Indonesian Gamelan – an Extended Introduction
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Innovative Approaches to Melodic Elaboration in Contemporary Tabuh Kreasibaru
INNOVATIVE APPROACHES TO MELODIC ELABORATION IN CONTEMPORARY TABUH KREASIBARU by PETER MICHAEL STEELE B.A., Pitzer College, 2003 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Music) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA August 2007 © Peter Michael Steele, 2007 ABSTRACT The following thesis has two goals. The first is to present a comparison of recent theories of Balinese music, specifically with regard to techniques of melodic elaboration. By comparing the work of Wayan Rai, Made Bandem, Wayne Vitale, and Michael Tenzer, I will investigate how various scholars choose to conceptualize melodic elaboration in modern genres of Balinese gamelan. The second goal is to illustrate the varying degrees to which contemporary composers in the form known as Tabuh Kreasi are expanding this musical vocabulary. In particular I will examine their innovative approaches to melodic elaboration. Analysis of several examples will illustrate how some composers utilize and distort standard compositional techniques in an effort to challenge listeners' expectations while still adhering to indigenous concepts of balance and flow. The discussion is preceded by a critical reevaluation of the function and application of the western musicological terms polyphony and heterophony. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ii Table of Contents : iii List of Tables .... '. iv List of Figures ' v Acknowledgements vi CHAPTER 1 Introduction and Methodology • • • • • :•-1 Background : 1 Analysis: Some Recent Thoughts 4 CHAPTER 2 Many or just Different?: A Lesson in Categorical Cacophony 11 Polyphony Now and Then 12 Heterophony... what is it, exactly? 17 CHAPTER 3 Historical and Theoretical Contexts 20 Introduction 20 Melodic Elaboration in History, Theory and Process ..' 22 Abstraction and Elaboration 32 Elaboration Types 36 Constructing Elaborations 44 Issues of "Feeling". -
Gamelan Gender Wayang of Bali: Form and Style
..................~~.~.~.. ~------------------ WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY Gamelan Gender Wayang of Bali: Form and Style by Kalafya Brown A thesis submitted to the facuIty of Wesleyan University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Music May, 2000 Middletown, Connecticut My teacher, Kak Luweng, and myself playing gender (above) and just sitting (below), 2 Introduction and Acknowledgements I began studying gamelan music in 1994 while I was an undergraduate at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. No one tends offhand to associate gamelan with MIT. but there it is. Professor Evan Ziporyn has been directing the gong kebyar ensemble Gamelan Galak Tika at MIT since 1993, and I was an active member from 1994 until 1997. Unfortunately the pressure of my studies at Wesleyan has not allowed me to play with Galak Tika as much as I would like in the past few years. For the three years of my tenure with Galak Tika we were blessed with the artistry of the Balinese husband and wife team of I Nyoman Catra and Desak Made Suarti Laksmi. The magnificent teaching and performance prowess of Evan, Catra and Desak formed the basis of my introduction to gamelan music. In 1997 I came to Wesleyan University to study for the degree of Master of Arts in Music, of which this thesis is a part. Here at Wesleyan I have had the great honor of studying with I. M. Harjito and Sumarsam, two Javanese artists. I sincerely thank them for broadening my awareness of the multifaceted natures of Indonesian music and for sharing with me the great beauty of the central Javanese court gamelan. -
Kosmologis Tetabuhan Dalam Upacara Ngaben
Vol. 15 No. 2, Desember 2014: 107-125 Kosmologis Tetabuhan dalam Upacara Ngaben I Nyoman Cau Arsana 1 Jurusan Etnomusikologi, Institut Seni Indonesia Yogyakarta G.R. Lono L. Simatupang, R.M. Soedarsono, dan I Wayan Dibia Pengkajian Seni Pertunjukan dan Seni Rupa, Universitas Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta ABSTRAK Penelitian ini difokuskan pada dua hal, yaitu: (1) mendeskripsikan hubungan musik dan ritual melalui penggunaan tetabuhan dalam upacara ngaben dan (2) menemukan aspek-aspek kosmologis tetabuhan dalam upacara ngaben. Penelitian ini menggunakan perspektif etnomusikologis dipadukan dengan konsep agama dan "lsafat bunyi yang tertuang dalam lontar Prakempa. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ada hubungan yang sangat erat antara tetabuhan dan upacara ngaben yang teraplikasi lewat penggunaan tetabuhan dalam prosesi upacara ngaben. Penggunaan tetabuhan dalam upacara ngaben berkaitan erat dengan aspek-aspek kosmologis. Suara yang dijadikan dasar dari nada-nada gamelan Bali adalah suara (bunyi) yang keluar dari alam. Suara tersebut digabungkan menjadi sepuluh suara yaitu panca suara patut pelog dan panca suara patut slendro yang menyebar ke seluruh penjuru alam. Tetabuhan dalam upacara ngaben, melalui jalinan nada-nada merupakan manifestasi dari pemujaan kepada ista dewata sebagai cermin konsep keseimbangan mikrokosmos, makrokosmos, dan metakosmos. Kata kunci: tetabuhan, ngaben, musik Bali ABSTRACT "e Cosmology of Tetabuhan in Ngaben Ritual Ceremony. "is study focuses on two objectives: (1) to describe the relation of music and ritual through the use of tetabuhan in Ngaben ritual ceremony, and (2) to reveal the aspects of cosmology of tetabuhan in Ngaben ritual ceremony. "is study is conducted by employing the perspective of ethnomusicology which is combined with the concept of religion and the philosophy of sound of Lontar Prakempa. -
University of Oklahoma Graduate College
UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE JAVANESE WAYANG KULIT PERFORMED IN THE CLASSIC PALACE STYLE: AN ANALYSIS OF RAMA’S CROWN AS TOLD BY KI PURBO ASMORO A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF MUSIC By GUAN YU, LAM Norman, Oklahoma 2016 JAVANESE WAYANG KULIT PERFORMED IN THE CLASSIC PALACE STYLE: AN ANALYSIS OF RAMA’S CROWN AS TOLD BY KI PURBO ASMORO A THESIS APPROVED FOR THE SCHOOL OF MUSIC BY ______________________________ Dr. Paula Conlon, Chair ______________________________ Dr. Eugene Enrico ______________________________ Dr. Marvin Lamb © Copyright by GUAN YU, LAM 2016 All Rights Reserved. Acknowledgements I would like to take this opportunity to thank the members of my committee: Dr. Paula Conlon, Dr. Eugene Enrico, and Dr. Marvin Lamb for their guidance and suggestions in the preparation of this thesis. I would especially like to thank Dr. Paula Conlon, who served as chair of the committee, for the many hours of reading, editing, and encouragement. I would also like to thank Wong Fei Yang, Thow Xin Wei, and Agustinus Handi for selflessly sharing their knowledge and helping to guide me as I prepared this thesis. Finally, I would like to thank my family and friends for their continued support throughout this process. iv Table of Contents Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................... iv List of Figures ............................................................................................................... -
Lelambatan in Banjar Wani, Karambitan, Bali
ABSTRACT Title of thesis: LELAMBATAN IN BANJAR WANI, KARAMBITAN, BALI Rachel R. Muehrer, Master of Arts, 2006 Thesis directed by: Professor Jonathan Dueck Department of Music Division of Musicology and Ethnomusicology The ceremonial mus ic genre lelambatan originated from the gamelan gong gede orchestras in the courts of Bali. The once luxurious gamelan gong gede , funded by the rajas , has long departed since Dutch colonization, democratization, and Indonesian independence. Today the musi c is still played for ritual occasions, but in a new context. Gamelan gong kebyar instruments, melted down and rebuilt from those of the gong gede and handed down to the villages from the courts, are utilized in lelambatan because of their versatility and popularity of the new kebyar musical style. The result is remarkable: music from the court system that represents the lavishness of the rajas is played with reverence by the common class on gamelans literally recast to accommodate an egalitarian environm ent. A case study in Karambitan, Bali, examines the lelambatan music that has survived despite, or perhaps with the assistance of, history and cultural policy. LELAMBATAN IN BANJAR WANI, KARAMBITAN, BALI by Rachel R. Muehrer The sis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College Park in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts 2006 Advisory Committee: Professor Jonathan Dueck, Chair Professor Ro bert Provine Professor Carolina Robertson Dedication I would like to dedicate this work to my teacher and friend, I Nyoman Suadin – you have touched the lives of more people than you will ever know. -
Connecting Orff Schulwerk and Balinese Gamelanаа
Connecting Orff Schulwerk and Balinese Gamelan CAIS Workshop presented by Elisabeth Crabtree, March 9, 2015 e[email protected] or e[email protected] What is Gamelan? Gamelan refers to a set of Balinese instruments that form up a percussion orchestra (metallophones, bamboo xylophones, gongs, drums, other percussion, and the bamboo flute). It also refers to the style of Balinese music that is played upon the instruments. There are over 30 different types of Gamelan, with various tunings. Gamelan groups perform music to accompany dancers, masked dancers (topeng), and puppet shows (w ayang). There are also “sitting pieces” that are just for listening. The music can be both secular and sacred. Why Teach Gamelan? ➢ Translates easily to Orff Instruments, recorder, and small percussion ➢ Uses cycles and ostinatos, music like the elemental style of Orff ➢ Offers opportunities for differentiated instruction ➢ Teaches cultural awareness and diversity ➢ Has direct applications to many 5th grade California State Standards ➢ It has influenced many composers such as Debussy, Satie, Lou Harrison & others ➢ It’s fun and enjoyable! Students love it and remember it many years later Warm Up Hocket Game 123 (ClapStompSnap) ● With a partner, trade off counting to three. Groups of three are no good for this game. ● Add a clap every time someone says “one.” Next add a stomp for “two” and finally a snap for “three.” Celebrate if you make a mistake, and start again. ● Variation: take out the words and only do body percussion ● Celebrate whenever you make a mistake and try again, increasing the speed ● Point out the pattern: The person who starts says “132” and the second person says “213.” ● Final practice phase, two large groups performing the body percussion piece in hocket Hocket Game: Speaking a Rhyme Tell a nursery rhyme with a partner; alternate each person saying a stanza or phrase. -
Cultural Reproduction of Javanese Gamelan Creation
Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal – Vol.5, No.8 Publication Date: Aug. 25, 2018 DoI:10.14738/assrj.58.5018. Wijaya, M., & Pujihartati, S. H. (2018). Cultural Reproduction of Javanese Gamelan Creation. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 5(8) 448-455. Cultural Reproduction of Javanese Gamelan Creation Mahendra Wijaya Sociology Department of Social and Political Science Faculty Universitas Sebelas Maret Sri Hilmi Pujihartati Sociology Department of Social and Political Science Faculty Universitas Sebelas Maret ABSTRACT This research aimed to find out the cultural reproduction of Javanese gamelan creation. Gamelan is an Indonesian orchestra composed mainly of tuned percussion instruments such as bamboo xylophones, wooden or metal chimes, and gongs. This reserach consisting of life attitude, work ethos, and skill of craftspeople in creation of Javanese gamelan. Cultural reproduction practice occurs in family, school/art institute/home industry environment and gamelan industry center community. This study employed naturalistic inquiry, describing the cultural reproduction of Javanese gamelan Creation naturally; the informants of research consisted of Empu (master craftsman) who produces gamelan, gamelan craftspeople, Javanese gamelan art figure, and Javanese gamelan users. The result of research revealed that life attitudes the Empu and the gamelan craftspeople had were: awareness of giving service to God, faith in God, being loyal to their job, submitting to the fate with gratitude, never being desperate, and having noble character. The work ethos of Empu and craftspeople included: hard work, high togetherness, carefulness, tolerance, high sense of belonging to the job, and mutual help. Meanwhile, gamelan creation skill included: membesot, menyingi, menempa, membabar, and melaras. Life attitude, work ethos, and skill of gamelan creation occurred through parents’ socialization from one generation to the next or from Empu to craftspeople in home industry. -
The Classroom Gamelan
PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT The classroom gamelan by Deirdre Dean The inclusion of Indonesian music and language into the The Indonesian cultures best known in Australia are those of mainstream of Australian education is becoming increasingly Bali and Java, perhaps best known for the gamelan, or noticable. The difficulty many teachers find with including orchestra, the wayang kulit, shadow puppet plays, and the Indonesian music into their classroom programs is twofold. kecak (pronounced ke-chuck), monkey dance from Bali. Firstly, a lack of familiarity with the subject means that many teachers lack the confidence to teach the subject to their Javanese music traditions tend to lean more towards the court students. Secondly, many teachers are unaware of the variety traditions of the Middle Ages, fostered in the courts of the and types of resources available to them and, as a result, are sultans at Jogjakarta and Solo (Surakarta). Villages may even unable to create their own individual programs. have their own gamelan, and some villages have their own dalang, a resident dancer, singer and puppeteer who teaches The focus of this article is to provide teachers with a basic music and dance to the children of the village. format that has been used in secondary schools (but is easily adapted to primary situations) for over six years. The subject In Hindu Bali there was also a court tradition, but these were is based on Indonesian music, but has been adapted for fostered by radjas. A stately style of music, known as gamelan Australian students, and is thus more accessible for them. The gong, was common prior to the turn of the century, but list of resources at the end of the notes, particularly the disappeared soon after 1906 following the massacre of the bibliography, is not meant to be a definitive guide. -
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Supplernental Note on a Recent Javanese Gamelan Record by Ernst Heins The first longplaying record of Javanese gamelan music to be issued outside Indonesia has recently been made available on the international market under the title, Gamelan Music from Java, PHILIPS 631 209 PL (stereo 831 209 PY). The recordings were made, with the kind permission of H.R.H. the Susuhunan, at the royal kraton of Surakarta. The court musicians (nijaga Palem) usually rehearse twice a week, on Wednesday and "Saturday evenings, in the audience-hall of the palace, the pendapa Sasanasewaka. The music on the Philips disc consists of compositions played during these rehearsal-periods at the request of Mr. Nusjirwan Tirtaamidjaja, who also made the recordings, late in December 1963. Copies of Mr. Tirtaamidjaja’s recordings were deposited in the Ethnomusicological Archive sec tion of the Institute of Musicology, University of Amsterdam. In homage to its founder and former director, the late Dr. Jaap Kunst, the Archive chose two pieces from Mr. Tirtaamidjajafs collection and edited them as a gramophone record. The following note is not designed to demonstrate the disc’s various merits or demerits. It is merely intended to supply some additional relevant informa tion which, for lack of space, could not be included in the notes on the record’s sleeve. TUKUNG Of the two pieces selected, the gending bonangan ”Tukung” (18 minutes), in pelog patet barang, (or rather its nuclear theme) has been rendered in~staff notation on the sleeve of the disc, mainly to facilitate analytical listening to the two paraphrasing (panerusari) instruments, the bonang barung (low bonang) and the bonang panerus (high bonang), whTch lend their name to this type of composition (gending bonang). -
Performing Indonesia a Conference and Festival of Music, Dance, and Drama
Performing Indonesia a conference and festival of music, dance, and drama October 31−November 3, 2013 Freer Gallery of Art, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, and S. Dillon Ripley Center, Smithsonian Institution A joint presentation of the Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia in Washington, D.C., and the Freer and Sackler Galleries, Smithsonian Institution Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia in Washington, D.C. H.E. Dr. Dino Patti Djalal, Ambassador of the Republic of Indonesia to the United States of America Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Smithsonian Institution Julian Raby, The Dame Jillian Sackler Director of the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery and Freer Gallery of Art Performing Indonesia: A Conference and Festival of Music, Dance, and Drama steering committee Sumarsam, University Professor of Music, Wesleyan University Andrew McGraw, Associate Professor of Music, University of Richmond Haryo Winarso, Attaché for National Education, Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia Michael Wilpers, Manager of Public Programs, Freer and Sackler Galleries Ministry of The Embassy of the Education and Culture Republic of Indonesia, Republic of Indonesia Washington, D.C. Performing Indonesia a conference and festival of music, dance, and drama October 31−November 3, 2013 Schedule evening concerts conference International Gallery, S. Dillon Ripley Center Indonesian Music: Past and Present Javanese Shadow-Play: Hanoman on Fire* Keynote Address Thursday, October 31, 7:30 pm Traditional Performing Arts of Indonesia Javanese Dance and Gamelan from Yogyakarta* in a Globalizing World Friday, November 1, 7:30 pm Sumarsam Saturday, November 2, 11 am Musicians and Dancers of Bali* Freer, Meyer Auditorium Saturday, November 2, 7:30 pm Session 1 Traditional Theater and Dance from Sumatra* Perspectives on Traditional Repertoires Sunday, November 3, 7:30 pm Friday, November 1, 2–5:30 pm gamelan marathon S. -
"Piring Selempad" Design Showing Regional and Ethnic Variation in Batik Style
Plate 1. Selendang with "Piring Selempad" design showing regional and ethnic variation in batik style. Ceribon. O rnamentation a n d O r ig in a l it y In v o l u t io n in J a v a n e s e B a t ik Philip Kitley Introduction Clifford Geertz's coining of the phrase "agricultural involution" to describe and analyze the Javanese response to the nineteenth-century forced cultivation system has been both influential and the focus of considerable debate.1 In a retrospective lecture delivered twenty years after Agricultural Involution was first published, Geertz laments that the argument has been interpreted independently of his other work on Javanese moral, political, practical, religious, and aesthetic ideas.2 Central to the involution thesis is the idea that the complex of social and practical processes summarized in the term "involution" was distinctively Javanese, in that it was shaped by Javanese cultural traditions, forms, and values. If this wholistic view is accepted, then one would expect to find similar involutionary tendencies, or reflections of these tendencies, in other dimensions of Javanese culture, such as the arts. Geertz foreshadows this when he says: ... at each stage of the development which we have been following on the level of the rice terrace and cane field, we could presumably have traced similar processes in the various social and cultural institutions which comprise the backbone of village life.3 1 acknowledge with thanks the helpful comments that Judith Becker, Peter Carey, Tony Day, and Clifford Geertz made on an earlier draft of this article. -
Community Gamelan in America: Identifying Best Practices in Ensemble Management
Community Gamelan in America: Identifying Best Practices in Ensemble Management © 2017 Arts Indonesia - Gamelan Dharma Swara This research is supported in part by a grant from the Paul R. Judy Center for Applied Research at the Eastman School of Music Table Of Contents I. Introduction II. Methodology III. Articulation Of Challenges IV. Best Practices V. Recommendations VI. Conclusion VII. Acknowledgements Appendix A: Ensemble Profiles 1. Gamelan Dharma Swara 2. Gamelan Son of Lion 3. Gamelan Sekar Jaya 4. Gamelan Galak Tika 5. Portland Taiko 6. Calpulli Mexican Dance Company 7. Lightbulb Ensemble Appendix B: Gamelan Dharma Swara Vision Statement 1 I. INTRODUCTION The shimmering tones and dense textures of gamelan – the percussive ensembles of metallophones, drums, and gongs found in various forms across Indonesia – have long excited and influenced innovative Western composers, from Debussy and Bartok to Glass, Cage, and Reich. Gamelan’s influence can also be heard in modern electronic and pop music: Bjork commissioned the building of the gameleste, a hybrid between a celesta and a gamelan; and Beck invited Burat Wangi, a gamelan ensemble based at the California Institute of the Arts, to participate in his live version of David Bowie's Sound and Vision. The sounds of gamelan have never been more readily accessible to global listeners as they are today, and while gamelan maintains a vibrant standing in its original context, a strong culture of gamelan has proliferated outside the Indonesian archipelago. In the United States roughly 150