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The Story of the Salonica Army

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The Story of the Salonica Army 3 1822021998067 LIBRARY UMtVWflVYO* CAUPQfNlA JNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. SAN DIEGO 3 1822021998067 Social Sciences & Humanities Library University of California, San Diego Please Note: This item is subject to recall. Date Due C\39(2J95) UCSD Li). THE STORY OF THE SALONICA ARMY THE OIVODE MISITCH, G.C.M.G., GENERAL OF THE ROYAL SERBIAN ARMY, WITH LIEUT.-GENERAL J. F. MILNE, C.B., D.S.O., COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF BRITISH SALONICA ARMY. THE STORY OF THE SALONICA ARMY BY G. WARD PRICE OFFICIAL CORRESPONDENT WITH THE ALLIED FORCES IN THE BALKANS WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY VISCOUNT NORTHCLIFFE NEW YORK EDWARD J. CLODE COPYRIGHT, 1918, BY EDWARD J. CLODS PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA TO MY MOTHER CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. Has Salonica Been Worth While? ... 1 II. The First Fighting and the French Push into Serbia 14 III. The Bulgar Attack on the Tenth Division . 44 IV. The "Bird-cage" 63 Incidents of the . 70 V. Getting Ready ; and Spring VI. Ourselves and the Greeks: Eelations at Sa- lonica 79 VII. Ourselves and the Greeks: Official Develop- ments and the "Salonica Revolution" . 100 VIII. The Resurrection of the Serbian Army . 123 IX. The Coming of the Russians and Italians . 134 X. The Bulgar Summer Offensive of 1916 and Its Check by the Serbs at Ostrovo . 148 XI. The Push for Monastir, with British Co- operation 158 XII. Monastir Retaken .' 183 XIII. The Inevitable Winter Lull, and the Begin- nings of Our Spring Offensive . 197 XIV. The British Battle of Doiran . .206 XV. King Constantine's Attitude, and the Occupa- tion of Thessaly ...... 217 XVI. The Great Impediments: Transport and Fever 253 XVII. People, Places and Things in Macedonia . 268 XVIII. What is Happening in Albania . .300 INTRODUCTION BY VISCOUNT NORTHCLIFFE I am glad that my friend Ward Price has written this book. In the first place, no other newspaper corre- spondent in the Near East can be better qualified for the task, as he has been in close touch with the Allied Army in Salonica since its formation. Secondly, I think it is of the utmost importance that the American public should be well informed on one of the most complex phases of the Great War. Though I have often marvelled at the thor- oughness and accuracy of the knowledge many peo- ple in the United States possess as to the problems the Allies have to solve and the difficulties they have to conquer, there can be no doubt that the attitude of Greece in the war has puzzled and distressed those who thought they understood her national aspira- tions. Ward Price, one of the ablest of war corre- spondents, throws a flood of light on this side of the Balkan question. He makes clear the chicanery which prevented the Greeks from following their natural bent. He sweeps aside, once and for all, the hollow pretence of Germany that her dastardly action in Belgium finds a parallel in the treatment of Greece by the Allies. x INTRODUCTION That is the one point on which public opinion in the United States may need guidance. It was, per- haps, the most plausible of the many specious pleas put forth by Teuton apologists; yet it has not a shred of foundation in fact. Greece, or, to speak correctly, the King of Greece and his pro-German court, broke the solemn treaty entered into with the Serbians. They misled and hoodwinked the chan- celleries of the Entente. Not once, but many times, did their acts call for severe treatment at the hands of the Allied nations. They overthrew the Greek Constitution, and imprisoned or drove into exile the statesmen who really represented the Greek people. Just what this duplicity of King Constantine and his supporters cost the defenders of democracy is set forth herein, chapter and verse, much of it from Ward Price's personal observation. Therefore, I commend the book most cordially to readers in the United States. It is the most glorious attribute of our common cause that the more widely it is understood the more strongly does it appeal to the heart and brain of humanity. That is why we should welcome all well-informed contributions to the literature of the Great War. They constitute, as " has been well said by a great American, the evi- dence in the case." New York City. SUMMARY OF THE CAMPAIGN How we came. Allies landed at Salonica, October, 1915. They came at the invitation of M. Venizelos, Greek Premier. Salonica, though neutral territory, was available as a base because Greece was united to Serbia by a treaty of alliance. Venizelos mobilised the Greek Army to co-operate, but King Constantine unconstitutionally drove him from power when the Allies had already begun to land. Numbers. Our forces at Salonica were limited at first to a few English and a few French divisions. Later arrived the Serbian Army from Corfu, and Russian and Italian contingents. Later still, one or two Greek divisions raised by Venizelos. The Bulgars have al- ways outnumbered us, have heavier artillery and hold the stronger positions. First stage, (Oct.-Dec., 1915). Determined but unsuccessful attempt by French to join hands with the retreating Serbians. Subse- quent retirement of French on Salonica, a British division which had been protecting their flank be- coming involved in the retreat. zi xii SUMMARY OF THE CAMPAIGN Second stage, (Jan.~Marcht 1916), " " Creation of the entrenched camp of Salonica. Third stage, (April-June, 1916). Gradual moving up of the Allied troops towards the Greek frontier. Establishment there of a line to serve either as an advanced position to resist an enemy attack or as a taking-off place for an Allied offensive. Much building of roads, bridges, railways, piers, the country lacking all such means of trans- port. Fourth stage, (July-August, 1916). Bulgar advance on both flanks, reaching to Lake Ostrovo in the west and Cavalla in the east. Fifth stage, (Sept.-Nov., 1916). Thrust back of the offensive of the Bulgars in the west, culminating in the recapture of Monastir. Holding attacks and local gains on the British sector. Sixth stage, (Dec., 1916-Feb., 1917). Winter of enforced inactivity owing to mud and preparation for spring offensive. Seventh stage, (March-May, 1917). Attacks in force by Allies along front from Lake Ochrida to Lake Doiran. Heavy fighting, but no sub- stantial gain of ground. SUMMARY OF THE CAMPAIGN xiii Eighth stage, (June, 1917). Occupation of Thessaly by Allies. Restoration of Venizelos to power and acquisition of co-operation of the Greek Army. Present situation, (summer, 1917). Eighteen months of very great labour, much sick- ness and hard fighting, whenever occasion offered, have left the Balkan campaign in a temporary condi- tion of deadlock. As things stand at present the enemy's front and our own have proved mutually impregnable. Future developments may alter this, notably the arrival of Greek reinforcements. CHAPTER I HAS SALONICA BEEN WORTH WHILE? " "T IT THAT is the Salonica Army doing? is a %/ %/ question which hundreds of thousands of Englishmen have asked at one time or another, and one which this book is an attempt, however inadequate, to answer. But the spirit of the question really goes beyond the letter, and the " average man by this enquiry means, Why has the Salonica Army not done more?" The aims for which an Allied expedition to the Balkans was warmly advocated, especially in France, in the autumn of 1915, have fallen a great way short of the fulfilment then expected for them. The rescue of invaded Serbia and the erection of a barrier across Germany's direct road to Turkey were the ends to which the public looked at the time of the landing at Salonica, and the feeling of disappointment that no such striking and decisive goals have been achieved has bred a mood of dis- satisfaction with the Allied Army in the Balkans which it by no means deserves, when its quite in- adequate numbers and equipment for tasks of such magnitude are taken into consideration. First of all, the Allies arrived in the Balkans too late to do anything big there. Had they come a little earlier, in July, 1915, for instance, to reinforce the Serbian Army, which was then still in existence as a fighting 1 2 THE STORY OF THE SALONICA ARMY force, it might possibly have been a different story. But in October, when our troops began to land, Serbia was already lost, outnumbered and over- whelmed by the Austrians from the north and the Bulgars from the east. In consequence of this, the Balkan Army, after a bold but ineffective attempt to join up with the retreating Serbs, to save at any rate the southern part of the country from the invader, was thrown solely upon its own resources to achieve what it might. Nor did any of the help which had been half counted upon when the expedi- tion was first decided come from the Greek Army. Instead, the Greeks, after Venizelos had been driven from office by King Constantine, constituted them- selves, in our rear and all around us, a virtual enemy all the more dangerous for being unavowed. Starting from this stone-cold beginning then, with the Bulgars and their German allies in full possession of Serbia and ourselves having no more than a pre- carious footing upon the somewhat dubiously neutral soil of Greece, let us consider some of the obstacles which the Allied Army of the Orient has since had to overcome. First and fundamental among these obstacles has been the necessity of creating, importing and improvising, in a mother-naked land, the whole of the elaborate organisation which a modern army requires as a foundation to work upon.
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