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Fire Management Assessment of the Eastern Steppe, Mongolia

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Fire Management Assessment of the Eastern Steppe, Mongolia GLOBAL FIRE INITIATIVE Technical Report Fire Management Assessment of the Eastern Steppe, Mongolia January 2009 GFI technical report 2009-1a Citation: Johnson, Darren, Oyunsanaa Byambasuren, Ronald L. Myers and Michael Babler. Fire Management Assessment of the Eastern Steppe, Mongolia. GFI technical report 2009-1a. The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA. For more information: Global Fire Initiative The Nature Conservancy Tall Timbers Research Station 13093 Henry Beadel Drive Tallahassee, FL 32312 USA 850-668-0827 [email protected] Cover Photo: Bogd khan Uul Strictly Protected Area, Töv province. Photo by Darren Johnson. Acknowledgements The assessment team wishes to acknowledge the following organizations and individuals: TNC Mongolia - Enkhtuya Oidov, Galbadrakh Davaa, Baigalmaa Dembereldash, Delgermaa Zagd, Susan Antenen, Mr. Gongor (driver and guide), Mr. Zorigoo (herder Umnudelger Soum), the Caretaker of the Baldan Bereeven Monastery, Mr. Batsaikhan (herder Batshireet), Mr. Bazarsad (former Governor Delgerkhaan Bag), Mr. B. Gankhuyag (WWF Project Officer Dadal), Mr. Monh-erdene (State inspector Dadal), Mrs. D. Oyungerel (Governor Dadal), Mr. Ganbat (Governor Norovlin), Mr. Shijir- Erdene (Town Manager Norovlin), Mr. Ulzii (Herder Bayan-Uul), Mr. Ganbat (Governor Bayan-Uul), Mrs. Ch. Oyunchimeg (State Inspector Bayan-Uul), Mr. Ganbaatar (Herder Tsagaan Ovoo), Mr. Nyamdorj (Ranger Tsagaan Ovoo), Mrs. Dulamkhand (Head of Parliament Tsagaan Ovoo), Mr. Batsaikhan (Herder Mandal Tolgoy), Mrs. Tsevelmaa (Mandal Tolgoy), Mr. Amar (Chief Ranger Toson Hulstay Nature Reserve), Mr. Ganbat (Director of Dornod Aimag Environmental Protection Agency), Mr. B. Batdorj (GIS Specialist for the Eastern Mongolia Protected Area Administration), Mrs. P. Amarzaya (Forest Fire Specialist in the Fire Prevention Department of the Mongolia National Emergency Management Agency), Mr. Namsrai (Commissioner of the Mongolia National Emergency Management Agency), Mr. Ganbaatar (staff member in the Forest Policy Department in the Ministry of Nature and Environment), Bob Gray and Stefan Teusan (World Bank fire and forestry consult- ants). 2 contents contents Section Page Introduction . .1 Purpose . .1 Objectives & Focus . .1 Background on Mongolia . .2 General Ecology of the Eastern Steppe . .3 Trans-Baikal Conifer Forest Ecoregion . .4 Moist Lowland Meadow Steppe Ecosystem . .5 Daurian Forest Steppe Ecoregion . .5 Mongolian-Manchurian Grassland Ecoregion . .8 Fire and Fire Management in Mongolia . .10 Fire Management History and Structure . .10 National Level . .10 Regional Level . .12 Provincial (Aymag) Level . .12 District (Soum) Level . .12 Township (Bag) Level . .13 Fire Environment and Fire Effects . .13 Boreal Coniferous Forest . .14 Sub-Boreal Coniferous Forest . .14 Forest Steppe . .15 Steppe Grasslands . .16 Observations and Interpretations . .19 Protected Areas . .19 Toson Hulstay Nature Reserve . .20 Bogd khan Uul Strictly Protected Area . .21 Ignition Sources and Suppression Responses . .23 Proposed Fire Management Conceptual Framework . .26 Integrated Fire Management . .26 Conclusions & Recommendations . .29 Socio-Economic Necessities and Perceptions Related to Fire . .29 Fire Management Options and Strategies . .29 Fire Management Options . .29 Fire Management Strategies . .30 Next Steps . .33 References . .34 iii introduction 1introduction Purpose preliminary insights into the status of fire The purposes of this assessment were management and fire ecology in Mongolia threefold: 1) to gain some preliminary as a whole. insights into the current status of fire management in the Eastern Steppe of (4) Provide The Nature Conservancy Mongolia; 2) to assess the role of fire in (TNC) in Mongolia with a conceptual the regeneration and maintenance of the framework for identifying and addressing dominant vegetative life forms present in fire-related threats to biodiversity conser- the terrestrial ecosystems found there; and vation at their priority conservation areas. 3) to provide recommendations based on the collected information that will be use- (5) Provide fire managers and conserva- ful in future conservation and fire manage- tion management specialists with recom- ment efforts in the Eastern Steppe region. mendations of long-term strategies and The specific objectives of the assessment actions that reduce fire-related threats in were to: the Eastern Steppe. (1)Gather information on fire manage- (6) Introduce ecological concepts related ment needs and issues in the Eastern to fire that could be adapted to conserva- Steppe of Mongolia that may be important tion management strategies in northeast- in biodiversity conservation and manage- ern Mongolia. ment in the region. Objectives and Focus (2) Assess the extent to which fire plays a In July of 2008 a team of four fire ecolo- role in the regeneration and maintenance gists visited the Eastern Steppe region of of the forest steppe and grassland ecosys- Mongolia including the provinces of Töv, tems in northeastern Mongolia. Khentii and Dornod. The 12-day assess- ment took the team from the capital city (3) Evaluate fire management planning, of Ulaanbaatar east to Jargaltkhaan and training, research and information needs then north Bayangol, Batshireet and in northeastern Mongolia, and gain some Binder. From Binder the team continued Team Members — Darren Johnson, Fire Ecologist, Global Fire Team, The Nature Conservancy, USA — Oyunsanaa Byambasuren, Ph.D. Student, Georg-August-Universitaet, Goettingen, Germany — Ronald Myers, Ph.D. Fire Director, Latin America and the Caribbean, Global Fire Team, The Nature Conservancy, USA — Michael Babler, Fire Manager, Colorado Field Office, The Nature Conservancy, USA 1 west to Dadal and then south to Norovlin. landscape geology and plant vegetation. Crossing from Khentii into Dornod The Mongolian steppe grasslands also have province the assessment team first made structural and functional similarities with its way to Bayan-Uul and then traveled the steppe grasslands of Patagonia in south to Tsagaan-Ovoo. Just south of southern Argentina. Tsagaan-Ovoo the team visited the Toson Hulstay Nature Reserve and concluded the Background on Mongolia field portion of the assessment in Mongolia is located in central Asia, bor- dered by Russia to the north and by China introduction Choybalsan (Fig. 1). The four-person team, representing the United States, to the south, east and west. The climate Canada and Mongolia, was assembled by can be categorized by short dry summers the Conservancy’s Global Fire Initiative. and long cold winters, with temperatures ranging from -15° and -30°C (-5° and -22°F) in winter to 10° and 27°C (50° and The information in this report is based on 80°F) in summer. The country has an area observations by, and discussions among, 2 the members of the Assessment Team and of approximately 1,564,116 km (604,250 their Mongolian hosts during two days of square miles) and a population of meetings in Ulaanbaatar and nine days in 2,951,786, of whom 812,000 reside in the capital city Ulaanbaatar. Forests cover 10 the field in the Eastern Steppe. This percent or about 13 million hectares (ha); assessment builds on and draws informa- grasslands cover about 70–80 percent of tion in part from North American vegeta- all of Mongolia. tion descriptions developed by the Conservancy and its partners in the U.S. The terrain in Mongolia consists primarily LANDFIRE national mapping project of mountains and rolling plateaus. Overall, (www.landfire.gov). Many of the LAND- the land slopes from the high Altai FIRE vegetation descriptions developed in Mountains of the west and the north, to the United States are analogous to systems plains and depressions in the east and the that were observed in Mongolia. The south. The highest point (4,374 meters northern and central Rocky Mountain [m]), Khuiten Orgil (Mount Friendship), region (Idaho, Montana), and the north- is located in western Mongolia, where the ern part of the Great Basin (Idaho, Mongolian, Russian and Chinese borders Wyoming) have a great deal in common meet. The lowest point is 560 meters in with Mongolia (Gray 2006). For example the eastern Mongolian plain. The coun- the lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) ecosys- try’s average elevation is 1,580 m (Worden tems of western Wyoming and Montana, and Savada 1989). and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) sys- tems of Utah are ecologically similar in Mongolia has three major mountain terms of vegetation structure and fire ranges. The highest is the Altai Mountains, regimes to the boreal and sub-boreal stretching across the western and the coniferous forest ecosystems found in southwestern regions of the country. The northeastern Mongolia. Similarly, Khangayn Nuruu range is older and more Colorado’s Front Range ecosystem bears eroded than the Altai and occupies much of central and north-central Mongolia. some distinct similarities to Mongolia’s The Khentiin Nuruu range, near the Eastern Steppe grasslands which possess Soviet border to the northeast of commonalities in both the structure of the 2 introduction Ulaanbaatar, has the lowest elevation of General Ecology of the Eastern the three ranges. Much of eastern Steppe Mongolia is occupied by a plain known as The Eastern Steppe region of northeastern the Mongolian steppe grasslands. The Mongolia is bordered by Russia to the rivers drain in three directions: north to north and China to the south and east and the Arctic Ocean, east to the Pacific and encompasses the provinces (aymags) of south to the deserts and the depressions of
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