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Karakteristik Gamelan Selonding Bebandem Dan Selonding Tenganan “Studi Komparasi Intramusikal”

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Karakteristik Gamelan Selonding Bebandem Dan Selonding Tenganan “Studi Komparasi Intramusikal” MUDRA Jurnal Seni Budaya Volume 34, Nomor 1, Februari 2019 p 61 - 72 P- ISSN 0854-3461, E-ISSN 2541-0407 Karakteristik Gamelan Selonding Bebandem Dan Selonding Tenganan “Studi Komparasi Intramusikal” I Wayan Pande Widiana Jurusan Pengkajian Musik, Program Studi Pengkajian dan Penciptaan Seni, Pasca Sarjana Institut Seni Indonesia Surakarta [email protected] Dewasa ini Selonding yang notabena merupakan gamelan yang masuk dalam klasifikasi gamelan golongan tua mulai menunjukkan geliat re-eksistensi. Gamelan yang tergolong kuna ini menjadi alternatif baru da- lam khasanah ruang ekspresi seni karawitan Bali. Keberadaan gamelan ini banyak ditemukan di desa-desa kuna daerah Bali bagian timur (daerah Karangasem dan sekitarnya). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membedah karakteristik dari gamelan Selonding Bebandem dan Tenganan sebagai sebuah studi komparasi intramusikal guna memberikan informasi yang lebih mendalam mengenai karakteristik dan perbedaan dari kedua jenis Selonding tersebut, mengingat re-eksistensi dari gamelan ini belum disertai dengan informasi yang memadai terkait style yang ada. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan intramusikal. Dari hasil penelitian ditemukan bahwa karakteristik yang melekat pada gamelan ini terletak pada bahan dan musi- kalnya. Secara organologi, bilah gamelan Selonding terbuat dari besi dan pelawah terbuat dari kayu. Secara akustik, resonansi Selonding mengunakan sistem gibung yaitu dua bilah nada dalam satu ruang resonan. Seti- ap gamelan selonding yang ada di desa-desa kuna memiliki ciri khas tersendiri seperti halnya Selonding Be- bandem dan Selonding Tenganan. Perbedaan dari kedua jenis Selonding tersebut secara intramusikal terletak pada instrumentasi, susunan nada, teknik permainan, dan repertoar. Selonding Bebandem memiliki ciri khas teknik permainan Lelungidan, Nyogcag, Ngundir dan Ngubit. Sedangkan Selonding Tenganan memiliki ciri khas teknik permainan yaitu gegebug Ngerejeg, Sekati, Nerompong dan Rereongan. Kata kunci: karakteristik, selonding, bebandem, tenganan, komparasi The Characteristics of Gamelan Selonding Bebandem and Selonding Tenganan “Intamusical Comparative Study” Today the Selonding which is a gamelan which is included in the classification of the old class gamelan begins to show its stretch of existence again. This ancient gamelan become a new alternative in the treasure of the Balinese karawitan artistic expression space. The existence of this gamelan is found in many ancient villages in eastern Bali (Karangasem and surrounding areas). This study aims to dissect the characteristics of the Sel- onding Bebandem and Tenganan gamelan as a textual comparative study in order to provide more in-depth in- formation about the characteristics and differences of the two types of Selonding, given that the re-existence of the gamelan has not been accompanied by adequate information regarding the existing styles . This study uses a qualitative method with a textual approach. From the results of the study it was found that the inherent char- acteristics of the this gamelan lay in the material and music. Organologically, the Selonding gamelan blades are made of iron and are made of wood. Acoustically, resonance Selonding uses a gibung system, which is two tone blades in a one resonant space. Every selonding gamelan in ancient villages has its own characteristics such as Selonding Bebandem and Selonding Tenangan. The difference between the two types of Selonding is textually located in instrumentation, tone arrangement, game technique, and repertoire. Selonding Bebandem has distinctive techniques of Lelungidan, Nyogcag, Ngundir and Ngubit. Whereas Selonding Tenganan has distinctive techniques, namely gegebug Ngerejeg, Sekati, Nerompong and Rereongan. Keywords: characteristics, selonding, bebandem, tenganan, comparations Proses Review : 7 - 25 Januari 2019, Dinyatakan Lolos: 29 Januari 2019 61 I Wayan Pande Widiana (Karakteristik Gamelan Selonding...) Volume 34, Nomor 1, Februari 2019 PENDAHULUAN nada, instrumentasi dan teknik permainanya? Guna mendapatkan data secara spesifik mengenai karak- Gamelan Selonding merupakan salah satu bagian teristik dari gamelan Selonding serta ciri khas dari dari khazanah gamelan Bali yang begitu beragam. Selonding Bebandem dan Selonding Tenganan. Ha- Gamelan yang secara populasinya banyak ditemukan sil penelitian ini merupakan upaya antisipasi kes- di Bali timur (Karangasem dan sekitarnya) memiliki enjangan informasi terkait khazanah yang ada pada nilai vitalitas bagi keberlangsungan prosesi adat di se- gamelan Selonding. tiap desa yang ada khusunya desa-desa Bali Age (desa Bali kuna). Justru di daerah Karangasem khususnya Karakteristik Gamelan Selonding desa-desa Bali Age, gamelan yang bernuansa Kebyar Berbicara mengenai karakteristik, setiap objek yang tidak begitu mendapat peranan yang signifikan dalam bersifat fisik maupun non fisik memiliki ciri tertentu prosesi adat, melainkan gamelan-gamelan kuna sep- yang berbeda satu dengan yang lainnya atau memi- erti Gambang dan Selonding menjadi sarana musik liki ciri yang khas. Dalam Kamus Besar Bahasa In- yang wajib ada disetiap prosesi adat. Keberlangsun- donesia, Karakteristik adalah ciri-ciri khusus atau gan kultural dari masyarakat pendukungnya tersebut mempunyai sifat khas sesuai dengan perwatakan menjadi alasan masih eksisnya gamelan Selonding di tertentu. Definisi karakteristik adalah fitur pembeda daerah Karangasem. dari seseorang atau sesuatu (KBBI online). Begitu- pun pula pada gamelan, yang tentunya memiliki ciri Selonding yang masuk dalam klasifikasi gamelan khas berbed-beda yang menjadi indentitas dari setiap golongan tua kini menjadi salah satu gamelan yang gamelan yang ada. semakin dilirik. Gamelan kuna ini menjadi media ungkap yang mempunyai daya tarik tertentu bagi Gamelan mempunyai tungguhan/instrumen, bentuk, penggiat kreativitas dalam wadah komposisi baru. fungsi, repertoar, dan seniman pendukung yang ber- Gamelan yang berbahan besi ini kian eksis di kancah beda-beda. Setiap desa mempunyai perbedaan da- geliat kesenian gamelan dan seolah menjadi warna lam penggunaan perangkat gamelan yang minimal baru bagi vibrasi bunyi dari gamelan Bali yang pada berfungsi sebagai pelangkap (pemberi suasana reli- umumnya berbahan perunggu. Gamelan Selonding gius) dan kadang-kadang menjadi unsur pokok da- yang memiliki sistem nada serta musikal yang khas lam pelaksanaan upacaranya (Sukerta, 1997/1998 : ibarat menjadi oase yang segar ditengah hirup pikup 98). Bali memiliki berbagai macam jenis barungan gamelan Bali yang selama ini didominasi oleh genre gamelan yang berbeda satu dengan yang lainnya. Se- Kebyar. Ke-khasan nuansa musikal yang dimili- tiap jenis gamelan yang ada memiliki karakteristikn- ki membuat gamelan Selonding menjadi daya tarik ya masing-masing seperti halnya gamelan Selonding. yang mampu memikat setiap audiens yang menden- Identifikasi ciri khas setiap gamelan dapat diketahui garkannya. secara fisik (visual) dan non fisik atau (audio). Melalui pengamatan fisik gamelan selonding dapat dilihat Di Karangasem sendiri gamelan Selonding memili- dan diidentifikasi melaui komponen-komponen serta ki berbagai jenis gaya khas pada setiap daerah mas- indikator pembangunnya. Adapun komponen dan in- yarakat pendukungnya. Meskipun memiliki nama dikator tersebut terkonstruksi sedemikian rupa hing- yang sama, gamelan Selonding yang ada di setiap ga memiliki sebuah wujud gamelan Selonding yang desa kuna memiliki ciri khas yang berbeda seperti utuh. Komponen-komponen dan indikator tersebut halnya gamelan Selonding Bebandem dan Selond- dilihat dari bahan, proses pembuatan, instrumentasi, ing Tenganan. Perbedaan dari kedua jenis Selonding susunan nada, teknik permainan. tersebut dapat dilihat dari instrumentasi, susunan nada, teknik permainan dan repertoar yang dimiliki Karakteristik Dilihat dari Bahan dan Proses Pem- oleh masing-masing jenisnya. Perbedaan yang ter- buatan dapat pada kedua jenis Selonding tersebut menjadi Secara garis besar gamelan Selonding terdiri dari ciri khasnya tersendiri sebagai sebuah karakteristik komponen bilah, pelawah, dan likah. Bilah terbuat yang selalu melekat. dari besi, pelawahnya berbahan kayu dan likahn- ya ada yang terbuat dari perunggu, seseh, uyung, Dengan keberadaan Selonding di masa kini yang kayu. Gamelan selonding adalah satu-satunya jenis kian eksis, elaborasi secara mendalam mengenai gamelan Bali yang bilahnya terbuat dari besi. Hal bagaimana karakteristik gamelan Selonding dilihat tersebut menjadi salah satu identitas yang melekat dari organologi dan akustika? dirasa mampu mem- pada gamelan ini. Mengingat hamper semua gamelan berikan pengetahuan mendasar mengenai gamelan selonding yang berada di desa-desa kuna berbahan Selonding, serta perlu dilakukan komparasi secara besi. Menurut I Wayan Widia salah seorang pengrajin intramusikal mengenai bagaimana karakteristik Sel- yang ikut dalam proyek rekonstruksi dan menekuni onding Bebandem dan Tenganan dilihat dari susunan pembuatan gamelan Selonding sejak tahun 1998 62 Volume 34, Nomor 1, Februari 2019 MUDRA Jurnal Seni Budaya di Karangasem mengatakan “besi yang digunakan mempunyai bentuk pelawah yang berbeda-beda yang untuk membuat bilah Selonding bukan sembarang dibuat dari kayu (Sukerta, 2010:54) Pelawah Selond- besi namun besi yang baik untuk pembuatan bilah ing berbentuk balok persegi dan persegi panjang ter- Selonding ialah besi yang minim kandungan baja. gantung pada jenis tungguhannya. Pelawah selond- Pemilihan bahan besi tersebut didasari dengan tek- ing berbahan kayu balok
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