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Změny V Rozšíření Gentianella Lutescens Subsp. Lutescens a Subsp

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Změny V Rozšíření Gentianella Lutescens Subsp. Lutescens a Subsp Zprávy Èes. Bot. Spoleè., Praha, 38: 205–216, 2003 205 Zmìny v rozšíøení Gentianella lutescens subsp. lutescens a subsp. carpatica v Èeské republice Changes in the distribution of Gentianella lutescens subsp. lutescens and subsp. carpatica in the Czech Republic Lída Kirschnerová1) & JanKirschner2) 1) Botanický ústav AV ÈR, Zámek 1, 252 43 Prùhonice; e-mail: [email protected] 2) Botanický ústav AV ÈR, Zámek 1, 252 43 Prùhonice; e-mail: [email protected] Abstract On the basis of the analysis of herbarium material, a detailed survey of morphology, variation, habitats, his- torical and recent distributions of Gentianella lutescens subsp. lutescens and G. l. subsp. carpatica in the Czech Republic is presented. Both subspecies are confined to the Moravian part of the West Carpathians in the easternmost part of the country. Before 1950, both subspecies were relatively common; G. l. subsp. lu- tescens has been recorded from 86 localities, subsp. carpatica from 36 sites. Nowadays, both subspecies are considered as critically threatened and survive only on a few sites (the former on 11, the latter on three to four). The extant populations, moreover, are small, often less than ten individuals. The overall distribution of the species remains unclear because of numerous erroneous records in the literature (e.g., the species su- rely does not occur in Germany). N o m e n k l a t u r a : Kirschner & Kirschnerová (2000). Úvod Jméno Gentianella lutescens (Velen.) Holub [Gentiana lutescens Velen., S.-B. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss. Prag 1888: 29, 1889] nacházíme v Èervených seznamech nebo soupi- sech chránìných druhù sousedních zemí (Polsko – Zaj¹c & Zaj¹c 1997; Slovensko, subsp. carpatica – Maglocký & Feráková 1993; Rakousko – Niklfeld 1999). Je zaøazeno do pøi- pravovaného evropského èerveného seznamu – European National Red Lists of Threate- ned Vascular Plants (materiály RE, T-PVS 2001/09) a nechybí ani ve svìtovém seznamu ohroených rostlin IUCN (Walter & Gillett 1998) – tyto zdroje zahrnují z našich taxonù pouze subsp. carpatica. Je uvedeno i v Èerveném seznamu ÈR v kategorii kriticky ohroených taxonù (Holub & Procházka 2000, Procházka 2001) a druh je chránìn (vyhláš- ka MP è. 395/92 Sb.). Podle tìchto údajù bychom mohli usoudit, e Gentianella lutescens je druhem dobøe prozkoumaným a e zaøazení do ochranáøských dokumentù je zaloeno na podrobné znalosti jeho taxonomie a rozšíøení. Opak je pravdou – ani rozšíøení, ani taxonomie tohoto 206 Kirschnerová & Kirschner: Gentianella lutescens vÈR pozoruhodného druhu nejsou obecnì známé nebo v literatuøe bìnì pøijímané, a údaje v li- teratuøe jsou zatíeny èetnými omyly. Jako pøíklad mùeme uvést údaj o výskytu druhu na nìmecké stranì Krušných hor (Jäger & Werner 2002, Hardtke & Ihl 2000), co je pravdì- podobná zámìna s G. germanica subsp. solstitialis (Wettst.) Holub. Další pøíklad potøeby podrobit hoøeèky ve støední Evropì revizi dává srovnání mezi uvádìným rozšíøením G. praecox (jako G. bohemica), G. germanica a G. lutescens v èeských zemích a Polsku (Zaj¹c & Zaj¹c 2001). Zatímco v èeských pramenech je zjevné výrazné fytogeografické rozlišení tìchto tøí druhù, v polské literatuøe mají všechny tøi (pokud jsou rozlišovány) v podstatì stejný charakter rozšíøení, které v Polsku údajnì u všech tøí druhù zahrnuje i Karpatskou oblast. Co se pod jménem Gentianella lutescens skrývá ve Flóøe Slovinska (Martinèiè 1999), se mùeme jen dohadovat. Pozoruhodné je, e v moderním urèovacím klíèi ke flóøe Rakouska (Adler et al. 1994) druh není uveden vùbec, zatímco ve vbrzku ná- sledujícím èerveném seznamu (Niklfeld 1999) uveden je, by i jako taxonomicky ne zcela vyjasnìný druh. Bez terénního studia na Balkánském poloostrovì a v jiních Alpách se ovšem rozøešení tohoto problému neobejde. Pøesto mùeme pøedpokládat, e hoøeèek lu- tavý je druh s pomìrnì velkým karpatským areálem (viz té Tzvelev 1978), který dosahuje a do pohoøí severní èásti Balkánského poloostrova. Znalosti o rozsahu ohroení druhu a jeho poddruhù jsou znaènì nedostateèné v jiní èásti areálu (Rumunsko – Þopa 1961, Bulharsko – Velèev 1982, Srbsko – Jovanoviæ 1973), pøièem jak pøijatá taxonomie, tak i znaènì komplikovaná nomenklatura sotva umoòuje srovnat balkánské a støedoevropské populace. Cílem tohoto pøíspìvku je poskytnout našim botanikùm a ochranáøùm dostatek kritic- ky vyhodnocených dat k tomu, aby bylo mono odpovìdnì zhodnotit rychlost a stupeò úbytku lokalit v Èeské republice a pøijímat náleitá opatøení jak v národním, tak i evrop- ském mìøítku. Tím nechceme øíci, e je hoøeèek lutavý u nás jako ohroený druh pøe- hlíen; jeho sporadickým výskytùm je pozornost vìnována v CHKO Bílé Karpaty (Stanìk et al. 1996, Hrabec & Šnajdara 1999, Kirschnerová & Kirschner 2001, Hájek 1999, Jonge- pierová et al. 1992) i v Javornících v CHKO Beskydy (Lustyk in Hadinec et al. 2002, Lustyk et al., in litt.). Souèasný výskyt druhu je dosti dobøe dokumentován a metody ochrany jsou známé. Pouité fytogeografické èlenìní odpovídá Kvìtenì ÈR (Skalický 1997). Mapy byly získány doplnìním lokalit do databáze AOPK ÈR pomocí programu MFF (Modul Fauna Flora) ve FoxPro. Podrobnosti o morfologii hoøeèkù a pouité termíny lze nalézt ve zpra- cování rodu v Kvìtenì ÈR (Kirschner & Kirschnerová 2000). Charakteristika druhu, variabilita a nomenklatura Nejvýraznìjší diagnostické znaky druhu G. lutescens nalezneme na kališních cípech. Zá- øezy mezi cípy jsou obvykle ve tvaru úzkého „U“, ne ostré, ani široké, cípy jsou èasto krat- ší ne kališní trubka; koruna je 20–34 mm dlouhá. Od G. amarella se liší pøedevším delší korunou. G. praecox má vdy alespoò nìkteré záøezy mezi kališními cípy ve tvaru široké- Zprávy Èes. Bot. Spoleè., Praha, 38: 205–216, 2003 207 ho „U“ (znak, který jinak nalézáme pouze u rakouského hoøeèku G. austriaca, který k nám nezasahuje). Koneènì G. germanica má záøezy mezi kališními cípy vìtšinou ve tvaru ost- rého „V“, a cípy jsou obvykle delší ne kališní trubka. Klíè k urèení našich hoøeèkù nalez- ne ètenáø v Kvìtenì ÈR (Kirschner & Kirschnerová 2000), popø. ve Zprávách ÈBS (Kirschnerová & Kirschner 1997), nebo v Klíèi (Kirschnerová in Kubát et al. 2002). Podobnì jako ostatní èeské (v tomto pøípadì lépe – moravské) hoøeèky i G. lutescens zahrnuje sezónní rasy, v poslední dobì nejèastìji hodnocené jako poddruhy. Tento druh promìnlivosti byl v minulosti popsán obecnì i regionálnì; zde odkazujeme na odpovídají- cí literaturu k tomuto tématu (Wettstein 1896, Holub & Bertová 1984, Zopfi 1991, Kir- schner & Kirschnerová 2000). U hoøeèku lutavého byla rozpoznána rasa aestivální (subsp. lutescens), autumnální (subsp. carpatica (Wettst.) Holub), a mimo naše území i vysokohorský typ (subsp. tatrae (Ronniger) Holub). Nominátní poddruh byl popsán z Bulharska, avšak studium autentických rostlin (vyobrazených té Wettsteinem, Wett- stein 1896) ukazuje, e se od moravských podstatnì neliší. Autumnální poddruh G. lutescens subsp. carpatica je popsán ze Slovenska, kde je znaènì rozšíøen, a ani zde in- terpretace jména neèiní potíe (srovnej té Wettstein 1896, Tab. II). Nutno podotknout, e stupeò rozrùznìní na sezónní poddruhy u hoøeèku lutavého je niší ne u jiných druhù, napø. G. praecox. Krist (1934: 128–129) mohl pozorovat bohaté populace G. lutescens v pøírodì a sdìluje, e je zde od letního plemene ku podzimnímu plynulý pøechod a je mono pozorovat jak typické letní formy, s tupými lodyními listy a s dlouhými èlánky lodyními, málo vìtevnaté, tak i formy, sice ještì také letní (pøed se- noseèí kvetoucí), ale nesoucí u nìkteré znaky podzimního plemene, jako pøiostøené listy lodyní, èetnìjší a kratší internodia, rozvìtvení aj. V dnešních ochuzených, neèetných po- pulacích ji podobné úkazy mùeme sledovat jen velmi ojedinìle (napø. Hutì u itkové). V seznamu lokalit jsou takové pøípady oznaèeny hvìzdièkou. Naše poddruhy mùeme charakterizovat následujícími znaky: Hoøeèek lutavý pravý – G. lutescens subsp. lutescens: kvete zpravidla v èervnu a èervenci. Lodyha má 3 (–5) lodyní èlánky, z nich zpravidla druhý od báze je nápadnì delší ne ostatní. Kvìtenství je zpravidla chudokvìtá lata. Lodyní listy jsou kratší ne in- ternodia, obvykle podlouhlé, tupé, dolní a zaokrouhlené. Hoøeèek lutavý karpatský – G. lutescens subsp. carpatica (Wettst.) Holub kvete v srpnu a øíjnu. Lodyha má zpravidla více ne 5 lodyních èlánkù, ádné internodium není nápadnì delší ne ostatní. Kvìtenství je úzká chocholiènatá lata. Lodyní listy jsou ± stejnì dlouhé jako internodia nebo kratší, obvykle úzce trojúhelníkovité, špièaté. Døívìjší a souèasné podmínky výskytu Podobnì jako u jiných hoøeèkù se døíve hoøeèek lutavý vyskytoval na øadì stanoviš pas- tevnì a kosením obhospodaøovaných, od vlhèích, a bezkolencových luk a po sušší, naru- šované svahové travinné porosty (srovnej podrobnosti v práci Kirschnerová & Kirschner 1997, 2001). Nyní hoøeèek lutavý pøeívá na tìch místech kosených, která jsou zároveò 208 Kirschnerová & Kirschner: Gentianella lutescens vÈR pøirozenì narušována napø. klouzáním flyšových vrstev a dochází tak k trhání jinde zapo- jeného travinného koberce (napø. v Bílých Karpatech, cf. Hájek 1999, Jongepier & Jonge- pierová 1995, 1996, i vlastní pozorování; viz té kapitolu Závìr). Historické rozšíøení v ÈR Gentianella lutescens subsp. lutescens Charakter pùvodního rozšíøení v ÈR lze do jisté míry rekonstruovat podle herbáøových dokladù. Výskyt taxonu byl vdy omezen na Moravské Karpaty (Bílé Karpaty, Javorní- ky, Moravskoslezské Beskydy, Hostýnské vrchy, Vsetínskou kotlinu a øidèeji i pøilehlá území). Nejvíce lokalit bylo zaznamenáno v lesních Bílých Karpatech a v Javornících (viz obr. 1). Øada starších
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