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Ìîíãîëûí 108 Images Of 108 Lumír Jisl IMAGES OF MONGOLIA The Photographs of Czechoslovak Archaeologist Lumír Jisl 1957-1963 ÌÎÍÃÎËÛÍ 108 ÒªÐÕ Чехословакийн археологич Лумир Йислын 1957-1963 онуудад авсан гэрэл зураг Улаабаатар 2014 1 Лумир DDC 900 Йисл И-40 Lumír Jisl Lumír Jisl 108 IMAGES OF MONGOLIA The creators and organizers of the exhibit “108 Images of Mongolia - The Photographs of Czechoslo- vak Archaeologist Lumír Jisl 1957-1963” Luboš Bělka and Veronika Kapišovská, would like to thank Magdalena Pulicarová a Zuzana Kovanicová for their kind assistance in lending the photographic nega- tives from the estate of their father, Lumír Jisl. Photographs © Lumír Jisl, heirs Photographs were digitally prepared for exhibit and printed by Martin Wagner Texts © Luboš Bělka, Veronika Kapišovská, Sampildоndоv Chuluun Translations © Veronika Kapišovská, Rachel Mikos, Veronika Zikmundová Proofreading: S. Enkhjargal Holaková (Mongolian); Martin Tharp (English) Map © CartonClan, B.Bayasgalan Graphic design: B.Bayasgalan ISBN 978-99973-0-334-9 Mongolia Ulaanbaatar 2014 Лумир Ийсл МОНГОЛЫН 108 ТӨРХ “Монголын 108 төрх - Чехословакийн археологич Л. Йислын 1957-1963 онуудад авсан гэрэл зураг” үзэсгэлэнгийн дэглэгчид Лубош Белка, Вероника Капишовска нар Магдалена Пулицарова, Зузана Кованицова нарт эцэг Лумир Йислын өвөөс гэрэл зургийн негативыг хэрэглүүлсэнд гүн талархал илэрхийлж байна. Гэрэл зураг © Лумир Йисл, өв залгамжлагчид Гэрэл зургийг эхээс бэлтгэж хэвлэсэн: Мартин Вагнер Teкстийг зохиосон: Лубош Белка, Вероника Капишовска, Сампилдондовын Чулуун Орчуулсан © Вероника Капишовска, Рейчел Микош, Вероника Зикмундова Орчуулгыг хянан нягталсан: С. Энхжаргал Холакова (монгол хэл); Mартин Тхарп (англи хэл) Газрын зургийг © CartonClan, Баярсайханы Баясгалан Хэвлэлийн эхийг: Баярсайханы Баясгалан ISBN 978-99973-0-334-9 Монгол улс Улаанбаатар 2014 2 3 Лумир Йисл Lumír Jisl ӨМНӨТГӨЛ ЛУМИР ЙИСЛ: АМЬДРАЛ, БҮТЭЭЛ зууны сүүл, 20-р зууны эхэн үед Монгол орноор нэг бус удаа Лубош Белка – Вероника Капишовска Лубош Белка аялж байсан Опава хотод төрж өссөн Герман гаралтай Ханс Ледерийн (1843.02.04 – 1921.05.19) тухай анх удаа мэдэж 2014 оны зун Улаанбаатарт хотод зохион байгуулахаар шийдсэн Лумир Йислын гэрэл зургийн Лумир Йисл 1921.04.18-нд Уезд у Свиян, одоогийн Либерец авчээ.[2] Өнөөдрийг хүртэл Европын зарим нэг алдартай үзэсгэлэнг бид түүний сан хөмрөгт байгаа олон төрлийн гэрэл зургуудаас тусгайлан сонгож мужийн Свиянски Уезд гэдэг газарт төржээ. Арван тавхан музейд хадгалагдаж буй олон тооны эд зүйл, түүний дотор авсан зургуудаар гаргаж байгаа юм. Харин 1958 оны зун Күльтегиний хөшөөний археологийн настай байхдаа нутгийнхаа нэгэн агуйд археологийн нээлт монгол, төвд гаралтай буддын шашны эд өлөгийг Ханс Ледер малтлага судалгааны гэрэл зургуудаар нь бие даасан үзэсгэлэн гаргах боломжтой тул энэ хийсэн бөгөөд тэрээр өнөөдрийг хүртэл Йислын нэрээр цуглуулж авчирснаар барахгүй өөрийн бүтээл туурвилдаа удаагийн үзэсгэлэнд зориуд оруулсангүй. Бид зураг сонгож авахдаа Л. Йислийн өөрөө гэрэл нэрлэгдэж байгаагаас харахад ямар чухал нээлт болсон нь Төв Азийн тухай олон шинэ мэдээлэл хүргүүлж байжээ. зургаа ангилсан аргачлалыг, тодруулбал зураг авч байх үеийн цаг хугацааны дарааллаар бус тодорхой. Л. Йисл шинжлэх ухааныг ихэд сонирхон шимтэх Төв Азиас авчирсан ховор нандин зүйлийнхээ зарим нэг (энэ тухай „Лумир Йислын Монголд авсан гэрэл зургийн тухай“ бүлгээс үзнэ үү), сэдэвчилсэн болсон нь түүний Турнов хотын гимнази буюу ерөнхий хэсгийг Ханс Ледер Опава хотын музейд хадгалуулсан нь аргачлалыг сонгосон юм. Үүнд: боловсролын дунд сургуульд суралцаж байх үеэс (1932- түүний унасан газар угаасан усаа гэсэн сэтгэлийн илрэл буй (1) Хүмүүс; (2) Хот; (3) Бурхан шашин; (4) Суврага; (5) Наадам; (6) Аян замд гэсэн нийт зургаан 1940) эхэлсэн байна. Дэлхийн хоёрдугаар дайн эхэлээд заа. Харамсалтай нь дайны эцэст “танка” хэмээх бурханы хэсэг болгон хуваасан. Монгол, чехословакийн хамтарсан археологийн экспедицэд оролцсон удаагүй байсан 1940 онд дунд сургуулиа төгсжээ. Германы зураг гэх мэтчилэн галд тэсвэргүй зүйлс дараалан шатаж Алоис Клайбл, Эмануел Влчек нарын авсан цөөн хэдэн гэрэл зургаас бусдыг нь 1957 -1963 эзлэн түрэмгийлэгчид Чех, Моравын нийт нутагт их, дээд цөөхөн хэдэн шавар цац л үдсэн юм. Музейн шинэ ажилтан оны хооронд Л. Йисл өөрөө авч, эсвэл аппаратаа тааруулж, хамт явсан жолооч, өөр хэн нэгээр сургуулиудыг нэлэнхүйд нь хаасан тул их сургуульд элсэн Лумир Йисл эдгээр зүйлсийг сонирхон судалж, музейн даруулсан. суралцах боломжоо алдсан юм. Дайны үед Либерец хадгаламжинд байсан ижил төстэй материалаас бүтсэн эд Энэ удаагийн үзэсгэлэнд зориулан 21 ширхэг хар цагаан, 87 ширхэг өнгөт, нийт 108 ширхэг хотын даатгалын газарт түшмэлийн алба эрхэлж байхдаа зүйлтэй харьцуулсны үр дүнд Чехословакийн хэмжээнд анх гэрэл зураг сонгож авснаас цөөхөн хэд нь өмнө нь хэвлэлд нийтлэгдэж байжээ. Ийм болохоор фашизмын эсрэг тэмцэлд оролцож, үүнээсээ болж гестапод удаа буддын шашны урлагийн тухай эрдэм шинжилгээний ихэнхи гэрэл зургууд нь тус үзэсгэлэнд анх удаа гарч байгаагаас гадна мөн каталогт ч анх удаа орж хоёр удаа баривчлагдаж мэдүүлэг өгч байжээ. Өөрийн бүтээл бичиж, 1953 онд бүтээлээ хэвлүүлжээ.[3] Энэ байгаа болно. Лумир Йислын гэр бүл, үр хүүхэд нь эцгийнхээ эрдэм шинжилгээний сан хөмрөгийг шунан дурладаг археологийн мэргэжлээр их сургуульд утгаар нь Л. Йислыг анхдагч хэмээн нэрлэж болно. Л. Йисл сайтар хадгалж хамгаалж ирсний ачаар өнөөдөр бидэнд Монгол орны өнгөрсөн түүхийг гэрэл суралцах Л. Йислын мөрөөдөл дайны дараа биеллээ Азитай холбогдолтой сэдвийг улам гүнзгийрүүлэн судалж зургийн хальснаа буулган мөнхөлснийг өөрийн нүдээр үзэх ховорхон боломж тохиож байна. олж 1945 оны намар Карлын их сургуулийн Гүн ухааны эхэлсэн бөгөөд 1950-д оны дундуур Прага хот руу нүүж, факультетийн археологийн ангид элсэн орсноор барахгүй Чехословак Улсын Шинжлэх ухааны академийн Археологийн “Аялалын минь зорилго биеллээ, одоо нутаг буцах цаг боллоо. Гэтэл бүх зүйл надад яг л зүүд хожимын хамтран зүтгэгч дотны нөхөр болсон проф. Ян хүрээлэнгийн эрдэм шинжилгээний орон тооны ажилтан мэт санагдах юм. Найз нөхдийхөө дурсгасан бэлэг дурсгал, гэрэл зургаа харахаар, хээр талд Филипд шавь оржээ. Тус факультетад суралцаж байх үед болж, хожим нь эрдэм шинжилгээний нарийн бичгийн даргын сэнгэнэх агь таанын үнэр надад энэ бүхэн зүүд биш гэдгийг мэдрүүлнэ. Цэлийсэн ногоон тал, Шашны харьцуулсан судлалын тэнхимийн шашин судлалын тушаалд дэвшин ажиллажээ. Тэрээр 1953 -1955 оны үед бүртийх үүлгүй хөх тэнгэр, алтан шаргал элс, найрсаг дотно ард түмэн... ай адууны самсай чиглэлээр лекцэнд сууж байсан бөгөөд 1950-аад оны эхний Прага хотод амьдарч байх үедээ Хятад, Төвдөд ажиллаж мэт энхрий зөөлөн Монгол орон минь ээ – хичнээн олон жил чамайг мөрөөдөж явав даа би. үеэс эхлээд 1989 оныг хүртэл Чехословак Улсад шашны бус байсан чехословакийн гэрэл зурагчин, кино бүтээлч Йосеф Мөрөөдөл минь биелсэн хэдий ч сэтгэл минь ер ханахгүй нь. Би чамд ямар их хайртай юм бэ их, дээд сургуулиудад шашин судлалыг хөгжүүлэх, хичээл Ваниш (1927.01.06 – 2007.02.12), Владимир Сис (1925.07.07 дээ, сэтгэлдээ үргэлжид хайрлаж явна,” гэж 1958 онд нутаг буцахаасаа өмнө Монгол орны тухай заах нь хориотой байсан гэдгийг энэ дашрамд дурдах нь – 2001.09.07) нартай нягт холбоотой ажиллаж эхэлсэн. Энэ тэмдэглэлдээ Л. Йисл ийнхүү бичиж байжээ. зүйтэй болов уу.[1] Л. Йислын шашин судлалын хичээлд явж хоёр хүн нутагтаа буцаж ирснийхээ дараа Азийн орнуудаар байсан нь түүнийг сургуулиа төгссөний дараа (1949 онд) явж байх үедээ цуглуулсан их хэмжээний гэрэл зураг, кино мэргэжлийн салбарт ажиллахад маш чухал нөлөө үзүүлсэн. болон бусад материалаа бүтээлчээр ашиглан Төвдөд хүрэх Нэрт энэтхэг судлаач, шашин судлаач проф. Отакар Пертолд, зам баримтат кино хийсэн бөгөөд энэ кино нь 1956 онд проф. Винценц Лесны нарын лекцэнд сууж хажуугаар нь Венецийн кино наадмаас шагнал хүртсэн юм. Үүнээс гадна мэргэжлийн ном товхимол тогтмол үзэж судлаж өөрийгөө Й. Ваниш, В. Сис нар Л. Йислтай хамтран Хятад, Төвдөд INTRODUCTION байнга хөгжүүлж байсны хүчинд ганхашгүй бат бэх эрдэм байхдаа авсан гэрэл зургийн материал дээр үндэслэсэн Төвд Luboš Bělka – Veronika Kapišovská мэдлэгийг олж авсан нь маргаангүй. Хураан хуримтлуулсан урлагийн тухай 1958 онд чехословакийн анхны нэг сэдэвт эрдэм мэдлэг, туршлагаа Опава хотын Силезийн музейн бүтээлийг герман, англи, франц хэлээр гаргасан байнa.[4] In choosing photographs for the exhibit “The Mongolian Photographs of Lumír Jisl” we have largely Азийн цуглуулгад мэргэжлийн түвшинд боловсруулалт хийн Лумир Йислыг Прагад ирэхээс өмнө Напрстекийн adhered to the principles of variety and what is most depictive of Mongolian society. Pictures from the ажиллаж байх үедээ дээд зэргээр ашигласан болно. нэрэмжит музейн сан хөмрөгийн төвд, монгол эд зүйлсийг 1958 archaeological excavations of the monument to Kültegin have not been included, as those im- Проф. Я. Филип Л. Йислыг өөрийнхөө эрдэм шинжилгээний эрдэм шинжилгээний аргаар боловсруулах мэргэжлийн хүн ages would require an entire exhibit of their own. We have departed from Jisl’s own classifi cation of туслан ажилтнаар сонгож авсан нь түүнийг хичнээн идэвхи байгаагүй болохоор тэрбээр тус музейн “бурханы шашны these images, and have thus divided them into six non-chronological themes: 1) People; 2) City; 3) зүтгэлтэй шилдэг оюутан байсныг гэрчилнэ. Үүгээр зогсохгүй цуглуулгыг” судлах, боловсруулах ажлыг хийдэг байжээ. Buddhism; 4) Stūpas; 5) Nadaam; and 6) Journeys. All of the photographs originate from the period проф. Филип түүнийг их сургуулиа төгсөөгүй, суралцаж байх Л. Йислийн хувьд Ази тивийг таньж нээхэд нь хамгийн их of 1957-1963; apart from two exceptions (pictures taken by Alois
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