that it is at least a partial migrant, Falk strictly confined to bogs, especially in southern Britain. 0 991b) argues that it is resident. It is quite possible that a resident population receives reinforcement by migration from the continent.

130 Sericomyia silentis (Harris, 1776) Sphaer op horia ba nkowskae Goeldlin, 1989 4 ete

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Biology Biology Th e larvae are of the l ong-tailed ' aquatic typ e and The larva is unknown . Adults have been found in have be en found am ongst old, wet, rotting wood open areas in woo ds where they w ill visit low growing fragments in a saw mill and from a water-filled drainage flowers such as Poten Ulla. d itch on a cut-over peat bog . It is associated with p eaty pools in moorlan d and acid habitats , including Dist r ibut ion bogs on heathlands in the south and east of Britain, This rare species was add ed to the British list from p oor-fen and wet woo dland , including Salty and Aln us Canfield Hart, North Essex in 1986 by Plant (1990), and carr. Adults are usu ally found along tracks ides or is so far re cord ed elsewhere only from a woo d in woo dlan d edges, visiting flowers or settled in sunlight North amptonshire (no t mapped) . A new key to the o n vegeta tion or bare areas of ground . They are very British membe rs of the ge nus is given by Stubbs strong and active fliers and appear to disp erse widely, ( 1996) . Altho ugh this recently de scribed species is often be ing foun d far from wate r. widely recorded in Europ e (Speight (1998) lists Denmark, Britain, France , Germany , Switzerland and Distribution Italy) it is poo rly known as yet. Widesp read and abun dant in no rthern and western Britain, esp ecially west Wales, the Pe nn ines and other up land areas of northe rn England, and in tipland Scotland . In the lowlan ds of southern an d eastern England it is much scarcer, probably bre eding on heath lan d and oth er more acid hab itats, although ad ults may be found some distance from such localities . It is almost absent from most o f the English Midlands and rather local in East Anglia.

13 1 Sphaerophoria batava Goebilin de T iefenau, 1974 Sphaerophoria fatarumGoeldlin, 1989 Spbaeropboaa abbreviate Zetterstedt in Kloet and Hin cks 0 970 and Stubbs and Falk (1983); see Speight (1989a)

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so 60 40 50 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The larva is unknow n. Records which give habitat The larva is unknow n. Adults are usually found in details most frequently refer to heathland or open rides open, heathy vegetation, and in the Scottish Highlands in conifer woods (including native Pi n us woods in this is one of the characteristic species of wet areas on Scotland, and conifers planted on dunes on Anglesey) open moorland and heathland. It also occurs in w here specimens have been swept from heather or heathy rides in conifer plantation and other woodland. found on fl owers such as Potentilla erecta . A few Adults fly low dow n amongst the vegetation, and are records menti on broad-leaved woodland. Adults are usually found by sweeping, but also visit fl owers such usually swept from tracksides or clearings or found as Potenti lla erecta and Ranunculus. visiting fl ow ers. Dist r ibut ion Dist r ib ut ion S. abbrevia te ' has recently been split; the true A scarce but widely distributed species, with the abbrevia ta Zetterstedt is a Scandinavian species majority of records from southern England, but apparently confmed to Lapland. British material is extend ing to northern Scotland. attributed to S. f ata nan. Thi s is a frequent species in Scotland and northern England where it is often the commonest member of the genus. It also occurs in Wales and on heathland in southern England, where it is scarce.

132 Sphaerophoria int errupta (Fabricius, 1805) Sphaeraphoria toewi Zetterstedt, 1843 Spbaeropboria mentbasm (Linnaeus) sensu vockeroth in Stubbs and Falk (1983)

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Biology Biology The lar vae feed on ap hids and other small, soft-bo died The larva is unknow n . Adults have been fou nd in Homoptera in the groun d layer, and have been foun d brackish reed-be ds (u sually Pbrag m Ues, but also with ap hids on Silen e d ioica and Cerastiu m f ontan u m Bolboschoenus marain7us at Leighto n Moss) at a few ssp . holosteoides (Stubbs 1996). It is typ ically found in coastal localities . It is likely that the lar vae feed on op en, wet or moist grassland such the edges of fen , ap hids or other soft-bodied Homop tera in th is habitat. coastal dunes, and un imp roved wet meado ws, but it It has been sugge sted that the adult is active very early also occurs in damp grassy woodland clearings. in the morning, but there are several recent re cords Occasio nally recorded from chalk grassland . Adults fly made in the middle of th e day. Adults fly am ong st low among st the vegetation and visit a wide range of stands of tall vege tation , usually remainin g over the flow ers. water, but they occasiona lly visit flow ers.

Distribution Distribution Described in Stubb s and Falk (1983) as 'on e of the A very rare sp ecies know n on ly from a few w idely commonest and most widespread species in grassland sep arated coastal localities . The comm on feature in habitats', recent re cords suggest that this sp ecies must these localities seems to b e the p resence of b rackish be considered rather more local, and quite scarce in marsh . There is one inland record , of an adult swept parts of eastern Britain. Lowlan ds in the west se em to from Phragm ites on a marshy loch side ne ar Aviemore provide the best habitat. in central Scotlan d. Norm ally fou nd as isolated single sp ecimens, it is, how ever, reported to be reason ably frequent at Leigh ton Moss and the Tay Reedb eds .

133 Sphaerophoria philanthus (Meigen, 1822) Sphaerophoria potentillaeClaussen, 1984

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Biology Biology Alth ough the larvae ha s not been fou n d in Europ e , a The larva is unkn ow n . Occu rs in wet, unimp roved sp ecies with th e same name is w ell kn ow n in North grassland wh ere adu lts have been fou nd visiting America w here it is an ap hid p redator in crop s such as A ch illea , Poten tate erecta and Ra n u n cu lu s. B rassica . How eve r, th e habits and b iology described in American literature do not fit at all w ell with what is Distribution kn own o f this sp ecies in Europ e, so it is probable that This species was added to the British list from wet the tw o are not conspecific (Speight 1998). In Britain it grasslands in North Devon by Stubbs ( 1989), and so is found in dry h eath and moorland situations and far has only be en record ed from a few sites in th e also in heathy rides in con ifer p lan tations. Adu lts fly immed iate vicinity of the original disco very. The low amongst th e vegetation wh ere they may visit occurrence of this species in Britain was p redicted by flowers such as Po te n ta te erec ta . Speight (1988a) , w ho illustrates the male ge nitalia. A new key to the British members of the genus is give n Dist r ib ut ion by Stubbs (1996). It was originally described from a Widespre ad and frequent in su itab le localities in th e series of bogs in no rthem Germany and has so far north and west o f Britain . Scarce in so uthem Englan d only been foun d in Denm ark, th e Netherlands and and East Ang lia w here it is confi ned to the major Britain (Spe ight 1998), but there are few record s as yet. heathla nds .

134 Sphaerophoria rueppellii (Wiedemann, 1820) Sphaerophoria scripta (Linnaeus, 1758)

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Biology Biology Larvae feed on aphids on plants such as Brassica and The larvae, which overwinter, feed on aphids and . It can be found in dry, rank grassland and other small, soft-bodied Homoptera in the ground other open, dry situations such as ruderal layer including various crop-aphids. It is found in communities, although females have been observed open grassland, woodland edges, hedgerows, urban ovipositing on Ep ilobiu m h irsu tu m , which is more waste ground and gardens and, according to Speight typical of damper situations. According to Speight ( 1998), tends to be coastal towards the northern edge (1998), it occurs in open fringes of wetlands, including of its European range and distinctly anthropogenic salt-marsh on the western edge of its European range, further south. Adults fly low down amongst, or just and also on exposed, vegetated, sand and gravel beds above, the vegetation and frequently visit fl owers, beside rivers. Adults fly amongst tall vegetation and especially , white umbels and yellow visit fl owers, especially yellow composites. comp osites. How ever, many other fl owers, including garden varieties, are utilised. Dist r ibut ion Locally abundant in south-east England, and especially Dist ribut ion frequent in the marshes around the Thames where it is Very conunon and widespread in the low lands of characteristically found on grassy fl ood banks. It is southern Britain, north to a line between the Humber also frequent on dry heathland edges in Surrey, and the Mersey. There are scattered records north to Hampshire and Dorset. There are scattered records southem Scotland, but it is scarce, and may occur only from elsewhere in the southern half of Britain, and as a migrant here. north to Skye; it has recently been found near Edinburgh (Stubbs 1996).

135 Sphaerophorla taeniata(Meigen, 1822) Sphaerophoria virgataGoeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974

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60 12 50 10 40 8 30 6 20 4 10 2 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology Th e larvae are unkn ow n , but it has b een reared from a The larva is unkn ow n . The adults app ear to prefer p uparium fo un d on a Ph rag m ites ste m. It is ge ne rally sheltered, h eathy locations, most records referring to found in rich , un imp rove d , dam p grasslan d, often w ith heathy ride s in conifer plan tations, mixed woods or J u n cu s, but also in op en areas in damp woodlan d and Scottish Pin us wood, th ough one mentions Qu ercu s scrub . Adults fly low am on gst the vegetation and visit woodland , and ano ther op en Betu la . It has been flow ers such as Ra n u n cu lus and yellow comp osites. foun d on th e flow ers of heath ers and Po ten tilla erecta , and has also be en taken in water traps on he athland. Distribut ion A rath er sca rce and local species of southern Britain, Distribution w ith a few re cords in th e Welsh bord ers, the fens of A scarce an d little know n sp ecies, with few , widely Anglesey and northern Scotland , includ ing a re latively scattered records extending from the New Forest to re cent re cord from north o f Inverness. north ern Scotlan d.

136 Sphaerophoria formA sensu Stubbs (1983) Sphaerophoria speciesBsensu Stubbs (1991)

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Biology Biology Unknown. Unknown.

Distribution Dist ribut ion A single male taken by Steven Falk in Hampshire may A single male was taken by Alan Stubbs in Blean be an unusual variety of S. interrupta, which it closely Woods, Kent in 1976. Further searches in the same resembles. More material is required to clarify the area have failed to provide any more records. The situation. male genitalia are very distinctive, but more material is required to show that this is not merely an aberrant individual. A new key to the British members of the genus is given by Stubbs ( 1996).

137 Sphegina clunipes (Fallen, 1816) Sphegina elegans Schummel, 1843 Sp begina la makoteicz il Strobl in Stubbs and Falk (1983)

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Biology Biology The larvae are found in sap-runs and other The larvae are found in accumulations of decaying accumulations of decaying sap under bark, usually in sap under bark, usually in damp shaded places damp shaded places . It is found in lush, damp including under the bark of partially submerged logs in undergrow th in broad-leaved woodland, including carr streams. Found in wet, shady woodland, generally in woodland, wooded river banks and fenland scrub . much wetter situations than is typical for S. clumpes Adults seem to prefer shady situations and are rarely and not usually far from water. Adults appear to stay found outside the shade of woodland canopy and are in the shade of the canopy and very few records normally taken by sweeping, but occasionally visit mention adults visiting flow ers. flowers in dappled sunlight. Dist r ibut ion Dist r ibut ion Although both species are widely distributed Thi s is the most frequent member of the genus (w ith throughout Britain, this species is much more patchily more than twice as many records received by the distributed than S. cl un ip es, although it is the more Recording Scheme for this species than for S elegan s, frequent species at some localities in the West and nearly eight times as many than for S. verecu nda ) , Mi dlands. fo und in woodland throughout Britain. Curiously, northern specimens are much more colourfu l.

138 Sphegina sibirica Stackelberg, 1953 Sphegina verecunda Collin, 1937

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Biology Biology Larvae un kn ow n, bu t females have been observed The larvae have been fou nd in th e exudates from a ovipositing on the unde rside of a cut Picea trunk lyin g sap-run on Ulm us . It is found in wet shady situations across a stre am (Speight 1998). In continental Euro p e, in wood lan d and carr. Adults are foun d in sh ade , or adults are fou nd in Pice a forests along the edges of da ppled sunsh ine , usually close to wet areas or p aths and streams, wh ere they often ho ver aroun d stre ams, and are occasionally fou nd visiting flow ers. freshly cut logs (Speight 1988a) . So far in Britain , records come from grassy areas and stream-sides in or Distribution near Picea p lan tations. Th is is much the scarcest member of the gen us (le aving aside the newly discovere d S. sibirica ), with Distribution scattered records in the southem half of Britain, but a This sp ecies was add ed to the British list by Stubbs marked incre ase in freque ncy westwards . There are a ( 1994) from Loch Du ich in 1991, and has been fou nd few records from no rthem Englan d and Scotlan d . subseque ntly in several localities in south Wales, Shro pshire an d central Scotland . The occu rrence o f this sp ecies in Britain was predicted by Speight ( 1988a) and this work, and Stubbs (1996), should be consulted for separation from other British members of the ge nu s. On the continent, it appears to be spreading rapidly westwards from Scan dinavia and Europ ean Ru ssia , and can be exp ecte d to tum up more frequ ently in the future.

13 9 Syrit ta pipiens (Linnaeus, 1758) Syrphus ribesil(Linnae us, 1758)

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1200 800 600 800 400 400 200 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Se p Oct Nov

Biology Biology Th e lar vae are found , o ft en in large num bers, in wet Th e lar vae are commonly found fee ding at all sorts of decaying organic matte r includ ing compost heaps, ground laye r and arboreal ap hid colonies. manure heap s, cow -d un g and silage , but no t in p ools Ove rw intering larvae can oft en be fou nd in lea f litter and p onds . A ubiquitous sp ecies in lowland areas below aphid-infested A t er p seu dop la tan us trees. Occur inclu d ing anthrop og en ic habitats such as farmland, in most habitats, including woo dlan d of all typ es, parks an d ga rdens. Usually fou nd flying low down farmland, p arks and gardens and urban areas. Adults among st th e vege tation or visitin g fl ow ers. It is very can be found resting on sunn y vege tation and visiting p rom inent at the end of the se ason when large fl ow ers of all sorts. The males hover am ongst the numbers visit ivy fl ow ers. Males p atrol aroun d fl ow ers, canopy of woodlands and are resp onsible for the manoeuvring slowly and w ith great agility, and engage au dible wh ine that can be heard in woodlands in mid- in co nfro ntations, where two males hover he ad to summer. This sp ecies is multiple-brooded, and so has head , with one ho vering backw ards as the other a long seaso n . It can be abun da nt in urba n areas and ap p roaches. It is not clear how th e contest is decided , gard ens. but one su ddenly da rts away whilst the other resumes patrolling . Dist r ibut ion One of the most widespread and abundant ho verfl ies Dist ribut io n throug hout Britain. Widely distributed and very co mm on throug hout lowland Brita in, but scarcer in up lan d areas and th e more remote parts o f Scotland .

14 0 Syrphus torvus Osten-Sacken, 1875 Syrphus vitripennis Meigen, 1822

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300 700 250 600 500 200 400 150 300 100 200 50 100 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The larvae feed on a wide range of ground layer and The larvae feed on aphids on a w ide range of trees arboreal aphids. Adults are usually, but not alw ays, and shrubs. It is found in all types of woodland, scrub found around trees, with woodland edges, hedgerows, and hedgerow situations including urban parks and orchards and mature gardens being typical situations. gardens. Adults visit a wide range of fl owers and males They visit a wide range of fl owers. Like S. ribesii, it is hover high in the canopy. It is believed to be highly multiple-brooded and has a long fl ight season, but it migratory and numbers are probably reinforced in tends to show marked, and quite brief peaks of some years by immigrants from the conti nent. abundance in the spring and again in mid-summer. Dist r ibut ion Dist ribut ion Common and widespread throughout Britain. This hoverfly (especially the female) is probably overlooked amongst other Syrpbus species. There has been a tendency to think of this as a southern species, but recent records suggest that it is also common in Scodand. The records possibly indicate an increase in abundance westwards.

141 Trichopsomyta flavit arsis (Meigen, 1822) Triglyphus primusLoew, 1840 Parapenium f latetarsis (Meigen, 1822) in Coe ( 1953) and Kloet and Hinck s 0 9763

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Biology Biology The larvae have been recorded feeding on the psyll id The larvae are aphidophagous, and appear to be Livia j u ncona n in the galls that this insect forms on specific to the galls induced by n yp tostp hum an imisae Ju ncus a n icu latus, but it may have additional on A rternisia vulgaris. Adults are elusive, but tend to predation str ategies. Found in wet situations including be found visiting flowers such as white umbels or fen, rushy meadows and boggy areas in moorland resting on sunny foliage in the sorts of places that including My rica stands and Mol in ia grasslands. A rtenth ia grows. These include urban waste ground, Adults fly low amongst dense vegetation and visit low- abandoned quarries and disused railway lines, but also grow ing fl owers, such as Potentate erecta and semi-natural grassland with an element of disturbance. Nartheciu m . Males hover in small groups near shelter, For example, they have been found on Salisbury Plain such as bushes. near tank-damaged areas.

Distr ibut ion Distr ibution Locally abundant where suitable habitat occurs, Rather scarce and local in south-east Britain from extending well above the tree line in the Scottish around Dorset and Wiltshire eastwards, and north to Highlands. Field experience suggests that this species is about a line between the Mersey and the Humber. A more frequent in the north and west of Britain , but this number of recent records are associated with urban is not obvious from the map, which may reflect lower waste ground, for example in Sheffi eld and East levels of recording in these areas. In southern Bri tain it London. is much more restricted by the availability of its habitat, but can still be found in suitable localities.

142 Tropidia scita (Harris, 1780) Volucella bombylans (Linnaeus, 1758)

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300 800

250 600 200 150 400 100 200 50 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology Matu re larvae and p up aria have been fou nd betwe en The larvae are scavengers and predato rs on the floo r th e basal leaf sheaths of Typha . The larvae w ill of the nest cavity of social was ps (includin g the hornet p rob ably be fou nd living in th e wet plan t debris Vespa crabro Linnaeus) and bu mblebees, where th ey aroun d the base of such emerge nt p lants. It is fou nd probably feed on larvae and p up ae. The adu lts are amon g emergent vegetation, esp ecially Phrag mites and convincing bum blebee mimics, occurring in two main Typha , in fens, ponds, drainage ditches and the edg es colour form s, one of which mimics red-tailed , the of slow rive rs. Adults fly am ongst stands of such other white-ta iled bumblebees. They are often found p lants, settle on the stems and leaves and visit nearby visiting flow ers or resting on sun ny vegetation along flow ers including white umbels, Ran u ncu lu s, Mentha woo dland edg es, rides an d glades, mature he dgerow s and Iris. Males ho ver, sometimes for extended p eriods, or in scrub . This species o ccurs rather earlier in the clo se to a leaf or stem. seaso n than other members of the genus.

Distribution Distribution Locally abun da nt in wetlan ds throughout the low lan ds Widesp read and comm on through ou t Britain, of England and Wales , but most frequent in coastal including several of the Scottish islands. wetlands and grazing levels, whe re it can be one of the most abu ndant ho verflies. In the areas that use d to be occu p ied by fens in Cambridgeshire and south Lincolnshire , it can still be found in ditches between intensively managed cereal fields , p rovidin g that some emergent vegetation is p rese nt, even if the water quality appears very poo r. In Scotlan d it is present in th e south , and has also recently been fou nd on South Uist in th e Ou ter Hebrides.

14 3 Volucella inanis(Linnaeus, 1758) Volucella inflate (Fabricius, 1794)

4(

e ,

••

•

CO •

CO

140 120 120 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sap Oct Nov

Biology Biology The larvae are ecto parasites of social wasp larvae , and A larva has be en fou nd in a sap -run on Q u ercu s, ha ve bee n found in association with Ve spu la where it was probably feeding on othe r inse ct larvae. g en na n ica (Fabricius) and Vesp a c ra bro Linnaeus . Fema les have been observed ovipositing in sap-ru ns, They are , unlike any other member of the ge nus, very includ ing those caused by goat moth caterp illars flatte ned so that they fit into the larval cells beside the Cossus cossu s (Linn aeus) . It is generally fou nd in or wasp larvae on which th ey feed . Found in op en areas near woo dland with overmature trees, where ad ults in woodland and scrub an d , most freq uently , in visit flowers such as Ru bus , Rosa and Heracleu m in suburb an areas, in parks and ga rdens . Adults are sunny , open rides and glades. usually seen visiting flowers, esp ecially white um be ls and B u d d lej a . Distribution Locally freq uent in heavily-wo od ed areas in the south Distribution of Britain, mainly south-east of a line from the Seve rn Locally abunda nt in th e outer suburbs of Londo n and to the Wash . It is scarce in the more northerly p arts of th e surro und ing countryside . There are a few records its range, and also in the East Midland s and East away fro m th is area, inclu ding scatte red localities along Anglia, p robably because these areas are not well- th e south coast from Kent to Cornwall, the Exmo or wooded. coast , South Wales and Oxfords h ire .

144 Volucellapellucens (Linnaeus, 1758) Volucella zonaria(Poda, 1761)

cc,")2

OS

• •::

•

1200 100 1000 80 800 60 600 40 400 20 200 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The larvae are scavengers and p redators on th e floor The lar vae are scavengers and p redato rs in the nests of of th e nest cavity of social wasp s (including the ho rnet social wasp s (including the horn et Vespa crabro Vespa crabro Linnaeus) , whe re they probably feed on Linnaeus) , where they p robably feed on larvae and wasp larvae and pupae . It is fou nd in all sorts of pupae . This, our largest and most spectacular hoverfly, woo dland , in scrub and aro und large hedgerow s. Also seems to be almo st entirely anthro pog enic in Britain. It occurs in sub urban parks and large , mature gardens. is usually seen visiting flowers in sub urba n areas Adu lts are cha racteristically found visiting a wide range where it occu rs in pa rks and gardens . Many recent of flowers, b ut especially Heracleum sphondylium . record s come from civic amenity planting s aroun d car- Males are frequently seen ho vering high up in a parks and urban roads. sunb eam over tracks in wood lan d rides and glade s. Distribution D istribution Vermll (1901) kn ew of only two sp ecimens, and until Widespread and comm on thro ughout Britain, about 1940 it was regard ed as a rare vagrant to the especially near woo dlan d or scrub . south coast of England, and greatly p rized by collectors. Then, during the 1940s, it began to be com e established in the Londo n area and is now q uite frequent, especially in the outer subu rbs and in no rthern Kent. Its distribution elsewhere is remarkably similar to that of V. inanis, with a few scatte red records alo ng the south coast from Kent to Cornw all and also in the Bristol area. Records outside the Lond on area seem to be increasing ly freque nt, so it may b e spreadin g.

145 •

Xanthandrus comtus(Harris, 1780) Xanthogramma citrofasciatum (De Geer, 1776) Xa nthogramma f estivum (Linnaeus, 1758)

•

s • lc 0 • •• • • .. • 2

• 0. .a • • • C • II ••

30 120 25 100 20 80 15 60 10 40 5 20 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The larvae prey on gregarious caterpillars of The larva has been found under turf and stones, and yponomeutid and tortricid mi cro-moths. It occurs in in Lasius nests, where it was once claimed they were woodland edges (broad-leaved and coniferous) and fed by worker ants. In fact, it is more likely that they scnib w here adults are usually found visiting fl owers feed on ant-attended root aphids. It is generally found or resting on vegetation in clearings or along tracks. in grassy places including meadows, coastal grazing marsh, large gardens and woodland rides, and is Distribution usually associated with well drained situations such as Although relatively frequent in older collections, this occur on calcareous or sandy soil s. This suggests that species underwent a period of decline and came to be Lasius flavus (Fabricius) may be a likely host species. regarded as a great rarity. It has evidently recovered, as Adults fly low amongst the vegetation and visit a there are numerous recent records at widely scattered variety of flowers. localities throughout the southern half of Britain, and it has recently been re-found in Scotland (Rotheray Distribution 1992). Records remain very erratic, how ever, and there This is much the least frequent of the two are few sites where it occurs regularly. This could Xa nthogramma species, and whilst widely scattered possibly indicate that this species is a migrant. over the southern half of Britain north to Westmorland, it remains rather scarce. The majority of records are from downland in southern England.

146 Xonthogramma perlissequum(Harris, 1776) a liensMeigen, 1822

eft

e

0 0

. 810

. S 0.e

• • c• .

200 35 30 150 25 20 100 15 10 50 5 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The larvae have been foun d in the galleries of the ant The larva has b een found in the wet, decayin g ro ots of Lasius n iger unde r a sto ne in a limestone quarry, in a Fagus stump . It is associated with over-mature , which the root aphid Forda f orm ica ria was also broad-leaved woodland and usually occu rs close to p resent (Foster 1987). Another record from a nest of water. Adu lts bask on stu mps and fallen logs in sm all the sam e ant species records the presence of a clearings or can be found mnn ing about over different root aphid, Tra rna sp. (Dixon 1960). The vegetation in dapp led sunlight. As with many of the sp ecies overw inters in the larval stage . It is foun d in species of this genus, it is not often foun d visiting flowery and grass y places including waste gro und , flow ers. d isused railways, can al banks, gardens and wood lan d rides and edges. It app ears to be asso ciated with less Distribution well draine d sites than X. citrofascia tum and there are A scarce species recorded mainly from south-east a few records from acid grasslan d an d wetlands. Englan d , but w ith scattered record s north to Cumberland and Durh am . Distribution Local an d usually scarce. Abo ut three times as many re cords have been subm itted to the record ing sch eme for th is species than for X. citrofasciatu m , these being concentrated in south ern England south of a line from the Seve rn to the Wash, and in South Wales. There are scattered records north of this, but it must be regard ed as scarce in North Wales and northern Englan d. There is a recent Scottish record from a shingle islan d in the River Tay in central Scotland.

14 7 XyIota coeruleiventris Zetterstedt, 1838 Xylota florum (Fabricius, 1805)

4.:

e, a

S.

S. .61 • • • • • • • • ••

• ••

120 70 100 60 80 50 40 60 30 40 20 20 10 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Se p Oct Nov

Biology Biology The larvae are fou nd in sap-filled tunn els of the bark Th e larvae are associated with d ecay ing wood and weevil Hy lob ius a bietts (Linn aeus) (Rotheray & Stuke sap . An association with Pop u lus n ig ra has b een 1998). It is associated with con ifer plantation s, and claime d, based on rearing record s, but this date s from unlike m ost membe rs of the ge nus , can frequently be before it was separated from X . coeru leive n tris and found visiting flow ers, esp ecially Ra n u n cu lus , in o pen X . m eigen ia na so the ide ntity o f these records must be spaces such as rides, fire-breaks and wayleaves. It is in some doubt. Adults are usually fou nd in damp particu larly abun da nt in areas felled 2- 3 yems places in woodland such as stream-sides, whe re they pre viously, after which time th e stum ps become can be seen sunn ing on logs, includ ing those partially suitable for the weevil lar vae . su bmerged in water. There wou ld appear to be a strong concentration of record s on the acid heaths of Distribut ion so uth -east England . Altho ugh there are muse um sp ecimens from Cale don ian p ine forest in the Highlan ds of Scotlan d Distribution going back to the end o f the last century, recent A scarce species of south ern Brita in with scattered records extend through out northern and western records extend ing no rthwards to Cumb ria and Brita in. It seems to have sp read southwards into Durham, but with most records from well-wo od ed conifer p lantations, and to b e continuing to do so , areas of central-southern Englan d , and also from w ith recent records from Da rtm oor, the Mendips, Ken t Sou th Wales. (reco rd not map ped) and Breckland . If this trend continues, it will be found in most p arts of Britain before too long , except perhap s for th e East Midlands an d the Fen s.

148 Xyfota segnis (Linnaeus, 1758) Xylota sylvarum (Unnaeus, 1758)

- • few . ...r • • - '7) .

0. • •

I Cie • •.

8

800 400

600 300

400 200

200 100

0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology Th e lar vae have been fou nd in de cay ing sap un der the The lar vae feed in the soft, decay in g heartwood of bark of trees, and in sap-r uns created by the bark various tre es ( A b ies, Fag us, Q u erc us) including deep weevil Hy lobius a bietis (Linn aeus) , bu t also in hab itats un dergrou nd in the roots . They have also be en re ared not assoc iated with tre es, such as silage and from decaying saw dust. It occurs in woo dlan d and decomposing potato es. It occurs in all sons of scrub , including large hed gerow s. Adults are typ ically woodland and scrub , but also along h edgerow s and in seen running rapidly backwards an d forw ards over parks and gardens . Adults are typ ically se en runn ing sunlit foliage or bask ing o n stump s and fallen rapidly backwards and forw ards over sunlit foliage . branches. They rarely visit flow ers. They rarely visit flow ers. Distribution Distribution Widespread and common in woo ded districts Widespread and comm on in woo dlan d and scrub of throughout Englan d and Wale s, but becomin g scarcer all kinds throughout Brita in further north. In Scotland it is rather local, although widespread south of the Highlan ds and exte nds northwards to Aberdeenshire (Stubbi 1996).

14 9 Xylota tank Meigen, 1822 Xyiotaxanthocnema Collin, 1939

•

e

• • • • •

.• 0.8 •

25 35 30 20 25 15 20 10 15 10 5 5 0 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Biology Biology The larvae have been found in a sap-mn near the The larvae have been found in rot-holes of Taxus. It base of Populus tremu la . They are usually found in usually occurs in or near ancient broad-leaved damp situations in woodland, at the edges of wet woodl and, although, according to Speight (1998) it woodland, or near streams, but nearly always where favours sites with well-drained soils. Adults are found over-mature trees are present. Adults run rapidly over running rapidly over foliage or basking on sunlit trunks sunlit fol iage of bushes and trees or bask on stumps in clearings. There appear to be no records of this and bare ground. Rarely visits fl owers. species visiting fl owers.

Dist r ibut ion Dist r ibut ion A scarce species mainly found in the Mi dlands and Rare and largely confi ned to the southem half of central-southern England, but w ith scattered records Britain, but also found in old woodland on limestone north to the Scottish Highl ands. in Yorkshire (Stubbs 1996). It was found to be locally abundant in some w oods near Coventry by staff of the Herbert Art Gallery & Museum in the early 1980s.

150 A CK N O WLED GEM EN TS

No atlas project can be achieved without the help Dr M Clar idge , D I Clark , D J Clark , Pro f J Clark, of a large number of recorders and we are indebted S Clark , A Clarke , D J Clarke, W E Clarke , K Clarks o n, to all who have contributed to the scheme. We are P Clarkson , E W Classey, G Clayton , T M Clegg , Dr D K particularly grateful to the recorders who have Clements, L Clem ons , J Clifton , J A Clifton , R Clinging , consistently sent large numbe rs of records on a W Clynes, P R Cobb , N Cobley, Dr W P Cocks, R L Coe , E Coe tzee , A Coker, S J Coke r, J D Coldwe ll, J H yearly basis, but also to those who undertook the Cole, R Cole, W S Cole , S R Cole n utt, C L Collenette , J E immense task of computerising records for the ir Collin, G A Collins , J J Co llins, C N Colye r, M A recording area and have supplied these in machine- Common , M Conw ay, B D Coo ke , H Coo ke , F W readab le form. Owing to this range of sources the Coo mbes, A E Coo per, J E Coo ter, P J Copso n, H H list below represents all recorders listed on the Co rbe tt, P Corkh ill, F S Co tton , F J Coulso n , T Coult, database, including long-dead dipterists whose W S Cowin, J Cow ley , L V Crellin, S M Cre llin , M Crick, records have been trawled from museum M Critte nd en , R Crop per, I Cro ss, S Cro ss, W Cro ss, specimens, notebooks and the published literature . R Crossley, P N Crow , E Crozier, J Cudwo rth , S B Cu ll, We h ope that this atlas, which represents the P W Currie , D Cuthbertso n, M J D'Oyly, C W Dale, J C Dale , A A Dallman , H W Daltry, H V Dan ks, A S combined efforts of many hundreds of dipterists, Davidson , J W Davidson , W F Dav idson , A M Davie s, will stimulate renewed activity and interest in Miss B Dav ies, B N K Davies, J E Davies , Dr L Davie s, hoverfly recording. W G Davis, N Daviso n , W Davison , Dr C D Day, F H Day, M C Day , Ade Poro chin , W F De an , A Dearden , A A Abbott, D M Ackland , F C Adam s, J H Adams, Dr K Declee r, J C Deeming, Dr D De nm an , Dr J S J E Ad dey, M V Albertini, M Ald ridge , Dr K N A De nto n , H G De nvil, S De ny , C J Devlin, J R Dib b, Alexander, P B M Allan, A A Allen , G W Allen , T Dickenson , Dr G H L Dicke r, J A Dickinson , R H Allen , M Amp hlett, R H And rew, Sir C H Dr R H L Disney, Capt C Diver, J Do bson , S Do bso n , An drew es, W Andrews, D Ansati, D M App leto n , H Dodds, M H Dolling, H St J K Don isth orpe , E A Dr M E Archer, R Arche r, J S Armitage , G Armstrong, Do ug las, P Do uglas, D Down , P Downe y, P Do yle , V Arn old , C D Ash , J H Ashworth , R R Askew , E Drabble, H Drabble, R A Drahe, Dr C M Drake , R A R S Atkins, A E Atmore , E W Aubrook, L F H Audcent, Drake , E Dransfield, I Draycott, D J Dre dge , J Drive r, E Auste n , J Avery , J S Badm in, J E Bailey, M P Bailey , A G Duff, E A Du ffey, R D Dumb rell, Sir A B Duncan , P R Bailey , W E Bailey, C Bain, Dr S G Ball, T Balmer, G A Dun lop, C Dun n , T C Du nn , W R Dunstan , K C F Bancroft, C J Banks , D Barker, A Barlo w, C Barlow , Durrant, R Eades, T R Eagles, M Edgington , R M Bam es, R J Barne tt, S L Barne tt, B Barr, M Barr, H Edm unds, B Edwards , F W Edward s, J Edward s, P J Barrau d , J D Barringer, P L Barringer, W L K Edw ards, M Edwards, R E Edw ard s, R L Edwards, Barringer, A Barro n, C Bartlett, J Bartlett, S Bates, S R E Edw ards, T G Edwards , D Elem ent, J H Elliott, D M Bayn e, G Beasley, A J Beattie , A Beaumont, E A Ellis, J Ellis, T Ellis, A C Else, G R Else , R A Beave r, I C Beavis, J E Bebbington , Rev W Beche r, Dr W Elstow , W A Ely, D W Emle y, P F Entw histle , S Beck, F C Bedwell, D H , B P Beime , G H Evan s, S Evans, W Evans , H Eve , B C Eversham , P Bellam y, R M Belringe r, P Belton , F f l Bendorf, Dr M D Eyre , W Fairhe ad , S i Falk , H Falke ner, C Bennett, R B Benson, C Bentley, E Benton , D Farrar, L Farrel, T Fau lds, C Fau lkner, C Felton , J C T Bento n , R Bergin, D S Bertram , A K Best, N Best, Felto n, A Fergu so n, K Ferguson , E H Fielding , Dr M G P L Th Beuk, Z Bhatia, J Biglin, M Bigmore , A Binding , Fitto n, V Fitton , J Flannagan, H E Flint, J H Flint, P W H A E Binding , Miss J E Binding, C Bindo n , T BinclOn, Flint, D S Fluum, C Flynn , P Follett, E C M d 'Assis T Bird , Dr N L Birkett, P Black, T Blackb urn , Dr K G Fonseca, J B Ford , L T Ford, R L E Ford , W K Ford , Blair, J Blair, K Blan d , I Blatchley, Rev E N Bloomfield, W J Ford ham , G Fore ste r, J B Formsto ne , A Forsyth , M G Bloxham , D Bolton , 0 C Boo n , R F Botte rill, J A P Foste r, S Foster, J A Fowler, A P Fowles, A Fox , Bowden , J P Bowdrey, J W Bow hill, J J Bow ley, D C D G Fox , H L Fox , G Fox -Wilson , Rev E E Framp ton , Boyce , C W Bracke n , A Brackenbury, A Brackenridge , Dr I S Francis, N Franke l, 3 P L Franks , P Fran ks, N D M D Bradford , A E Bradley, P G Bradley, R C Bradley, Franku m, P Freeman , Miss T Freeman , Dr C N Fre nch , J H Bratton , M C Brian, B Brigd en , A Brindle, R K R French , J S Fro st, R Fry, D T Frye r, R Gabrie lle, Brinklow , H J Britte n , T Brock, D Bromwich , M T A Galt, J J M Gamm ack, L Gande r, M Gandy, A E Brooke , M G Bro om e , M 0 Broome, R R Broome , A J Gardener, B Gard ine r, S P Garland , P Garner, W J Brow n , C R Brown , E S Brown, J D H Brown , Gam ett, L S Garrad , G Ga rratt-Jones, A Garsid e, C P Brow n , P Brown , J M Brummitt, J Brya nt, Gaskin, J Ge ndall, R S Ge orge , W S George , A E Gibbs, A Buckham , A S Buckhurst, P Buckland , G G Buckley , D J Gibbs, M R Gibbs, R Gibbs, C Gibson , J Gibson , E J Bunnett, A Burbridge , J H Burkill, J Burn, H L D Gilbert, F S Gilbert, Dr 0 Gilbert, M W Gilchrist, J P Burro ws, E Burt, J F Burton , R J L Burton , R Busb ridge , Gill, B Gillam , E F Gilmour, S Ginley, M R Gipson , P Butche r, R Butte rfield, W K Butterfield , P Cam eron , G Glombe ck, P God dard A Godfrey, N Go ff, Capt E R J M Camp bell, W Cane , G D H Carpenter, J W Can , Go ffe, J Goldsm ith , M Go ldth orp , B Goo de y, L A Carr, D Carstairs, A E J Carte r, H Carter, J W Can er, R Goodier, R Go odier, R Goo dw in , I J Gord o n, G Cartwright, K M Catley , D Caw thom e, E A C Go rh am , M S Go rham, L Gorman , N Gow ing, Ch adderto n , J Chadwick , A Chalkle y, J M A Grace , G Grace , M de V Graham , P Grainger, W R 0 Ch almers-Hu nt , S J Chambers, C G Champ ion , P J Grant, N C Grattan, G R G ray, J R A Gray, A Grayson , Chandler, G S Channe r, R A Chapman, A 0 Chater, C A J N Greato rex-Davies, D M Gree n , M Green , S V Cheetham , Pro f J M Che rrett, E Christie , I C Christie, Green , A Gree nsmith, J L Grego ry, S Grego ry , L W Dr S E Christmas, H F Church, S P Clan cey, Grensted, A Grieve, C F Griffith , G C D Griffiths, Dr P

151 Griffiths, M A Grimes, P H Grim sh aw , S J Grove , E W J McCracke n , D McCutcheon , J McDonald, M McEwan , Groves, K M Guichard , B Gumm er, C M Gummer, I McGillan, G Y Mcfnnes, Dr I F G McLean , A Gun n , D Hackett, E C M Haes, F H Haines, I McLenaghan , N F McMillan , S J McWilliams, Dr R H B Hakwo od , H Ha lkyard , Dr M Hall, P Hall, S E Hall, Meade , A V Measd ay, P Mellor , C Melvill, R K D H Hall-Sm ith, J Ha lliburton , A J Halstead , K H Merrifield , A J Merrill, D G Merry, H N Michaelis, Halstead , S Ham ilto n, A H Hamm , C 0 Ham mond , M Middler , H W Miles , J Miles , S R Miles, D Miller, J E D Hance , J Ha m e l!, E G Ha ncock, M 1-lancox, M W Miller, J E Millett, R Mills, E Milne-Re dhe ad , E Ha nso n , J A Hard man , L W Hardw ick , T W Harman , A V Moon , A Moo re, D Moo re, J Moore , S A Moran , D J Ha rries , G J Ha rris, Rev H A Harris , P L Harris, I K Morgan, M J Morgan, B Morley, C Morley, R Harris, F Ha rriso n , C Ha rt, B G Hartho n, J C Hartley, A Morris, Dr M G Morris, P Morris, Dr R Morris, R K A A Harvey , M C Harve y, P R Harve y, B S Harwo od , Morris, S T Morris, S L Moseley, E II Moss, J Mouse ley , P Ha rw o od , R Harw o od , W H Harw ood , G Hasleh urst, S Mudd iman , J G Murgatroyd , J H Murgatroyd , Dr J Haslett, C N Hasnip , R B Hastings , F L Hatcher, M Murgatroyd , M D Murphy, J Murray, D Musso n , Miss K Haw kins, R D Hawkins, R Hawley, N A Hayes, I. Nathan, G R Naylor, R Naylor, G Ne ale , J M Nelso n , S J Hayh ow , W Hayw ood , G A Hazelhurst, S Nelso n, Dr C Nev ille , J A Newbould , M J Newco mbe , J Ha zelh urst, J R Heal, D J He ave r, D G Ilem ingw ay, E Newman, S New man , S A New some , M New stead , D He nderso n , R He nde rso n , J He rbe rt , G H Herrich , Dr A H New ton , J New ton, C Nich o lson , G E Nix on , W C Hew itso n , S M Hew itt, T Hex tell, B Hider, K Hill, H No ble, F Norgate , G M No rman , R Normand , R Hillier, W Hills, W D Hincks, S H Hind, L W I No rrington , If R Nye , W O 'Dwyer, M A O 'Ne ill, Hinx man , B M Hitch ing , J Hobart, B M Hobby, P J C O 'To ole , M Oates, W R Ogilvie-G rant , D Okine s, Ho dge , J Hodgso n, W G Ho ff, A Ho ld , J A Ho llie r, G J T Oldfield, N Onslow, G W Ord , D F Owe n, J Owen , Ho lloway, D Ho lmes, Dr P R Holmes, S Ho lyfield , Pro f J A Owe n, L Packer, J Pa in, D E M Paish , Dr C J M Ho o ley , P Hope Jones, A J Hop kins, G W Ho pk ins, Palmer, S M Palme r, H S Papw orth, A R Parker, J B D A Ho m e , E C Ho rre ll, E G Ho rrocks, U Horsfall, Parker, L Parke r, M J Parker, W Parke r, S Parkin, D Ho rsfie ld , G Elosie, D Ho ulihan , V Howard , Dr M A L Pa rmente r, A J Parr, J D Parrack, C Parry, A J How e , Dr E A Ho we , P Ho we , C A Ho wes, A C Parso ns, M S Parso ns, T Parso ns, M W J Paskin, V S Hubb ard , I R Hu d so n , C F Hu gg ins, H C Huggins, M 0 Pato n , 1 J Patte rso n, P M Pavett, K G Payne , R G Hughes, Dr M Hull, A Hump hrie s, R J Hu nt, D Hu nter, Payne , R M Payne , R Peacock, E K Pearce , N D F C Hutch inso n , J Hutch inson , Dr P Hym an , A Idle, D A Pe arce , A W Pearce y, D Peasegoo d , M N Peckh am , Iliff, S F Imbe r, P Inchbald , A J Inn es, Dr A G Irw in , E C Pe lham-Clinton, M Penningto n, T I-I Pe nnington , Dr J W Ism ay, Miss D A Iveson , B E Jackso n , F Pe pper, R C L Perkins, V R Perkins, I Pe rry, J F Pe rry, E Ja ckso n , F A Jackso n , L H Jackson , S N A Jacob s, B Pe terek, L M Peters, Pro f W Peters, R Petley-Jones, M J James, T James, Dr N F Janes, M C Jefferies, D J W Philips, J Phillips, R Phillips, E G Philp, A Philpot, Jeffers, F H Jenk inso n , J H Jenkinson , J Ii A Jenn er, J Piekarczyk , F N Pierce , A Piffard , B Pinchen , N Pipe , M Jen ner, F B Jen nings, M Jermyn , R 0 Jermyn , Col T R Pitt, D M Pittkin, A R Plant , C W Plant, S Pollard , A C Jerm yn , J B Jo be , Dr B Joh nso n , C J ohnson, E J Pont, Dr J Pontin, D G Pope , J Pope , N Pope , G T Jo hnson , R Jo h nson , D R Jolley, A W Jones, C J Jones, Porritt, D A Porte r, J Porter, Dr K Porte r, P Porter, S P J C M Jone s, D Jo ne s, N F Jo nes, N P Jo ne s, R A Jo ne s, Potter, T Potte r, W Potter, G Potts, R II Poulding, R A Jo nes, R E Jones, R G Jo ne s, S Jones, V Jones, R J M Poulton, T Prater, C B Pra tt, P J Pre cey, E V Jucke s, S Jud d ,.P G Keates, D Kee n , S Kelly, D A Pre ndergast, S Price , J A Prichard , G Prio r, J A Kend all, P Kendall, D Kendrick , A Kennard , Pritch ard , M C Pro bert, D A Pro 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Robe rts , K A S Roberts, Dr M J Rob erts, A Lazenb y, R Leagas, R Learett, R L Leavett, M J P Rob erts, S P M Robe rts , D M Rob ertso n, E Rob ertso n, Leb ane , M Lee , W J Lee , R C Leeke , R S Lecke , D Lees, R B Rob ertson , Dr J Rob inson , Dr W Rob inson , W D R Lees, A Leftw ick, A E LeGros, B J Lemp ke , Roeb uck, R H Rogers, T D Roge rs, W A Rollason , D Leonard , L Lester, T P Leve tt, D A Levy, E T Levy , P Roper, Dr G E Rotheray, N C Rothschild, G Rottger, J E Levy, R Lew ingto n , D Lew is, J W Lewis, K Lim b , G B Routledge , R W Rowe , K Row land , K M Rowland , M Limb ert, C Lines, K Lines, J Linto n Smith , R J M Rowland , C Rowse , J Ruffle , B Russe ll, D Russell, Livingsto n , D S Lloyd , S M Lloyd , Dr L Lloyd-Evans, H M Russe ll, R Russell, C I Rutherford , G B Rutlidge , K Loney, Dr A G Long , G B Longstaff, I Lorimer, D A P W Ryan , Dr M A Salmon , M Samworth , A G Lott, D Loughlin , A M Low , Dr E E Lowe, D M Low nie, Sandford, J Sanke y, C Sargeant , T 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152 M 3 Smart, A Smith , Dr A H V Smith, A J Smith , B D S The m ap s were draw n using th e DMAP co mp uter Smith , C J Smith, D A Smith , D H Smith, E J Smith , p ackage develop ed by Dr Alan J . Morton . G Smith , G Smith , G A Smith , I F Smith , K G V Smith , L Smith , M J M Smith , M N Smith , Dr P H Smith , Dra fts were read an d co mmen ts were rece ived A Sne ddon , P Soko loff, K Sore nsen , R South , from a numbe r of peop le including Steve Crellin , A Spalding , Dr M C D Spe ight , A G Spencer, B Sperry, Dr C R Spilling , Dr B M Spooner, G M Spoo ne r, Peter Hodge , Dave and Ted Levy, Graham V Spouge , W H Spread bury, W Stanley, S Stares, Rotheray, Roger Payne, Ivan Perry, Colin Plan t, Alan Dr R E Stebb ings, D Steel, A Stee le, J Stee r, A W Stubbs, Eilien Thorpe an d Brian Wetton . We w ould Stelfox , P G Stento n , B Step hens , J F Step he ns, particularly like to tha nk Man Stubbs for his help P Step he nson , D Stevens, F Stewart, R Stewart, an d encouragemen t over the ye ars with out which B Stobart , DA Stone, MW Storey, Dr DJ Stradling, w e would not even have begu n this task . D Streeter, H M Stuart, A E Stub bs , M Sullivan , D Summers, D P Sum ner, S E Sud , S L Sutto n, H D Finally we are indeb ted to Paul Harding, Mark Teller Swain, M C Swan , Dr N R Swe et, S M Swift, P R Symes, an d Hen ry Arnold of the Biological Record s Centre , E E Syms, R J Tallack, Col W G Te agle, D Telfer, R K Templeton , P Te rry , Theake r, J A Thickitt, C D CEH Monks Wo od an d Karen Th relfall of CEH Thomas, C F Thom as, D G Thomas, N Thom as, Publications for the ir help in editing an d p reparin g O Thomas, R Tho mas, A T Thom pson , J E Thom pso n, this atlas for publication . M H Thom pson , M L Thompson , Rev A Thorn ley , E Thorpe , J E Thorp e , E E Thoyts , P J Tilbroo ke , R To mlinso n, N Top ham , C J Trant, L A C Trusco tt, D Tucke r, S M Turk , C Turn er, J Turner, S J Turpin, D W Tw igg, J Tyler, R W J Uffen , Dr R Unde rw ood , D Unwin, W Urwin, J Valentine , D Valiance, B van Peperze l, M van Vee n , R Vandersteen , Prof G C Varley, A Vaugh an Jones, R Veal, Dr B Verdcou rt, P W Verdon , G H Verrall, W A Vice , J R Vokeroth , A Waas, R 0 Wace, A Wadd ingto n, K G Wagstaff, R Wagstaffe , C J Wainw right, J C Wa inwright, A Wa ke , S Wakely, Dr A Walker, B J Walker, F A Walke r, B D Wa llace , Dr I D Wallace , G Waller, J Wallis-Kew , G B Walsh , C L Walton , H F Walton , J D Ward , P H Ward , J Wardrop e, M Warh urst, Dr P Waring , Dr A C Warne , D F Warre n , A Wass, M Waterh ouse , J Waterston, M G Watkins , C Watso n , J A Watso n , J F Watson , J H Watso n , S Watso n , K R Watt, W E L Wattam , L E Watts, M V Watts , 0 Watts, R E Waugh , R D We al, J We bster, M We ir, R C Welch , A R We lste ad , B Wetton , Dr P 5 Whalley , C R Wh eway, F C Whiston , D White, J H White , I E Whitehe ad , P Wh itehe ad , P F Whitehe ad, D Whiteley, H Wick ison , A Wight, M Wilcox, V Wilkin , B Wilkin son , C Wilkinson , B Willers, A Williams, C J Williams, D W Williams, Williams, J Williams, M G Williams, S A William s, J Willis, E Wills, D Wilson, N M Wilso n , C W Wiltsh ire , D Winsland , P Q Winter, A J Wise , P Withers, J Wollner, II Womersley , J H Wo od , T Wood , Rev A E Wo odruffe-Peacock , Ms M Wooldridge , S J Woolfall, L H Woo llatt, P Wormell, J Worth , A E Wright , B A Wright, G S Wright, J D Wright , M Wright, R Wright , N Wyatt, P Wyett, I R Wynne, C S Yeates, Col J W Yerbury, M R You ng .

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156 Speight, M.C.D . & Goe ldlin de Tiefe n au, P. Group Trancbe 2 A ction Plans . Peterborough : 1990. Keys to distinguish Platy cheirus a ng ustipes, English Nature. P. eu ropaeus, P. occultus and P. ramsa ren sis (Dip t., Syrphida e) from oth er clypea tus group UK Biodiversity Stee rin g Gro up . 1995. species kn ow n in Europe. Dipterists Digest, 5, 5- Biod iversity: the UK Steering Group Repon', Volu m e 18. 2: Action Pla ns. London : HMSO . Spe igh t, M.C.D . & Voc ke ro th , J.R. 1988. Van der Goo t, V.S. 1981. De zweefvliegen van Pla 0wheiru s a mp lus: an insect new to Ire lan d not Noo rdwest - Europa en Europees Rusland, in het previously recorded from Euro pe (Diptera : bijzonder van Benelux. KNNW, Utgave no 32. Syrp hidae ). Irish Na turalist Journa l, 22, 447- 452. Amsterdam. Stace, C. 1997. New fl ora of the British Isles. Verrall, G.H. 1901. British Flies 8: Sy rph ida e, etc . Second edition . Cambridge : Camb ridge University Rep rinted 1969 edition. Faringdon : Classey. Press. Vocke ro th , J.R. 1990. Revision of th e Neararctic Stubbs , A.E. 1980. The rearing of Cheilosia sp ecies of Platycheirus (Diptera, Syrphida e) . p aga n us and Cheilosia f raterna (Diptera : Canad ia n En tomologist, 122, 659- 766. Syrp hidae ). Entomolog ists Record &Journa l of Watt, K.R. and Robertson , D .M. 1990. Eup eodes Varia tion, 92, 114-117. lu nd beck i (Soot-Ryen) (Diptera , Syrphida e) new to Stub bs , A.E 1981. Anasimy ia con tracta Clausse n Britain an d its separa tion from related sp ecies. & Torp , 1980 an d A. in terpun cta (Harris, 1776) D ipterists Digest, 6, 23- 27. (Diptera : Syrphidae) in Britain . Proceedings a nd Whiteley , D. 1988. Cheilosia a rgen tif ron s Hellen - Transa ctions of the British En tom ologica l a nd a hoverfly new to Derbyshire and Gre at Britain . Natura l History Society, 14, 10- 11. Derbysh ire Entomological Society Qua rterly Stubbs , A.E. 1982. Hoverthes as primary Jou rnal, No. 93, 5. woodland ind icators with reference to Wh arncliffe White ley , D. 1995. Using Diptera for assessm ent of Woods. Sorby Record , No. 20, 62- 67. local wetlan ds. Sorby Record, 31, 82- 83. Stubbs , A.E. 1989. An additional British Spha erop horia discovere d in Devon . Dipterists D igest, 2, 34- 35. Stubbs , A.E. 1990. The beginn ing of Dip tera re cording sch em es in Britain . Dipterists Digest, 6, 2- 6. Stub bs , A.E. 1994. Spbegina (Asiospheg in a) sibirica Stackelberg, 1953 a new sp ecies an d su b- genus of hoverfly (Diptera, Syrp hidae) in Britain . D ipterists Digest, New Series, 1(1), 23- 25. Stubbs , A.E. 1995. Advances to the British hoverfly list: 1901 - 1990. Dipterists D igest, New series, 2, 13- 23. Stubbs , A.E. 1996. British hoverflies: second (revised a nd en larged) supp lem en t London : British Entom ological & Natural History Society. Stubb s , A.E. & Falk, S.J. 1983. British hoverfl ies: a n illustra ted ide nt( ication g uide. London : British Entom ological & Natural Histo ry Society.

Stuke ,J.H. 1996. Helophilus aff in is new to the British Isles (Diptera, Syrphidae). Dipterists Digest, New series, 30 ), 45- 46.

Torp , E. 1984. De danske svirrefleur. Da n ma rks Dy reliv, Bind 1, Fauna Boger, Cop en hagen . [Danish Hoverflies - in Danish . 2nd edition:1994]

UK Bio diversity Gro up. 1998. UK Biod iverstty

157 158 •

SP E CIE S I N DEX

This species index in corp orates all sp ecies name s used in the text, whether synonyms or cu rre ntly accep ted nam es. Synonyms are italicised. Bold page references refer to the ma p, histogram and sp ecies account.

A a bbrevia ta, Sphaerophoria 132 argen tifro ns, Che dosia 39 ab iens, Xylota 11, 147 Criorhina 10, 49 abusivus, Eristalis 6 1 aurata , Callicera 10, 22 aenea, Callicera 10, 22 Meliscaeva 92 aenea, Neoascia 98 a u ricollis, Sy rph us 92 ae neus, Eristalinus 60 austriaca, Pipiza 108 a en eus, D i cta Us 60 aerosa, Melanogaster 11, 88 Baccha elo ngata 18 affin is, He lophilus 6, 74 Baccha obscu np en n is 18 ahenea, Cheilosia 5 balteatu s, Episyrp hus 6, 59 albifrons, Paragus 11, 101, 102 balteatus, Syrph us 59 albiman us, Platycheirus 91, 112 , 115 bankowskae, Sphaerophoria 13 1 albipila, Cheilosia 26 barbata , Cheilosia 10, 27 albitarsis, Cheilosia 26 barb ifrons , Melangyna 11, 84 albomaculata, Scaeva 6, 128 ba rbif rons, Sy p h us 84 albostriatus, Dasysyrphus 51 batava, Sphaerophoria 132 albostria tus, Sy p h us 51 berberin a, Criorh ina 10, 49 alneti, Didea 6, 10, 54 be rgenstammi, Cheilosia 28 a m bigu us, Mela nostorna 113 bicinctum , Chrysotoxum 45 ambiguus, Platycheirus 113 bico lor, Brachyop a 10, 19 am plus, Platycheirus 113, 120 bifasciatus, Sy rph us 56 analis, Microdon 11, 94 bimaculata, Pip iza 108 , 109, 110 An asimyia contracta 15, 17 bim aculatus, Brachyp alp us 21 Anasimyia inte rp uncta 10, 15, 16 Blera fallax 6, 10, 13, 18 16 bombylans, Volucella 143 10, 16 Brachyopa bico lor 10, 19 Anasimyia transfuga 15, 17 Brachyopa insensilis 10, 19 angustatus, Platycheirus 114 Brachyo p a pilosa 10, 20 annulatus, Parasyrphus 103 Brachyopa scutellaris 10, 20 a n n ulatus, Sy p h us 103 Brachyp alp oide s lentus 10, 21 a n n uffp es, Didea 59 B rachyp a lpus bimaculatus 21 a n n uffp es, Megasy p h us 10, 59 Brachyp alpus eu notus 24 a n n uffp es, Sy rph us 59 Brachypalpus lap hriform is 10, 21, 24 anthracin a, Psilota 11, 126 brevicorn is, Orth onevra 11, 100 antiqua, Che ilosia 27 , 41 brevide ns, Heringia 10, 77 arbustorum, Eristalis 62 breviden s, Neocnemod on 10, 77 arctica, Melangyna 83 a rcticus, Sy p h us 83 A rctoph ilaf ulva 17 caledon icus, Cham ae syrp hus 10, 25 A rctoph ila m ussita ns 17 Caliprobola sp eciosa 10, 22 Arctophila superbiens 17 Callicera aen ea 10, 22 arcuatum , Chrysotoxu m 4 5, 46

159 Callicera aurata 10, 22 Cheilosia ruff ipes 39 Callicera ru fa 7, 10, 23 Cheilosia sahlbergi 10, 37 Callicera sp inolae 6, 10, 13, 23 Cheilosia scutellata 38 campestris, Rhingia 127 Cheilosia semifasciata 10, 38 carbonaria, Cheilosia 10, 28 Cheilosia soror 10, 39 cautum, Chrysotoxum 46 Che ilosia species A 42 cemiteriorum, Chrysogaster 43 Cheilosia species B 10, 43 Chalcosyrphus eun otus 10, 24 Che ilosia spec ies C 30 Chalcosyrphus nemorum 10, 24 Che ilosia spec ies D 36 ch a ly beata, Chrysoga ster 43 Cheilosia spec ies E 36 Chamaesyrphus caledon icus 10, 25 Che ilosia uviformis 39 Chamaesyrphus lusitanicus 25 Cheilosia variabilis 40 Chamaesyrphu s scaevoides 10, 25 Che ilosia velutina 10, 40 Che llosia ahe nea 5 Cheilosia vernalis 41 Che ilosia albipila 26 41 Cheilosia albitarsis 26 42 Cheilosia antiqua 27 , 41 chrysocoma , Che ilosia 10, 29 Cheilosia a rgen tifrons 39 Chrysogaster cemiteriorum 43 Che ilosia barbata 10, 27 Chrysogaster chalybea ta 43 Cheilosia bergenstammi 28 Chrysogaster & d ella 88 Cheilosia carbonaria 10, 28 Chrysogaster ma cqua rti 11,88 10, 29 Chrysogaster solstitialis 43, 44 Cheilosia coryd on 31 Chrysogaster virescens 4.4 Cheilosia cynocephala 10, 29 45,46 Cheitosia f ascia ta 38 Chrysotoxum bicinctum 45 Cheilosia fraterna 30 Chrysotoxum cautum 46 Cheilosia g lobu lipes 36 8, 10, 46 30, 33 Chrysotoxum festivum 47 Cheilosia grossa 31 Chrysotoxum octomaculatum 7, 8, 10, 47 Cheilosia honesta 10,32 Chrysotoxum vernale 10, 48 Che ilosia illustrata 31 47, 48 Cheilosia impressa 32 cimbiciformis, Mallota 11, 83 Cheilosia intonsa 33 cincta, Melangyna 84 Cheilosia lasiop a 10, 32 cinctella, Meliscaeva 93 Cheilosia lask a i 5 cinctellus, Sy rphus 93 Cheilosia latifrons 30, 33 cin ctus, Syrphus 84 Cheilosia latigens 5 citrofasciatum, Xanthogramma 14 6, 147 Cheilosia longula 33 clunipes, Sphegina 11, 138 Cheilosia macu lata 126 clypeatus agg., Platycheirus 114 Cheilosia mutabilis 5, 10, 34 clypeatus, Platycheirus 115, 116, 119, 122 Cheilosia nasu tula 41 Cn em odon latita rsis 78 Cheilosia nebulosa 10, 34 Cn em odon verrucula 79 Cheilosia nigripes 10, 35 Cnemodon vitrtpen n is 79 Cheilosia pagana 35 coeruleiventris, Xylota 5, 11, 148 Che ilosia praecox 5, 36 compositarum, Melangyna 85, 86 Cheilosia proxima 36, 40 comtus, Xanthandrus 6, 11, 146 5 con opseus, Don s 10, 55 Cheilosia pubera 5, 10, 37 consimilis, Heloph ilus 106

160 co nsimilis, Parhelop hilus 11, 106 Eoseristalis a yp ta ru m 62 co nstrictus, Paragus 5, 102 Epistro p he diap han a 10, 56 co ntracta, Anasimyia 15, 17 Epistro phe eligans 36 co rollae , Eupeodes 6, 68 , 71 Epistmp be eu ch roma 11, 91 corona e, Metasy rph us 68 Epistro phe gro ssu lariae 10, 57 corona e, Sy rph us 68 Epistro phe me lanostoma 57 coty don, Chenosia 31 Epistro phe nitidico llis 10, 58 Criorhina asilica 10, 49 Epistrophe ochrostoma 58 Criorhina berberina 10, 49 Episyrp hus balteatus 6, 39 Criorhina floccosa 10, 50 eq uestris, Merodon 5, 93 Criorhina ran unculi 10, 50 ericarum , Melangyna 11, 8 5 ctyp ta ru m, Eoserista lis 62 erica n tm, Sy rph us 85 cryptarum , Eristalis 7, 10, 62 Eriozona erratica 5, 10, 59 cu pre a, Ferd inan dea 10, 73 Eriozon a syrphoides 5, 60 cya neus, Platy cheirus 112 Eristalinus aeneus 60 cynocephala, Cheilosia 10, 29 Eristalinus sepulchralis 61 Cy norrhina f allax 18 Eristalis abusivus 61 Eristalis aen eus 60 Eristalis arbustorum 62 Dasysyrp hus alb ostriatus 51 Eristalis cryptaru m 7, 10, 62 Dasysyrp hus friuliensis 5, 51, 52 Eristalis horticola 63, 65 Dasysyrphus hilaris 52 Eristalis interruptus 63, 65 Dasysy tp hus lun ula tus 52 Eristalis intricarius 64 Dasysyrphus pinastri 32 Eristalis nem oru m 63 Dasysyrphus tr ic in a ll s 53 Eristalis pertinax 64 , 65 Dasysyrphus venustus 52, 53 Eristalis p ratoru m 65 devius, Microdon 8, 11, 94 Eristalis ru piu m 10, 63, 65 diap han a, Ep istrophe 10, 36 Eristalis sep u lch ralis 61 d iap ha n us, Sy rph us 56 Eristalis sim ilis 63 Dide a aln eti 6, 10, 54 Eristalis tenax 6, 66 D idea a n n ulipes 59 erratica, Eriozo na 5, 10, 59 Dide a fasciata 10, 34, 55 euch rotna, Ep istroph e 11, 91 Dide a intermedia 10, 55 euchro mu m , Meligramm a 11, 91 discim an us, Platych eirus 11, 1 15 euch rornus, Sy tp hus 91 d ispa r, Neoascia 99 Eumerus orn atus 10, 66 Doros conopseus 10, 55 Eumerus sab ulonum 10, 67 Doros pro fuge s 7, 8, 10, 55 Eumerus strigatus 67 dubia, Myolepta 6, 11, 96 Eumerus tuberculatus 5, 67, 68 dubium, Melanostoma 11, 89, 90 eunotus, Brachyp alp us 24 d u biu m, Mela nostoma mellin u m va r. 89 eunotu s, Chalco syrp hus 10, 24 Eupeo des corollae 6, 68 , 71 Eupeodes lapp onicu s 6, 10, 69 eggeri, Microdon 11, 94 Eup eo des latifasciatu s 69 elegans, Chrysotoxum 8, 10, 46 Eupeodes latilunulatu s 10, 70 eleg an s, Sphegina 11, 138 Eup eodes lun dbecki 6, 70 eligans, Epistrophe 56 Eup eodes lun iger 71 eliga ns, Sy lp h us 56 Eup eodes nielse ni 10, 7 1 elongata , Baccha 18

161 Eup eodes n itens 10, 72 Eupeodes species A 72 haemorrhous, Paragus 10 2 116 euro pae us, Platycheirus 114, Ham mersch mid tia ferruginea 7, 10, 13, 74 Helophilus affmis 6, 74 Helop hilus consimilis 106 fallax , Blera 6, 10, 13, 18 Heloph ilus f rutetoru m 106 f allax, Cy n orrh ina 18 He lophilus groenlan dicus 6, 10, 75 f ascia ta, Cheilosia 38 Helophilus hyb ridus 74, 75 fasciata , Didea 10, 54, 55 Helop hilus lineatus 16 fatarum , Sphaerophoria 132 Helop hilus lu nu latus 16 fen estrata , Pip iza 108, 109 , 110 Helop b ilus pa rallelus 76 Ferd inandea cu p re a 10, 73 Helop hilus p en dulus 76 Ferd in an dea ru fico m is 10, 73 Heloph ilus tra nsf uga 17 fe rrugin ea, Ham mersch m idtia 7, 10, 13, 74 He lop hilus trivittatus 6, 76 festivum , Chrysotoxu m 47 Helop h ilus versicolor 107 f estivu m, X a ntb ogram tna 146 Heloph ilus vitta tus 81 f Ia vita rsis, Pa rap en ium 142 heringi, Heringia 77 flavitarsis, Trichopsomyia 142 Herin gia bre videns 10, 77 flo ccosa , Criorh ina 10, 50 Heringia heringi 77 florea, Myathrop a 95 Heringia latitarsis 10, 78 f lorea, My ia trop a 95 He ringia pubesce ns 10, 78 , 79 flo ru m , Xylota 11, 148 He rin gia ve rrucu la 11, 79 form A, Melan osto ma 90 Heringia vitripe nnis 79 form A, Sphae rop horia 137 hilaris, Dasysyrphus 52 fratem a, Cheilosia 30 hirtella, Chty sogaster 88 friu liensis, Dasysyrphus 5, 51, 52 hirtella, Melan ogaster 27, 88 f rutetoru m, Helop hilus 106 bonesta, Cheilosia 10, 32 frutetorum , Parhelop hilus 106 horticola , Eristalis 63, 65 f ulva, A rctop b ila 17 hybridus, Helop hilus 74, 75 fulviventris, Platycheirus 116

iflustrata, Cheilosia 31 gen icu lata , Neoascia 11, 97 imm arginatus, Platycheirus 11, 117 geniculata , Orthonevra 11, 100 impressa, Cheilosia 32 glaucia, Leuco zona 81 , 82 inan is, Voluce lla 11, 144, 145 gla ucius, Sy tp h us 81 inflata, Voluce lla 11, 144 globulip es, Cbeilosia 36 insensilis, Brachyo pa 10, 19 g ra nd ita rsa, Py rop haena 117 inte rm edia , Didea 10, 55 gran ditarsus, Platycheirus 117 , 122 inte rp uncta, Anasimyia 10, 15, 16 griseiventris, Cheflosia 30, 33 interrupta, Neoascia 11, 97 gro en landicu s, Heloph ilus 6, 10, 75 intem ipta, Sphae rophoria 133, 137 grossa , Cheflosia 31 interruptus, Eristalis 63 , 65 gro ssulariae , Ep istrophe 10, 57 intonsa, Cheilosia 33 g rossula riae, Sy ip h us 57 intricarius, Eristalis 64 g u tta ta, Mela ngy na 11, 91 guttatu m , Meligra mma 11, 91 g u tta tus, Sy rph us 91 kim akowicz ii, Spheg in a 11, 138

162 lu nulatus, Heloph ilus 16 lu nulatus, Sy rpb us 52 labiatarum , Melangyna 85, 86 lusitanicus, Chamaesyrphus 25 laphr iform is, Brachyp alpus 10, 21, 24 luteitarsis, Pip iza 11, 110 lap pona, Sericomyia 130 lu teola, My ok ota 11, 96 lapponicu s, Eupeodes 6, 10, 69 lappon icus, Metam p bus 10, 69 lapp on icus, Sy tp h us 69 ma cqua rti, Cb rysogaster 11, 88 lasiop a, Cheilosia 10, 32 maculata, Cheilosia 126 lasiophtha lma, Melangyna 86 ma culata, Portevinia 11, 126 lasiop btha lm us, Sy rpbus 86 m aculipennis, Pip izella 11, 111 Cbeilosia 5 malinellus, Parasyrphus 104 laternaria, Leucozona 81, 82 malinellus, Sy rpb us 104 laterna rius, Sy rpb us 82 Mallota cimbiciformis 11, 83 latifasciatus , Eup eodes 69 manicatus, Platycheirus 118 la tifascia tus, Metasy tp h us 69 mecogramma , Scaeva 6, 129 la tif ascia tus, Sy rph us 69 tnecog rarnma, Sy tpb us 129 latifrons, Cheflosia 30, 33 Megasy tph us a n n ulip es 10, 59 latigens, Cheilosia 5 me igeniana, Xylota 148 latilu n ulatus , Metasy rpb us 10, 70 Melangyna arctica 03 latilu nulatus, Eup eodes 10, 70 Melangyna barb ifrons 11, 84 latilu nu latus, Sy tp h us 70 Melangyna cincta 84 la tita rsis, Cnemodon 78 Melangyna compositarum 85, 86 latitarsis, He ringia 10, 78 Melangyna ericarum 11, 85 la tita rsis, Neocnem odon 10, 78 Mela ng yna g uttata 11, 91 Lejogaste r me tallina 80 Melangyna labiatamm 85, 86 Lejogaster splen d ida 11, 80 Melangyna lasiophthalma 86 Lejogaster tarsata 80 Melangyna quadrimaculata 87 Lejop s vittatus 11, 81 Mela ngy na tria ng uff era 11,92 lenta, Xy lota 21 Melangyna umbellatarum 87 lenta, Xy lotom ima 21 Melan ogaster ae rosa 11, 88 Brachyp alp oides 10, 21 Melanogaster hirtella 27, 88 Leucozona glaucia 81, 82 melan opsis, Platycheirus 11, 118 Leucozona laternaria 81, 82 Mela nostoma a m bigu us 113 Leucozona lucorum 82 Melanosto ma dubium 11, 89, 90 lineata, Anasimyia 16 Melanostoma form A 90 lineatus, Helop bilus 16 Melanostoma me llinum 09, 90 lineola, Pamsyrphus 103 Mela nostoma mellin um va r. du biu m 89 lineola, Sy tp hus 103 Melan ostoma scalare 90 loew i, Sphae ro phoria 11, 133 Melanosto ma sp ecies A 11 longula, Che ilosia 33 melanostoma , Epistrophe 57 lucorum, Leucozona 82 Meligram ma euch ro mu m 11, 91 lugubris, Pip iza 11, 108, 109, 110 Meligram ma guttatum 11, 91 lundbecki, Eupeodes 6, 70 Meligramma trian gu liferum 11, 92 luniger, Eup eodes 71 Meliscaeva auricollis 92 lutug er, Metasy tp b us 71 Meliscaeva cinctella 93 lun iger, Sy rpb us 71 mellin u m va r. d u biu rn, Melanostoma 89 lunulata, Anasimyia 10, 16 mellinum, Melanostoma 89, 90 lun ulatus, Dasysy rpb us 52

163 menth astri, Sphaerophoria 133 nigrip es, Cheilosia 10, 35 Merodon equestris 5, 93 nigritarsis, Parasyrphus 11, 104 metallina, Lejogaster 80 n igrita rsis, Sy tp b us 104 Metasy rph us corolla e 68 niten s, Eup eodes 10, 7 2 Metasy tp h us lapp on icus 10,69 n itens, Metasy tp b us 10, 72 Metasy tp b us latti ascia tus 69 nitid icollis, Epistrophe 10, 58 Metasy p h us latilu n ulatus 10, 70 n itid icollis, Sy rph us 58 Meta sy rph us lu n iger 71 Orthonevra 101 Metasy rph us n ielsen i 10, 71 noctilu ca, Pip iza 108, 109, 110 Metasy tp h us n itens 10, 72 0 Metasy rph us species A 72 me ticulosa, Neoascia 98 ob liqu a, Neo ascia 11, 98 Micro don an alis 11, 94 obscu rtpen n is, Ba ccba 18 Micro don devius 8, 11, 94 occultus, Platycheirus 114, 117, 119, 121 Microdon eggeri 11, 94 ochrostoma, Epistrophe 58 Microdon mutab ilis 11, 95 octom aculatum , Chrysoto xum 7, 8, 10, 47 m ussita ns, A rctopb ila 17 ornatu s, Eum erus 10, 66 m utab ilis, Cheilosia 5, 10, 34 Orth o nevra brevico rnis 11, 10 0 mutab ilis, Microdon 11, 95 Orth onevra geniculata 11, 10 0 Myath ropa florea 95 Orthonevra nobilis 10 1 My tatropa fl orea 95 Orth onevra splendens 128 Myo lep ta dubia 6, 11, 96 My olep ta lu teola 11, 96 pagan a, Cheilosia 35 Myo le pta p otens 6, 11, 96 Paragu s alb ifrons I I , 10 1 , 102 Paragus constrictus 5, 102

nasutula, Chellosia 41 Paragus haem orrhous 10 2 nebulo sa, Cheilosia 10, 34 Para gus tibialis 5, 11, 10 2 nemoru rn, Chalco syrp hus 10, 24 p a rallelus, Helopb ilus 76 n em oru m, Eristalis 63 Pa rapen iu m fl avita rsis 142 n em oru m, Xy lota 24 Parasyrphus ann ulatus 10 3 nemoru m, Xy lotom ima 24 Parasyrphus lineola 103 Neoa scia a en ea 98 Parasyrphus maline llus 104 Neoa scia d ispa r 99 Parasyrphus nigritarsis 11, 104 Neo ascia ge nicu lata 11, 97 Parasyrphus punctulatus 10 5 Ne oascia interru pta 11, 97 Parasyrphus vittiger 10 5 Neoascia meticulosa 98 Parhelophilus consimilis 11, 106 Neoascia o bliqua 11, 98 Parhelophilus frutetorum 106 Neoascia podagrica 99 Parhelophilus versicolor 10 7 Neoascia tenur 99 pedissequum , Xanthogramma 147 Neocn emod on brevidens 10, 77 Pe lecocera tricin cta 11, 107 Neocnemod on la tita rsis 10, 78 pellucens, Volucella 145 Neocnem od on p u bescens 10, 78 peltatu s agg ., Platycheirus 120 Neocnem od on verru cula 11, 79 peltatus, Platycheirus 113, 119, 1 20 Neocnem od on vitripen n is 79 pendulus, Helop hilus 76 1 21 nielse ni, Eupeodes 10, 7 1 perp allidus, Platycheirus 11, n ielsen i, Metasy rph us 10, 71 personata, Poco ta 7, 11, 12 5 nielseni, Platycheirus 1 19 , 120 pertinax, Eristalis 64, 65 philanthus, Sphae rophoria 134

164 p ilosa, Brach yo pa 10, 20 prae cox, Cheilosia 5, 36 pinastri, Dasysyrphus 52 p ratoru m, Eristalis 65 p ipiens, Syritta 140 p rimus, Triglyp hus 11, 14 2 Pip iza austria ca 108 pro fuges, Da m s 7, 8, 10, 55 Pip iza bimacu lata 108 , 109, 110 proxima, Cheilosia 36, 40 Pip iza fen estrata 108, 10 9 , 110 psilophthalma , Che ilosia 5 Pip iza lugu bris 11, 108, 10 9 , 110 Psilota an thracin a 11, 126 Pip iza lute itarsis 11, 1 10 p ubera, Che ilosia 5, 10, 37 Pip iza noctiluca 108, 109 , 1 10 p ubescens, Heringia 10, 78 , 79 Pip izella m aculipennis 11, 1 11 p u bescens, Neocnemadon 10, 78 Thp iz ella va rtpes 111 punctulatus, Parasyrp hus 1 05 Pip izella viduata 11 1, 112 p u nctulatus, Sy rpb us 105 Pip izella virens 11, 1 12 pyrastri, Scaeva 6, 129 Pip izella ze neggenensis 111 Py ropha ena g ra nd itarsa 117 Platycheirus alb iman us 91, 112 , 115 Py rophaena rosaru m 122 Platycheirus ambiguus 113 Platych eirus amplus 113 , 120 quadrirnaculata, Melangyna 87 Platycheirus angu status 114 qua d rim acu latus, Sy rph us 87 Platycheirus clypeatus 1 15, 116, 119, 122 Platycheirus clyp eatus agg. 114 Platy cheirus cya neus 112 ramsarensis, Platycheirus 114, 1 22 Platycheini s disciman us 11, 11 5 ran unculi, Criorhina 10, 50 Platycheirus europ ae us 114, 116 Ehingiacampestris 127 Platych eirus fulviventris 116 Rhingia ro strata 11, 127 Platych eirus granditarsus 117 , 122 ribesii, Syrp hus 14 0 , 141 Platycheiru s imm arginatus 11, 117 Ripo nn en sia sp len dens 1 28 Platycheirus man icatus 118 Riponnensia splen dida 11 Platycheiru s melanopsis 11, 1 18 rosarum , Platycheirus 122 Platych eirus nielseni 119 , 120 rosa ru m, Pyropha ena 122 Platycheiru s occultus 114, 117, 1 19 , 121 ro strata , Rhingia 11, 127 Platycheirus peltatus 113, 119, 120 rueppellii, Sphae rophoria 135 Platych eirus peltatus agg . 120 ru fa, Callicera 7, 10, 23 Platycheiru s perp allidus 11, 121 ruff ipes, Cheilosia 39 Platycheiru s p odagratus 11, 12 1 ruficorn is, Ferd inandea 10, 73 Platycheirus ramsarensis 114, 122 rup ium , Eristalis 10, 63, 65 Platycheiru s rosarum 122 Platycheirus scambus 1 23 Platycheirus scutatus 9, 1 23, 124 sabulonum, Eumerus 10, 67 Platy cheirus species A 119 sahlbergi, Che ilosia 10, 37 Platych eirus splendens 13, 123, 1 24 Scaeva albomaculata 6, 1 28 Platych eirus sticticus 11, 124 Scaeva me cogramma 6, 129 Platycheirus tarsalis 11, 1 25 Scaeva pyrastri 6, 1 29 Po co ta personata 7, 11, 125 Scaeva selenitica 130 p odagratu s, Platycheirus 11, 1 21 scaevo ide s, Cham ae syrp hus 10, 2 5 p od agrica , Neoascia 99 scalare , Melanostoma 90 Portevin ia maculata 11, 126 scambus, Platycheirus 123 p ote ns, Myo lepta 6, 11, 96 scita, Tropidia 143 p ote ntillae , Sphae rophoria 134 scripta, Sphaerophoria 6, 135

165 scutatu s, Platycheiru s 9, 123 , 124 splendens, Platycheirus 13, 123, 124 scu tellaris , Bra chyop a 10, 20 sp lendens, Eipo nn ensia 128 scutellata, Che ilosia 38 splendida, Lejogaster 11, 80 segnis, Xylota 149 splendida, Rtpon nensia 11 selenitica , Scaeva 130 sticticus, Platycheirus 11, 124 se m ifasciata, Cheilosia 10, 38 strigatus, Eume rus 67 sep ulchralis, Eristalinus 61 superbiens, Arctophila 17 sep ulcb ralis, Erista lis 61 sylva rum, Xylo ta 11, 149 Serico myia lap p ona 130 Syritta pipiens 140 Sericomyia silentis 130, 131 syrp hoides, Eriozona 5, 60 sibirica , Sp hegina 5, 139 Sy rpb us albostriatus 51 silentis, Serico myia 130, 131 Sy rph us a n n ulatus 103 similis, Eristalis 65 Sy lp h us a n n ulipes 59 so lstitialis, Chrysogaster 43, 44 Sy tp h us a rcticus 83 soror, Cheilosia 10, 39 Sy rph us a u ricollis 92 species A, Che ilosia 42 Sy tp laus ba ltea tus 59 sp ecies A, Eup eodes 72 Sp p laus ba rbifrons 84 sp ecie s A, Melanostoma 11 Sp p b us bifasciatus 56 spec ies A, Meta sy rph us 72 Sy tp h us cin ctellus 93 spec ies A, Platy cb eirus 119 Sy rph us cin ctus 84 sp ecies B, Che ilosia 10, 43 Sy rpb us corollae 68 species B, Sphae rophoria 137 Sy rph us diap ha n us 56 spec ies C, Cheilosia 30 Sy rph us eliga ns 56 spec ies D, Cheilosia 36 Sy tp b us erica ru tn 85 species E, Cheilosia 36 Sy rpb us eu ch romus 91 speciosa, Calipro bola 10, 22 Sy rpb us gla u cius 81 Sphaeropb oria a bbreviata 132 Sy rph us grossu la riae 57 Sphaerophoria bankowskae 131 Sy tp h us gutta tus 91 Sphae ro ph oria batava 132 Sy rpb us lapp on icus 69 Sph aerop horia fatarum 132 Sy lp b us lasiop htbalm us 86 Sphae rophoria form A 137 Sy tp laus laterna rius 82 Sphaerophoria interrupta 133, 137 Sy rpb us latifasciatus 69 Sph ae ro ph oria lo ew i 11, 133 Sy rph us latilu n ulatus 70 Sphaerop boria m entbastri 133 Sy tp h us lin eola 103 Sphae rophoria philanthus 134 Sy lp h us lu n iger 71 Spha erophoria potentillae 134 Sy tp b us lu n ulatus 52 Sphae rophoria ruep pellii 135 Sr p h us ma linellus 104 Sphae rophoria scripta 6, 135 Sy rpb us tnecogra m ma 129 Sph ae rophoria sp ecies B 137 Sy tp h us n igritarsis 104 Sph ae ro phoria taeniata 136 Sy ip h us n itid icollis 58 Sph aero p horia virgata 11, 136 Sy tp laus p un ctulatus 105 Sphegin a clu nip es 11, 138 Sp p b us quad ritnaculatus 87 Sphegin a elegans 11, 138 Syrp hus ribe sii 140, 141 Spbeg ina kimakowicz ii 11, 138 Syrp hus torvus 141 Sphegina sibirica 5, 139 Sr p h us tria ng ulifer 92 Sp hegin a vere cu nda 11, 138, 139 Syrp b us tricin ctus 53 sp in o lae , Callice ra 6, 10, 13, 23 Sy rpb us um bella tarum 87 sp lendens, Ortbonev ra 128 Sr p h us ven ustus 53

166 Syrphus vitripennis 141 virescens , Chrysogaster 44 Sy llabus vitnger 105 virgata , Sph ae rophoria 11, 136 vitrtp en n is, Cnem odon 79 vitrip enn is, Heringia 79 taeniata, Sphaerop horia 136 vitripen n is, Neocnetnodon 79 tard a, Xylota 11, 150 vitripennis, Syrphus 141 tarsalis, Platycheirus 11, 12 5 vitta tus, Heloph ilus 81 tarsata , Lejogaster 8 0 vittatus, Lejop s 11, 8 1 tenax , Eristalis 6, 66 vittige r, Parasyrphus 10 5 tenur, Neoascia 99 vitttger, Sy rphus 105 tibialis, Paragus 5, 11, 10 2 Volucella bo mbylans 143 torvus, Syrphus 141 Volu ce lla in an is 11, 144 , 145 tran sfuga Anasimyia 15, 17 Volu cella inflata 11, 144 tra nsf uga, Heloph ilus 17 Volucella pelluce ns 145 tria ng unf er, Sy rph us 92 Voluce lla zo naria 5, 11, 145 tria ng ultfera, Mela ng yn a 11,92 vu lpina, Che flosia 42 triangulife rum , Meligram ma 11, 9 2 X Trichopsomyia flavitarsis 142 tricincta, Pelecoce ra 11, 107 Xanth an drus co mtus 6, 11,146 tricinctus, Dasysyrphus 53 xan th ocn ema, Xylota 11, 150 tricinctus, Sy llabus 53 Xanth ogramm a citrofasciatum 146, 147 Triglyphus p rimus 11, 142 X a nth ogra m ma f estivu m 146 trivittatus, Helophilus 6, 7 6 Xanthogramma ped issequum 147 Tropidia scita 143 Xylo ta ab ien s 11, 147 tuberculatus, Eume rus 5, 67, 68 Xylota co eruleiventris 5, 11, 148 Xylo ta floru m 11, 148 Xy lota len ta 21 umbellatarurn, Melangyna 87 Xylota meige niana 148 u m bellata ru m, Sy tp h us 87 Xy lota nemoru m 24 uviformis, Che ilosia 39 Xylota segn is 149 V Xylota sylva rum 11, 149 Xylota tard a 11, 150 variab ilis, Cheilosia 40 Xylo ta xan th ocnema 11, 150 va np es, Pip izella 111 Xy lotom im a len ta 21 velutina , Cheflosia 10, 40 Xy lotom im a nem oru m 24 venustus, Dasysyrphus 52, 53 ven ustus, Sy llabus 53 verecunda, Sphegina 11, 138, 139 zeneggenensis, Pipizella 111 ve rnale , Chrysotoxum 10, 48 zonaria, Volucella 5, 11, 145 vem alis, Che ilosia 4 1 verralli, Chr ysotoxum 47, 48 verrucula, Cnem odon 79 ve rrucu la, Herin gia 11, 79 verrucula, Neocnemod on 11, 79 versicolor, Helop hilus 107 versicolor, Parhelophilus 107 vicina, Cheflosia 41 viduata, Pip izella 11 1, 112 virens, Pip izella 11, 112

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