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Indonesian Journal of Science and Education ANALISIS FREKUENSI PADA GONG LARAS SLENDRO PENDAHULUAN Gamelan Merupakan Salah Satu

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Indonesian Journal of Science and Education ANALISIS FREKUENSI PADA GONG LARAS SLENDRO PENDAHULUAN Gamelan Merupakan Salah Satu |30 Indonesian Journal of Science and Education Volume 1, Nomor 1, Oktober 2017, pp: 30~35 p-ISSN: 2598-5213, e-ISSN: 2598-5205 e-mail: [email protected], website: jurnal.untidar.ac.id/index.php/ijose ANALISIS FREKUENSI PADA GONG LARAS SLENDRO Eli Trisnowati Universitas Tidar, Jl. Kapt. Suparman 39, Magelang 56116, Telp. (0293) 364113 e-mail: [email protected] Received:5 September 2017 Revised:9 Oktober 2017 Accepted:24 Oktober 2017 ABSTRAK Bunyi yang dihasilkan oleh alat musik pada umumnya ditampilkan dalam bentuk gelombang (waveform) sebagai fungsi waktu. Tampilan ini menggambarkan perambatan intensitas bunyi terhadap waktu. Dari bentuk gelombang ini dapat diperoleh informasi tentang frekuensi. Bentuk gelombang dalam fungsi waktu ini ditransformasi ke dalam fungsi frekuensi melalui FFT, hasilnya berupa spektrum. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui frekuensi pada berbagai instrumen gong yang peletakannya dengan cara digantung. Perekaman bunyi gong dilakukan dengan menggunakan handphone dan hasilnya disimpan dalam file berekstensi .wav. Bunyi hasil rekaman disimpan dalam komputer, dan selanjutnya dianalisis menggunakan program pengolah audio. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa semakin besar diameter gong maka frekuensi fundamental yang dihasilkan semakin kecil. Nada harmonis yang dihasilkan berturut-turut dari kempul 2, kempul 1, kempul 6, kempul 5, kempul 3, gong suwukan, dan gong ageng adalah 12, 12, 11, 12, 5, 5, 5. Kata Kunci: frekuensi, gamelan, gong ABSTRACT Sound generated by a musical instrument is generally displayed in waveform as time function. It describes the sound intensity propagation toward time. The information about the frequencycan be obtained through this waveform. This waveform of time function is transformed into the frequency function through FFT and the result is a spectrum. The purpose of this research is to identify the frequency of various gong instruments which are usually hung. Gong sound is recordedusing mobile phone and the result is stored in .wavextension files. Recorded sounds are stored in a computerand analyzed using an audio processing program. The result of the analysis shows that the larger the gong diameterthe lower the fundamental frequency produced. Harmonic tones produced respectively from kempul 2, kempul 1, kempul 6, kempul 5, kempul 3, gong suwukan, and gong ageng are 12, 12, 11, 12, 5, 5, 5. Keywords: frequency, gamelan, gong PENDAHULUAN kawi. Sebagian besar alat musik ini dibuat dari perunggu, yang merupakan campuran Gamelan merupakan salah satu alat dari 10 bagian tembaga dan 3 bagian timah. musik tradisional di Indonesia. Menurut Instrumen yang terbuat dari logam antara pengertian secara umum, gamelan ialah lain: gong, bonang, saron, slentem, kethuk, salah satu pernyataan musikal berupa kenong, kempyang, dan gender. Sedangkan kumpulan alat-alat musik (bunyi-bunyian) instrumen gamelan yang terbuat dari kayu tradisional dalam jumlah besar yang dan kulit serta bahan lain diluar logam terdapat (terutama) di pulau Jawa. Gamelan antara lain: kendang, seruling, rebab, sering disebut juga dengan karma atau Indonesian Journal of Science and Education, Volume 1, Nomor 1, Oktober 2017 |31 gambang, siter, dan ketipung (Yudoyono, lagu pokok. Instrumen yang termasuk 1984). dalam kelompok ini adalah saron-saron Gamelan sering digunakan pada acara penerus atau peking, gender barung, bonang besar adat Jawa, seringkali dianggap barung, gender penerus, bonang penerus, sebagai suatu seni, terkadang digunakan dan gambang. 4) Kelompok instrumen yang sebagai perlengkapan ritual. Selain berfungsi menghias irama, didalamnya dimainkan secara terpisah (klenengan atau terdapat kendang besar dan ketipung, uyon-uyon), gamelan digunakan juga untuk berikut batangan. Masih ada ceng-ceng mengiringi tarian, mengiringi drama yang sering juga dibantu oleh tepuk tangan (sendratari, wayang wong, dan ketoprak), yang meramaikan dan menghias iramanya mengiringi pertunjukan wayang kulit, dan [10, 11]. acara pernikahan. Dalam satu set besar Instrumen gong berdasarkan cara gamelan terdiri dari 70 sampai 75 instrumen penempatannya ada dua jenis yaitu gong [8, 9, 11]. yang diletakkan vertikal (gantung) dan gong Susunannya terdiri dari alat-alat pukul yang diletakkan secara horizontal. atau tetabuhan yang terbuat dari logam. Instrumen gong, khususnya gong Sedangkan bentuknya berupa bilah-bilah gantung memiliki diameter yang berbeda- ataupun canang-canang dalam berbagai beda sesuai dengan frekuensi nada yang ukuran dengan atau tanpa dilengkapi sebuah dihasilkan. Oleh karena itu, pada makalah wadah gema. Alat-alat lainnya terdapat ini akan dibahas analisis frekuensi yang kendang, sebuah alat gesek yang disebut dihasilkan oleh gong, khususnya gong rebab, kemudian gambang yaitu sejenis gantung dengan menggunakan program xylophone dengan bilah-bilahnya dari kayu, pengolah audio. dan alat berdawai kawat yang dipetik bernama siter atau celempung (Yudoyono, 1984). Dalam gamelan Jawa ada dua laras utama, yaitu slendro bernada lima dan pelog bernada tujuh. Kelima nada slendro adalah barang (1), gulu (2), dada (3), lima (5), dan nem (6). Nada pelog terdiri dari barang alit (7=1), gulu (2), dada (3), pelog (4), lima (5), nem (6), dan barang (7). Menurut Ensiklopedia Umum keluaran Kanisius, alat-alat gamelan dapat dikelompokkan ke dalam empat bagian sesuai dengan fungsinya. 1) Kelompok alat- alat canang dengan fungsinya sebagai Gambar 1. Gong pemain irama. Instrumen yang termasuk Gong merupakan kata yang menirukan dalam kelompok ini adalah gong besar, bunyi, kata gong khususnya menunjuk pada gong suwukan, kempul, kenong, kethuk, gong gantung berposisi vertikal, berukuran engkuk, dan kempyang. 2) Kelompok alat- besar atau sedang, ditabuh di tengah-tengah alat instrumen dengan fungsinya sebagai bundarannya (pencu) dengan tabuh bundar pembawa lagu pokok. Di dalam formasi ini berlapis kain. Gong menandai permulaan terdapat keluarga saron yang terdiri dari dan akhiran gendhing dan memberi rasa saron barung, saron demung, yang berada keseimbangan setelah berlalunya kalimat satu oktaf dibawahnya, dan saron slenthem lagu gendhing yang panjang. Gong sangat satu oktef lebih rendah lagi, serta boning penting untuk menandai berakhirnya satuan penembung yang berfungsi sebagai kelompok dasar lagu, sehingga kelompok pembawa lagu pokok. 3) Kelompok itu sendiri (yaitu kalimat lagu diantara dua instrumen yang berfungsi sebagai penghias Indonesian Journal of Science and Education, Volume 1, Nomor 1, Oktober 2017 |32 tabuhan gong) dinamakan gongan pengolah audio. Analisis data menggunakan (Sumarsam, 2003). program pengolah audio untuk memperoleh Gong gantung terdiri dari tiga nilai frekuensi dari masing-masing instrument. 1) Gong ageng merupakan gong instrumen, baik frekuensi fundamental gantung besar, ditabuh untuk menandai maupun frekuensi nada harmonisnya. permulaan dan akhiran kelompok dasar lagu Penelitian dilakukan pada tujuh buah (gongan) gendhing. 2) Gong suwukan gong yang memiliki diameter yang berbeda- merupakan gong gantunng berukuran beda. Diameter gong yang berbeda-beda ini sedang, ditabuh untuk menandai akhiran memungkinkan setiap gong memiliki gendhing yang berstruktur pendek, seperti frekuensi yang berbeda-beda pula. Ketujuh lancaran, srepegan, dan sampak. 3) Kempul gong gantung yang diteliti memiliki jenis merupakan gong gantung berukuran kecil. nada yang sama yaitu jenis slendro. Kempul menandai aksen-aksen penting Data yang sudah disimpan kemudian dalam kalimat lagu gendhing. Dalam dianalisis menggunakan program pengolah hubungannya dengan lagu gendhing, audio yang terdapat pada komputer dengan kempul bisa memainkan nada yang sama cara menampilkan sinyal dalam bentuk dengan nada balungan. Kadang-kadang grafik amplitudo sebagai fungsi waktu. kempul mendahului nada balungan Frekuensi didapat dengan cara berikutnya, kadang-kadang ia memainkan mentransformasikan sinyal dari fungsi nada yang membentuk interval kempyung waktu ke fungsi frekuensi. Rentang dengan nada balungan, untuk menegaskan frekuensi yang ditampilkan pada daerah rasa pathet. Kempul termasuk dalam audio yaitu 20 – 4000 Hz. Dengan adanya kelompok instrument pemberi tanda. menu statistik, akan ditampilkan langsung Kempul memiliki ukuran yang lebih kecil frekuensi fundamental dari sinyal yang dan nada satu oktaf lebih tinggi dari gong dianalisis. Frekuensi-frekuensi puncak suwukan. Cara meletakkan kempul sama harmonik berikutnya dapat diketahui seperti gong yaitu digantung. Ada dua dengan menggeserkan kursor pada puncak kelompok nada pada kempul yaitu pelog tersebut. dan slendro. Slendro memiliki 5 nada per oktaf, yaitu : 3 5 6 . Pelog memiliki 7 HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN nada per oktaf, yaitu :3 4 5 6 7 [8, 10]. Tabel 1 merupakan tabel daftar diameter METODE PENELITIAN gong yang digunakan dalam penelitian. Diameter yang diukur merupakan diameter Gong yang peletakannya dengan cara bagian depan gong. Gong gantung memiliki digantung yaitu kempul , kempul , diameter permukaan yang berbeda-beda kempul 6, kempul 5, kempul 3, gong sesuai dengan nada yang dihasilkan. Data suwukan, dan gong ageng. Data suara dari diameter diurutkan dari nilai terkecil sampai instrumen gong gantung direkam, dengan terbesar. menggunakan handphone. Handphone Tabel 1. Data diameter gong diletakkan di belakang gong dengan jarak Nama Gong Diameter (cm) Kempul 45 kira-kira 15 cm. Perekaman dilakukan di Kempul 49 Kantor Desa Ngasinan, Kecamatan Kempul 6 50 Kaliwiro, Kabupaten Wonosobo, Jawa Kempul 5 54 Tengah pada tanggal 15 September 2012. Kempul 3 55 Gong Suwukan 67 Perekaman untuk
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