A History of Egypt

A H I S TORY OF E GYPT

FROM TH E END OF T HE NEO LITH I C PERIOD TO

’ HE D TH C L P T EA OF EO ATRA R C ; 3 0

VOL . V .

E GYPT UND E R RAME S E S THE G R E AT

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NEW YORK H E NRY FROW D E

O X F O R D U N I V E R S IT Y P R E S S AMERICAN BRANCH 1 902

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P R E FA C E

THE pe riod of Egyptia nHistory treated of in the present

u n a I . vol me begins with the reig of R meses , the ﬁrst XI Xth D king of the ynasty , and ends with that of XI I XXt h Rameses , the last king of the Dynasty , and the narrative describes the principal events which took place in Egypt and the various portions of her

a n A m B C . 1 400 Nubi and siatic Empire fro about . to 1 1 3 0 . This period is one of great interest, for n I in it are i cluded the reigns of Seti . , and Rameses

III Me ne htha h u II . , and Rameses . , and p , nder which

Egypt attained to a very high state of prosperity , and became the mis tress of the trade of the Re d Sea and

M i e S r of the ed terran an ea . The count y was not given up to the making of military expeditions and raids , as n XVI I Ith u der the great kings of the Dynasty, but it has been truly said that the gene ral wealth of the n III country was greater d u ring the reig of Rameses .

Thothme s III than during that of L . , althNough the hold of Egypt upon her Syrian , ibyan , and ubian posses

n r s sions was les s stro g and less secu e . The addition vi PRE FACE

“ - Ré o the to the temple of Amen , the king of the g ds ,

o t he t wo lord of the thr nes of lands (or, the world), which were made by Seti I . and his son Rameses II . , and the lavish endowments and gifts made to the A o H temples of Thebes , byd s , and eliopolis , prove that the m n n wealth of these o archs was exceedi gly great ,

” a nd the splendour of the capitals of the South and the North during their rule was never equalled either under the preceding or succeeding dynasties . The ruins of Thebes and Tanis t estify alike to the magniﬁcence of

mu niﬁc e nc e the the temples, the of the kings , and m d prosperity of the country . The interest of o ern investigators has centred chieﬂy in the “ reign of

Rameses II . , and in the exploits of this king, but a little consideration shows that his greatness was due more ' to the general condition of the country and to the great length of his reign than to the ability which n he displayed in the rule of his kingdom . His ge erals and their armies were strong enough to guard Egypt i against invas on , but they added nothing to the empire in of Egypt, and, spite of the boastful description of his victory over the Kheta which Rameses II . caused n l to be i scribed on the wal s of his temples , and the

- ﬂown Pe nt a u rt high utterances of the courtier scribe , it is clear that the king was unable completely to vanquish the league of nations and tribes which fought

the with Kheta against him , and that it was only with difﬁculty that he succeeded in keeping his hold upon any part of Palestine and Syria . The famous treaty PRE FAC E VII

of Rameses II . with the Kheta proves beyond doubt that the king of Egypt was obliged to acknowledge

i i n the r ndependence, and to recog ize the authority of

i - e the r prince Kheta sar , and to nter into obligations which would prevent him frominvading their country

in the future . When we consider the vast amount of spoil which the Egyptians took during their expedi i N XVI II th t ons in orthern Syria under the Dynasty, — d it is tolerably certain that Rameses II . woul not have made the treaty he did except under the strongest '

pressure . It is, of course , possible , though improbable, that he was led to act as he did because he wished to develop trade between the merchants of the rapidly growing cities of the Delta and those of Northern

“ Syria . The Kheta wars were the chief military events

of the reign of Rameses II . , and the result of them , as d far as Egypt was concerne , was a reduction of her o O domini ns . n the other hand, the arts and sciences

ﬂourished , and the noble buildings of every kind which

’ Sprang up as if by magic in all the great centres of

religious thought prove that the skill of the architect ,

and the artist , and the workman was as great as it had ever been ; their style was not so good as that of the I Vth XI I th and Dynasties, but this was due both to n change of ideas and taste amo g the Egyptians , and to the inﬂuence which was exerted on the arts and crafts fﬁ by foreign intercourse and tra cking . When Rameses

di u ri h II . ed he left his country in a comparatively ﬂo s n ing conditio , but his empire was crumbling away , and vﬁi P RE FAC E

the events which took place und er Me ne phtha h prove that the nations ar ound we r e only waiting for his d t i U ea h to invade Egyptian terr tory . nder Rameses III . the Libyans and the Syrians with their allies D made a strong attack upon the elta , and it says much for the ability of his generals and the administration

of the his forces that Egyptians were victorious . This king appears to have been the ﬁrst Pharaoh who con structed ﬂeets of boats which could be used both for U the purpose of war and of trade . nder the succeeding w Rameses kings the po er of Egypt declined rapidly ,

- and the poverty stricken condition of Thebes , the capital of the South , is well illustrated by the fact that the priests of Am en - Ré were obliged to make

Rameses IX . authorize them to levy taxes on the people for the maintenance of the temple of their god . The papyri of the period tell us that the royal tombs of Thebes were plundered , and that the mummies of many of the great Pharaohs were stripped of every “ ” of w Der thing value , and we kno from the ﬁnds at e l - Bahari that the sacrile gious thieves even broke the royal remains in pieces . The Governments of Rameses

IX . and Rameses X . prosecuted the robbers and violators of the tombs , but the examination of the witnesses revealed the fact that the pillaging of t he abodes of the dead was carried on in a systematic

manner with the connivance of certain highly - placed fﬁ i o c als , and , apparently, the wrecking of the royal mummies and plundering of their funeral furniture PRE FAC E ix

ue . M contin d eanwhile the priests , ﬁnding that the later Rameses kings were unable to support the great

Ame ne Ra in brotherhood of , lost no opportunity of

a t creasing their hold upon Thebes , and length , on the

d t he death of Rameses XII . , they bol ly assumed

r - gove nment of the country , and their high priest ,

- H H u . er eru, surped the throne In connexion with the reign of Me ne phtha h a chapter has been added in the present volume on the

Exodus of the Israelites from Egypt . In it an attempt has been made to consider the narrative of the Exodus given by Josephus in the light of recently ascertained

facts , and the unhistorical character of many parts of it is made plain ; that Manetho preserved in his History of Egypt an Egyptian tradition of a great exodus of

the foreigners from Delta there is no reason to doubt, ’ but until we have this writer s account of it in his own words no ' ﬁnal opinion of its value historically can be arrived at . It is tolerably certain that the exodus of Semitic foreigners to which Josephus refers is that which is generally known as the “ expulsion of the H ” yksos , and that it is not that which is described in the Book of Exodus ; the Exodus of the Israelites after the building of the treasure cities of Pithom and Raamses must certainly have taken place during the reign of one of the successors of Rameses II . , and more than one exodus of Semites must have taken place during the centuries which elapsed between the time of the expulsionof the Hyksos from the Delta and the X PRE FACE

n reign of Rameses II . The arrative of the Book of Exodus appears to the writer to be based on historical

n - it facts , and the archaeological evide ce contained in l as proves that it is no historica romance , some have d en eavoured to show . Its form indicates that it was written a long time after the events happened which it describes , but the main fact that an exodus of Israelites took place as the result of the forced labour which they were compelled to perform is unassailable , and all the evidence goes to prove t hat a great body of Israelites left the Delta between the reigns of Rameses II . a nd III Rameses . If the exodus took place under Me nephtha h the popular view that the king of Egypt “ ” Re d d was drowned in the Sea must be abandone , for his mummiﬁed body has been recently identiﬁed d n beyond oubt, and in con exion with this subject it must be remembered that it is nowhere said in the narrative of the Book of Exodus that the king was n drowned , but o ly the host of Pharaoh .

A W LL S B D . A U GE E . I . C O NTE NTS

C — I TH E N D . T HAPTER . INETEENTH YNASTY HE REIGN OF

R I HI WI K . EK AMESES . S TREATY TH THE HETA PE

DITION AGAINST THE NUBIANS . HIS TOMB AND

T B K U W . SARCOPHAGUS . HE OO OF THE NDER ORLD I DESCRIPTION OF THE M UMMY OF RAMESES . THE S I H REIGN OF ETI . IS EXPEDITION AGAINST THE S AS . S B ISSI R T E A D KADES A D H U U M ON OF U H N, N H, N H E K T H H T HETA TRIBES . HE YPOSTYLE ALL AT K N R P AR AK . C Q EST LIB A IA T N ON U OF Y , U , UN , S C W K RIA, PR S ETC . R I T E I ES I Y Y U , O NG OF H M N N W ADI HAMMAMAT AND IN THE SINAITIC PENINSULA . T E D E YE D EMPLE OF R S I H . EMERAL MINES OF MOUNT ZARA A I H RE. T AS T P HE GODDESS . LAN OF A GOLD

A . MINE . THE MEMNONIUM OF SETI I . AT BYDOS A P K S I H THE G . ING LIST OF ETI . THE ALL OF “ ’ ” I Z . C S . T B SETI . R BE I S T B OLUMN OM OF , O L ON OM B K P I I RA B K K WI OO OF THE RA S NGS OF . OO OF NO NG W I I U W T I HAT S N THE NDER ORLD . HE DESTRUCT ON

OF MANKIND . SARCOPHAGUS OF SETI I . PHYSICAL C S S I I I I I . J I I I HARACTER ST CS OF ET O NT RE GN OF ET . R II R I R II HI AND AMESES . E GN OF AMESES . S

’

A E A D TIT ES . WARS I N BIA LIB A S RIA N M N L N U , Y , Y ,

N A L - ETC . A R KA B R T E D RIVER . BATT E H L , O H OG L

A AI ST T E K ETA. LEA E KI S A EPP G N H H GU OF NG OF L O,

‘ K A RK EM I S H A RA D US D A D KA ES . E PTIA , , N H GY N xﬁ CONTE NTS

PA G E A K ACCOUNT OF THE WAR. TTACK ON ADESH . CAP K P TURE OF A DESH . ERSONAL VALOUR OF RAMESES

II . F WHEN SURROUNDED BY THE ENEMY. OUR DIVI ’ I E I THE KI CHA RI o S ONS OF THE GYPT AN ARMY . NG S H TEER MENNA. IS WAR HORSES AND HIS TAME

. D K R U LION EFEAT OF THE HETA . RAMESES ET RNS o T EGYPT . RENEWED HOSTILITIES BY THE KHETA. K THE TREATY WITH THE HETA AND THEIR PRINCE . K RAMESES MARRIESA HETA PRINCESS . THE PRINCESS

RA- NEFE RU T K . HE POSSESSED PRINCESS OF BE HTEN HE N U II K S . O I K R HEALED BY BEL S S OF AMESES . A B S U IMBEL . TANIS THE CAPITAL OF THE NORTH . S U THE TELE OF FO R HUNDRED YEARS . BUILDINGS

II . RA M ES S E UM T A . OF RAMESES . EMPLE OF MEN ‘ W I U AR S K R I A I . A GOLD M NES OF D L TELE OF U B N . II DESERT WELLS DUG BY RAMESES . CANAL FROM B URA S TI S To BI L K WI THE TTER A ES . VES AND II E FAMILY OF RAMESES . TOM AND MUMMY OF

RAMESES II . PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE E . V II KING ANITY OF RAMESES . AND THE DECLIN ’ RA OF EGYPTS POWER . MYTHICAL EXPLOITS OF II H S H MESES . ISTORY OF ESOSTRIS BY ERODOTUS . H S D I OD ORUS ISTORY OF ESOSTRIS BY . THE REIGN ’ E NEPH THA H OF M . REVOLT IN LIBYA . THE KING S

D REAM . DEFEAT OF THE LIBYANS WITH GREAT ’ ENEPH TH H H M A S . SLAUGHTER . YMN OF PRAISE

MENTION OF THE ISRAELITES DOUBTFUL . OPINIONS ’ M E NE PH THA H S OF EGYPTOLOGISTS . BUILDING OPERA

. D T K TIONS ISCOVERY OF HIS MUMMY . HE ING WAS NOT DROWNED IN THE RED SEA

I I — I CHAPTER . THE EXODUS OF THE SRAELITES FROM

N O E PH - E TE P . A E I J S US . GYPT ARRAT VE BY MEN H ,

PA - HA SON OF PI THE PRIEST . THE LEPERS . To I A I MEN SENT THE QUARR ES . VAR S AND THE S H R I P H EP ERDS . OS A S T E PRIEST HE I P IS . H , H OF L O OL

o A - R SHEPHERDS COME T A VARIS . MEN HETE CONTE NTS xiii

P A GE

THE KING ATTACKS THEM WITH MEN . HIS OSA RS I PH RETREAT ToETHIOPIA . THE PRIEST IDEN J OS E PH US TI FI ED WITH MOSES . THE NARRATIVE OF I I E I I A UNH STOR CAL . XODUS N THE RE GN OF MEN

E III I I . L M . HET P . MPOSS BLE EGEND OF ANETHO J OS EPH US CONFUSES THE EXPULSION OF THE HYKSOS

WITH THE EXODUS DESCRIBED IN THE BIBLE . D CANAANITISH TRADITIONS OF AN EXODUS . TRA I H W TI ONA L EXODUS UNDER M E NE PHTHA . THE HEBRE S ' ' O AND THE c or c e e . RAMESES II . THE PPRESSOR OF H T P THE EBREWS . HE CITIES OF ITHOM AND W R Z T I . G . T AAMSES . OAN OR AN S OSHEN HE ALL L I FROM MEMPHIS ToP E US UM . CANAL OF RAMESES II B I I I I I . . U LD NG OPERAT ONS CARR ED ON BY CAPT VES

- ZA PHN TH PAA NEA H . A MEANING OF THE NAME . P TIP ERA A D A SE AT A D ZA FH NA TH - PAA O H H, N N H , N X X I I ND D D E NEAH NAMES OF THE YNASTY . AT

A ND R TE T E EX D S . PIT S CC T OU OF H O U HOM, U O H,

P - HA H I ROTH - Z . D . ET A I , MI D , BAA EP R H M, G OL L HON ’ X U BRUGSCH S THEORY ABOUT THE E OD S . ROUTE BY “ ” W S I RB ONI A N B T AY OF THE GULFS OF THE OG . HE S YA M - S PH RED EA AND THE U . MODERN THEORIES I V AS TO THE ROUTE OF THE SRAELITES . IEWS OF

NA V I LLE . S D I FFI M . ETTLEMENT OF THE EXODUS C LTI E U S AT PRESENT IMPOSSIBLE . THE REIGN OF

- - S I II . M EN P . HI I I I ET , ER TAH S BU LD NG OPERAT ONS . THE SCRIBE ANNA AND THE TALE OF THE TWO

A - ’ . T T BROTHERS HE REIGN OF MEN MESES . HE

- I S A P . E X I XTHD RE GN OF TAH ND OF THE YNASTY. ARS U THE SYRI AN

C I I I -T TW H D T HAPTER . HE ENTIET YNASTY. HE REIGN

- S NE KHT. P I I E OF ET ER OD OF ANARCHY N GYPT .

U S - NE K HT III M . R I R MMY OF ET E GN OF AMESES .

RHAM P S I NI TUS . H ( ) IS NAMES AND TITLES . LEAGUE LI I K E R OF BYAN TR BES AND ATTAC UPON GYPT . A

MESES III . DEFEATS THE LEAGUE AND MUTILATES xu r ‘ CONTE NTS

P A GE S W I . L I I DEAD ARR ORS EAGUE OF YR AN TR BES . T R III HEI DEFEAT ON LAND AND SEA BY RAMESES . V To III ICTORIOUS RETURN EGYPT OF RAMESES .

WI I . F K LADEN TH SPO L _ URTHER ATTAC BY THE P . III LIBYANS ERSONAL VALOUR OF RAMESES . T H AA I RE G I E I S . REAT V CTORY OF THE GYPT ANS . HE

RAMESES III . DIGS A WELL ON THE ROAD BETWEEN S EGYPT AND YRIA . THE FLEETS OF RAMESES III . C S P Y OPPER MINES OF INAI . ROSPERITY OF EG PT I UNDER RAMESES III . NCREASE OF TRADE AND KI T P I COMMERCE OF ALL NDS . HE SEA TRADE . AV OF I I I LION RAMESES . AND UNUSUAL STYLE OF ITS

I . ORNAMENTATION . THE TEMPLE OF MED NET HABU

E L - YA H D YE H K H ENS U TELL U I . THE TEMPLE OF AT o T . G III T HEBES IFTS OF RAMESES . THE GODS OF H I I A T T EL OPOL S , BYDOS AND HEBES . OMB AND III T MUMMY OF RAMESES . HE CONSPIRACY IN THE r im A ND R H a ITS DISCOVE Y . TRIAL OF THE CON OR W S P I RA T S . III IFE AND FAMILY OF RAMESES . HI KI H R I STORY OF THE NG BY ERODOTUS . E GN OF I H G R V I . R I AMESES . S MUMMY AND TOMB E NS OF

R V . R V I . R V I I . R AMESES , AMESES , AMESES , AMESES

V III R I X . R , AMESES OBBERY OF THE ROYAL TOMBS . RA GOVERNMENT PROSECUTION OF THE THIEVES .

MESES I X . GIVES THE PRIESTS OF AMEN POWER To

. HI R I R X . LEVY TAXES S TOMB. E GN OF AMESES

FURTHER PROSECUTION OF THIEVES . REIGN OF RA

X I . T K MESES HE PRINCESS OF BE HTEN . REIGN OF R X I I G W W AMESES . RO TH OF THE PO ER OF THE I - I A H -H W H GH PR EST OF MEN, ER ERU, HO ON THE DEATH OF THE KING USURPS THE THRONE LIS T O F I LLU S TRATI O NS

P A G E 1 H S I . I 6 EAD OF THE MUMMY OF ET . N S I A 1 1 COLON ADE OF THE TEMPLE OF ETI . AT BYDOS HALL OF COLUMNS AT KARNAK 1 3 U S I M 1 SHABTI FIGURE OF ETI . IN THE BRITISH MUSEU 7

5 . H OF R II 22 EAD THE MUMMY OF AMESES . W 6 . II 2 OODEN STATUE OF RAMESES . 3 II K BATTLE OF RAMESES . AGAINST THE HETA THE KING IN HIS CHARIOT EGYPTIAN ARMED CHARIOTEERS EGYPTIAN ARMY BEFORE KADES H THE ATTACK ON KADESH

EGYPTIAN SOLDIERS IN BATTLE ARRAY . EGYPTIAN TROOPS ON EACH SID E OF THE RIVER ORONTES CAPT URE OF KHETA SOLDIERS A ND MUTILATION OF TH E DEAD THE KING IN HIS CHARIOT A COMPANY OF EGYPTIAN SPEARMEN EGYPTIAN CHARIOTS 1 7 1 8 . T E E PTIA CA P , H GY N M

A A-NEFE RU 1 9. THE SIATIC PRINCESS R

20. T H K A R II HE ORUS NAME AND OF AMESES . x v i L I ST OF I L L U STRATION S

A B THE TEMPLE OF RAMESES II . AT U SIMBEL I K WI I I I R II OBEL S TH NSCR PT ONS OF AMESES . AND S I FATHER ETI . P II OBELISK AND YLON OF RAMESES . AT LUXOR FA cA DE OF THE RAM E S S E UM To II ENTRANCE THE TOMB OF RAMESES . H II EAD FROM A STATUE OF RAMESES . THE TEMPLE OF LUXOR

TH E T - R III M I EMPLE FORTRESS OF AMESES . AT ED NET HABU THE FIRST COURT OF THE TEMPLE OF MEDINET HABU M KI R III UMMY OF NG AMESES .

THE RE I GN OF RAME SE S 1 . when he succeeded his colleague he was past middle age ; it is more than probable that he exercised in the so u th of Egypt an authority similar to that which

H - - he b A eru em exercised in the north . lthough the name of Am e n does not occur in any of his names or titles he must have been a loyal servant of that god

n rl e st s or he would ever have been supported by his p . H wa s t is reign very short, cer ainly less than ten years ,

and, but for one thing, of which there is no mention in the Egyptian inscriptions of the period, might have n been termed uneventful . We have already mentio ed the prominent part which the confederation of the Kheta tribes took in the breaking of the power of

- he t e I V Egypt in Syria in the reign of Amen p ., and since that time Egypt had been able to do nothing T to check their advance in Northern Syria . he dis ruption caused by the heresy of the Disk w‘ orshippers prevented the despatch of any army against them during the reigns of the three predecessors of Rameses I n . , and thus it happened that when this ki g ascended the throne of Egypt he discovered that he was power less even to prevent their advance upon territory much

a nearer to Egypt , still less to regain the old Egypti n n possessio s near the Euphrates , and he , therefore , made

S a a lu l a treaty of peace with p , the prince of the Kheta tfi e s b . Reference is made to this treaty in the treaty

’ S a a lu l s L which p descendant made with Rameses I , and it is clear that in the reign of Rameses I . the Kheta were su fﬁciently powerful to make it worth the H I S TREATY WI TH THE KH ETA 3

while of the Egyptians to be at peace with them . The only military expedition undertaken by Rameses I . was Nu bia ns l against the , but whether this took p ace during the t wo ﬁrst years of his reign , when he was sole

hi o- s . c monarch, or later, when son Seti I was regent ,

A Ame n cannot be said . s a mark of his devotion to he built the large pHylon throuHgh l whic If entrance is gained to tKhe great ypostyle a l in the temple of the god at arnak, but of this very little now remains ; on a wall near it he is represented in the a c t of adoring

a number of gods . Rameses I . made a tomb for himself in the Valley of the Tombs of the Kings at

l . Thebes , and was presumab y buried in it It consists w of a large hall, with a door ay at each end ; through the fu rther doorway admission is ga I ne d to a narrow t wo chamber . The hall is approached by corridors ,

a nd which are not ornamented in any way , the second forms a steep ﬂight of steps which leads directly into the hall or mummy chamber . The walls oMf tahe hall are decorated with large ﬁgures of the gods a t ,

Ne fe r - T A H u K a Ptah , emu, nubis , or s , Thoth , heper ,

etc . , and with inscriptions and scenes from the Book

of the Underworld . The sarcophagus is made of red granite and is about ﬁve feet high ; it is ornamented with ﬁgures of the gods painted in yellow on a red

is e background , and without a cover . The tomb was v ry fﬁ di cult to enter, and its entrance has now been ﬁlled

u 1 mon n p . A g the cofﬁ s and mummies from the great

1 ’ S L f oées Ro a u w P i 1 e e e e bu r e H a r s 890 . 1 5 E . , yp g y , , , p 7 4 M U M MY AN D COFFI N OF RAM E S E S I .

“ Dér a l—Bahari ﬁnd were the fragments of a wooden f co ﬁn which had been painted yellow, and a cover which

i i seemed to belong to them . The name of the or g nal m I owner had been erased and the prenomen of Ra eses .

’ inscribed in its place ; this king s prenomen is found on the fragments written both in hieroglyphics and in

c fﬁ the hierati character . On a piece of the co n are

insc rI tion the fragments of an p , which by the help of i d n f other sim lar ocume ts has been completed, and rom it we learn that on the 1 8th day of the fourth month of the season Shat of the 1 6th year of the reign of

An- Hé u taken from his own tomb into that of queen p ,

e - he t e tomb of Am n p, in peace . This removal was

ff Ame n- Ra A - f- e n- e ected by a priest of called nkh Amen,

sonof B a k ° , b U aﬁ é the § qq é ,

l t Ofﬁ - a nd who he d several high ecclesias ical ces, was ,

e t of . appar ntly , a superintenden the royal tombs Near the fragments of the cofﬁn was the unswathed

mummy of a man of large and powerful build, with

“ short hair and a black skin ; this mummy is believed M b . M t o I . y aspero have been that of Rameses , and

“ he thinks th a t it s cofﬁn was broken by the variou s j ourneys which it had to undergo when the royal

mummies were remove d to their hiding - place at Dér

a l - and Bahari, and that the mummy itself was stripped B .C. 1 366 E E F E ] TH R I GN O S TI I . 5 plundered by the pe ople who were assisting in hiding 1 it from the professional robbers of royal tombs .

H - E - E - E MEN son PTA M RI N S TI . , of the Sun ,

“ E - MER- EN- P H I SETI I . S TI TA . , or , m was the son of Ra eses I . he married

H - - a nd reign of eru em heb , by her became A d the father of Rameses II . ccor ing to Manetho he reigned between ﬁfty and

ﬁft - ﬁ ve y years, but there is no monu mental evidence ih support of this state

ment . The inscriptions prove that he H adopted a large number of orus names , among which may be mentioned “ - FT-KH R K A N E K M n V ighty Bull, risi g in Thebes, ivify E M -D A S T-S E AN K H ” “ M $1n ing the two lands , ighty Bull, image ” “ ” Me nthu M u l of , ighty B l , son of Temu , a M a ” “ M h Bull of R , beloved of a t , ig ty Bull ,

1 M a s e r o r e la t e s t h e follo in in r oof of t h e e c e ll e nt M . p w g p x

i d Th e ork m m a nne r in whic h t h e b od y h a d b e e n m u m m ﬁ e . w e n la id t h e na k e d m u m m in t h e s u n on t h e s a d a nd e nt a a t o y n , w w y h a ve l u n c h a nd th e ir m id - d a y r e st wh e n t h e y r e t u r n e d th e y fou nd t ha t one of t h e a r m s h a d m ove d fr om it s posit ion l e ngthw ise d ow n t h e b od a nd a s b e t a t r i ht a l e s t ot h e b r e a s t in a m a e r y , w n g ng nn

hic h s e e m d t o t hr e a t e n t h e m E a m ina tion S ho e d t h t t h e w e . x w a a r m h a d b e m hr u h h e h a of t h s u n L e c o e c ont ra c t e d t o g t e t e . s

M mies 5 o . 52 553 . , pp , 6 REVOLT OF THE S HAS U

n M a . restig upon a t , etc ; some of his titles were, “ H e who repeateth [hiNs] births, mMighty one of valour, destroyer of the ine Bows , ighty one of w l n u M st ablisher bo s in al la ds, subd er of the enti , n ” of mo uments, etc . A m s soon as Ra eses I . was dead the nomad

m m of S t iI . k i of E t B d of t h e m e C . 1 0 H e a u y , ng gy p , . 37 . tribes and peoples who lived in the Eastern

v Desert and in Palestine re olted , and his son and successor Seti I . found himself obliged to take the ﬁeld at once against a formidable confederation of H r hostile hosts . e set out f om Egypt against the

” a wretched Sh su , ml k g and marched . 1 B C. 366] S U B M I S S ION OF S YRIA AND PALE S TI N E 7

f a I M M ] a from the ortress of Tch re , $ 7 to Kan na,

( ﬁ n d a place which has been thought k k [LL] to be to the south of Hebron ; but Kanana refers to the whole country and not to any one portion of it. T he Shasu were defeated in the ﬁrst battle , and large numbers of them were slain . He next attacked the

l a nd rebels of Khare , i with the same resu t , the “ t king, who is described as the Sun of Egyp and the n ” l moo of all other lands , swept all before him ike the

B ar god mj EN, wheresoever he went he l w slew men, and his so diers follo ing him up carried

Re the nnu l . N away much spoi The chiefs of , or orthern l n Syria, submitted peacefu ly, and sa g praises to the king, and of the presents which they brought to him he made rich gifts to Amen - Ré The city of Kadesh and the

I nnu aamu M M fortress of , , were also x Q ‘ A conquered, and the whole country of the morites . w e f l The tribes of the Kheta , ho ev r, refused to ol ow

x . this e ample, and therefore Seti I marched into their country ; he slew their chiefs a nd passed throu gh their

fire soldiers like a flame of , and all that could fled 1 before him . From every part of Syria he obtained

or either gifts tribute, and he then retraced his steps l _ to Egypt, eaving the country through which he had

1 For m a ny of t h e ins c r ipt ions de s c r ib ing t he s e e v e nt s s e e

R c u il t om x i 2 a nd for t h e n u ie s se in e e . . . 5 E s c e G y e , p ; e s s e e

f — Le siu s Denkmiler iii. ll . 1 26 1 3 0. p , , p ’ 8 S E TI S TRI U M P HANT PROGRE S S [ B .C. 1 366

A passed a place of desolation and misery . mong the spoil brought back w a s wood for making a boat for

- Ré the god Amen , and trunks of straight and lofty trees which were to be made into the masts intended to be set up in grooves in front of the main pylons of temples ; the wood and the tree trunks came from the L a eb non mountains , famous then , as later, for their lofty cedars and other trees .

When Seti I . arrived at the frontiers of Egypt

a nd n he was met by the priests obles of the country , h who received him wit shouts of joy , and with all the spoil which he had brought back he set out on the river to make a triumphant progress up the Nile T to hebes . The principal events of the campaign in Palestine and S yria were sculptured on the north and south walls of the great Hypostyle Hall l at Karnak , and near each was added a ful description in hieroglyphics for every man to see . The king was very proud of his achievements and caused lists of the

u i w co ntries , and c ties , and villages hich he had conquered to be inscribed upon the buildings a nd

u t monuments which he set p in Egyp and Nubia . Thus on the north wall of the great hall at Thebes Amen is depicted holding ropes to which are tied by their necks series of representatives of conquered places , “ ” each with his name enclosed in a turreted cartouche ; u the base of a sphinx in the temple of Seti I . at K rna also contains a long list of names of conquered places ;

Re dé si e h Ra d a ssi e h and at y or y , about forty miles to

I O M I N I N G O PE RATION S O F S E TI I .

m M z a a a ran fro Edfu to the emerald mines of ount b r ,

the near Berenice on Red Sea, and it is pretty certain

u that Seti I . only b ilt it because the mines were being

. A worked for his beneﬁt s there was a water station , o or well, cl se by, the traveller who had halted there would not only be able to obtain refreshment , but would also become acquainted with the scenes of the

I . w l prowess of Seti , hich were scu ptured inside the temple in the ninth year of his reign . Seti I . either

r e - m l bored, or bored a well here , and a s al building seems to mark its site to this day ; it is probable that he caused a series of water stations to be established 1 from the Nile to Berenice . The local mining agents seem to have made plans of the districts wherein gold or mines of precious stones were situated, and to have had them drawn and painted upon papyrus either for the beneﬁt of new - comers or to supply information about the position of the mines to high ofﬁcials in A of L 2 . , l Egypt plan this kind was pub ished by epsius, and on it we see indicated the footpaths running among the mountains , the position of the government building, I which in this case was erected by Seti ., and the places where the workmen are boring into the hills ; when viewed in comparison with modern maps it

1 Th e whol e r ou t e h a s b e e n c a r e fu lly d e s c r ib e d by Golénis c h e ﬁ

R ei’ l om iii h oh a s i n u s t h e t ru e r e a d in f e c u t . e o t h ( , . x p . w g v g e

a m e of t h od d e A a nd oth e r u r iou s n e g s s asit h , c , L " B infor m a t io n .

Au sw a hl l ii , p . xx . B . C. 1 366 G PE R S OF S E ] B U I L D I N O ATION TI I . I

appears to be a crude piece of work, but it must be n remembered , as Wiedema n has said , that it is the

a oldest m p in the world .

A i u c mong the build ngs of Seti I . m st be spe ially mentioned those which he ‘ carried out at Abydos and

A he u u m Thebes . t Abydos b ilt the famo s te ple called

C of t h m f t i a t A os olonna de e Te ple o S e I . by d . F rom a h ot o r a h b A B e a t o L x or p g p y . , u .

“ his M - M a - Ré after own prenomen en a t , but more commonly known from its description by Strabo as the “ n ” Memno ium . Abydos was the centre of Osiris

U e worship in pp r Egypt , for there was supposed to be the tomb of the head of the god, and Egyptians loved ﬁ m to be buried there , rst , that their bodies ight be O near the head of siris , and secondly, because there 1 2 THE KI N G L I ST OF S E TI I . was a widespread belief in the country that close to “ G , g; the city, in the mountains , was the ap gk “ h or, opening through w ich disembodied souls made

” ’ S e tis their way into Paradise . temple was b uilt of

w a ﬁne white limestone , but when the king died it s on ﬁ s . not nished, and his Rameses II completed it . The walls and pillars are ornamented with religious

u scenes and ﬁgures of the gods , and the sc lptures and reliefs are among the most beautiful of those to be n found in Egypt ; for design, proportion , excelle ce of u l work , and ﬁnish , the reliefs are uneq al ed under the A New Empire . t the end of the temple are seven n h d d H O shri es or c apels , e icated to orus, Isis, siris ,

and A H h . men , armachis, Pta , Seti I respectively ; O O behind these is the chief shrine of the god siris . ne remarkable feature of the temple is the famou s King

L n b the ist which Seti I . had i scri ed upon main wall of a corridor of the building at the side of the main n n — ediﬁce . Here we have a list of the ames of seve ty six M a M kings , the ﬁrst being that of en or enes, and the S I I . last being that of eti . ; at one end stand Seti , f n making an of ering of i cense , and his son Rameses II ., and they pray that to each of the kings named the

P - - a 1 000 1 000 triune god tah Seker As r will give cakes , 1 000 1 000 vessels of ale , cattle , feathered fowl , etc . The royal names in this list represent the kings for

whose spiritual welfare Seti I . prayed at certain

seasons , and the list itself is of great importance, for “ T A ” the ablet of bydos , as it is generally called, has ’ B . C. 1 366] S E TI s WO RKS AT THE B E S 3

helped u s to reconstruct t he chronological order of the some of kings of Egypt . It omits many names, l n and even who e dy asties , but its historical value is

very great .

H a of Co m s a t ll lu n Ka rna k .

From a hotor a h b A B e a t o L x r p g p y . , u o. At Karnak Seti I . carried out many important newl works and restorations , but the greatest of them al x H H l was done in conne ion with the ypostyle al , or

Hall of Columns . This marvellous building measured 1 4 THE HALL OF COL U MNS AT THE B E S

340 1 68 a nd 1 34 about feet by feet, contained columns I . 7 9 I . one of these was set up by Rameses , by Seti , and 54; by Rameses II . Twelve columns are 68 feet 85 c 1 22 t high and feet in circumferen e , and are abou 3 2 c 4 feet high and 7 feet in circumferen e . Besides b in all this Seti I . restored or re uilt, whole or in part, the temples of many of his ancestors in all the

1 a . A Kﬁrn important citNies of Egypt t , on the west bank of the ile , opposite Thebes , he completed and adopted as his own the funeral chapel which had been I begun by Rameses ., and formally dedicated it to the f w orship of himsel and his father . This funeral temple was built in connexion with the wonderful m n to b in the Valley of the Ki gs , and the king appears to have intended that services should be held in it instead of in the tomb, which was , comparatively , a 850 long way from the river . The tomb is nearly feet

u long, and consists of a large n mber of halls and

a re corridors , and side chapels , all of which hewn out of the solid rock the ﬂoor of the lowest room is abo ut

1 00 w a s feet below the level of the valley . It dis

r 1 81 7 cove ed by Belzoni in , and is commonly called “ ’ ” “ 1 N . 7 . is Belzoni s Tomb , or o It the most beautiful

t he of all royal tombs, and strikes the beholder with wonder at the vast amount of labour and the skill

The n w . displayed in making it . painti gs on the alls , etc , suggest that the decoration , and probably every part

1 Mos t of th e se a r e m e ntione b ie d m a nn Ae Ge h h d W e , g . s c ic te y , 421 ff p . . B C. 1 366 H 1 . ] ALAB AS TE R S ARCO P AG U S OF SE TI 1 . 5

t t of it, was carried out by the sculp ors and artis s who

’ tis O i A insc ri built S e temple to sir s at bydos . The p tions on the entrance st a l rc a se -corridor are selections from the “ Book of the Praisings of B a ” and the ” “ w r Book of [ knowm g] that which is in the Under o ld . According to this last work t he world beyond the grave d was divi ed into sections , and the texts of this curious book enabled the deceased to make his way safely I u . n thro gh them, even as did the Sun one of the chambers entered from the main hall with eight pillars is a remarkable text describing how mankind once on

- B a a time rebelled against the Sun god , and made a mock of him because the god had become old ‘ and feeble ; they were , however, severely punished, for they

“ ‘ were slaughtered by the goddess Sekhet, who waded l m about in their b ood, and any other calamities came e upon them . The godd ss Hathor at this time compassed

d u d the estr ction of mankin . The large and beautiful white alabaster sarco

’ pha gu s of the king is preserved in Sir John Soane s ’ M u L l F L seum in inco n s Inn ields, ondon, where it was taken by Belzoni ; it is said to have been 2 1 sold to this institution for £ 000. It is inscribed with a long series of extracts and vignettes from the “ Book of [ knowing] what is in the Under world, and the hieroglyphics were inlaid with blue

1 ' For t h e t e t s s e e B onom i S a r w ha ws o im e x , p g f O en ta h I . p ,

Lo d o 1 864 a nd for t r a nsla t ions se e Re c or s o t o n n , d f he Pa s t v ol . . , x — 85 1 3 4 ol xii:. I E. pp . ; v . p E B .C. 1 366 1 6 CO F FI N AN D M U MMY OF S TI 1 . [

- n l . paste , which was intended to represe t lapis azuli f The co ﬁn of Seti I . was found with his mummy at

Der a l— i T ﬁ Bahar . he cof n is painted white , and has T eyes inlaid with black and white enamel . hree hieratic inscriptions on it tell us that in the 6th year of

- the high priesthood of Her Heru the mummy of Seti I .

r e - r e - H - Am - a was bandaged and interred by en en pen , fl fl ” D e Q l); that in the l 6th year of the q M AN V\ - fl — D Sl reign of S a - Amen it was removed to the tomb of the queen An- Hapu ; and that in the l 0th year of

- ne tc he m Pai , who reigned about a century later, the mummy was again moved and taken to the “ ever

- h t e . lasting abode of Amen e p The mummy of Seti I . J 9 1 886 w was unrolled on une , , when most of its s ath ings were found to be those originally used , but a

XXI st few were newer and dated from the Dynasty .

- The nose is well shaped and aquiline, the mouth is long, the lips are thin , the ears are small and round,

- and are pierced for earrings, the eye brows are now w blackened by bitumen , but were originally hite , the

d e head and chin are shave , the only two teeth visibl th l e . are we l preserved , even as is whole body It is thought that Seti died when he was about sixty

Vi t years of age, and , in ew of his kno ted ﬁngers , that ff “ M M he su ered from arthritis . . aspero thinks that there is a s triking resemblance between the features of Seti I . and those of his son Rameses II . , only that they are ﬁner and more intelligent ; in fact that

1 8 O RE G OF S E . N R M E E B . C. 1 3 6 J I NT I N TI I A D A S S II . [ 6

1 1 In the inscriptions of Rameses . found on the

S . A temple built by eti I at bydos , we are told that his father associated him with himself in the rule of the

n v ki gdom at a ery early age, and that he was made the n lord of the ki gdom when he was a little boy . When as ye t he was in the womb of his mother the nobles of him the land saluted him and paid homage to , and when he was still in the habit of sitting on his father’ s knee the king gave the order and had the child A w w . cro ned ll this , ho ever , is exaggeration on the

m . part of Ra eses II , or we may regard it as oriental hyperbole ; in any case, he cannot have been crowned when he was still a little boy being brought u p in the ’ women s apartments , for he was not the eldest son of

. I I Seti . That Seti I had a son older than Rameses . we know from the reliefs which depict his battle scenes,

’ for this prince s ﬁgure and titles are found in them . What happened to this prince we have no means of ’ w n S e tis kno i g , but he took part in great Syrian war, e being at that tim a mature man , and it is possible that he was slain in battle . It is a curious fact that in every case where his ﬁgure and titles occur his name

ou t has been out, and we are forced to come to the 1 d i e l . . same conc usion as Wie emann , , that the existence of an elder brother must have been d isagreeable to “ w d Rameses II . , and that he who used ith pre ilection the monuments of his ancestors as material for his

1 ol x u 1 0 2 l Ar c h v . . 8 . 60 a nd A oc oc . B ib . 9 e e e tisc Pr . S , , , p ; s gyp he

’

s ht c ht e . 420. Ge c , p “ D. C. 1 366 NT RE GN OF SE T AND RAM E E S 1 ] JOI I I I . S II . 9

own u . , wo ld try by all possible means to destroy his

’ ’ brother s memory ; the obliteration of the prince s w n name ill have been made at his i stigation . T now “ he q uestion which has to be considered is , Was ” c o- L ? Ra meses II . ever regent with Seti When we t consider hat the reign of Seti I . was very short, w or t 1 probably not more than t elve ﬁf een years , and that extremely few texts exist which can be construed

c o- n into referring to the regency , and that one are d w date in it , it is morally certain that the ords which

Rameses II . allowed to be inscribed on the temple of

. A . M Seti I at bydos are untrue oreover, we know that

a c c - R meses II . , had he been regent with his father at l the extremely early age which he indicates , wou d have l a been incapab e ofll conducting the war ag inst the Kheta , which he te s us he waged in the ﬁfth year of i l his re gn , and that he would not have been o d enough to be the father of the grown - u p sons who accompanied him on that memorable occasion . The late Dr . Brugsch stated at some length 2 his reasons for believing that

c o- Rameses II . was selected regent by his father at a

a nd very early age , thought that Seti I . had good

d so reasons for oing . Seti I . married a lady called Tu aa l ec , who was probably re ated or conn ted with the r - e t e oyal house of the Amen h p kings , and who had , therefore, in the eyes of the Egyptians , a claim to the throne ; Seti himself was not of royal descent, and

1 i not e Ma s e r o Hist Ana t om . i . . 3 8 5 . p , . , p 7 , 2 o s l i 2 E t u n e t e P a a h v o. i. . 2 gyp d r h h r , p . F D R M E E . B . C. 1 366 2 0 JOI NT RE I GN O S E TI I . AN A S S II [ could only assert a right to the throne throu gh his wife . Dr . Brugsch argued that the priests of Amen “ and the Egyptians hated Tuda because her grand father ’ s blood ﬂowed in her veins ” (he assumes that

K - e n- she was the granddaughter of hu Aten , of which no who there is proof); that Seti , was himself named

S e t or S u te kh after the god f , was related to a stock d that worshipped foreign go s, at the head of which was “ - kh C S u t e . the anaanitish Baal , and that Seti I felt l “ v id himself ob iged to a o an open breach , and to ” soothe the stubborn caste of the priests of Amen , even

’ u tho gh they hated Rameses ancestry , by electing the

c o- r u child as regent . In answe to this it m st be stated A i that the priests of men, having rega ned their old position , would have no reason to fear any act of m k Seti I . that the views about the na e of the ing have no foundation ; and that , since Seti I . had acquired a h claim to the t rone through his wife , which was held

the to be a valid claim by Egyptians , he could not be

regarded as an usurper, as Rameses I . might well have “ u been considered . Dr . Brugsch concl des, While he I [ Seti ] actually ruled the land as king, Ramesesl , his son , as legitimate sovereign, gave authority to al the ” 1 . w acts of his father It is , ho ever, certain that

u Rameses II . co nted the years of his reign from the

year in which his father died , that the years of his life when he ascended the throne were many more in ’ his number than the years of father s reign , that he

1 E t u nd e r the P ha ra ohs v ol . 1 1 . . 25 . gyp , p _ B . C. 1 333 E ] R I G N OF RAM E S E S II . 2 1

s in wa a man when he ascended the throne, and that h w his battle wit the Kheta , hich took place in the

i ﬁfth year of his re gn, he had sons with him who were s A 1 young men . The inscription at bydos which record e o the arly hist ry of Rameses II . have the same pompous and inﬂated style as the description of the h n d or great battle of t at ki g which was compose , n perhaps , strictly speaki g , copied, by the court scribe

- Pe nt a u r t d poet laureate Pentaur , or , and they may be regarded as narratives written rather to please and

ﬂatter the king than to serve any historical purpose .

3 g : 3 . I R m Mg(6 1g)k )g (M m[I1] u

MAAT- S ETEP- EN- RA RA- MEssu - MERI , son of the Sun , AM E N .

R - MEss M A u . A ESES L R a II , or R I , e m,

Tam a/ s S or p m , was the son of eti I . and

Tu aa the queen , who seems to have been connected with the royal house of the — Q Amen he t e p kings ; the year of his age

when he ascended the throne is unknown, 515 but, as he was conducting his great war

a c c om against the Kheta ﬁve years later, K A -NE KH T-M ERI M A TT a nl e d - u i , p by grown p sons , he certa nly th e Hor us na m e of Ra m e s e s - II . cannot have been less than twenty ﬁve

1 Th e y we r e p u b lish e d with int e r line a r t e xt a nd t r a nsla t ion by M M ’ ' ’ ’ . a sp e r oin Essa i s u r l tnsc r zp t ion d éd z c a totr e d u temp le d Abyd os , P a r is 1 , 867 . E B . C. 1 333 2 2 NAM E S AND TITL E S OF RAM SE S II . [

d years of age when he was crowne . He adopted H “ M M a as his orus name ighty Bull , beloved of a t , a nd a very large number of epithets which we ﬁnd applied to him in the inscriptions were regarded H n l as orus ames and treated according y, being placed n l H in recta gular enc osures within which the orus ,

a of th e m mm of Ra m e se s . F a H e d u y II ull f c e .

ha n w n. d or , ames were usually ritte In ad ition to “ L N k his titles , ord of the shrines of e hebet and

Hatchet , master of Egypt, conqueror of foreign d H , r countries, orus of gol mighty one of years , g eat ” “ is T of strength , he called Exalter of hebes, he who

viviﬁe r t wol rises in Thebes , of the ands son of Set , i E E B .C. 1 333 ] NAM E S AND TITL S OF RAM S E S II . 2 3

of s on h—T son of Amen , son Temu , of Pta anen ,

K a - son of heper , son of Amen , mighty of two fold

- l n h strength , ﬁrm of heart, power of two fo d stre gt ,

valiant warrior , smiter of the

A be siatics, lord of festivals , of l loved the two ands , king

of kings , bull of princes, mighty one of valour like his father Set

Nu bti 69 l in , f:upho der of M a l nd a t, possessor of the two a s , 1 A etc . lthough , as we havle already seen, it is improbab e that n n Rameses II . was crow ed ki g of Egypt when he was still a little

’ child living in the . wo men s t quar ers in the palace, we are right in thinking that he was trained with the soldiers and a o cu stomed to military command w hen he wa s ten or tw elve years

a of age . Besides his military p pointme nt s he held the offices of t counsellor and overseer of cer ain Woode n st a t ue of m s r om t h Ra e s e II . f e ’ d S e tI k in s t omb . . i lan s , and I spared no pa ns g 82 B rit . M u s ., No. 8 . to q u a ll fy him to become a WI se a nd . able prince In the reign of Seti I . Rameses 2 ARS I N N U B A L B YA AND S R A B . C. 1 333 4 W I , I , Y I [ took part in certain raids which were made upon the Libyans and other tribes living on the west and

- t; north west frontiers of Egypt , and he was presen at several fights with the Nubians in various parts of their country . He continued the wars in Nubia during the first two or three years of his reign , and they were waged with such fie rc e ne ss that it seems as if some of the tribes of that country must have tried off to shake the yoke of Egypt , and to cease from n the payment of tribute to the ew king . T n l N L he pri cipa memorial of his wars in ubia, ibya,

and Syria is the little rock - hewn temple at B ét a l - Walli

K a lab she h t w o near , where , on the sides of the vestibule ,

are scenes depicting the principal events of these wars , the capture of prisoners, and the receipt of tribute . I n the Libyan war the king was accompanied by his

w i s on - he r - - f re re Amen khepesh , q ? g , who is p

sented as bringing prisoners before his father ; Rameses

was also accompanied by his favourite dog , which

attacked the foe at the same time as his master . T he Syrians, as usual, took refuge in their fortresses ,

but they availed them nought , for their entrances were f orced by the Egyptian soldiers and , if we may trust

the picture on the wall, the Syrians were put to the sword by the king whilst they were in the very act n of tendering submission and pleadi g for mercy . The scenes which illustrate the Nubian campaigns are more

a nd interesting , for we see the king seated in state

B C 1 3 2 6 WAR WITH TH E KH E TA { . . 3 3 u p on his return from the conquest of Egypt , to com memorate the capture of Memphis by him in the year

B C 6 0 n n . . 7 . The i scriptio s on all three stelae of Rameses are obliterated and the dates of t woof the three the third stele is perhaps d ated in the fourth ye ar of the n ’ . L ki g s reign , for it is probable that when Dr epsius

u the saw it the fo r strokes , which stand for numeral “ 4 “ ” , were distinctly legible after the word for year

b u t O 1 890 ’ when the writer saw the stele in ctober, 6 it was impossible to say what the exact numbe r of the

strokes had been . We have already seen that in the XVII I th Dynasty the Kheta formed an enemy of Egypt who was by no

u means to be despised , and that tho gh the Egyptian kings of the latter part of the dynasty claimed to have

the subdued them and reduced them to state of vassals ,

it is by no means certain that they really did so . Since

i Thothm s 1 1 1 e the re gn of e . they had b en gradually n forci g their way into Syria , and by the time that I I Rameses . had ascended the throne the authority of o the prince f the Kheta reached as far as Kadesh . As a result of the arrangements which had been

i H - e m - made between the Kheta pr nces and eru heb , I I ’ Rameses , and Seti . , the limit of Egypt s possessions

in Syria was marke d b v the Dog Rive r . The prince of

the Khet a in the time of H e ru - em - heb was called B .C. 1 333 ] WAR WITH THE KH E TA 7

of a m s e s a a ins t th e h e t a . B a t tle R e II . g K

Ra me s e s in his h a r iot c h a r i i t ot h e e e m on one side of t h e rive r II . c g ng n n y h m h ot h r Th e e t i Or ont e s w hilst his c h a riot e e r s a t t a c k t e on t e e . p l on Of

m s i in his c h a riot a nd is a o t t os r i on t h e foe . Ra e e s s se en , b u p ng 2 8 TH E KH E TA AN D TH E I R A L L I E S [ B .C. 1 33 3

A ’ Maru s a ru , , also made a § I IQ

w a s treaty with Egypt, and there peace between the two countries until his Son began to rule over the

ma n peoples of the Kheta . This young , who was

Mau the nr e w x called , v for some I I I reason thought ﬁt to stir up a war against Egypt, and it was to meet and defeat the Kheta in this war T that Rameses was obliged to prepare . he prince of the Kheta had gathered together a number of powerful

A K a rkémish allies , such as the kings of leppo , and , and

Ara du s od , K and adesh, and hosts of s l iers belonging to the tribes who had their homes in the country further to the west on the other hand , Rameses II . employed large numbers of mercenaries , among whom were the Shar

‘ - Shir d a ni e l A l . tana, the of the Tell marna Tab ets The allies of the Kheta prince included people from Qit c ha u a

t a nL I from Mu shanth M a s é é é

m O IIIII ; from Ruka, k ﬁl a ;

r t nu i If ; a e w M , from T , [ from asa k c ﬁ I I M [ m o H ; fr m Maunna , g N V\N V\

' D I ] PI C 3 : t w a r l s1ia A tasa , from Q q ,

A w IIIII , etc . \\ One of the best accounts of the battle of Rameses against the Kheta ever drawn u p — is found on a f Ra m e s e s . a a i st th e h e t a B a t tle o II g n K .

The hor s i h c h a riot of Ra m e s e s . t r a m in on th e foe a nd th e e r a e s n t e II p l g , g ne l a t t a c k b y his t r oop s . B C 1 333 3 0 E GY PTIAN ACCOU NT OF THE KH E TAW AR [ . . stele in the rock - hewn temple at Abfi Simbel in

N a nd ubia, as it is comparatively brief and to the point a rend ering of it is here gi ven On the ninth day of “ the third month of the season Shemu t the month E i hi H p p ), under the reign of his majesty of orus , the

' M M a the ighty Bull , beloved of a t , king of the South

- N Ra - M a - se t e - e n- Ra sun and orth , user a t p , the of the

Rame ssu r Sun , , beloved of Amen , the give of life for

ever, behold , his majesty was in the country of I'D

Tc h a h n . A , A duri g his second expedition very strict guard was being kept in the camp of his majesty on the country to the south of the city of

C ES . H Kadesh, I is majesty rose up like the god B a l l , and he arrayed himself in the g orious appare of his father Me nthu ; the lord continued to move

d a t forwar , and his majesty arrived the south of the M Sha btu n a town of , mJ ﬁ Then two o ‘ O members f the Shasu came and said to him , ur brethren who are chiefs of the tribes that are with the wretched Kheta have made us come to your majesty to inform you that we are prepared to become

a nd servants of your majesty , that we are not in any in way league with the wretched Kheta . Now the wretched Kheta have pitched their camp in the S O h K I re b u M M I e . A country of , Jﬁ ( . leppo),

Tune o O d a to the north of p, being afrai th t EM E ) B C 1 333 . . ] E GYPTI AN AC CO U NT OF THE KH E TA WAR

B a t t of Ra m e s s a i st th h t a le e II . ga n e K e .

Th e a tta c k on th e or tiﬁ e c it of a e sh on t h e Or o t e s f d y K d n . 1 3 2 E GY PTIAN ACCOU N T OF TH E KH E TA WAR [ B . C. 333

7 your majesty will go out to attack them . In this wise

did the two Shasu speak , but they spake these words t with foul inten , for the wretched Kheta had made them togo and spy out where his majesty was before

his he was able to arrange troops in battle array , and to prepare for his attack ; meanwhile the wretched m Kheta had gathered the selves together, with the

i a nd r chiefs of all the ne ghbouring lands , thei n l soldiers, and their horseme , whom they had col ected

in large numbers , and the whole force was drawn up , and lying in ambush behind the wretched city of

a nd n Kadesh , his majesty had no i formation whatever

concerning their arrangements . “ Then his majesty drew on to the north - west of the

his t city of Kadesh , where troops pi ched their camp . When his majesty had seated himself upon his throne d n of gol , certain of his scouts came in bringi g with them before him two spies belonging to the wretched K W heta . hen these had been brought before his n ‘ ? ’ A majesty , the ki g said to them , Who are ye nd

they replied, We belong to the wretched Kheta chief who has made his servants to come and ﬁnd out where ’ A your majesty is . nd his majesty said unto them , Where is the wretched Kheta chief ? I have heard

’ Khire bu i e it said that he is in the country of ( . A o A ‘ lepp ). nd they said , Behold , the wretched Kheta chief is with the innumerable hosts of people

which he has gathered together unto him , that is to n say , all the nations belo ging to the country of

3 4 THE ATTAC K ON KAD E S H

K Nc r heta , and to the country of hi en, IT]

n e i Western Babylonia), and to the cou try of Q t , " w P ldi I hoenicia), and he has so ers and men with horses that are for number even as the

on - sands the sea shore , and behold, they stand all ready to do battle behind the wretched city of

- ’ fﬁ Kadesh . Then his majesty called his o cers into his presence in order that he might inform them con cerning all the things which the two spies of the

Kheta had said unto him there . [ And he said to them] Find out how it is that those who have been in charge of the soldiers and of outpost duty In the

his region where majesty hath been , have reported as certain that the wretched Kheta chief was in the

Khire bu ﬂe d country of , whither he had as soon as

he heard of him . It was their duty to report to his

Ye majesty information which is correct . see now

that which I have just made known unto you , through the information received from the two spies how of the country of the Kheta , that the chief of w f that country hath arrived ith ollowers innumerable , and men and horses which are for number even ‘ as the

s e a sand which is on the shore , and that he is now

h e t behind the wretched city of Kades , and y the ofﬁcers who are over the soldiers and outpost duty in the regions where I am have had no knowledge thereof "’ When these words ha d be en s a id the generals B ATTLE AG AIN S T THE KHE TA

B a t t le of Ra m e se s a a i st th e Kh e t a II. g n . B C. 1 33 3 6 RAM E S E S CHA RG I N G I NTO TH E E N E M Y [ . 3

’ who had been called into his majesty s presence admitted that a fault of the gravest kind had been committed by those who were in charge of the

district, inasmuch as they had not informed his majesty where the wretched chief of the Kheta had A taken up his position . nd when the generals had spoken his majesty gave the command to hurry on the march of the soldiers who were to the south of

Sha btu n br I n the city of , and to g them to the place Now where he was as soon as possible . at that moment whilst his majesty was sitting in co u ncil with f his o ﬁcers , the wretched chief of the Kheta came

w his ith his soldiers , and horsemen , and his allies who were gathered together unto him from every

nation, and they crossed over the ditch which was at h the south of Kades , and they made their way into the midst of the soldiers of his majesty as they were on

the the march , and they knew it not . Then soldiers

a nd and horsemen of his majesty q uailed before them , l ran to the p ace where his majesty was, and the warriors of the wretched Kheta prince hemmed in the

bodyguard of his majesty . As soon as his majesty

Me nthu saw them he raged at them like his father ,

the lord of Thebes , and having girded on his panoply

t he of war he seized his lance , and being like unto

a , , god B r, ﬁ in his hour he mounted his

chariot and charged the enemy rapidly . His majesty d dashed into the mi st of the mass of the enemy, and 3 “ E C. 1 3 H E ON B . 3 ] T ATTACK KAD S H

a a i st he h t a Th e B a t tle of Ra me se s II . g n t K e . 8 R F E 3 VICTO Y O RAM E S S II .

m S u te kh like the most ighty god , he hewed

w a nd them down and sle them, cast their dead O bodies headlong into the waters of the rontes ,

O o o ‘ ’ 0 M M W W “ I : r nu h l b u A e t . I was, sa d the g, I l l /vvw vx d by myself, for my sol iers and my horsemen had e fﬁ forsaken me, and not one of them had b en su ciently t n bold to come to my assis a ce . I dedicate my love R5 to , and my praise to my father Temu . What I have just described that I myself p e rformed in very truth in the presence of my soldiers and my horse ’ 1 men . The information to be derived from the above b may, however, be supplemented y some important facts which a re to be gleaned from the heroic poem

l t b - - usua ly at ributed to the scri e Pen ta urt, and composed some little time after the ofﬁcial account h A n w ich has been translated above . ccordi g to this d 2 u ocument, the Kheta hosts covered the mo ntains and

l a nd ﬁlled the valleys like ocusts , every inhabitant of the country was dragged by the prince of Kheta to d the ﬁght . The Egyptian host was ivided into four

i e n great armies, . . , the army ofaAme , which marched with the king , the army of R , which occupied the

1 A good e d it ion of t h e Egy pt ia n t e xt a nd a Fr e nc h t r a ns la tion o il t m iii 1 2 E of th e i sc r i t i ill f u d in Re c u o . w b e o e . . 6 . n p n n , v p 2 For t h e hie r a t i t t l t P r i e d B ir c h l i c e s e e S e c a . v o x e p y , , . . — 11 i i a nd L Poé e d c P n- a - . . . s e e d e Rou e e m e t ou r p xx v xxx v ; g , ,

P a r is 1 85 . , 6 M U TILATI ON O F TH E D E AD 3 9 ditch on the west of

Sha bt un the town of , the army of Ptah, which occupied a l midd e position , and

S u t ekh the army of , which marched along the roads of the T ’ country . he enemy s host attacked the army of Ra, which retreated before the attack of the pick of the Kheta army , supported as it was

l by char ots , each containing three war riors ; it was then that the king charged into the enemy at

d S hea long peed , but he found soon after wards that h e was surrounded by t wo thousand ﬁve hun ” d r red pairs of ho ses , and that his retreat was barred by the

f Kh e t a soldie r s a nd m til a t io bravest of all the Ca p t ur e o u n of th e de a d . 40 THE A PPE AL OF RAM E S E S TO AM E N [ B . 0. 1 333

Kheta troops . In these straits Rameses cried out to

Amen , and asked the god where he was , and why he did

a nd n not come to his help , he spake to the god, sayi g , “ H l ave I for nought dedicated to thee temp es, and

a nd ﬁlled them with prisoners , given thee of all my

a nd w u substance , made the hole country to pay trib te

u unto thee , and ten tho sand oxen , besides sweet smelling woods of every kind ? I never staye d my

wishe d st hand from doing that which thou . I have

u b ilt for thee pylons and other ediﬁcels in stones , I have raised up to thee pillars which wil last for ever, and I have brought obelisks for thee from Abu

Elephantine). I brought stone for thee , and I made ships to sail on the sea and bring back the produc ts l O the of foreign lands Beho d , Amen , I am in midst of multitudes of men whohave banded them

me a selves together against , anld I am lone , and no one is with me, for all my so diers and charioteers t have forsaken me ; I cried out unto hem , but none O hearkened unto me . But thou , Amen , art more

to me than millions of warriors, and hundreds of n thousands of horses, and tens of thousa ds of brothers

and sons , even if they were here all together ; the

a re n acts of hosts of men as nothi g , and Amen is m ” better than the all . The god Amen stretched out

a m his hand to the king , and said, I am with thee , I m a . M a thy father R y power is with thee , and I ” better than hundreds of thousands [ of men] united .

n h ﬁve Then the ki g c arged , and the thousand horses

2 R E B . C. 1 33 4 CHA I OTE R AND H OR S E S O F RAM E S E S I I . [ 3

of the enemy were crushed before his horses , and no man lifted a hand to Oppose his onset ; the enemy fell dead beneath his blows , and when they had once

h i fallen t ey never moved aga n . When the prince of Kheta and the other princes

i B u t saw what was happen ng they ﬂed . the ’ M king s charioteer, called enna , became afraid, for he saw that the king’ s charge had carried him away from the main body of the Egyptian troops , and that they were surrounded by foes , and he n begged Rameses to stop . The ki g laughed at his

him he l fears, and told that would s ay his enemies and dash them down in the dust , and bidding him to be of good courage he charged the enemy for the sixth i time . After this charge he reproached h s charioteers d for being cowar s, and told them that they were worth less as friends in the d a y of adversity ; he then enumerated to them the beneﬁts which he had con f erred upon Egypt, and roundly abused them for being

- w d craven hearted men . No weapon iel ed by the n enemy touched the king , and on the morni g following ’ the second day s ﬁght a man could scarcely ﬁnd a place

a - ﬁe ld on the b ttle whereon to set his foot , because the whole plain was covered with corpses . After the battle was over Rameses thought with gratitu de of his t wo “ ” noble horses called Victory in Thebes, and The

Mu t goddess is content , for it was they that had strengthened his hand and supported him when he wa s m surrounded by that hostile ultitude, and he decreed C. 1 B . 333] E GY PTIAN S PE ARM E N AND CHA RIOTE E RS 43

' that when he was in his palace a ga in he would always have their fodder brought to them in his presence so that he might see them fe d ; and he did not forget to

f m a i h h t a B a t tle o Ra e se s II . a g nst t e K e .

m f ti ns rm A c o p a ny o Egy p a p e a e n. M mention honourably the charioteer enna, who alone out of all his band of trusted servants had remained B C. 1 3 33 44 TH E KH E TA S U RRE N D E R [ .

with him in his brave charge , and he named him the “ ’ o captain of the horsemen . There is, unf rtunately , no mention of the tame lion which accompanied Rameses m in his chariot , and attacked the foe fro time to time ; to o b it is , however , be h ped that he was not slain y the Kheta . When t he prince of the Kheta saw how serious had b een his defeat he sent a messenger to Rameses

asking him to stay his hand, for he and his princes saw that the gods S u t e k h and Bar were in the ’ l king, and that another day s batt e would almost

u depop late the country . Rameses hearkened to these o d ﬁ representati ns , and ecided to ght the Kheta no l more , and to return to the and of Egypt . It is note worthy that there is no mention either of the giving of gKifts or of the payment of tribute by the peoples of the heta, and it is clear that both sides must have lost

w a s heavily . Rameses , however, very proud of his

achievements in the Kheta war, and he caused narra tive s of it to be inscribed upon the walls of the temples

A e of bydos and Thebes , and reliefs to be made near th m to illustrate the principal events in it , such as the

t wo S a nd capture of the pies of the Kheta, the council of of war, and the ﬂight of the defeated to the city

K - K adesh , and the siege of adesh , and the death of the A prince of leppo, who was cast down headlong into the O waters of the rontes . The prince of the Kheta had

e or t u collected an army ight nine ho sand strong , without m reckoning the horse en and charioteers, who seem to B C. 1 333 . ] THE KH E TA TROO P S AND THE I R AL L I E S 45 have been in number about seven thousand ﬁve hundred the number of the Egyptian soldiers and charioteers is not mentioned . The prince of the Kheta kept in

Th e B a t t e of Ra m e a a i st t h e Kh t l se s II . g n e a .

[ t o Tu hire a reserve a f rce of the , 1 I] I £1 but he had no opportunity of despatching them to the 46 THE NARRATIVE OF PE N- TA - U RT assistance of the ir comrade s who wer e routed on all

e n ff sides . The Kheta allies vide tly made a great e ort m l to eject the Egyptians fro Syria, and it is probab e ~ that they would hav e succeeded but for the incident b of the capture of the two spies, who were beaten y the soldiers of Rameses and made to say where the

u i Kheta army had taken p its pos tion . That this incident was regarded by the king as of great im portance is evident from the fact that he caused a

” to r w scene be sculptu ed on his temple walls , in hich the beating of the spies with long sticks is represented in fact the Intelligence Department of the Egyptian A f rmy was badly managed, and it is di ﬁcult not to think that disaster was only averted from Rameses

ou the t wo by the f rt nate discovery of spies . In the account of the battle ascribed to Pen - ta - urt we observe the same foolish exaggeration which is apparent in the texts relating t o the early history of Rameses

ou n A d b which are f d at by os , and it must e hoped that the soldie rs never read the texts on the temple walls in which the Egyptian Army is so roundly

' a bu se d mor e ove r t he u e ; , sculpt res which Ram ses him self caused to be made prove that he was not soutte rly

e t isolated on the ﬁ ld of ba tle as he represents . That the battle against the Kheta was a serious affair is n quite clear, and it seems as if the Egyptia s engaged an enemy numerically su perior t othemse lves and h e ld

e i n him h a ll th r own agai st , but t at is that can be said for m none w the , for Rameses acquired territory as the 1 33 E B . C. 3 ] RE N E WE D RE S I STAN C E OF TH KH E TA 47

’ result of the ﬁght, and he regained none of Egypt s old

osse ssI Ons p In Syria . B ut the power of the Kheta had not been broken by

h B tt e of Ra m e s e s . a a i st th e h e ta T e a l II g n K .

In th E tia c a m S c e ne e gy p n p .

n the Egyptia s , and as soon as Rameses had returned to Egypt the prince of the Kheta and his allies began 48 RE VO L TS I N SYRIA 1 333 to collect their forces once more and to prepare to ﬁght t h l again wi h Rameses . In the eight and three fo lowing years of his re I gn Rameses was obliged to march into Syria to put down revolts which had broken out in and about the old fortress city of Ascalon ; but when this rising ha d been suppressed another broke out in the Tu ne l north at p , the inhabitants of which never ost an opportunity of rebelling against the Egyptian rule . Rameses claims to have captured the city on the second l assau t which he delivered against it, and to have made

u bu t himself master of the neighbo ring country, there did is no proof of it, and it is improbable that he so . Matters went on in this unsatisfactory manner for n Egypt for some years , but at le gth an arrangement

w the was made bet een prince of the Kheta , who was I 0 - a nd Ii , called Kheta sar, IQ Rameses d 1 II . , which was embodied in a eﬁnite treaty between

t wo The x the kings . Egyptian version of the te t of this treaty was inscribed upon the western face of the wall which leads from the south wall of the great Hypostyle Hall at Karnak to the ﬁrst pylon on the n B a me sse u m orth , and also on the walls of the , and the composition was thought much of by Rameses ; from this text we learn that the original document wa s inscribed upon a tablet of silver which was deposited

1 o l hic t e t s e e Le siu s D e nkma l r iii l For t h e hie r e . . 1 4 g y p x p , , p 6 ;

il om iii . 1 53 ff. a nd for n En in Re c u e t . a i B our ia nt , . x p ; gl sh a s t ol i 2 ff o o he P v . v . . 5 l a t io e e Re c r s t . t r a ns n s d f , p

0 KHE TA - S AR PR N E OF THE KH E TA 5 , I C

- Rame ssu - - " the city of Per meri Amen ,

ff H king o erings to his father Amen, and to eru

a nd S u t e kh khuti , and Temu , Ptah , and , the son of

nd a m N a . ut, other gods Whilst he was there his 6) b a ssa dor A B a - I to sia , mes , came nto his I

“ Ta rthise bu presence leading the Kheta ambassador , “ J who carried in his ﬁ n PJEIﬁ hand a silver tablet inscribed in the Kheta language

K - the with the terms of the treaty which heta sar, K l to king of heta, dec ared himself ready accept and

t o - abide by . Kheta sar refers to the old treaties which existed between his ancestors and those of the n ki g of Egypt , and goes on to say that the treaty now proposed is conformable to the will of Amen the god

S ut e kh of Egypt, and of the god of Kheta land, a nd that from now onwards and for ever friendship and a right understanding shall exist between himself and

- . K Rameses heta sar will be the ally of Rameses , and

Rameses shall be his ally . He has always striven

‘ frie ndl with to be y the king of Egypt, and he objected

Mau the nu re strongly to the war which his brother ,

Mu t a llu Q m IQ, (or, ) waged against

- Egypt , and after his death murder by Kheta sar)

1 h i t h i u h Re u e tl d e Monu m ents T is s e r e a d n i e n b B r s c c , g g v y g ,

t om i. l 22 li . p . 8 , ne 5 . 1 333 ] KHE TA- S AR PR N E OF THE KHETA 1 , I C L 5

he ascended the throne of Kheta and strove for peace . He and his sons will for evermore be at peace with

s l Rameses and his ons ; he wi l not invade Egypt , a nd m a nd l Ra eses must not invade Kheta, he wil

S a a re re observe the treaty which his great ancestor p ,

£ 155; $ 212 6 and hI s brother made With the ﬁx I I kings of Egypt . If a ny foe shall invade Egypt he will bring troops and help Rameses to eject them , but he to does not promise command his troops in person , and Rameses must send troops to help him if his territory be invaded by any foe . Each king is, more

over, to restore to the other any subjects who for a n ‘ re a son n y may wish to escape from their own cou try . All the terms of the treaty refer to the relations which Khet al sa r w l wished to exist bet een himse f and Rameses, a nd he calls a ll the god s and goddesses of the land of K heta and of the land of Egypt to be witnesses A n of his honourable intent . mo g these are mentioned Su t e kh l S u t ekh l h S u t e kh , ord of heaven , , ord of K eta , ,

Are nna AN N A w Su te kh l l [ , ord of , lg] k , ord of M Tha u - Are nu ta [ m a p , IIk gIQ ; k

S u t e kh Pa ire a A w Su te kh , lord of q , K k , ,

1 Khisa sa a [ w Su te kh of lord of p , i? é K , lord

1 1 S a re su 5 Su te kh l Khire a , , ord of p 1 333 2 KHETA - S AR PRI N CE OF THE KHE TA 5 ,

0 A w Su t ekh l Rekha sna , ord of , ( leppo), K

“N W “ h [LO- ﬂ S u t ek l M k 1 k P k , ord of u hi

i M M M w Anthre tha pa na, , I K k

- ’ of Kheta , the god of Tchai tath g I TMBI

w Sha sakhire khereri, [ , , Ak 1 : O M — C XL J j n t he mistress of mountai s, and I s ﬁ\\ I gods of the land of Qit c ha u a t a na A" k ﬂ k

u n k . Then ” follow a blessing on those who shall ob serve this treaty and a curse upon those who shall not ; the gods of Kheta and Egypt will punish

. it n everyone who treats with co tempt , but will h give him that onoureth it a good reward , and a long life, and will preserve him and his family , and

a nd U his servants their families . pon the silver tablet were impressed the seal , that is to say a picture , od Su t e kh S a of the g , the eal, or picture , of R , the

r d Are ne na l . a o d of heaven, and of R , the lor of , and

- the seal of the king of Kheta , Kheta sar, and of the 1 Pu u khi a queen of Kheta, whose name is given as p ,

t n E] Qit c ha u a a a . ﬁ ﬁ $ K , of the country of

1 B ou r ia nt Re c u eil m iii 1 0 , , t o . x . p . 6 . B . C. 1 333 ] RAM E S E S MARRI E S A KH E TA P RI N C E S S 53

The latter part of the queen ’ s name indicates that this l w a s M i i l ady of itannian or g n , and it at once ca ls to

Gilu khi a Ta tu mkhi a remembrance the names of p and p ,

Tu shra tt a n , M the sister and daughter of ki g of itanni , Khi who married kings of Egypt . It seems that pa

a B 1 0 . C . 7 itself was a proper n me as late as , for under ; : the form i ﬂ II, it occurs as the name of a female slave on a small tablet in the British M 1 ’ useum , which was perhaps worn as a ticket of identiﬁcation by the woman herself, who was probably a A t he Mitannian slave . t the end of text of the

’ treaty as proposed by Kheta - sar follow a number of lines which seem to represent the additional clauses which Rameses felt bound to add to it on his own

i di initiat ve, and which refer to the extra tion of male f Of actors , and the sending back to their own country

e those who s ek to settle in Egypt from Kheta, or in

Kheta from Egypt . The treaty proves that the king of—K heta regarded himself as the equal of the king of l to Egypt , and that Rameses was ob iged admit that he

was ; in any case , the treaty was _ one of friendly f ; reciprocity , and precludes all possibility o the exist

ence of Egyptian possessions in Syria . Thirteen years

u th i 4 l e . e . 3 after the conc ding of treaty , , in the th

Ur - a - ne fe ru - Ra year of his reign , Rameses married ma , th (D A d e I ? E III] , the aughter of prince of the

Kheta, whom he raised to the rank of great queen of

1 No K 3 B z old a ta lou 4 . . 787 se e e , C g e , p . 56 . B C. 1 333 54 TH E P RI N CE OF KH E TA VI S ITS E GY PT [ .

. H K Egypt er heta name is unknown, but on the stele at Abﬁ 1 Simbel she is arrayed like an Egyptian princess, though he r father is represented wearing the charac t e ristic Kh conical hat of the eta and the long , coat A like garment . n allusion to this queen seems to be made in the speech of the god Ptah, who, in describing the great things which he has done for

Rameses, says that he has made the land of Kheta to n be subject to his palace , that the inhabita ts thereof

oﬁe rin s bring g , that the possessions of their chiefs belong to the king of Egypt, and that at the head of them all is the eldest daughter of the prince of Kheta “ who maketh to be at peace the heart of the lord

Q §ﬁ two l h [ of the ands, § $ 25? I a 0 D I Soon after the marriage of his daughter to the king Kof Egypt the prince of Kheta and his friend the prince of eti set out to visit the court of Rameses, and in due b course they arrived at The es , where they saw the glory and state of the princess of Kheta in her new position as queen of Egypt . The remembrance of this marri a ge was preserved l Khe nsu in a remarkab e manner by the priests of , who set up a stele to commemorate the healing of ’ n the queen s sister by the might of their god . Soo

after the king had married the Kheta lady Ra- ma a

‘ 1 L s i D e n mcil iii l 1 S e e e s k er . . 96 . p u , , p 2 L iu D mal i i l 4 1 2 e s s e nk er i 1 9 . 6 . p , , . p . , nd o m Ra m e s e s . m a rrie a t The da ught e r of th e A sia t ic p r inc e w h o II d , -n f r u w h om h e ga ve t h e na m e Ra e e . 56 THE PRIN CE S S OF B E KHTE N u r - ne fe ru messengers came to him frOm her native

- re she t country to say that her young sister Bent , M M a nd , was very ill , to ask that a a [ I D a 59 physician might be sent to heal her . Rameses

Te hu ti- emhe b despatched the royal scribe to Bekhten, but when he arrived there he found that the princess was possessed of a devil over which he had no power .

the The father of princess, who is described as the

Prince of Bekhten, sent to Egypt once more and asked

Rameses to send a god to heal his daughter . There upon Rameses went into the temple and asked the

Khensu - Ne fe r - he te god p , 1 I if he l ‘ wou d go to Bekhten and heal the princess , and the god nodded his head and consented to do so . After a journey of seventeen months Khe nsu arrived in Bekhten , and when he was taken to the place

- re she t where the sick princess Benlt was , he made use upon her of his marvel ous saving power, and she was healed straightway . The devil that had possessed her came forth ou t of her and acknowledged the supremacy of the god of Egypt ; the prince of

Bekhten tried to keep the god in the country, but

Khensu willed otherwise, and at length the prince sent him back with his priests, and boats, and cavalcade , w f and ith rich gi ts to Egy pt, where he arrived in the 1 3 3 r d year of the reign of Rameses II . The version of

1 Co ie s of t h e t e t ill b e fou n in Ros e llini Monu m e nti S tor ic i p x w d , ,

onu m s l 4 t om . ii. l . 48 a nd Pr is se M e nt . 2 . p ; , , p

1 58 U S U RPATION OF O B E L I SKS [ 3 0. 333

b u t vastness of his building operations generally , it is certain that Rameses was in the habit of usurping

. e statues, sphinxes , etc , and that when he r paired a temple Or sanctu ary he caused his name to be w inscribed upon alls , doorposts , lintels , etc . , in such a way as to make the beholder think that the H whole ediﬁce had been erected by himself. e added columns of texts containing gloriﬁc a tions of

o e himself to the b lisks set up by his ancestors , and it is wonderful how he contrived to ﬁnd the means which resulted in his name being found in e very temple

and fortress, and sanctuary of any importance in Egypt .

e r e - B sides this , he worked the monuments of his

the “ ancestors , with the result that names of those who m made the disappeared entirely . of of The greatest all the works Rameses II . is N h w the famous temple in ubia, which is e n out of the solid rock of a mountain 011 the left or west i Abﬁ bank of the N le at Simbel . It is dedicated

Am of e B a - H - H to en Theb s, eru khuti of eliopolis ,

h M a nd and Pta of emphis , in later times Rameses II .

l e was himse f worshipped ther . Whether the credit di n for the whole buil ng belongs to this ki g or not, “ ” - r e . or whether he worked , modiﬁed, or completed what an earlier king had begun matIters little to us, for it is certain that this temple s one of the most marvellous architectural works of the ancient

e Egyptians . The templ is approached by a ﬂight of steps leading to a kind of court ; here in front of the AND TE M PLE S B Y RAM E S E S II . 59

doOr temple , two on each side of the , are four seated colossal statues of Rameses II . , each sixty feet high ,

ou t which have been hewn of the living rock . The front of the temple is abo u t one hundred feet wide and is over ninety feet in height ; above it is a

- - cornice decorated with twenty one dog headed apes . l 1 85 n a nd The temp e itself is about feet lo g , consists

em of Ra m se s a t Ab n im e Th e t p le e II . S b l .

F r om a h ot o r a h b A B e a t o L xor p g p y . , u .

l 60 25 of a arge hall measuring about feet by feet , 3 0 wherein are eight square pillars about feet high, each with a colossal ﬁgure of O siris 1 7 feet high i standing against it, and of a small hall measur ng 35 25 about feet by feet , supported by four pillars in this hall are the sanctuary and the altar . In connection 6O RAM E S E S RE B U I L D S TAN I S [ 3 0 1 333 with this temple may be mentioned that dedicated to the goddess Hathor which lies to the north of it ; here 92 b 40 the front of the temple measures about feet y feet ,

a nd 3 0 four of the six statues , which are over feet in

height, are of Rameses II . , while the other two are of his

Pa ssing to the north of Egypt we ﬁnd that Rameses

. l T l II practically rebui t anis , which he made his capita and to which he gave an importance almost equal to

that of Thebes or Memphis . It is a remarkable fact that few of the kings of the New Empire seemed to realize the great importance of possessing a capital

n wa s ear Syria ; Thebes too far away for the king, l f when there , to be able to contro events ef ectively in

the Delta, and it was impossible to strike quickly in T Palestine from that distance . anis was a beautiful l city in the reign of Rameses, and its temp es and obelisks must have provoked the wonder and admira tion of all the Semitic settlers in that part of the

u T country ; curio sly enough , Rameses, who in hebes was never tired of proclaiming his devotion to Amen and of boasting what great things he had done for the

n S u te kh god , was in Ta is always paying honour to ,

B ar and , and other deities, who were abominated by the Egyptians of Upper Egypt as being the gods of the

u d Hyksos whom they so m ch etested . It may have been an act of political expedience on the part of I I d Rameses . to proclaim his worship of Semitic go s 3 3 0. 1 33 ] TH E STE L E OF FO UR HU N D RE D YEARS in a country which was in b l habited y Semitic peop es , but it is not an act which would have approved itself to the great warrior kings of the XVI I I th Dynasty ; his toleration of the Semites is further proved by the

. Stele of Four Hundred em o ” R Years (see vol . iii . p . a ie be 0 . ., the stele so called o p 0 cause it is dated in the four P

e hundredth year of the era d a z z a which began with the year i P e of the founding of the city h t nS T Nu bti H i of anis by , a yksos y k b o d . A H king t eliop lis and e e b b i O r Memphis Rameses carried c ns a n i i n s out some important archi i ma a w t e c tu r a l l , works and at the F a di e l , h former p ace ccor ng to T 1 Pliny, he set up four obelisks . At Abydos he completed the temple which I his father Seti . had lbegun to build , and he te ls us in the inscriptions which

1 B k i h a 1 4 . xxxv . c p . Ra m e se s i ll s h e r e c a e d S e sost he s . 62 TE MPLE OF OS I RI S AN D he placed on its walls he had ordered the works to be continu ed in the very year wherein his l father died . Rameses also relates at ength the great things which he did for the temple , and gives the texts of the prayers which he made to h the god, and of the speeches w ich he made to his ’

S e tis . A n father, and of reply t no great dista ce from

I a l . M s the temp e of Seti , or the emnonium Strabo

l . di ca ls it , Rameses II built a temple which he de cated to O the god siris ; it was a solid and handsome ediﬁce ,

not u as the ruins of it testify, and it is easy to nder of stand why so little it has remained to us . The walls were ornamented with reliefs ill u strating events iKn theLKheta war, and in one oMf its corridors was a ing ist (now in the British useum), which was evidently a copy of that set up by his father in his temple . At Thebes he began his building works in the

b e early years of his long reign and, as far as can

seen , they were continued almost to the end of it . He completed the great Hypostyle Hall at Karnak

” and added to it ﬁfty - fou r columns ; his grandfather

Rameses I . set up one of the pillars , and his father

- n . Seti I . seve ty nine He built a pylon leading to

a nd it , and inscribed upon it a list of the cities

countries which he had conquered . He enclosed a

great portion of the temple of Amen with a wall, and at the east end of the temple he erected a small temple

He u and b uilt a colonnade . surped the obe lisk which HYPO STYLE HALL AT KARNAK 63

Thothme s I . had set up in front of the pylon which he had built, and it is more than probable that Rameses usurped some of the large statues on which his name

u re appears . He added reliefs ill strating and texts

i P f m a t L x . Obe l sk a nd y lon o Ra e se s II . u or

Fr om a h oto r a h b A B e a to L x r p g p y . , u o.

cording his conq u ests u pon many of the walls of the

- n n temple buildi gs, and amo g the latter is a copy of his T x treaty with the Kheta . he presence of this te t upon B C 1 3 64 TH E RAME S S E UM [ . . 3 3 the walls of the great sanctuary of Amen which had been built by the great kings of the XVI I I th Dynasty with the tribute that they forced the Kheta and other Asiatic nations to pay is signiﬁcant of the decline of the

t the power of Egyp in reign of Rameses II . To the

- t A he e . l nu temple of men p III , which this king eft

a t . . H ﬁnished his death , Rameses II added largely e built the large front court with a colonnade , and a court with porticoes, and a huge pylon, before which he placed six colossal statues of himself, two seated and four i stand ng, and he set up two huge red granite obelisks inscribed with his names and titles . One of these

C r obelisks is in the Place de la oncorde in Pa is, and the other remains in s ita ; each obelisk is about 80feet

u 250 high and is said to weigh abo t tons .

Rameses II . completed the funeral temple which

KfI rna his father had begun to build at , and he did some repairs to the temple of Hatshepset in Der a l - Bahari; it would seem that he also carried on works at other temples on the western banks of the Nile . The greatest of all the buildings of

B a me sse u m Rameses in Western Thebes was the , which was dedicated to Amen - Ra it is probably the

Diodor u s . 4 u building to which refers (Bk . i ) nder the “ ” 1 name of Tomb of Osymandya s ; Strabo called it the

O . Memnonium . n the ﬁrst pylon Rameses II caused

1 This na m e is sa id t or e pr e s e nt th e ﬁr st pa r t of t he pr e nom e n of

- - m e s e s . Usr Ma at Ra Ra II , , O

‘ 66 THE M IN E S OF w AD i U LARI existence of an inscription on the statue with this

h El- kab w a . A meaning , is , of course , olly imagin ry t e n o HRameses builNt a templ in ho our of the g ds Thoth , orus , and ekhebet, and remains of works carried ou t G Silsila Kom O o by him are found at ebel , mb , and at variou s places in a nd about Aswan and on

n B ét a l the Isla d of Elephantine . The temples at

Abﬁ r Walli and Simbel have been already refe red to , and of the works which he carried out in Nubia may — 1 t be specially mentioned . The rock emple at Gerf

Hu sén a H Anu e t a nd dedicated to Pt h , athor, q , other od 2 a i ‘a of g s ; . the temple at W d Sebu , part which is hewn out of the rock, with its rows of sphinxes and 3 e its statues of the king ; . the temple at D rr, which is hewn out of the rock . To carry on all these works must have entailed

n y great expe diture of labour and mone , and it is not e the asy to see whence latter was obtained . Tribute fr om the kings of Palestine and Syria had ce ased to S ﬁd an ﬂow into Egypt, and the products of the could

a ll e O hardly supply the ne ds of Rameses II . ne great source of revenu e were the famous gold mines which

‘ u ad i Ulak i were sit ated in the W , and which had been I no worked during the reign of Seti . ; there are records to show that these mines were worked by t he

Egyptians at an earlier period , but it is most probable w h that they were , and we kno t at the supply of gold which could be obtained from them was sufﬁciently large to make them worth working in Roma n and even TH E STE L E OF KU B B AN 67

‘ A a i Ula iw e in rab times . The portion of the W d k ork d

Kubban by Seti I . was near the modern village of , which mar ks the site of the Roma n fortress called 1 C Pse lc his t he ontra , and is nearly opposite to modern D a kk e h N , and it was approached from the ile at

Ku bban a nd . Near this place was found a large important stele which is dated in the third year of the reign of Rameses II . , and which throws considerable d light on the working of the gol mines at that time , and describes how the difﬁculties which were e xpe ri e nc e d A through want of water were overcome . fter the ﬁrst few lines which record the king’ s names and titles , and state that he is the conqueror of Kesh and N of the land of the egroes, k ip and that the his territory extends to south as far as Kari , u o o qaEL] , Rameses is made to say that g ld appears in the mountains at the mere mention of his d n H name, even as it oes at the ame of orus of Baka,

e K bban U . u . (i , the modern ) We J] k Q3 , a e m r then told that on a certain day Ra eses II . sat in council with his nobles discussing the affairs of the

- d o gold producing lan , when reports were laid bef re him stating that the mines c Ou ld not be worked because

the t there was no water to be had on road , and that bo h man and beast therefore died of thirst on the road to

1 This na m e I s t h e e q u I v a l e nt of t he Eg pt ia n D ” y (3q Pa a?

- k t t h e c it of t h e s c or io . P S e r e , y p n ’ 68 TH E STE L E OF KU B B AN

A and from the mines . ll agreed that there was mu c h U a C D I n Ak a it a gold n the cou try of , M I q ﬁl l qq 6 l L w as no but as there water on the way to it , except no such as fell from the skies in rain , more gold T was forthcoming . he king then ordered that the overseers of the mines should be brought into his e presence, and express d his willingness to carry out d their recommen ations . When they had come in and i praised his beautiful face, he descr bed to them the g ) c : conﬁguration of the country, A a W and inquired of them as to the possibility of boring a M IZ I t he well, ’ on the road ; overseers 1 1

approved the suggestion joyfully, and praised the king for T his wisdom and sense . hey referred to the time when he 3 w l [ u was the deputy ru er , I of the co ntry, and M AM A spoke of the great buildings which he had erected Q Q 0 m Re - he r q f when he was the governor , , o n of the wh le la d, a position which he seems to have

occupied for ten years . Then the governor of Nubia declared that there had never been any water in the

country , and that when Seti I . worked the mines he

Q 1 20 h v w dug a well cubits in dept , 6 § I x:y

i 4 9 M , at a certa n place on the 4 Gm”

road to it, but no water appeared ; ﬁnally he advised

N - a the king to speak to his father, the ile god H pi , TH E B U B ASTITE CANA L 9

on the subject, for he was sure that he would send water into the waste and desert country if Rameses

n r o ly asked him to do so . Rameses , however, dete

' t o di l mined g a wel there, and despatched a royal — scribe with workmen to carry out the royal commands the l borers set to work with a wil , and at a depth of w l t elve cubits they found water, which wel ed up in such quantities that people were able to sail about on m it in boats, like the inhabitants of the arshes in the 1 r Delta . Equally useful to the country we e the works

which Rameses II . undertook in connexion with the le d B u ba stis L canal which from to the Bitter akes, and which he intended to lengthen until it reached

- d t the B e Sea . Some par of it seems to have I existed in the time of Seti . , but neither he nor his son ﬁnished it ; Rameses only seems to have

Ne k a u XX I th . V widened or deepened it , a king of

u Dynasty, carried the work a step f rther, and the canal was ﬁnally taken to the Red Sea in the reign

of Darius .

m Ne fe rt - ari- Rameses arried his two sisters , meri

S everal children , both sons and daughters , and he

e marri d at least three of his own daughters, namely,

1 Th t T ns Ro a l o e e r t r B ir h in ra . S c . xt w a s ﬁ s t a nsla t e d b y Dr . c y

Lit 1 852 a nd e R o th a t ol iii. . 5 if . t h e , ; s e e c or d s f e P s v . v p 7 ; ,

E l 21 Th e tia n t e t ill b e fou nd in Pr i s e Monu m e nts . . gy p x w s , , p

s t e l e it se lf is in t h i n f h m t e S Fe rr iol a nd is e pos se s s o O t e Co t . , r e se r e d in i m i i i n p v h s a ns on a t U r a g e n Fra c e . 0 E 7 TH E WIVE S O F RAM SE S II .

a A Bant ntu,

n n n n e umber of co cubines, both foreig and ativ , by

he whom became the father of, literally, scores of

of . children ; several lists his children were made , e g ,

‘ A wa s u a Ab at bydos , Thebes , Seb , and Simbel, but as far as can be seen none of them was intended to be complete , and they contained the names of selections only of his sons and daughters " The a i ‘a longest list is at W d Sebu , where we ﬁnd the names of one hundred and eleven sons and about ﬁfty 1 O one daughters . f his sons who are well known from their frequent mention in the text s may be noticed

A - - - f Ra - Pa - B a - - - f men her khepesh , messu , her unami ,

- - - - m f M a nd . H Amen her una i , Amen eri , Seti is son

K a- - Ua st 23 u h em , the son of the q een

- Ne fe r t S e m Ast , was a priest of Ptah, and he held fﬁ several high ecclesiastical o ces , and was the true founder of the Serapeu m ; he was a man of great

a nd m learning , was held in high repute as a agician , 2 tna as we may s e e from the famous Romance of S e . He appears tohave conducted the government of the

1 For t h e t e t e e L iu k l i i l . 1 9. s e s s D ma e r i . x p , en , p 7 2 ’ I t s r t t r l v Ar c he oloi u e . s er . 1 1 . w a ﬁ s a n s a t e d b y B r u g s c h in Re . g q

m x v i. . 1 1 ﬁ t o . p 6 . B . C. 1 33 3 ] TH E S O N S O F RAM E S E S I I . 7 1

r w - ﬁ ve r count y for about t enty years befo e his death , which took place in the 55th year of the reign of

Rameses II ., and he was succeeded in this duty by his

M - e u - -he t e - M a h brother er Ptah p her a t, who is thirteent

r ot h Tom of Ra me s e s I I Ent a nc e t e b .

Fr om a h oto r a h b A . B e a t o L x or . p g p y , u

in the list of the sons of Rameses II . ; he had per formed the d uties of Viceroy for about twelve years 67 th when his father died , in the year of his reign ,

aged about one hundred years . 7 2 TO M B OF RAM E S E S II .

for Rameses II . built a tomb himself in the Valley of the Tombs of the Kings at Thebes , and we may assume that he was laid to rest therein with all due pomp and

' ceremony, and that the funeral furniture was of a character which be ﬁtt e d the rank of the man for whom

ha d m d n it been a e . The tomb became the prey of a ga g of profe ssional tomb robbers toward s the close of the

XXth - b e Dynasty , and probably everything that could carried was stolen . In the time of the Ptolemies it

- bu t was possible to visit the lower chambers , it would seem that not many centuries later the whole of the corridors and chambers became ﬁlled with sand . Champollion and B ose llini forced their way into parts of the tomb , and in spite of the heat and want of air

u n s cceeded in obtaini g some information as to its size, r . L ornamentation , etc epsius clea ed out the sand sufﬁciently to enable him to make a useful plan of the n corridors and chambers, but he fou d that the wall decorations ha d been almost entirely destroyed by the mud and gravel which h a d ﬂowed down the steep corridors into the sarcophagus chamber . It seems astonishing that none of the great architects and who I I master builders were in the employ of Rameses . warned him of what, from the nature of its situation, must happen to his tomb when rain fell .

Dér a l - The mummy of Rameses II . was found at Bahari

a w ood e n f in cofin, in which it seems to have been placed XXth o under the Dynasty, for the decorati ns of the cofﬁn , it and the style of the writing found upon , indicate that

B C. 1 333 74 TH E VAN I TY OF RAM E S E S I I . [ . slits in them in which earrings must have hung before they were stolen by the tomb robbers, the jaws are n t ﬁrm and stro g , the chin is prominen , the mouth is

e a nd e larg , the lips are thick, the teeth , though som

a nd what soft, are white , were apparently well cared for e k . Wh n Rameses died his bones were wea and fragile, and his muscles had become atrophied through 1 h the of senile decay . M . Maspero t inks that at time death he must have been almost one hundred years old e i , and he d scribes the impress on which he received , concerning the cha racte r of the king after he had u n “ o in W l ‘ ' le r lled his mummy , these o ds En résumé , “ ’ ’ masque de la momie donne tres s u fﬁsa mm e nt l ide c

’ de c e q u ét a it le masque d u roi vivant ; une expres

o e e u tétr e lé ér e me nt si n peu intelligent , p g bestiale , ’ ﬁe rté l ob stina tion e t nu mais de la , de , air de majesté

’ souveraine qui perce encore s ous l a ppa r e il grotesque

’ ” l e mb a u me me nt de . This summary agrees very well

with the character of Rameses II . which we can deduce n I n from his inscriptions and mo uments . his youth v to he was bra e and active , and proved himself be a capable though hard ruler ; in his old age he d evote d to f n himself a li e of comparative inactivity , and i dulged in the pleasures of his palace a nd the society of the

ha r tmat e the o sove re l nt , meanwhile r taining n minal g y

w H u of the hole country . e was vain and boastf l , as I o w his nscripti ns sho , and he allowed his court scribes t owrite concerning his life that which he must have

1 5 O . c it . . 3 . p , p 6 D E C L I N E O F TH E P OW E R OF E GY P T 7 5

known to be untrue, or perhaps Egyptologists have misunderstood their statements , because the facts are

- often buried under heaps of high sounding words . And ﬁnally he was not justiﬁed in claiming the sovereignty

He a d r om a st a t e of:Ra m e se s I L Ki of E t B C 1 330. f u , ng gy p , . .

B ritish M se m No u u , . of e A N Pal stine and Western sia , or of ubia as far as

h c a n Kari , for not ing disguise the fact that under d Rameses II . the ecline of the power of Egypt set in , that she did not regain any of her old possessions, and 7 6 RAM E S E S II . AN D S E SO STRI S

that her dominions had shr u nk to the size which they were before the conquests of the great kings of the X I I It V h Dynasty .

H Diod oru s In the histories of erodotus and , and in the works of several other classical writers _ the mighty deeds and exploits of a hero called Sesostris are described or all u ded to ; it is not certain that these d i writers had any clear idea when he live , but it is qu te certain that many of his works correspond with those m . of performed by Ra eses II , and that to the history

e Rameses II . the Greeks united the l gends and romance

of Sesostris . The name Sesostris is certainly not a h l P . S e t e u form of that of Rameses , and rof is undo bt e dly correct in saying that it is derived from the old

t e n ] e nu e rt ie . Us e r s S s . Egyptian name , , , II and that the original hero of the Sesostris legend was B u t a king of this dynasty who bore this name . a

“ - 1 O b . S e se t su y name of Rameses II , , [ P1 Q Sﬁ may very well have contribute d to the formation of

e the leg ndary name Sesostris, and why any one of

Use rt se n S e nu se r t the kings who bore the name , or , should be chosen as the popular hero of historic 2 S e sose s romances cannot be said . The of Pliny , “ ” Rome who made the third obelisk at , appears , as

1 S e e S esostr is v on K . S e t h e Le i z i 1 900. , , p g , 2 i i 1 e s a a r s t o b e d e r i e d fr om th e for m L b xxxv 5 . S e sos pp e v D. C. 1 333 L E P L O F M E E ] MYTH ICA X ITS O RA S S II . 77

rt n I Use se . Prof. Sethe has said, to be , especially as ’ “ his son s name Nu nc ore u s may very well represent

- - - - a a . N R the prenomen of Amen em h t II , ub kau ,

I O m bu t history does not record that he ( LEU"

u L , waged war like Rameses I or b ilt great temples , or n that he did the things which Rameses II . is k own to O have done . n the other hand , many exploits are attributed to Sesostris of 'which no parallels can be found in the history of Rameses II . , and we are com pe lle d t ocome to the conclusion that the Sesostris of Greek legend is a hero round whose name the legends and traditions of many great kings and wa rriors have gathered, and he must be put in the category of such G a h popular characters as ilgamesh , the narr tive of w ose exploits delighted the Su‘merians and Babylonians for d N A tGhousan s of years, and imrod , and lexander the reat, to whom tradition has ascribed the wisdom and power and conquests of dozens of historical heroes, and m whose history, having been translated into any languages , has charmed men of every nationality from

M the alayia in East to England in the West . The fullest account of the hero Se sostris is given by

Diodoru s Sic u lu s , who not only repeats some of the matters which are related by Herodotus concerning d him , but, what is far more interesting, ad s a number of others which well illustrate the growth of the lege nds

concerning his life and exploits after the . death of

Herodotus . The expedition of Rameses II . down the 7 8 H I S TO RY OF S E SOST RI S [ 3 0. 1 333

Re d Sea was , of course , nothing but an expedition to

u the country of Punt , and tho gh it may have been

a u larger th n us al , it must not be regarded as a great

u e r expedition of conq est . Th re Is no reco d of conquests A of Rameses II . in Bactria and other remote siatic

bu t t countries , yet it seems hat his name must have d d penetrated as far as those istant lan s , for the prince of Bekhten sent to ask him ﬁrst to send a physician , and the next time to send a god to heal his d aughter ; and as we a re told that B ekhten was seventeen

’ months j ourney from Egypt it must have been far

T e t he away . h facts of reign of Rameses II . have

r h r been given above , but in o der t at the eader may be enabled easily to compare legend with fact extracts concerning Sesostris from the works of Herodotu s

oru r e nd o and Diod s a here appe ed . Herod tus says 1 the worthy Pr ync e Sesos t ris . Him the pr ye st e s r e c ou nt e ﬁ rst e of a ll the kings of Ae gypt to have passed the narrow S e as of Arabia in longe Ships

Ga ll e s s u bie c tion the rowne or y , and brought in to C P d all those eople that marche a longe the red e Sea . F re t r in e a a ine w a y rom whence y g backe g the same ,

he e hee came and gat r d a greate power of men , and tooke his passage ove r t he waters into the mayne

d u n Cou ntre e s lan e , conquering and subd i g all y

e S wh ther so ever hee went . uch as he found v a lia u nt e and ha rdye not r e fu singe toie opa rd e thei r

safety in the defe nce and m a yne t e na u nc e - of their

’ 1 B R s t r s la t ion fol 56 f . . a n . 9 . , 0 1 333 3 . ] ACCO RD I N G TO H E RODOTU S 79

i obt a ne d t he r liberty, after the v ctory y , hee ﬁxed in y

c ou ntre c e rt a ne lle r s C y y py or rosses of Stone , wherein were ingra u e n the names of the kinge and the

c ou ntr e how owne y, and by his proper force and

e l Cont ra r w se puissaunc he had made them ye de . y y , such as without c ontrou e r sie gave themselves into his

ha nd e s str fe blou d she d , or with litle y and lesse were

brought to relent with them also , and in their region

b u ilt e l he planted Pillers and up itle crosses, as

n w c a r u e d im ortr a e d before , wherei ere and p y the

si niﬁe secret partes of women , to g to the posterity the base and effeminate courage of the people there

a b d in h t ra u a le d y g . In t is sorte he y with his army

b _ a nd A o y downe the mayne , passing out of sia int

u E rope , where he made conquest of the Scythians b‘ and Thracians , which seemeth to have ene the farthest poynt of his voyage ; for so mu ch as in their land also his titles and marks are a ppa r a ntly s eene

e ond e He re fr o and not b y . hee began to measure his steps back a ga yne inc a mping his powre at the ryner : Phasis where , I am not able to discusse , whether king Sesostris himse lfe planted any parte of his army in that place ever after to possesse yt c ountre y :or whether some of his souldiers w e a rye d with c ontinu a ll peregrina

t r a u a le tion and y , toke up their mansion place and rested there This 1 noble and victorious

Ae t prince Sesostris making his return to gyp , came 2 (by report of ye priests)to a place named D a phna e

’ 1 fol Th e m o er e B R ; t r a nsl a t io . 9 b . ll D e fe nne h . s n , 6 d n T . 8O H I STO RY OF S E SO STRI S

e lu sia e forr a I ne - p , with an inﬁnite trayne of people out of a l Nations by him subdued ; where being

c u rt e ou sl very y met and welcomed by his brother, whom in his absence he had left for Viceroy

rot e c t ou r c ou nt re and p of the y , he was also by ye

inu ite d himse lfe same to a princely banquet, ,

. T his wife, and his children he house whereinto

d d r they were entere , being compassed about with y

su d d a ne l matter, was y y by the treachery of his brother

c ou nsa le set on ﬁre, which he perceiving toke y with

a u oid e his wife then present , how to escape and the

d a u n e r The d g . woman either of a rea ier wit or riper

six e cruelty , advised him to cast two of his children

himselfe into the ﬁre , to make way for and the rest to : ff n passe time not su ering him to make any lo g stay ,

n c ou nsa le he put his wy es y in speedy practise , and

t his made a bridge hrough the ﬁre of two of children,

' a liu e S in this to preserve the rest . esostris sorte delivered from the cruel] treason and malicious devise

r e u en e of his brother, ﬁrst of all tooke g of his tre c he r ou s villany and diu e lish intent :in the next place bethinking himselfs in what a ffa yre s to be stowe

whome the multitude which he had brought with him , afterwards he d iu e r s ely employed :for by these captures were c e rt a yne h u ge a nd monstrous stones

d ra w ne o rolled and to the Temple of Vulcan . Like

a nd d e riu e d wise , were many trenches cut out from

n c ou nt r e the ri er into most places of the y, whereby b the land being aforetime passable y cart and horse ,

1 3 82 H I STO RY OF SE SO STRI S [ 3 0. 33

of b i tooke them the Ba ylon ans . This King Sesostris 1 Em re le a u in Ae thio ia held the py alone , g in p before 2 the temple of Vu lc a ne c e rt a yne monuments to the

ost e ritie c e rt a ne p , to wit , y images of stone, one for

h mse lfe be e n c y , another for his wife , y g ache of them thirtie c u bit e s :the foure images also of hys foure

b e e n t w e ntie c u bit e s a e e c e sonnes, y g each of them p .

' In processe of time when the image of King Darius that gou e rne d Persia should have bene placed before

r Vu lc a ne the pictu e of Sesostris , the priest of which se ru e d in the temple wou ld e in no wise permit it to

a c hie u e d bee done , denying that Darius had euer the i l ke exploits that Sesostris had done . Who , besides the conquering of su nd rie other nations (not infe riou r in number to those which had been overcome by D arius) had also brought in su bie c tion the most c ou ra giou s and v a lia u nt people of Scythia :for

wh c he it e a a nst to r e fe rr e y cause, w re g y reason p hymse lfe in place before him u nto whoms he was

inferiou r c hiu a lr w hic he a u ns we re K in y, bold of the priest, ing Darius tooke in good parte and brooked

w e l nou h S ] y g . esostris dying , the seate imperial came ” Phe c o to his son . The history of Sesostris according to Diodor u s is as follows n Seven descents after (they say), Sesostris reig ed, who excelled all his ancestors in great and famous

1 N u b ia . 2 k -h e n t e m le a t Abfi Sim b e l is h e r r f r r d Th e r oc w p e e e e t o. ACC O RD I N G TO D I O D ORU S S I C U L U S 83

ff actions . But not only the Greek writers di er among themselves about the king , but likewise the Egyptian priests and poets relate various and different stories l concerning him . We sha l relate such as are most probable and agreeable to those signs and marks that a re yet remaining in Egypt to conﬁrm them .

A i e fter his b rth his father performed a nobl act, and n becomi g a king, he caused all throughout Egypt , that were born the same day with his son , to be brought together ; and together with his son to be

u c bred up with the same ed ation , and instructed in i the same discipline and exerc ses , conceiving that, by being thus familiarly brought up together , and

n u co versing with one another, they wo ld be always

f a nd loving and most faithful riends , the best fellow soldiers in all the wars . Providing, therefore, every thing for the purpose , he caused the boys to be exercised daily in the schools with hard and difﬁcult lab ours ; as that none should eat until he ha d run a hundred and four - score furlongs ; and by this

’ means, when they came to be at men s estate , they

d e were ﬁt either to be comman rs , or to undertake any brave or noble action , both in respect of the v igour and strength of their bodies, and the excellent of endowments their minds . Sesostris in the ﬁrst A i place being sent with an army into rab a, by his father (with whom went his companions that were bred up with him), toiled and troubled himself with the hunting and killing of wild beasts ; and then 3 84 HI STO RY O F S E SO STRI S [ B . C. 1 33

having at last overmastered all his fatigues and n wants of water and provisio , he conquered all that n t barbarous a ion , which was never before that time A n subdued . fterwards, being se t into the western L i parts , he conquered the greatest part of ibya, be ng

m n “ as yet but a youth . Co i g to the crown after i d . h s his the eath of father, encouraged by former

_ u successes , he designed to s bdue and conquer the

whole world . Some report that he was stirred up by his d aughter Athyrt e to und ertake the gaining of the empire of the world ; for being a woman of n n an extraordi ary understandi g, she made it out to

h e n her father, t at the conquest was easy ; others

c ou r a e d him di g by their vinations, foretelling his

successes by the entrails of the sacriﬁces, by their

dreams in the temples , and prodigies seen in the t air . There are some also tha write, that when l Sesostris was born , Vu can appeared to his father

in his sleep , and told him that the child then born should be conqueror of the universe ; and that that was the reason why his father assembled all of the

like age, and bred them up together with his son , to make way for him with more c a se to rise to that height of imperial dignity ; a nd that when he was ’ i grown to man s estate , fully bel eving what the god

d u t had foretol , he ndertook at leng h this expedition . To this purpose he ﬁrst made it his chief concern o to gain the l ve and goodwill of all the Egyptians , judging it necessary in order to effect what he

B C. 1 333 86 H I STO RY OF S E S O STRI S [ .

U hundred . pon these companions of his he bestowed

large estates in lands, in the richest parts of Egypt,

that they might not be in the least want of anything , Hreserving only their attendance upon him in the war . aving therefore rendezvoused his army , he marched

ﬁrst against the Ethiopians inhabiting the south , and

having conquered them , forced them to pay him ’ tribute of ebony , gold , and elephants teeth . Then he sent forth a navy of four hundred sail into the Red

S e a n , and was the ﬁrst Egyptian that built lo g ships . of By the help of this ﬂeet , he gained all the islands

this Sea , and subdued the bordering nations as far a w s to India . But he himself marching forward ith A his land army , conquered all sia , for he not only invaded those nations which Alexander the Mace

donia n afterwards subdued, but likewise those which e he never set foot upon . For he both pass d over the

Ga u e s w river g , and like ise passed through all India

to the main ocean . Then he subdued the Scythians

fa r Ta na is as as to the , which divides Europe from Asia ; where they say he left some of his

Moe otis Egyptians at the lake , and gave origin C l to the nations of o chis and , to prove that they

were originally Egyptians, they bring this argument, that they are circumcised after the manner of the h Egyptians , w ich custom continued in this colony n as it did amongst the Jews . In the same ma ner he brought into his subjection all the rest of

A nd C l . sia , and most of the isla s of yc ades Thence A CCO RD I N G TO D I OD ORU S S I C UL U S 87

: passing over into Europe he Wa s in danger of

u dif losing his whole army , thro gh the ﬁculty of the n n And passages, and wa t of provisio s . , therefore, in putting a stop to his expedition Thrace , up and d own in all his conquests , he erected pillars, whereon

were inscribed , in Egyptian letters , called hiero

l hic s w g yp , these ords Sesostris, king of kings

d u and lord of lor s , subd ed this country by his arms . A n mo g those nations that were stout and warlike , he carved upon those pillars the privy members of a man :amongst them that were cowardly a nd faint hearted the secret parts of a woman ; conceiving that the chief and principal member of a man would be a clear evidence to posterity of the courage of

se t every one of them . In some places he up his bow own statue , carved in stone, (armed with a and n a la ce), above four cubits and four hands in height, H n of which stature he himself was . avi g now n d n , ” spent ni e years in this expe itio (carrying himself courteously and fam iliarly towards all his subjects I t n the mean ime), he ordered the nations he had h conquered, to bring t eir presents and tributes every l year into Egypt , every one proportionab e to their

a the several bilities and he himself, with captives

and the rest of the spoils, (of which there were a

vast quantity), returned into Egypt, far surpassing all the kings before him inthe greatness of his actions

and achievements . He adorned all the temples of

E the gypt with rich presents , and spoils of his B . 1 88 H I STO RY OF S E S O STRI S [ C. 333

enemies . Then he rewarded his soldiers that had

served him in the war, everyone according to their

desert . It is most certain th at the army not only

returned loaded with riches , and received the glory

and honour of their approved valour , but the whole country of Egypt reaped many advantages by this n expedition . Sesostris havi g now disbanded his

army, gave leave to his companions in arms , and

the fellow victors to take their ease, and enjoy fruits e ﬁ of their conqu st . But he himself, red with an

earnest desire of glory , and ambitious to leave behind

him eternal monuments of his memory, made many

fair and stately works, admirable both for their cost

and contrivance , by which he both advanced his

own a d immortal praise , and procured unspeakable

v antages to the Egyptians , with perfect peace and

. F security for the time to come or , beginning ﬁrst h with w at concerned the gods , he built a temple in

all the cities of Egypt, to that god whom every particular place most adored ; and he employed none

of the Egyptians in his works , but ﬁnished all by the labours of the captives ; and therefore he caused an inscription to be made upon a ll the temples

thus None of the natives were pu t to . labour ’ here . It is reported that some of the Babylonian

captives, because they were not able to bear the . k fatigue of the work , rebelled against the ing ; and t having possessed themselves of a for near the river , d they took up arms against the Egyptians , and waste

90 H I STO RY OF S E S O STRI S [ 3 0. 1 333

trade and commerce, and maintenance of peace and plenty all over the country ; a nd that which was of

a nd n greatest moment co cern of all, was , that he fortiﬁed all parts of the country against incursions of

l ﬁ of enemies, and made it dif cult access ; whereas , t before, the greates part of Egypt lay open and

exposed either for chariots or horsemen to enter .

u But now , by reason of the multit de of canals drawn all along from the river the entrance was very d f n d d i ﬁcult , and the cou try not so easily to be inva e . H e e defended, likewise , the east sid of Egypt against

a nd A the irruptions of the Syrians rabians, with a wall

Pe lu siu m drawn from through the deserts, as far as to H d eliopolis , for the space of a thousand and ﬁve hundre m furlongs . He caused likewise a ship to be ade of

cedar two hundred and fourscore cubits in length ,

gilded over with gold on the outside , and with silver within ; and this he dedicated to the god that was

most adored by the Thebans . He erected likewise

m a nd two obelisks of polished arble , a hundred

twenty cubits high , on which were inscribed a d escription of the large extent of his empire , the

great value of his revenue , and the number of the d w nations by him conquere . He placed like ise at ’ M in u emphis , the temple of V lcan his and his wife s t statues, each of one entire stone, thir y cubits in i height , and those of his sons , twenty cubits h gh , on

A his this occasion . fter his return from great

Pe lu siu m expedition into Egypt , being at , his brother ACCO RD I N G TO D I OD ORU S S I C UL U S 91

t f at a feas having invited him, together with his wi e

his and children, plotted against life ; for being all

overcome by wine . and gone to rest, he caused a great quantity of dry reeds (long before prepared for the ’ purpose), to be placed round the king s pavilion in all the night, and set them on ﬁre ; upon which the ﬂame suddenly mounted aloft ; and little assistance

- e l the king had eith r from his servants or ifeguard, who were all still ove rloa d e n with wine ; u pon which d Sesostris with his han s lift up to heaven , calling f upon the gods for help for his wi e and children , rushed through the ﬂames and escaped ; and being / d t o thus unexpecte ly preserved , he made oblations as

other of the gods , (as is beforesaid), so especially to w l Vulcan , as he by hose favour he was so remarkab y l Al de ivered . though Sesostris was eminent in many t great and worthy ac ions , yet the most stately and l i magniﬁcent of al , was that relating to the pr nces in f his progresses . For those kings of the conquered

nations , who , through his favour still held their

r e c e l ve d kingdoms , and such as had large principali of ties his free gift and donation , came with their

presents and tributes into Egypt, at the times

appointed, whom he received with all the marks of honou r and respect ; save that when he went into the

temple or the city , his custom was to cause the

ou t horses to be unharnessed of his chariot , and in

their room four kings, and other princes to draw it ; d hereby thinking to make it evi ent to all , that there 92 H I STO RY OF S E SO STRI S

n was one comparable to him for valour, who had conquered the most potent and famous princes in the

world . This king seems to have excelled all others,

that ever were eminent for power and greatness , both

m r as to his warlike achievements, the nu be of his

gifts and oblations, and his wonderful works in

- - . A Egypt fter he had reigned three and thirty years , l l u l he fe l blind, and wi f lly put an end to his own ife ;

for which he was admired not only by priests, but by all the rest of the Egyptians ; for that a s he had before manifested the greatness of his mind by his b l actions , so now his end was agreeable ( y a vo untary H ” eath), to the glory of his life . It is interesting to note that Diodor u s does not seem to have realized that the tomb of Osyma ndya s was the n fu eral temple of Rameses II . , many of whose wars and exploits he attributed to Sesostris in a ccordance with the form of the legend of Sesostris, which was n curre t in his time .

m nd s ie - - O Os a a . . U M a Ré f the tomb of y y , , ser a t ,

Diod oru s or Rameses II . , says “ T l There hebes] , they say , are the wonderfu

sepulchres of the ancient kings , which for state and o grandeur, far exceed all that posterity can attain unt

at this day . The Egyptian priests say that, in their

sacred registers, there are entered seven and forty of

La u s these sepulchres ; but in the reign of Ptolemy g ,

there remained only seventeen , many of which were ruined and destroyed when I myself came into these

94 H I STO RY OF S E S O STRI S [ 3 0 1 333

n excelle cy of the stone . In so great a work there is

the s - not d . to be iscerned lea t ﬂaw, or any other blemish

‘ U — I Os ma nd a s pon it there is this inscription am y y , king of kings ; if any would wo uld know how great I

a nd l am, where I lie, let him exce me in any of my ’ at works . There was likewise this second gate ,

another statue of his mother, by herself, of one t stone , twenty cubi s in height ; upon her head were

d she placed three crowns , to enote was both the n . N t o daughter, wife , and mother of a ki g ear this h t portico , t ey say there was ano her gallery or Piazzo , m l f ore remarkab e than the ormer, in which were

various sculptures , representing his wars with the n m Bactria s , who had revolted from him , against who t (it is said)he marched wi h foot, and o l horse ; which army he divided into f ur bodies ,

and appointed his sons generals of the whole . In the ﬁrst wall might be seen the king assaulting a w i and bul ark, environed w th the river" ﬁghting at the head of his m e n against some that make up him against , assisted by a lion , in a terribl e manner ;

i fﬁ to for wh ch some a rm , is be taken a true and real 3 n lion , which the ki g bred up tame , which went along

his d with him in all wars , an by his great strength i ever put the enemy to ﬂ ght . Others make this

1 e a b o e 3 8 S e v , p . . 2 Th e i of K a d e h is h e r e r e fe r r e d t o c ty s . 3 l lio a nd his a m e a m - f - H e w a s a r e a w s S a m k h e t i f i. e . n , n , , ” la e r of his foe s a ic t u r e of him i i S y p s g ve n on p a ge 27 . B . C. 1 333 ] ACCO RD I N G TO D I OD ORU S S I C UL U S 95

construction of it, that the king being a man of r to extraordina y courage and strength , he was willing

trumpet forth his own praises, setting forth the i bravery of his own spirit, by the representat on of a w lion . In the second all, was carved the captives

the r dragged after king, epresented without hands

a nd wa s privy members ; which to signify , that they ff n were of e eminate spirits , and had no hands whe T they came to ﬁght . he third wall represented all

sorts of sculptures, and curious images , in which were

’ c a nd set forth the king s sa riﬁcing of oxen , his

l he e rist triumphs in that war . In the midd e of t p y a lion, open to the air at the top , was reared an ltar of

n , shi ing marble , of excellent workmanship, and for I n largeness to be admired . the last wall were two 27 statues, each of one entire stone , cubits high ; near to which three passages opened out at the

e rI st lion p y , into a stately room supported with pillars like to a theatre for music ; every side of the theatre 0 t 2 0 . was fee square In this , there were many l statues of wood , representing the p eaders and spec

t a tor s n u a , looki g pon the judges th t gave judgment . O f these , there were thirty carved upon one of the the walls . In the middle sat chief justice , with the n image of truth ha ging about his neck , with his eyes

closed, having many books lying before him . This d signiﬁed that a ju ge ought not to take any bribes , but ought only toregard the truth and merits of the

. N l cause ext adjoining, was a gal ery full of divers a in l partments , which were all sorts of de icate meats , ready dressed up . Near hereunto , is represented the

king himself, curiously carved, and painted in glorious

u ff m colo rs , o ering gold and silver to the gods ; as uch

as he yearly received out of the gold and silver mines . The sum was there inscribed (according to the rate of m silver)to amount unto of inas . Next

hereunto was the sacred library , whereon was inscribed ‘ ’ d n h . : . A t ese words , viz The cure of the mind joini g

to this, were the images of all the gods of Egypt, to

w a s ff every one of whom the king making o erings, n O peculiarly belongi g to each of them , that siris , and s l all his associate , who were p aced at his feet , might

understand his piety towards the gods , and his

w . N b righteousness to ards men ext to the li rary ,

i was a stately room , where n were twenty beds to eat int h upon , richly adorned ; his ouse were the images

a nd n of Jupiter Juno , together with the ki gs ; and d ’ d here it is suppose , the king s bo y lies interred .

the m a Round room are any partments, wherein are to

be seen in curious painting , all the beasts that are h accounted sacred in Egypt . T ence are the ascents

u of s to the top of the whole mon ment the epulchre, W hich being mounted, appears a border of gold round

the 3 65 tomb , cubits in compass , and a cubit thick ;

v o of within the di isi n every cubit, were the several n days of the year engraven, with the natural risi g

si niﬁc a tions and setting of the stars, and their g , according tothe observations of the Egyp tian astro

1 0 98 RE VOL T O F TH E L I B YAN S [ B . C. 3 0

c i a l Me r - e n- M e ne hthah p event in the reign of Ptah , or p , L b n was the i yan war , co cerning which a considerable afnou nt of information is furnished by a long insc rip i 1 t on at Karnak . i In the ﬁfth year of his re gn , as we learn from 2 M Me ne htha h two inscriptions published by aspero , p h a o L eard that revolt had broken out am ng the ibyans , w ho had gathered toge ther a large number of allies M t t from among the editerranean peoples , and ha d their king intended to inva e Egypt . He was M the in emphis at time , and soon after the report of the revolt had reached him he heard that the Libyan king had attacked all the outlying Egyptian and other

cities to the east of the Delta and conquered them , and that he had crossed the frontier a nd was actually in Egypt and was master of all the territory throu gh

w Me ne htha h a t hich he had passed . p once began to

Q “ m69 A of T ie fortify nnu , the town em , ’ . . , 111 69 D | c z H “ eliopolis , and the fortress city of the god Tanen , — c W s ' i 69 . e . M if]? mﬁ, , emphis , and the city of Per E ] g Baire Ast , J ﬁ69’ probably the

m B elb e s odern , which was situated on the canal E fw w vx m Sha ka na . , m In due H | XX k N W W \

1 — ' e M a r ie t t e Ka r na k l . 52 55 D u mic h e n Hist . I ns c hr t te n S e , , p ; , f ,

— l i ll . 1 6 . v o . . p

2 t h i l x ix 1 1 1 l i 1 o. . 88 . 1 o x x 3 Ae tis c he e i sc r t v 8 v . . 88 gyp Z f , , , p ; , , 5 ff p . 6 . . F B B . C 1 300] R E VOL T O TH E L I YAN S 9

i L 0 course the wretched k ng of ibya ,

Mare iu i called , , the son of O V q IQ

Tit The he nnu , , invaded the country of the , 6 Ig M M M With his bowmen and his allies the IIE6 Q ]1 I 0 C 3 1 Sha I re t e n 9 , IIIII I and the Sha $ I N W ﬁ r ke le sha I Qa u a sha , mE; m k] g? and the ,

A § ﬂ § m k l §f and the Reku ,

‘ t Tu risha é . E] giI, and the , fifi g g pfi t a nd _ the n made his way wi h his wife and children across the western frontier into the fields of the city of D O Pa - art P - art , or er , I , which must not, I ]O 69 d according to Brugsch , be i entified with Prosopis, t but with some place to the eas of the Delta . When “ Mene htha h sa w he p his foe roared like a lion , and

his fﬁ made a long speech to generals and o cers , in

which he reminded them that he was their king, and

would be responsible for their safety, and then went d on to upbraid them for being as timid as bir s, and for

their inactivity and helplessness . He pointed out that l d their an s were being laid waste , that those who n chose passed over the frontier whe soever they pleased, that the invaders robbed the people and seized their

O T - a i lands , that the asis of a het, I OO RE VOL T OF TH E L I B YAN S

F a . ar fra), had been occupied, that the enemy were w l I s arming into Egypt like worms , and their so e aim n ﬁ life , he declared, was to ght and to plunder , and that o in nce Egypt, to which they had come for food to eat,

u they wo ld settle down and dwell there . As for their i k ng he was like a dog , and was a cringing , fawning , 1 a nd u n senseless being , he sho ld ever more sit upon his throne . Then the king ordered his army to make k A ready to attac the enemy , telling them that men w ould be to them a shield, and he promised to lead them in pe rson to battle on the 1 4th day of the month .

d a Before the fateful y , however, the king dreamed in a dream , and it a colossal ﬁgure of the god h Pta appeared to him and , bidding him to stay where he was , reached out to him a divine scimitar, 9 u M 2 nd 1 4 ; M a K , ordered him to

- lay aside all faint heartedness and to be strong, and to send forw ard large numbers of soldiers and chariots to

- . a rt Mare iu i P a . L ha d the city of , the king of ibya , arranged to ﬁght the battle on the ﬁrst day of the E i hi month p p at daybreak , but he was not able to do t so un il two days later, when the Egyptian troops

-c n n K EAN E f I

053 ” % % E k i o “ a “

Ma r ie t t e Ka rna k l . 53 l . 23 . , , p ,

’ 1 02 M E NE PHTHAH S G RE AT VICTO RY slain were S I X of the brothers and children of the Libyan king and 63 59 ofﬁcers and soldiers ; all these were mutilated in the manner in which the Egyptians

r ha k a re h treated their unci cumcised foes . Of the S s a

250 Tu risha 7 90 u were killed , of the , but the n mbers of the other allies who were killed are unknown ; 937 6 d prisoners , inclu ing twelve women , were taken , and 91 1 1 Ma the loot consisted of swords of the sha tribe , hill k I] k pmk weapons of various kinds which had been found with the 1 2 L 6 . y ibyans , horses , etc Thus, fortunatel for Egypt , L Me ne htha h ended the ibyan war , and p was , no doubt,

u V very thankf l that he was the ictor , for Egypt was never so nearly being conquered from one e nd to the other as she was at this time . When we consider that t wogenerations of Egyptians h a d never seen or heard of war in their own time , it is little short of marvellous that this mighty c on federation of Libyans and their allies was v anquished

’ by M e ne phtha h s army ; his soldiers fought well because they realized that they were ﬁghting a

of d r battle on the result which epended their f eedom , as the loss of it would entail a life of slavery with peoples whom they held to be abominable and unclean . There is small wonder that the whole land

D e rejoiced madly , or that the elta was ﬁll d with

r songs of gladness and thankfulness f om east to west . Fortunately for Me ne phtha h the Palestinian tribes ’ M E NE P HTHAH S H YM N OF VICTO RY 1 03

K ha d o r were q uiet, and from the heta he n ught to fea , because during the famine which had broken out in Northern Syria in the ea rly years of his reign he had

’ sent corn to his father s ally, the prince of Kheta . To his L M commemorate victory in the ibyan war, ene “ ” phtha h caused a hymn of triumph to be inscribed on the back of a huge granite stele of the time of

- e t e B a me sse u m Amen h p III ., which was found in the at Thebes in and in this text we ﬁnd the principal events of the war treated in a highly poetical manner . L t The king of ibya is heartily abused , and the gif of

Me ne htha h m the divine scimitar to p is entioned, and after a fe w remarks on the happy times which have once more returned to Egypt through the victory of the h mig ty king of Egypt , we ﬁnd the following passage

w u The princes are cast do n upon the gro nd, and uNtter words of homage , and no one of the people of the ine

h The he nnu Bows lifteth up his ead . , IIgO Q ol e

is . C laid waste Kheta hath been paciﬁed , anaan, m M U k hath been seized upon by A calamity of every kind , scalon hath been carried

1 a a tc ha r e A , Q , I G way [LA ( ezer), hath k A; k a u re d I nnu a ma m _ _ n 5 : been cap , , qq M Q is $ 3

Ya mnia ( ), hath been reduced to a state of not being , the

1 1 S e e P e t r ie in t h e Conte m or a r Review for M a 1 8 A p y y , 96 . t r a s c r i t of t h e t e t it h a Ge r m a n t r a sla t io i n p x , w n n b y S p e g e lb e r g ll fou in Ae tts h i t l i b e c e e its c hr v o. i 1 8 1 if w nd gyp f , xxx v . 96 p . . Z , , 1 0 TH E I S I RAARE OR 4 , I S I RAAL E

I sir aa re I sir aa le o , or , ( I IIT q k I IgQi

have been ravaged and their seed destroyed , Syria, Q - d , hath become the wi ow of Egypt ik ﬁé , l i f]ig, and all the ands together are at

peace . Judging from this passage it would seem that Mene phtha h had conducted some campaign in Palestine or

Southern Syria , and that as a result the whole of the L l country of ibya had been aid waste , and several districts of Palestine reduced to want and misery , but there is no reference to any such campaign in the

. inscriptions except this In the time of Rameses II . , the treaty which he made with the king of Kheta allowed him to have full authority over Palestine as far north as the Dog River , and all the land which lay t of to the south of it was the proper y Egypt . Why then boast of having reduced to mise ry towns like

A a Ya mnia e t M G c ? . Na ville sc lon , and ezer , and ,

a nd has discussed the passage in a careful article , trans

1 “ ' lates the last part of it thus ° Kanaan est donc “ ’ ’ u a l im u issa nc e u A sk a lon e t Ghe z e r réd it p , parce q se

’ font la guerre :Iamnia est comme n e xista nt plus ; ’ il t e t S rie Israel est détruit, n a plus de postéri é, la y

’ ” d E e a est comme les veuves gypt . The p ssage which “ ille r M . Na v e a nd renders , Is ael is d stroyed , hath no ” d ve r wiist e t posterity , is translate Israel ist und seine

1 Re c u e il t om . 3 , xx . p . 6 .

E I R E OR I I R 1 06 TH I S AAR , S AAL E

. o like , but on the other hand the pro fs adduced by Prof. Spie gelber g make it tolerably certain that his rendering Israel hath been ravaged and his crops destroyed 1 t is the correct one . We mus now consider the name “ ” I sir aa re I sir aa le h , or , w ich is rendered Israel . It is clear from the determinatives at the end of the word that w e have to deal with the name of a people of

“ “ ” foreign race, for the sign Imeans alien or foreign,

a nd and the man ST the woman $9, and the plural sign I i Ind cate a large number of men and women . The fact that all the other places mentioned with I sir aa le have the determinative of foreign country (if) placed aft er each of them emphasizes its omission in t he case

I sir aa re or I siraa le of , which has a group of determina “ ” ti y es meaning foreign p e opl e placed after it only ; this may indicate that the I sir aa re ~ or I sir aa le people no had country , and were nomads , but in that case how did they come to have crops which could be de s troyed ? The question of the identiﬁcation of this people with the children of Israel seems to depend on what View Is k in ta en as to the period which the Exodus happened .

If the Exodus took place in the reign of Amen - he t e p

‘ r e III ., a matte which will be referr d to later on, the Children of Israel would by the time Me ne phtha h began to reign have obtained some position among the tribes

1 This vie w is a l s ot a k e b M a s e r o w hot r a sla t e s t h e or d s n y p , n w , ’ I r il u r n l d r i e His t . An t om ii s a o e s t a é e t e a . a . . s a p u s g n ,

4 3 . p . 6 TH E I S I RAARE O R I S I RAAL E O , 7

' P C e of alestine and anaan , and they may ven have acquire d land in sufﬁcient quantity to justify the king of Egypt in mentioning their name with the names of

The he nnu K . countries like , heta, etc But if the Exodus took place in the reign of Me ne phtha h the

’ I siraa r e I sir aa le , or , cannot be , in the writer s opinion ,

d l u i entiﬁed with the children of Israe , beca se according to the Hebrew tradition as preserved in the Bible the

for ie latter wandered about in the desert forty years , . . , for a period which was longer than the whole of the Me ne htha h a nd did ff reign of p , they not e ect a settle

u n . M r me t in Palestine ntil some time later oreove , to assign to the fugitives from Egypt a position among the nations which would make them to be worthy of mention side by side with those like the Kheta a nd the Thehe nnu is to give them an importance which they

‘ ‘ w ould never possess in the eyes even of the w rit e r of

- ﬂown a high composition , such as that which appears

’ Me ne hth a h on the stele usurped by p . The composi tion has no real historical importance , as we may see from the fact that the writer of the text, after declaring L to that the ibyans were destroyed , goes on say that “ ” the Kheta have been brought to a state of peace ; the reader of this statement who was ignorant of the true history of the period would imagine that Mene

ht ha h t p had reduced the Kheta , butKwe know tha he did not , and that the peoples of the heta country had w A force d Rameses II . to be at peace ith them . mong “ c the last words on the stele we read , Syria hath be ome 1 08 B OASTE D CON QU E STS OF M E NE PHTHAH l as the widows of Egypt , by which we shou d expect the writer to mean us to unde rstand that Syria had been reduced to a state of misery of the most abject

bu t u n character , when we notice that he is making a p ” “ ” d Kha r kha r t on the wor s , Syria , and , widows , it is natural to doubt if the words have really that meaning

d s . u n at all The p is probably an old one , and ate XVI I I th from the early part of the Dynasty , and the writer was clearly more anxious to use it than to report a

. F mere historical fact inally , all that can be said for the

I siraa r e I siraa le r identiﬁcation ofthe , or , with the child en of Israel is the resemblance between the two names, and if it be accepted we must admit that the Israelites left

be or e Me ne hth a h Egypt f the reign of p , and were settled in Palestine at the time his inscription was written . The building operations of Me nephthah appear to have been considerable, especially in the Delta, where he repaired the old frontier fortresses and built new n d o es , no oubt with the idea of keeping strict watch u pon the various peoples who went in and out

e . H from Egypt e built larg ly at Tanis , where he

XI I th a nd t wo usurped a number of Dynasty statues ,

so- l H . ca led yksos sphinxes, etc , and he carried on H Me h A repairs at eliopolis , mp is , and bydos , and his name is found upon many buildings on both banks of the N b m ile at The es , where any works were carried d H n out by his comman s . e usurped some of the gra ite

sphinxes , an obelisk , etc . , which had been set up by

- e te Thothme s Amen h p III . and III . , and as far as can

’

. 30 I I O D I SCOVE RY OF M E NE PHTHAH S M U M M Y [ B . C 1 0

a nd and the horsemen, all the host of Pharaoh that came into the sea after them ; there remained not so ”

v v . 27 much as one of them ( , There is nothing in this passage to indicate t hat Pharaoh was pursuing the I n Israelites n perso , or that he was drowned as a

the u result . When great ha l of Royal mummies

m Dér a l - i 1 881 was ade at Bahar in , and the mummy of Me ne phtha h was found not to be among w them , the belief that he had been dro ned with his six hundred chosen captains of chariots was . n O o conﬁrmed i the pini n of many . It will be remem 1 898 M bered that early in . Loret reported the dis c ov r - he t e Thothme s e y of the tombs of Amen p II . and

III . at Thebes , and that in the tomb of the former king a number of royal mummies were found . Later M in the year . Loret read a paper in Cairo at the

‘ E tie n sc ove r Institut gyp on his di y , and dealt with the _ identiﬁcations of the mummies which he had found ; the mummies were declared by him to be those of Thothme s

I V Ame n- he t e I II i - he t e S a - . , p , Set II . , Amen p IV . , Ptah,

V . Rameses IV ., Rameses , and Rameses VI. The dis c ove r y was an important one , but it was a remarkable thing to ﬁnd the mummy of the heretic king Khu - e u Aten carefu lly stowed away with the mummies of his n orthodox father and grandfather and descenda ts , all A of whom worshipped and adored the god men , whom he scoffed at and abominated ; in fact it was hardly credible that the priests of Ame n should have taken the pains to save the body of thei r old enemy from the ’ D I SCOVE RY OF M E NE PH THAH S M U M M Y 1 1 1

wreckers of mummies and the robbers of tombs . Soon after the reading of the p a pe r an examination of the hieratic characters which were supposed to represent

- - f hu e u A . . the name of K ten was made by Mr W Grof , and he bec ame convinced that they ha d b e en misread

M . L by oret , who, instead of transcribing them by a

‘ 1 N ‘M N ‘ t ra nsc ribe d the m ’ had by l ﬂ ggﬁ

W W “ O In other words , he had , 1 (ﬂ

’ f - u - of M . G K e according to r ro f, read hu Aten instead

B a - e n- Ra a nd the Am , had identiﬁed as mummy of en

- - n Me ne htha h . e t e . e h p IV , or Khu Aten , the mummy of p

v M . G ff d The iews of r ro provoked iscussion , and on

1 1 0 r F 0 9 0 MM . M D a e ss ebruary , , aspero , y, and Brugsch Bey specially examined the writing on the wrappings of the mummy with the view of deciding m s oimportant a atter ; later they were joined by MM . Lie ble in B issin L , von g, ange , and others , and these sa'vants came to the conclusion that the mummy

w a s - e n- B a - e n- Ra ie not that of Khu Aten but of , . . ,

Me ne htha h Ra me se s I I p , the son of . , and brother of

a - - Ua st the famous magician Kh em , in fact , the king of Egypt who has been styled generally the “ Pharaoh ” 1 of the Exodus . Thanks to the courtesy of Brugsch l 1 900 Bey the writer a so was allowed in January, , to

examine the writing on the wrappings of the mummy , d ff and he has no oubt that Mr . Gro is right and that n M . Loret is wro g .

1 S R u e il t om 4 e e e c . . 22 om . t . ii , xx p ; xx . p . 1 3 6 . CHAPTER II .

TH E E O F RAEL E F M E X DUS O THE IS IT S RO GYPT .

I N connexion w ith the reign of M e ne phtha h must be x mentioned the great E odus of Israel from Egypt , because many of the greatest Egyptologists think that this remarkable event in the history of the Hebrews O took place at this period . f the Israelites and their r Exodus from Egypt we have , besides the nar ative in 1 the Bible , several short accounts by various writers , l and a longer, more detai ed statement on the subject A by Josephus . ccording to this last writer a king of Egypt called Amenophis was d esirous of beholding the 2 O d gods , as rus , one of his predecessors in the king om, ha d A seen them . nd he communicated his desire to a A priest of the same name as himself, menophis , the son of Papis , who seemed to partake of the divine

his d u nature , both in wisdom and knowle ge of f turity ; A I and menophis returned him answer, that it was n his power to behold the gods , if he would cleanse the

1 h e ill b e fou c olle c t e d in Cor Anc i nt F r a m T w nd , e e nts y y g ,

Lo d o 1 83 2 . 1 83 . n n , , p 2 u o fr om Cor o . c it . 1 6 . I q t e y , p , p . 7

I I 4 jos E P H U S ON THE E XOD U S

Os a r si h o b name was p , and they b und themselves y

o Osa r si h h oath that they would be bedient . p t en , in

ﬁ r e u the st place , nacted this law, that they sho ld of neither worship the gods, nor abstain from any those sacred animals which the Egyptians hold in

ﬁ a nd t veneration , but sacri ce slay them all ; and hat they should connect themselves with none but s uch

r as we e of that confederacy .

m a d e ' su c h When he had laws as these , and many others of a tendency directly in opposition to the

v custom of the Egyptians, he ga e orders that they

‘ should employ the multitudes of hands in rebuildinIg the walls about the city, and hold themselves n d A rea iness for war with menophis the king . He then took into his counsels some others of the priests a nd unclean persons ; a nd sent ambassadors h to the city called Jerusalem , to those Shep erds who had been expelled by Te thmosis ; and he info rmed t ff hem of the position of their a airs , and requested them to come up unanimously to his assistance in this war against Egypt . He also promised in the ﬁrst place to reinstate them in their ancient city and A country varis, and to provide a plentiful maintenance for their host, and ﬁght for them as occasion might

u req ire , and assured them that he would easily reduce the country under their dominion . The Shepherds t l received his message with the greatest joy , and quick y

u mustered to the number of men , and came p i n A . N A to var s ow menophis the ki g of Egypt, when JO SE P H US O N TH E E XOD US 1 1 5 he r was informed of their invasion, was in g eat con st e rna tion n A h , rememberi g the prophecy of menop is , A the son of Papis . nd he assembled the armies of the

Egyptians , and having consulted with the leaders, he d comman ed the sacred animals to be brought to him , especially those which were held in more particu lar veneration in the temples , and he forthwith charged the priests to conceal the images of their god s with

M S e thos the utmost care . oreover , he placed his son ,

a lsoc a lle d his Ra m se s who was Ramesses from father p , being then but ﬁve years old , under the protection of a faithful adherent ; and marched with the rest of the

Egyptians , being warriors, against the enemy

“ who advanced to meet him ; but he did not atta ck m s the , thinking it would be to wage Mwar again t the gods , but returned , and came again to emphis , where he took Apis and the other sacred animals he had sent

e for, and retreat d immediately into Ethiopia with all his ns army, and all the multitude of the Egyptia ;

u e for the king of Ethiopia was nd r obligations to him . H n who e was therefore kindly received by the ki g ,

the took care of all multitude that was with him , while the country supplied what was necessary for their subsistence . He also allotted to him cities and villages during his exile , which was to continue from n n iMts begi ni g during the predestined thirteen years . oreover, he pitched a camp for an Ethiopian army upon the borders of Egypt a s a protection to king A menophis . 1 1 6 JO S E P H U S ON THE E XOD U S

n w i the of In the mea time , h le such was state things in Ethiopia, the people of Jerusalem , who had

the fol n come down with unclean k of the Egyptia s ,

the treated inhabitants with such barbarity , that those who witnessed their impieties believed that their joint sway was more execrable than that which the Shepherds had formerly exercised alone . For they

n l bu t not o ly set ﬁre to the cities and vi lages, com mitt e d of a nd every kind sacrilege, destroyed the o images of the gods , and roasted and fed up n those sacred animals that were worshipped ; and having compelled the priests and prophets tokill and sacriﬁce them , they cast them naked out of the country . It is o said also that the priest, who ordained their p lity and H his laws , was by birth of eliopolis, and name Osa rsi h wa s O i H p derived from sir s , the god of eliopolis ; but that when he went over to these people his name

Mo ' l w a s n a nd he se s . cha ged, was called y r The above story reported by Josephus has no historical value , for it is based upon an imperfect know ledge of the facts of Egyptian history . It represents

the - e t e that famous architect and sage Amen h p , who in is a historical personage , and who ﬂourished the

- h e t e . he reign of Amen p III , told the king that if wished to see the gods he must expel the “ lepers ” from the country ; whether these men were actually d lepers , or whether the word is employed to escribe

b e them as a term of abuse , cannot said . The king

1 A io os e h u s n i. 2 . J p , p , 6

1 1 8 TH E E XOD U S I N TH E XV I I TH DYNASTY

of over, the details the story reported by Josephus do

the e of not agree with d tails the Bible narrative, and it M 1 n is clear that anetho s describi g one event , while the writer of the Book of Exodus is describing another . Elsewhere Josephus himself connects the expulsion of the Hyksos by the Egyptians with the Exodus of the

Israelites , but here also his remarks are equally with ou t he H historical value , for assumes that the yksos

e H were the anc stors of the ebrews , and with character istic boastfulness att e mpts to make his readers believe that among the ancestors of the Hebrews we re the H n o n yksos ki gs of Egypt who, acc rdi g to the passage

’ which he professes t o quote verbatim from . Manetho s

to r his ry, reigned over that count y for about ﬁve d hun red and eleven years . An examination of the facts derived from the

Egyptian monuments shows that _ a vast number of t people , probably Semites , were expelled from the Del a XVII th at the close of the Dynasty , and that the proce ss of the expulsion went on vigorously under the reigns of the ﬁrst three or four kings of the XVI I I th Dynasty ; thus there must have been on several occa o of C n si ns an exodus Semites , or at least of anaa ites , f o O n r m Egypt . f this great series of forced emigratio s traditions no doubt rem a ined among the Canaanitish P H tribes of alestine and , when the ebrews had occupied the o in of country, were very p ssibly, the process time , incorporated by the H e b rew annalists in their account th of e emigration of their own ancestors from Egypt . H YKSO S CON FO U N D E D W ITH TH E I S RAE L ITE S 1 1 9

Of this earlier stratum of the Biblical narrative traces may yet be identiﬁed . This theory is rendered more probable by the fact that the Egyptians undoubtedly identHiﬁed the Israelitish Exodus with thMe expulsion of the yksos the Egyptian history of anetho , when appealed to by Josephus for ~ informa tion from Egyptian

x sources concerning the E odus of the Israelites, can t x d H only ell him of the E o us of the yksos , confused with a later story of an exodus of foreigners which

M e ne hthah i ﬁ took place in the reign of p , who is denti ed

- h A e t e . with men p III , under whom lived the great

- e t e Pa - a magician Amen h p, the son of H pu, who appears in the story . We thus see that the Egyptians, accord t o M n ing the version of a etho as quoted by Josephus , confused the tradHitions of two distinct events ; the Expulsion of the yksos, for which they had historical documents as proof, and which therefore seemed more

‘ important to them , and the Exodus of the Israelites , i of wh ch was not mentioned on their monuments , and

r which they, if we may trust the nar ative of Josephus ,

s po sessed a confused legend . It is , therefore, very probable that similarly in the Exodus legend of the Hebrews we have a faint reminiscence of the expulsion of the Hyksos as ‘ well as a strange tradition of the events which accompanied their oWn Emigration from n the land of Goshe . The Egyptian version of the name of the legendar y

k n - i. e . m he t e O a r i h e . s s i g , , A en p III , whom p drov no into Ethiopia , under whom such event as the 1 2 0 AN E GY PTIAN TRAD ITI O N OF TH E E XOD U S l Exodus can have taken p ace , renders it very probable , as has been seen above , that the Israelitish emigra

Me ne htha h tion really took place under p , whose name

u t - he t e was easily conf sed wi h Amen p . The existence of an obscure Egyptian tradition that the Exodus

Me ne htha h took place under p is thus indicated . This supposition agrees with the views of the greater number of the Egyptologists who have

t Me ne htha h discussed the subjec , and p is very commonly considered to have been the Pharaoh of the

Exodus , which will thus have taken place about 1 2 0 B . C . 7 , about four hundred years after the expulsion w l of the Hyksos . This vie is entire y supported by the of narrative the Book of Exodus , as we shall see .

From this we gather that the Israelites were - pressed

e ie l c or vé . into the , , they were compel ed to perform a certain amount of physical labour in connexion with the public works which the king of Egypt had ordered

d u to be carrie out . C riously enough the work was not in connexion with the maintenance of the banks of the Nile during the period of the inundation of the l n river , but with the erection of some wall or bui di g , for the gangs of Israelite s were compelled to make so

a many bricks per d y . The Egyptians made the lives “ d of the Israelites bitter with hard bon age, in morter, “ v and in brick , and in all manner of ser ice in the ﬁ e ld :all th e ir ser vice wherein they mad e them E i serve , was with rigour ( xod . . Therefore they did set over them taskmasters to afﬂict them

1 2 2 TH E STO RE CITI E S P ITH O M AND RAAM SE S of employing foreign captives or aliens was inaugurated

Thothme s by III . , who employed them largely on the works connected with the great templ e of Amen - Ré at

Thebes ; the example which he se t - was followed by his

r successors , so we cannot identify the opp essor king by

n of ou his employme t captive or alien lab r . We touch ﬁrm ground in the statement that the Israelites built

for P t m haraoh treasure ci ies, Pitho and Raamses , for the names of these cities are we ll known from the o o hier glyphic inscripti ns , and their sites have been 1 M v o i a ille . identiﬁed by . N with c ns derable success

n of P of Pa The ame ithom is , course , the Egyptian

[ T] o. a Pe r A t e mt ns ]: (or , , ﬁ gm 69 69 “ ie . . , the house of the god Tem this was sit u ate d in the district called in the insc rl ptions E 3 2 3 Q Thu ku Thu kut or , or 69, which lay g; e a U 6 w

‘ a i Tumilat at the eastern end of the W d , and is “ e d A a l marked by the ruins call by the rabs , Tell

khﬁt a M a ville “ a s . N M Here . found a number of of strong chambers , well built mud bricks , which he considers to have been used for storing grain and provisions for those who were about to make a journey A n ho into the rabian desert, or as a stro g ld wherein to keep the tribut e which was brought from Syria and Palestine into Egypt until such time as it could be

of r r As o o e disposed in the ordina y manne . n thing ld r

1 Th t - it o t he Rou te o the E xod u s S e e e S ore c y f Pi hom a nd t f ,

Lond o 1 885 . n , Z OAN O R TAN S 1 2 , I 3

than the time of Rameses II . has been found at Pithom we may reasonably assume that he was the

l - it bui der of the city ; is , of course , possible that on b there was an older city the site efore his time , but even so it was Rameses II . who built the strong city which has been made known to us by

a re its ruins . Thus , as we told in the Bible that the Israelites built Pithom for the Pharaoh of the oppression , and as we know from the monuments dis

e b Na ville cover d y M . that Rameses built Pithom at

Q Q th “ i e e . mouth of the East, , . , the I IJ frontier city on the east of Goshen m which the

Israelites had their abode, we get a tolerably clear idea that the Pharaoh who had the Israelit es forced into the

’ c or ve e was none other than Rameses II . But the Bible also tells us that the Israelites b uilt the

“ ” ‘ treasure city of Raamses , and this city can be no other n Z S a A than Ta is, the oan of the Bible , the n of rabic I a E writers , and the Sekhet Tch , M“"J I , or M h Tc ha nt or Tc ha rt Sek et , , , IIIIII a & 3 n of the hieroglyphic inscriptions . We may ote in “ " passing that the word s ﬁe ld of Zoan in Psalm 1 2 43 l lxxviii . , , are the exact equiva ent of the han t “ S Tc e i. e . F Egyptian name ekhet , , ield of ” Tc ha ne t w Z . That the Hebre s regarded oan as a very old city is proved by the fact that it is noted in 2 “ N . 2 H umbers xiii , that ebron was built seven years 1 2 4 HI STO RY OF TAN I S

Z T before oan in Egypt . The city of anis was an e xceedingly old one , and the monuments of Pepi I . which have been found there prove that it was of considerable size and great importance in the VI th

B 823 3 T C . . Dynasty, about . The history of anis is a

‘ t he XI Ith chequered one, but great kings of the and XI I I th n t Dy asties buil largely there, and many of . them set up cHolossal statues of themselves in the famous temple the yksos kings established themselves there , and usurped the sphinxes and other monuments of their predecessors which they found in the place . Seti I . was the ﬁrst of the kings of the New Empire who seems to have perceived the great strategic importance of the city to the Egl yptians if they wished to maintain their hold upon Pa estine, and it was he who brought it into a state of comparative prosperity after a long period of XVI I I th neglect by the kings oHf the Dynasty , who, associating it with the yksos kings, would do nothing whatsoever for it . Rameses II . , following the example I of his father Seti . , thought highly of the importance

T l . H of anis , and did a great dea to restore the city e

u repaired the old temples and reb ilt parts of them , he

‘ ﬁ l m e ve r a rt forti ed the wa ls , and ade y p of its defences

a nd n strong, he laid out gardens , and either fou ded or r e - u A fo nded a temple there in honour of the gods men,

P H S u t e kh d tah, armachis , and , and , in fact, ma e it his

capital city . He usurped large numbers of statues and other monuments which had been set up by his pre

d e c e ssors din his , and by ad g new ones of own here ,

1 2 6 O S E P H AS E NATH AN D P OTI P HAR J , torun eventually from the middle of the Delta to the

Re d Sea . In both these undertakings a vast amount of

u u human labo r would be req ired , and it would be of that kind which made the lot of the Israelites unbear d able . Thus there seems to be no oubt that the period of greatest Oppression described in the Book of Exodus fell in the reign of Rameses II . , and that the works wherein the Israelites toiled were in connexion with the rebuilding of the city of Tanis and the founding of

- r Pa P . ma the f ontier fortress of Temu , or ithom We y see , however, that although the Biblical account points to the period of the XI Xth Dynasty as the time when

u fﬁ the Exod s took place , there are di culties in it I n which cannot altogether be explained away . the opening verses of t he ﬁrst chapter of Exodu s we are

a ll n told that Joseph died , and his brethre , and all his generation , and that a new king arose who knew not Joseph and who oppressed Israel ; we are clearly intended to u nderstand that the oppression and the r ’ d Exodus took place afte Joseph s eath . But we learn 45 G . from enesis xli , that the Pharaoh who raised Joseph to a high position of trust in his kingdom

Za hna th - a a ne a h called him p p , and gave him to wife A O senath , the daughter of Potipherah , priest of n .

N Za hna th- Pa a ne ah ow the name p is , undoubtedly, the : equivalent of the Egyptian g Q)BKk I@ S a e b t - a - - au f- s“ a i. e . LI" f ﬁ , T e p neter nkh , ,

he The god spake , and Joseph)came into life , TH E DATE OF THE E XOD U S

t which , owing to the dropping of the letters and r in

u - a - - au f- q ick pronunciation became Tche p nete ankh .

This name , however, is not found in the Egyptian i inscr ptions, though it is clearly imitated from names

Tc he t which are composed in this manner, e . g . Ptah ” au f- Tc he t ankh , Ptah spake and he came into life , “ - au f- e Amen ankh , Amen spake and he came into lif , A h etc . The name senat is probably the Egyptian

“ ie N N . . N ’ es et, , belonging to eith , Q ﬂ c) and Potipherah is undoubtedly D M K k

- Ré e Ra Pe t a a . . . p , i , the gift of But all these names belong to classes of names of the XXI Ind and XXVI th 1 l Dynasties , and are not found ear ier in the inscriptions , and we must therefore assign the ﬁrst few 45 ' verses of the Book of Exodus and Genesis xli . to a much later period than the story of the Exodus given in the Bible . The d ate of Exodus and the line of the route which was followed by the Children of Israel on their d epar ture from Egypt have given rise to endless discussions and theories , none of which , however , explain away the n difﬁculties of the Bible arrative . We have already

t he B 1 . C . 27 0 said that Exodus took place about , but

B C other dates which have been proposed for it are . .

B . 1 33 5 1 3 1 4; . C L and , the former by epsius , and the M latter by Dr . ahler, who declares that it took place

1 e i Z its h i ol nd or ff A t s c he e c r v . x x u S e e S t e i v . 1 8 , gyp ﬁ , 89 pp . , ,

41 42 . , 1 2 8 TH E RO UTE or TH E I S RA E L ITE S on 2 h B 1 t o. 3 7 M 35 . O . Thursday the of arch , f Dr

’ M r M M P . ahler s date , of arti says , ahler assigns the

2 th M 1 3 3 5 B 7 C . Exodus to the arch , . , which was a o Thursday, because f urteen days before that day

there occurred a central solar eclipse . This calcula tion rests on Talmudic data that assign the d arkness

n 1 0 21 1 st . . N mentio ed in Ex , to the of isan , and

d a 1 5 of explain that that y, and therefore also the th

n . 1 0 22 N . . isa , was a Thursday In Ex , indeed, we r ead of a darkness of three days but Mahler argues

o v 22 that this n te of duration really belongs not to . ,

c 23 m but to . and is meant si ply to explain how intense and terrifying was the impression which the darkness produced on the inhabitants of Egypt o ’ so that no one dared for three days to leave his h use .

rbit a r Ge n 1 5 5 ff u a . It is j st as y to assume in . . an eclipse enabling Abraham to count the stars before

sunset, and then to use the eclipse for ﬁxing the date ” 1 n e w of the cove ant . The Israelit s, we kno , were

G ie the living in oshen , . . , in a portion of Delta and of the Wadi Tﬁmilat which lies between Za kaz ik on the n B e lbés Pha rb a e thu s orth , , probably the ancient , on

a l - K i the the south , and the modern Tell eb r on east , and we know that they set out on their way eastwards n a i T milat Two alo g the W d ﬁ . ways were open to m of the , one went by way Tanis and then led to the M n S h editerra ean and thence to yria, and the ot er

a going e stwards passed through the district of Rameses ,

1 olo in E B ibl i ol 8 on nc . . c . 5 A r t Chr . . gy , y , 7 .

1 3 0 E THAM AN D M I GDO L

“ Z through the ﬁeld of oan to a fortress , called in

Q Khe t e m Egyptian , 2 egg, which he identiﬁes with

“ M d i e Etham ; they then journey past ig ol , . . , the M d Pe lu siu m w a ig ol near , and make their y by some

t he Sirbonia n - ha hiroth road near great Bog past Pi , which Brugsch here regards as the equivalent of the “ ” ‘ d e i nia n gulfs or pits (Tct s pa pa )of the S rbo Bog . The route here sketched is pretty well that which was in common use by travellers from Egypt to Syria and

‘ vic e ver s ct t e , but the Israeli es were sp cially commanded

h s not to use t at road, the obviou reason being that the fu gitives would have marched straight into the line of fortresses which the Egyptians maintained along their

- eastern and north eastern frontiers, which it was their

e . M object to avoid or over, it does not follow that Etham is the equivalent of the Egyptian word a “ i e e Q r ] , . . , fortress and ven if it did , we do “ not know w hic h fortress is refe rred to ; and in like m n “ M ” “ ” a ner with igdol , which also means fortress “ ” or strong place , and which is the equivalent of the

F mcikthd r e Egyptian K ; I[I j"f j , we know “ w hic h M d is t not ig ol indica ed, for there was more M than one igdol both in Egypt andl in SyrGia . Taken together, the known facts about the and of oshen and the land of Rameses indicate that the passage of the “ Red Sea ” was not made either as far north as any r L Me nz a le h u a nd po tion of ake or as far south as S ez , that whatever water was crossed by them, be it lake or “ ” LA KE TI M s AH TH E S E A O F RE E D s 1 3 1

se a u r be it , was sit ated at no g eat distance from the

r é di Tumilat h eastern pa t of the W . T ere is no evide nce to show that the Red Sea and the Me dit e r r a ne a n w o Sea ere c nnected by means of a series of lakes , k or swamps , or lagoons , when the Exodus too place , and it is far more reasonable t obelieve that the Israelites crossed over into the desert by means of a passage L a through some part of ake Tims h , which is relatively l a i umilat quite c ose to the eastern end of the W d T ,

‘ b thr ou h t he Re d than y a passage g Sea itself. The narrative of the Book of Exodus calls the wa ter which “ “ Ya m h i e Sﬁ . . the Israelites crossed p , , the sea of ” to reeds, a name which they would never have given the sea in general ; and there is no doubt that they called the water by that name beca u se it was of great extent, and because it contained reeds . This fact points L a “ ” to ake Tims h as the sea of reeds, because being fe d in from the Nile reeds would grow it in abundance . ” The application of the name sea of reeds to the Re d

Sea was a blunder made by later writers who , knowing

the S nothing about geography of the Isthmus of uez, as s oon as they heard or read that the Israelites had passed over a vast stretch of water, assumed that that water was the Re d Sea because they knew not of the existence of any other in that part of the world .

O ut f the theories p forward in recent , years on the

u bu t Exod s a few are new, many are either modiﬁcations r of old ones, or the old ones themselves esuscitated ; both

old a re w w new and , ho ever, usually put for ard by men who have nocompe tent knowledge either of the district ’ 1 NA L E 3 2 M . V I L S PROPOS E D ROUTE

t n i b which they are at empti g to d scuss or descri e, or of n the conditions under which the eve ts related took place . It is also futile to argue that the Misr a im out of which

Israel came is not Egypt , but some country to the east

- a rc ha e o or north east of it , for all the evidence of an logical character which has beencollected during the last few years points to the fact that Misr a im in the

Exodus narrative means Egypt and Egypt only . The views on the subject of Goshen 1 and the route of the

a ville Exodus which M . N has enunciated during the last w few years are orthy ofcareful attention, for they are based on the fir st - hand knowledge derived from the results of i a i Tfimilat the excavations wh ch he made in the W d , where he was so fortunate as to discover the store - city P H of ithom . e has treated the subject of the Exodus and the identifications of t he cities mentioned in the

n i e Bible arrat ve with common sens and moderation , and he has not overstated the facts from which he has n d rawn his deductio s . In the present state of Egypto “ logic al knowledge it is impossible to settle the

ﬁ dif culties which beset the Exodus question , but the w present riter, who has gone over the routes proposed ill D M . N a v e both by and Sir William awson, thinks that, if the matter is to be considered from a practical

n t he sta dpoint , only possible way for the Israelites to escape quickly into the Etham d esert was by a passage across Lake Timsah ; on their route after they had f n crossed he o fers no opi ion .

1 Th tor e - c it o Pithom a nd the Rou te o t he E xo u s Lo d o e S y f f d , n n ,

1 85 os hen Lo d o 1 887 . 8 ; G , n n ,

1 B U L D G O F E 1 B .C. 1 3 4 I I N S S TI 1 . [ 266

n “ C ’ A commo ly called leopatra s Needles . t Karnak he

built a small sandstone temple in the north - east angle of the court between the First and Second Pylons it

contained three sanctuaries, which were dedicated to

- Ra Mu t Khe nsu O Amen , , and respectively . n the walls are scenes in which the king is repr esented in worshipp g these gods . He appears to have made

Th e Te m e a t L x or Vi w r m th e o t h - w e st p l u . e f o S u .

Fr om a h ot o r a h b A B e a t o L x or p g p y . , u . some of the sphinxes which were placed before the

- h A e t e . L great temple of men p III at uxor, but it is very doubtful if he built or repaired all the temple b l 011 w a m t o e d ui dings hich he c used his na e be inscrib . His name occurs on monuments as far south as Abﬁ S w n imbel , here it is fou d on one of the four colossal

e r statu s in f ont of the temple of Rameses II . Seti II . B .C. 1 266 M B o 1 1 ] TO r S E TI . 5 built for himself a tomb in the Valley of the Tombs of

the Kings of Thebes , wherein , presumably , he was

w a s u buried, but as his mummy fo nd in the tomb of

- e t e 1 898 e Amen h p II . in , it must have b en removed there for safety in the troubled times which came upon XXth D Egypt at the end of the ynasty . The tomb con

n u sists of three long corridors , two recta g lar chambers ,

the second having in it four square pillars, and a n l d sa ctuary . The wa ls of the corri ors and chambers are decorated with scenes and texts from the “ Book of ” “ ” t he P B a T raises of , and the Book of the uat, and with scenes representing the king worshipping the

d n At e nd go s and holdi g converse with them . the of the tomb are two large fragments of the sa r c Opha gus 1 the of Seti II . ; the cover was in form of a cartouche .

t he A In reign of Seti II . the scribe Anna or nnana, 6 /vw w x N w m 0 , either made a copy or com jg k 251 “ ” 3 posed the famous Tale of the Two Brothers , which has formed the subject of many disc u ssions and com d ments . The ﬁrst part of the story eals with t wo

v brothers, the one married , and the other not , who li e

1 For a fu ll d e s c r ipt ion of t h e t om b s e e Cha m pollion Notic es , , i 459— 4 3 a nd t om . . pp . 6 , 808 . 2 The oth e r s c r ib e s m e nt ione d in th e c olophon t ot h e p a py r u s a r e :k ﬂ a JE Tg $ 115. RM 3 Fo i r t u r o r t he l t e a e s e e M a s e r Cont es 3 4 . Th p , , pp . , e t a le w a s

r t t r sl a t e d E . d ﬁ s a n b y e Roug e. C. 1 2 6 1 3 6 TH E TA L E OF TH E TW O B ROTH E RS [ B . 6

oc c u in the same house, and are engaged in the same

ion i th d e a t e . e p , . . , farming The wife of el r brother attempts t o seduce the you nger brothe r when he returns alone one day to the homestead to obtain a

bu t fresh supply of corn , he resists her and goes back h . M t e e to his work eanwhile wife makes hers lf ill, and when her husband comes home in the evening he ﬁ no nds ﬁre lit , no supper ready , and his wife lying

sick and prostrate . The husband rushes out to slay his u brother, who has been acc sed by the wife of i making a v olent attack upon her , but the younger b ’ rother, being warned of his brother s coming by

one of the cows , takes to ﬂight, and is pursued by n him the furious husba d who wishes to slay . When

the younger brother is almost caught the S u n- god causes a riv e r to come into being between the pursu er

n s and the pursued , and the you ger man succeed in n maki g the elder believe that he is innocent , and

e d e mutilates himself. The l er broth r now becomes

f his urious with his wife , and having gone back to

house seizes her and cuts her in pieces , which he d of throws to the ogs . The second part the story is in

l e n rea ity quit i dependent of the ﬁrst , and we need not

e t concern ours lves abou it here . It has often been stated that the story of the younger brother Batau and th e wicked wife is nothing more than the story of

oe the P J s ph and wicked wife of otiphar, but beyond the fact that the two women appear t o have made use

of much the same words, there is probably no more

1 3 8 TITL ES O F AM E N - M E S E S

’ n His m wa s in Kar ak and Luxor). mother s na e

“ e moth r, royal mother, great lady, and his wife , the ” o the the r yal spouse , great one , lady of the two lands, but whether he obtained any claim to the throne H through his mother or wife seems very doubtful . e probably usurped the throne in the troubled times l w Me ne htha h which fol o ed the reign of p , when , as we

n e shall see later, there was no central gover m nt to

ff r o of - control a airs . In an insc ipti n Amen meses , L 1 “ published by epsius , he is called beautiful god , son

d e n ie of Amen , ivine essenc comi g forth from his ( . . ’ a Amen s)members , august child of Her set apart ” for N t fair sovereignty in the or h land , and the story adds that Isis nursed him in the city of Khe bit to be ” 2 n An M d e d . . pri ce . relying on this statement, E

B o n Khe bit ugé decided that the ki g was born in , a 3 u A M city sit ated in the nome of phroditopolis . But . M o ffe n aspero h lds a di re t view , which is probably the

l D k e h ma Zer iii. l . 201 0. , p

i ” 0 h ll fIm m 1 ? § im Q PE RM/ Ml w z l e ﬁ l k IRH IQI R I IHQO TA Q

tele E t ie nne P a r is 1 858 . 1 85 . Et u d e su r u ne S gyp , , , p 2 - B . C. 1 50] TO M B O F AM E N M E S E S 1 3 9

one o correct , that these w rds are not intended to be taken in a literal but in a mythological sense, and that they indicate that the king was not intended from d his birth to ascend the throne , in other wor s , that he n A was not of royal desce t . somewhat similar thing is 1 Thothme s in n said of III . , who an i scription relates

‘ the great gifts which the gods ha d bestowed u pon “ s a m him, and goes on to y that he was e anation ” An- mu t - f H in Khe bit of , and was like the child orus ,

‘ ’ QD N MHE RQQRRARN RI ; Dr Brugsch argued from these words that the king lt of had been banished to the marshy country , difﬁcu him access, so as to remove from the sight of his faithful subjects and to destroy all remembrance of him But they meant nothing of the kind, and were merely intended to convey to the reader the fact t d H tha the king i entiﬁed himself with orus , whose b powers and attri utes he assumed in consequence .

Amen - meses carried out some repairs on the temple at M i H w ed net abu, here his name is found with those of “ ” S H - - e b eti I . and eru em h as a restorer of monuments ; in some places at Thebes he seems to have usurped

u b ildings , and his name appears where it has no right of to be . He built a tomb at Thebes in the Valley

a nd the Tombs of the Kings (No . he and his mothe r a nd wife we r e buri e d in it ; t he tomb consists

1 M a r ie t t e Kd omd k l . 1 6 . , , p 2 E t u nd er the P ha ra ohs v ol . 1 . 3 83 . gyp , p. - B C 1 250 40 TH E RE IGN OF S A PTAH [ . .

of three corridors , the ﬁrst of which has a small

O n the chamber peni g out of it, and two chambers ,

u second having in it four sq are pillars . The ﬁrst chamber contains scenes in which his mother is making f h of erings to the gods , and the second scenes in whic n his wife is maki g adoration to various deities . Some of the pictures on the walls are also found among the series of vignettes which illustrate the text of the XVI I th Chapter of the Theban Recension of the B ook

o the D e a d f .

EA- K HU - E N- SETE r - EN- RA S A- TAH , son of the Sun , P

MER - E N- TAH P .

S A - PTAH w as , who undoubtedly the

m - successor of A en meses , appears to have owe d his claim to the throne of Egypt to the fact of his marriage with the lady Ta

a h inscription at Sahal dated in the “ ‘ﬁr st year of the king ’ s reign we see the Prince

K H l - - E M R H E F I T,

t h e Hor us na m of 0 e K e i kne e ll n W of ush called S t , g S “ .

in adoration before car touches of the i A a k ng , and a scene at sw n represents the king seated

d s upon his throne with this same Seti , who is e cribed “ on as a royal scribe, fanbearer the right hand of the

- 1 42 TO M B OF TA U S E RT [ B . C. 1 250

“ o u d ubtful . The royal son of K sh as a permanent ofﬁ cial in Nubia could make the Nubian tribes bring

' S a - t h e gifts , but that is all . P a se ms to have added

the nothing to great temples of Egypt , and though he depicted in reliefs at Silsila and at other places

n h Ne fe r - adori g the gods Amen , Pta , Sekhet, and Temu , such scenes are probably only commemorative of small

he in repairs which carried out . The k g does not seem to have built aKtomb for himself in the Valley of the Tombs of the ings at Thebes , and we must assume that his mummy wa s buried in the tomb of his wife Ta u se rt ; but it was removed during the disturbed times of the XXth Dynasty for safety to the tomb of Amen n i he t e . n 1 898 p II , for it was fou d there early . The

- u se rt 1 4 tomb of Queen Ta (No . )was made on the plan b usually adopted y royal personages , and consisted of three or fo u r corridors and a number of rectangular of chambers , the largest which contained eight square of pillars . The walls the chambers were decorated with scenes representing the queen in adoration before C various gods , and with texts from hapters cxlv . , clvi .,

B ook o the D e a d clvii . , clviii ., etc . , of the f . The tomb

- ne kht was usurped by Set , who plastered over most of the portraits of the queen which were on the walls , and who caused his own portrait to be drawn on the new plaster , together with his cartouches, titles, etc .

The remains of the funeral temples of Ta - u se rt and S a Ptah we re excavated by Professor Petrie in and

1 ize Te m l e s a t The b es Lo d o 1 89 . 1 3 ff la t e 22 S p , n n , 7 , p . , p B . C 1 2 . 50] AR S U TH E SYR IAN 1 43 the evidence which he obtained by deduction from the foundation deposits apparently supports that which had been long ago obtained from the Inscription of B a 1 - - e m- ne t e ru - A a meses kha Bai at sw n . The temple of

Ta - u se r t was situated between those of Me r - e n- Ptah

Thothme s the a - Pt-a h and IV . ; temple of S lies to the

- he t e north of the temple of Amen p II . Many of the foundation deposits and sandstone blocks are inscribed

the i n with names and t tles of the ki g, and many with “ those of the g reat chancellor who put an end to ” S a — h iniquity, and raised Pta to the throne of Egypt .

With the death of S a - Ptah the XIXth Dynasty came

r no to an end , and the e seemed to be man who had the t power to take in his hands the sceptre of Egyp , which was once more falling into a state of lawlessness and

r . A S r l Arsu ana chy bout this time a y ian ca led , 4 9 - 3 o Wlll t [ Q , IQ) 1 I$ of whom m re be said la er, succeeded in making himself master of a portion of

a nd m e Syria and Egypt , he co pell d several local chieftains toacknowledge his authority and to pay him tribute but for how long he continued to exercise his c illegal authority annot be said .

1 O Q H is a m e w a s sh or t e e d o B om r e n n t a n c pa I £3 I RE NE 1 44

HA C PTER III .

TWENTI ETH DY A TY N S .

RA- US R- K HAU - EX- S ETE P - EN- MEN- M ERI A , son of the Sun ,

ET- NE KE T- ME E - - M E E - M E S R R EA R R A N .

S a — b Ptah was succeeded y _ a king

SET- NE KHT NEKE T- SET called , or , who

seems to have been a relative, or con

ne xion Of by marriage , Rameses II ., but we have no evidence which will show how c lOse that relationship Or connexion

was . His reign must have been very

- ne kht short, and it is probable that Set was obliged to spend several years in conﬂict with the Syrian usurper Arsu and

his s f with own relative who , like himsel , were descended from the great kings of the XIXth

D the ynasty , before he could consider himself actual ruler of Egypt . We ﬁnd that he adopted a Horus n o name, but on account of the absence of i scripti ns

- 1 6 S E E K E B . C. 1 233 4 T N HT WITH RAM E S S III . [

and they made the country to be what it ought to be , A and fashioned it according to what was right . nd they stablished their son who had pLroceeded from their members to be the Prince ( ife , Strength, H " ealth )of every land which was under their throne ,

— - Ra - ner - a - se te - e n Ra - m the S u n kh u p meri A en , son of ,

e t - ne kht - - a - - S merer R merer Amen . And he became like

K a- heper Set when he burneth with wrath and rageth , Iand he provided with all things the land which was n a condition of revolt andLmisery, he slew all those who were disloyal in the and of the Inundation,

[ Egypt), and he puriﬁed the great q IIg P throne of Egypt . He became the sovereign rince

u n of the two lands pon the thro e of the god Tem . He gave himself to the reconstruction of the things t which had fallen into a s ate of decay , and at length

. every man re garded as his brethren those who had im been divided from h as by a wall . He stablished ff the temples , and provided them with divine o erings , and men made the offerings which th e y ought to make unto the company of the gods according to ” their ordinances .

- kht e kht - .A ne N s soon as Set , or Set, had established himself on the throne he appears to have associated his son Rameses III . with him in the rule of the A country . proof of this is supplied by a scene at 1 M i H r of ed net abu, where over a doo are seen ﬁgures ’ one two kings kneeling, on each side of the sun s

1 L siu s D e nkmaler iii. l 20 e p , , p . 6 . - B . C. 1 233 ] TH E M U M M Y O F S E T NE KHT 1 47 d isk resting on the horizon, (Q ); the cartouches on

- ne kht one side are those of Set , and the cartouches on e O the other are those of Rames s III . f the building

S - ne kht n operations of et we know othing, but it is 1 probable that he carried out a few pressing repairs , ' for his name has b e e n fou nd at Memphis and Karnak .

The king was mummiﬁed, and was probably buried in

of - u se rt the tomb the queen Ta , which he usurped,

r M . L but if oret is to be elied upon , his mummy must have been removed from it in the unsettled times of

- XXth n e te . the Dynasty to the tomb of Ame h p II , b 1 898 which was found y him early in . Some think that the tomb of Rameses III . in the Valley of the Tombs of the Kings at Thebes was begun by S e t ne kht , for the name of this king can be distinctly

r traced in several places in the ﬁrst three chambe s .

- ne kht When Set died his own tomb was not ﬁnished,

- u se rt and his relatives seized the tomb of Ta , and l it h en arged by adding a corridor , and a large c amber

a nd o b with eight sq uare pillars, f ur small side cham ers,

and a sanctuary or niche for his statue at the end of it . The portraits of the queen in the entrance rooms were plastered over and the king s portrait put in their

places , but the whole work was so hastily executed that those who carried it out had not the time to make the necessary alterations in the grammatical construo

tion, etc . , in the hieroglyphic texts which were rendered imperative by making them apply to a man instead

1 h e a r e t a b u l a e i m i T t b W e e a , op . c t . . 490. y d y d nn , p M B .C. 1 200 1 48 RE IGN OF RA E S E S III . [

of a woman . We may note , before passing to the

’ consideration of the reign of Set - ne kht s great son 1 t P the Rameses III . , tha rof. Wiedemann thinks Exodus of the Israelites from Egypt is far more likely to have taken place in the period which followed the

S Me ne htha h rule of eti II . than under p , because the

condition of the country , with its lack of a central

government and with uprisings on every side , was far more favourable to the ﬂight of the children of Israel

t e h immedia ly after the death of Seti II . t an earlier .

2 E fi . Mg (O I E Ifi I g ffiifll i i m

EA- USR- MAAT- M ER- M EN S u n Eli- M ES ES A , son of the ,

- HEQ AN .

- RA MEssU ME E . . A S S III or R III , the B ha m sinit u s He p of rodotus , was the son

- nekht of Set , with whom , for a short

period , he had been associated in the o H g vernment of the country . His orus “ M one names were , ighty Bull , great of k “ M ings, and ighty Bull , beloved of M a st a blishe r n a t, of the la ds and he “ L styled himself, ord of the shrines of K A - N E K H T - SE N Ua t c he t h ekhebet and , mighty one of S UTE NI U , t e H or us na m e of f t1 l lI k - Ra m e se s I I I . e s va s e , Ta Thenen, i, H e r the orus of gold , mighty one of y ars , p ince,

1 Ae Ge s c hic ht e . 4 1 E g. , p 9 . t f ﬂ 2 ‘ T Or K a - ne k ht - m e r i- M a at - s m e n-t a i I L —D TL l , u , E"; é I

1 50 L E AGU E OF H O STI L E L I B YAN T R I B E S

In the lines which follow thes e wo rds among 1 hostile people s are enumerated : Sha ir e ta na I m k fi é k w k fi : 2 fl the Ta anau na u C E ): haqu, I g? i’ ,

M 4 “ d Tc ha kir e u I q Q k g? from their islan s , the ,

l 5 the Pu irs a thau o fi I fi l fi I; , if IIIéi

6 a she shu U , [ Q the of the sea IIIk Iﬁ III

¢c > 7 S a a a ire u O ) the , I Ii g? I 8 L @ ; , the Shasu , mk 1 I the Rebu or ebu gTE I Ma shu a asha u ; the , I JEI I V

i ; n fi hfi fl k k flhfik Ig the Sabata , l fi o Qa i a sha u fi Q § § § the q , k QQ k

l i the M k Iﬁ ; Shain , M K QQ? I§I3

] t he H TI 1 B a k a na u asan FD k I g? ; the ,

A M5 L . % N k Ig , and other ibyan tribes

2 Lib S a r d iI a ns a n s . , y 3 D a na fr om CI e t e or A sia M inor . 4 5 T u k r iI a fr m r Philist i e s . e n s o C e t e . n 6 7 om i ns P e o le fr S e r . A x ia fr om Cr e t e . p S 9 1 0 M Nom a d S e m t e Lib a s of t h e s e a . a x e s . i s . y n y B . C . 1 200] D E FE AT OF TH E L E AGU E 1 51

The tribes here mentioned a nd their allies seem to have been preparing for war for some years before nt they ve ured to make a great attack upon Egypt , and it appears that Rameses III . made no attempt to i f check the r preparations , whilst he was himsel making ready an army of sufﬁcient size and strength to ina ke r the victory of the Egyptians ce tain . The enemy , however, was strong, and had the practical sympathy e not only of the tribes which wer akin to him , but also of the dwellers in the Delta , and in the land which w lay bet een Egypt and Syria . ﬁ In the fth year of Rameses III . the allied h Ti forces attacked Egypt under the leaders ip of t, G f )" Ma sha ke n r ” , m I? A M a

Tc ha mar e DW I , &7 % a Q 1 f r d ; but their hosts were defeate , a O a and they had the mor tiﬁc a tion of seeing about twelve 1 i thousand of the r d ead warriors mutilated . Large numbers of prisoners were taken and Rameses III .

u s tells that he made many of them enter his service , and that when he had d one so he garrisoned some of the larger cities of Egypt with them .

ie Three years later, . . , in the eighth year of

a n n - his reign , i vasion of Egypt on its north east frontier was threatened by the allied armies of a

1 For t h E t i D m i h n Hi n hr i t ' ol 1 1 e a t e t s e e ii c e s t . I s c e n v . . p n x , f gy , l 4 p . 6 . 1 52 TH E SY RIAN L E AGU E 1 200

n number of nations and tribes , amo g whom were the

P u ir sa tha l e m Cr e or Phi istines, and peopl s fro et and Cyprus and from the northern shores of the Medi who d terranean, arrange their plan of attack in such a way t hat the invaders of Egyptian territory by sea A might be assisted by their allies on land . mong the allies on land were many nations which had formerly w been numbered with the Kheta , but hich , owing either to the weakness of the central government in N S orthern yria or to its entire overthrow , had been

M - drawn into the league of the editerranean sea robbers ,

so and once again appeared as the foes of Egypt .

Rameses III . collected his ships and his soldiers , and

when all was ready he left Egypt, and passing through

the famous frontier fortress of Tchar, made his way into Palestine ; we may assume that his soldiers who were in the ships were never very far from his soldiers

on land, and that their movements were always care d A fully regulate . t length the combatants met, and a ﬁerce ﬁght took place between them ; the site of the

- ﬁe ld battle is unknown , but it cannot have been

’ situated many days march from the fortress Tchar , and it is most probable that the battle was actually

P . fought in alestine The Egyptians , thanks to

m s the ercenaries , were victoriou , and though the

enemy appear to have fought with great bravery ,

they yielded by degrees and at length took to ﬂight,

and tried to reach their vessels, which seem to have

been drawn up on the sea shore . They were followed

B .C 1 200 1 54 S E C O N D L I B YAN ATTACK [ . t obe a re vival of the annual campaigns which had formed such a prominent feature of the reigns of the XVI I I th if great kings of the Dynasty , but they did

m - ﬁ ht they were istaken, for both in the sea g and in h n the raid w ich followed it , the Egyptia s knew well that they had only saved themselves by the greatest

t a nd e o good for une , that h ncef rth Egypt would have to guard herself with the utmost diligence if she intended to keep even the line of frontier fortresses in her own possession . n Rameses III . , havi g returned to Egypt, devoted himself to the work of building a p a lace and other ediﬁces at Thebes , but before they were ﬁnished . Lthe peace of Egypt was again disturbed by the ibyans, who made a second attack upon the country

1 1—J u Ka u r O nder the leadership of p , ’ and [j @ i his Masha sha re son , m m , § g I Ié

o a ha u ha f M s a s . chiefs the tribe . Rameses III marched

r out to meet his foes , who had assembled in very la ge numbers, and if we may believe the Egyptian annalist it was the individual acts of br a v e r y on the part of t he w king hich won him the day . The gods Bar and Me nthu seemed to have taken up the ir abode in the body of the king— for he was as terrible as they in battle , and the enemy believed that they had a super “ natural being to contend with . The Libyans were

1 For h t l 1 l x i if o . ii . t e t e t s e e D m ic h e n His t I ns c hr ten v . . x u , . f , p . VICTO RY O F THE E GY PTIAN S 1 55

surrounded by ﬁre and their bones were b u rned to powder in their ﬂesh ; they m arched on the land as if they had been marching to the place of slaughte r ; e their hosts were massacred where they w re , their

h a nd h l mout s were shut for ever, t ey fe l down at a w blo . Their captains who marched in front of them were tied together like birds before the hawk which darts upon them from his hiding- place within the

wood . The soul of the enemy said for the second time that they would pass their lives on the frontiers w of Egypt, and that they ould till the valleys and

plains thereof as their own p ossessions . But death

came upon them in Egypt , and on their own feet they

entered into the furnace which burneth up ﬁlth, and into the ﬁre of the bravery of the king who raged A at them like Bar from the heights of heaven . ll his limbs were endowed with the might of victory ; with

his right hand he seized the multitudes , and his left stretched itself out over those who were in front of him and was like arrows against them to destroy

ou t M a them ; his sword like that of his father enth .

t or o Kapure , who had come eceive the ad ration [ of

the king] . was like a blind man , and cast his weapons

down upon the ground , and his army did likewise he uttered a cry for mercy which went up to the heights of o n heaven , and his son st pped his foot and his ha d . His Majesty fell upon their heads like a

u d granite mo ntain, and he crushe them utterly, and mixed the earth with their blood which ran down B C. 1 2 1 56 E GYP TIAN ACC O U NT OF [ . 00

. e like water The soldiers were slaughtered , and th ir

e r warriors slain [ others] w re captu ed and beaten, and their arms were tied together like the wings of geese M on a boat beneath the feet of his ajesty . The king

Me nthu e was like unto the god , and his victorious f et

rested upon the head of the enemy , whose chiefs were

a nd smitten held fast withMin his hand . The enemy fell at the feet of his ajesty, and his captains ,

His and his allies , and his soldiers were lost . eyes were smitten as if he ha d looked upon the form of

the Sun , and his warriors came quickly leading their children a nd carrying gifts in their hands to make

themselves the prisoners of his Majesty . . The lord of Egypt was [ as] the ﬁre of the goddess Se khet

a nd among them, and he destroyed their hearts, their A bones were burned to powder in their bodies . ll the

country rejoiced to see the valour - of Rameses “ The enemy said, We have heard of the plans of the

ou r fathers of our fathers, and the breaking of backs by Egypt hath arisen through them ; we put our do selves in revolt , and we imagined that we could W d hat we please , and we ran at our own instigation h to seek the ﬂame . The Libyans ave troubled us even as they troubled themselves ; we have listened to their thoughts a nd the ﬁre hath burned us up ; we n have sinned , and we have been pu ished for all

ff se e eternity . Their o ence was to the frontiers of

Me nthu a Egypt, and with the victorious rms who

e e II I e delighteth in battle, Ram s s [ ] hath made th m

1 58 THE A RCH ITE CT URA L WO RKS AN D

“ e S are described as b longing to the tribes of the hasu, ﬁ mq ﬁiI a nd are i on o M S thought to have l ved and ab ut ount eir , and to T 727 ”33 Of n be identical with the 1 Ge esis xxxvi . m they may well have been Edo ites . Some have

u m tho ght that, because Ra eses III . included the names of certain N ubian countrie s in the lists of conquered

h e he lands w ich w re inscribed upon his temples , waged N o for wars in ubia , but this d es not follow, many of his lists are palpable copies of those of his a nc e s

t n - ors, and there is very good reason for doubti g the historical character of many parts of them . If it be n remembered that , accordi g to the Egyptian evidence, fewe r than 2500Libyans were killed in the great battle b . L of Rameses III against the i yans and their allies , 2500 and that fewer than were taken prisoners, we shall be able to estimate at their true worth the boastful n rejoicings, which , when tra slated into words , he

e allowed to be inscribed on the walls of his t mples . LThe punishment which M e r - e n- Ptah inﬂicted upon the ibyans was much more severe , and there is little d oubt that Rameses III . wished fervently that his predecessor had followed up his advantage and pursued the Libyan king until he had caught him and killed

him .

The last fe w pages of the great Papyrus of Rameses w o III . supply us ith some valuable informati n con

1 M ll e r A ste u u nd Eu r o a 1 3 . u , p , p . 6 B . C. 1 200 MI P E R O O F R M ] N I NG O ATI N S A E S E S III . 1 59

cerning the works which were carried on by the king , m n both architectural and ini g , and we ﬁnd that for pur of a S poses trade he built a large well, 6 X M /VM Aaina I in the country of , [II district between Mou nt Ca siu s and Raphia on the road from Egypt to Syria , which he surrounded with a strong building t wenty cubits and thirty ﬁ cubits high . The object of this forti ed well was, of n course , that the royal carava s which passed that way from Syria into Egypt might be certain of always

finding water for their camels there . Rameses III . t 1 next buil a fleet of large boats , which he provided n ‘ with crews, amo g whom were numbers of bowmen , and he directed them to trade on the Phoenician 2 s s coast ; it seem , too, that the ame fleet, or at any

w u rate a part of it, ent to the land of P nt , to the south

the Re d the of Sea, for king declares that his ships returned laden with all the mar vellous products of the

N - t a u i country or region called eter , j and o ti that they unloaded at the m untain of e , or

i Ku s ér C . e . optos , . , at some port near We may then concl u de that one ﬂeet was kept in Mediterranean wat ers and another in the Re d S e a .

W E HIM] DEN ISI

in t h e r e a t s e a of t h e w a t e r of e t g Q ,

15 1 M M B . 1 P ROS PE RITY OF E GYP T [ . C 200

S ni The copper industry of the inaitic Pe nsula was ,

re - t apparently , star ed by Rameses III . , and envoys were

Aa thak a sent from Egypt to work the copper mines of ,

‘ w ie a U . . G A Z I[I k I , , the ebel t ka of the A u rab authors , and the metal in ingots was bro ght in

the Re d ships to port for Egypt in the Sea, and then loaded on asses and so carried by way of the Wadi H a a fﬁ amm m t into Upper Egypt . Other o cers were sent to work the turquoise mines in the Sinaitic I M a e h a nd ﬁne Peninsula, T f , large numbers of o genuine st nes were carried to the king in Egypt . fo The greatest ef rts were made by Rameses III . to

the ensure success of his trading expeditions , and all his care seems to have been d evoted to the development n n of ne w markets and the mai tenance of the old o es . The mercenaries who were scattered throughout Egypt n maintained peace , and as lo g as their wages were paid , and they were allowed to lead a life of com pa ra tive ease they were faithfu l enough their presence was now all - important to the EgyptianLs becaus e it prevented the Shasu and the Rebu , or ibyans , from

e n renewing th ir attacks o the country .

The latter part of the reign of Rameses III . was an era of peace and plenty , and of great mercantile success , and the merchant princes of Punt and Syria feared not to come to Egypt with their wares because they kne w that Egypt was no longer a sovereign country bent on conquest, but a land ruled by a king whose aim was

1 6 1 2 THE PAV I L ION OF RAM E SE S 1 1 .

The facts of the history of the reign of Rameses III . bear out the general accuracy of the above description d of the state of the country , and it is easy to un erstand the rapidity with which Egypt lost he r position of I I I power among the nations after the death of Rameses . m n m d A o g the nu erous buil ings of Rameses III . must “ be specially mentioned the so- called Pavilion of

Th e Te m le -F r r f a m se s a t M e di e t H a p ot e ss o R e III . n bu ,

F r om a h ot o r a h b A B e a t o L x or p g p y . , u .

Rameses III . and the Great Temple which he erected M in H t at ed et abu , The pavilion represen s an attempt to reprodu ce in Egypt a small fort or strong city similar t o the forts in use among the people of Northern Syria . It consisted of two rectangu lar to wers about 7 2 feet high and 26 feet wide ; the walls behind them open ou t D E SC RI PTION OF TH E P AVI L ION 1 63

and form a small court , but they soon contract, and come close together until ﬁnally the two wings of the n O l building u ite . n the south tower are scu ptures in

ie which the king is represented clubbing his enemies , . . , the Ethiopians and the Libyans who live on the west N Tu lsha bank of the ile , and the chiefs of the , or

Masha u a sha Tursha , and . Some of the chiefs here represented have the features of negroes , but the chief

Masha u a sha O of the somewhat resembles a Semite . n the nMorth tower are represented the chiefs of Asiatic and editerranean peoples , among them being the “ a vile prince of Kheta , the vile prince of Am re , 9 Ama u r 0r w , q g)& $ Q§ﬁ , and

Tc ha ka ire the chiefs of the tribes of the , of the Shaire t Sha k a l a sha Thu irsha ana of the sea , of the , of the of

a nd Pu la stha l . the sea , of the , or Phi istines In the space between the two towers are scenes in which the king is depicted in the act of worshipping the gods

Anh e r - g Te fnu t T I u saa s t Shu , Q , , e fi Q fi fl emu ,

" I " l T h g k [ gQ“, Ptah , Sekhet , hot , and other U gods . The walls of the pper rooms , which are w entered by a staircase in the south to er, are decorated with reliefs in which the king is surrounded by a number of women who fan him or play the tambourine ,

n u and who bri g him ﬂowers and fr it and drink, etc . ; in some reliefs the king is seated and is playing draughts with a naked woman who stand s on the 1 64 U S E AN D O B JE CT O F TH E PAVI L I O N

other side of the table which supports the drau ght

board . d d The meaning of these scenes has been much iscusse , and many w riters have thought it proved by them that this portion of the building was us e d as a palace by 1 D a r e ss M . the king , but as y has said , the rooms are far too small ever to have been employed as a d welling place by Rameses III . and his train . The palace of

A - e t e r men h p III . at Bi ket Habu and of his S On Amen

‘ k e K - e l - A tep IV . at hut Aten , or Tell marna , prove that the palaces of Egyptian kings consisted of large one storied buildings , made of unbaked brick , which contained a great number of rooms wherein the only luxury apparent was in the decorations which adorned A n the walls . s there are no inscriptio s with the n reliefs we cannot say who the ladies with the ki g are ,

r o but some of them appear to be of yal rank , although

D a re ss the queen is not among them . M . y is inclined to think that this portion of the building was used as a

’ place where the king s dau ghters were educated under

b u t the care of priestesses , , on the other hand, it may n have been the abode of the servants of the god Ame , od to which the king only, as the incarnation of the g

. G Amen on earth , had access The reat Temple of

e Ram ses III . was built by the king to commemorate

e a nd n hims lf, it is , perhaps , the most interesti g of all the funerary chapels on the Nile at Thebes ; it

' ’ 1 Notic e w lic a tiv e d es r u z nf e s d e M e d in' e t Ha bou C a ir o 1 e p , , 897 , p . 57 .

1 66 TE M PL E OF KH E NS U AT KARNAK

I n r Thothme s S . the lists of natio s conque ed by III . , eti , and Rameses II . , and is of little value for purely historical purposes . The peoples represented are i P C L . from Syr a , hoenicia , yprus , ibya , Kush , etc , and the accompanying text describes in boastful n ’ language the ki g s victory over the Libyans . In the ﬁrst court are reliefs which describe his battle L n with the ibya s in the eleventh year of his reign , and texts which describe the chief events in it and give the amount of spoil taken in this court are seve n n recta gular pillars , in the front of each of which was a

u n O . stat e of the god siris , about twe ty feet high In the second court are reliefs which depict the defeat of the Mediterranean peoples and of their allies from t A Nor hern Syria . great deal of damage was done to

B 2 t u . C . 7 the temple by the ear hq ake which took place , and this is not to be wondered at w hen we remember that the foundations of the temple are only six feet

e h . A de p, and that t ey rest upon a bed of sand t m Karnak Ra eses III . built a temple in honour of the

Khe nsu god , the third member of the Theban triad , but the greater part of its d ecoration wa s completed by

Rameses IV. and by others of his successors ; he also built a small temple near the great temple of the

goddess Mut .

At e l- Ya hu d i e h ie . . M Tell y , , the ound of the J w e ess , Rameses III . built a small palace which contained a chamber lined with beautifully glazed o fi tiles rnamented with floral designs , and gures - B . c . 1 200] TE LL E L YAH UD IYE H 1 67 of t birds, and animals , and representa ives of foreign conquered tribes and nations ; a large number of the finest examples of these tiles were acquired by the British Museum through the exertions of the late B A . G . C . . Rev reville J hester , , and they form one of the most inte resting groups of the objects in 1 a z e nc e e l f exhibited in that institution . That Tell Ya hu diye h represents the site of the temple which

O - of - u O nias , the high priest the Jews , b ilt at nion in the

P Philome tor n h reign of tolemy I . seems clear e oug , but it is not so evident what ancient Egyptian city once o sto d there . Some have thought that the site is that t H l d b of the ci y of e iopolis , but this seems har ly possi le ;

e there may, however, have b en a northern and a southern part of the city which were called “ Annu ” “ ” M e ht u Re s u r and Ann espectively, especially as

P y o we learn from the great ap rus f Rameses III . that t “ I I I he buil the palace of Rameses [ ] , prince of Annu, An ” 2 in the House of the Sun to the north of nu , and that he called this palace “ the palace of millions of “ I A ” 3 I I . years of Rameses [ ] , prince of nnu The

1 B r u on in . S e e s c h B e On 6 15 Oni Re c u eil t om . iii . g y , , v p

T a n oc B l A c l ii 1 r s . S . b r h v o. v . . f . i . , p 77 _

6 la t e XXI X (p . Q m

i (pla t e xx x . 1 6 E E E E 8 B N FACTION S OF RAM S S III .

palace of millions of years was dedicated to REL- H h armac is , and this suggests at least that the site H 1 of the palace of Rameses III . was in or near eliopolis . Many of the ancient temples of Egypt were either rebuilt or repaired by Rameses III . , and his name is found upon their remains in many places bet ween the i l M a H . editerranean Sea and W d a fa The temples , however, which he most favoured were those of

- Ra H l Amen at Thebes , Temu at e iopolis , and Ptah at M ff n emphis, and the enumeration of the o eri gs which he made to the gods and of the gifts of gold, silver,

u copper, scented woods, precious stones, linen , perf mes , oil , incense , wine , bread , cakes , oxen , sheep , feathered

w - fo l , fish , fruit , flowers , garden herbs , statues , etc . , fills

the dozens of large sheets of papyrus . An idea of magnitude of his gifts may be gathered from the follow

ﬁ — he ~ ing gures To the three gods gave , besides other n 2756 thi gs, images , men , oxen and

of d m u m s of cattle various kin s , land , 51 4 n d 88 1 60 n vi eyar s and orchards , boats, tow s of 9 of o Egypt , towns of Syria , bundles f dder,

e - bundl s of ﬂax , water fowl, n ri gs , scarabs , etc . , sacks of fruit , n fat geese , blocks of salt and natro , b loaves of read, ﬁsh , measures of

1 ’ l - D r H B r s c h Te ll e Ya h u d iy e h w a s e x c a va t e d b y t h e l a t e . . ug

n M r i r F L] Gr ifﬁ t a d M . . h a e t t e a nd l a t e r b E . B r u s c h B e a nd . , y g y ; t h e w or k of M r r if h i d r b lf h e Anti u itie s o . G ﬁt s e s c i e d b y him se in t q f

' Te ll c l - Ya h d c h ﬁ y e .

E I I B .C. 1 200 1 7 0 SARCO PHAG U S O F RAM E S S I . [ where the plaster has fallen away his name may yet be read . It is about four hundred feet in length, and is remarkable for the side chambers which open off the tw o corridors, from the ﬁrst and eight from the second .

The walls of the chambers , etc . , are ornamented with scenes in which the king is re presented worshipping

the the gods , and with texts extracted from Book B a ” m “ of praising , and fro the Book of that which U ” is in the nderworld, etc . The red granite mono lithic sarcophagus of the king was found in the large hall with eight square pillars at the end of the C ) tomb , and is in the form of a cartouche, ; it is covered inside and outside with scenes and inscriptions “ U d ” from the Book of that which is in the n erworld, and is now preserved in the Museum of the Louvre n at Paris . Its cover was brought to E gland by

—in 31 d G . G Belzoni (died at ato in Ben , December , and was presented to the University of Cambridge in 1 823 ; it was for many years allowed to lie exposed to the ill effects of the weather on the top the F M C d of steps of the itzwilliam useum , ambri ge, d 1 but it is now insi e the building itself. The mummy of the king was found among the royal mummies

Der a l- brought from Bahari, and is now in the M C Egyptian useum at airo . It had , in ancient times ,

fﬁ Ne fe rt - ari been deposited in the co n of Queen , and

1 — S e e B ir c h Anti u a ria n Commu nic a tions v ol . iii. . 3 1 3 8 , q , pp 7 7 ; a nd m Ca ta lou o h E ia u u m inthe Fitz u 'illia m Mu s e u m y g e f t e gyp t nM se ,

Ca m i br d e C a mb r id e 1 893 . 1 ﬂ . g , g , , p 1 1 M U M M Y OF RAM E S E S III . 7 was for some time regarded as her mummy ; but when it was

l st 1 886 unrolled on June , , it was seen from the hieratic writing on the bandages that it was certainly the mummy of

ne w Rameses III ., and that linen bandages had been pro vid e d for it in the 9th year of

- - Ré the high priest of Amen ,

ine t c he m I B C 1 1 00 Pa . . . . , about M 1 A M . ccording to aspero , the

u R r e feat res of ameses III . semble those of his great a n

c e stor . Rameses II , but are ﬁ somewhat softer , and ner, and more intelligent ; his ﬁgure , however , is less straight, the shoulders are narrower, and there is less vigour in it .

1 1 1 b e If Rameses . did not come one of the most powerful of the Theban heroes of Egypt, it was not due to any want of b energy or a ility on his part, but to the feebleness of the century in which he was born

1 His t An t om ii. 481 L e s . a , . p . ; M umm y of Momie s Ro a le s . 563 ff. i Ra m e s e s y , p K ng III . B . C. 1 200 1 7 2 CON S P I RACY AGAI N ST RAM E S E S I I I . [

which prevented him from giving full play to his

for genius . To him , however, some credit is due , when he ascended the throne of Egypt the country was

impoverished , and was without soldiers and ships and money ; on the west the Libyans had seized some of

- a her possessions , and on the north e st her allied

enemies were threatening an attack by sea . During the thirty - two years of his reign he built a ﬂeet of war n of and mercha t ships , and formed an army natives and

a nd re - mercenaries, established the commerce of Egypt

on broad lines . Towards the close of his reign a conspiracy was o hatched by a number of the ladies of the c urt , fﬁ who were helped by certain high o cials , the object of which was to kill or d epose the king and set in his place upon the throne of Egypt one

Pe n- - u r t the l Thi who ta , the son of roya concubine ﬁ wished th a t her son should reign instead of one of the “ d sons of the royal wife , the great la y , the lady of ” t wo A b the lands , st , whom she proba ly hated . Thi o d t was j ined by several la ies of the cour , and she and

n Pa iba k a k a me n they succeeded in corrupti g the steward ,

M t - su - B a n Pa a na u k the es the cha cellor , inspector,

- t u a u u fﬁ Pa nifu e mt a Pen the scribe , and the o cials

— - - - Ka r u s a a - - K a e m a e n re Amen , p , Kh em Apt , h ma , Seti .

- a - Te hu ti S - - a - Ua rm a Ash - b c - em p , eti em p Amen , , bs heb ,

J No m e t i n f hi if f a m oc c u r s in t e n o o T a s a w e o R e s e s III . h t e t s a nd it is os sib l th P e n- t a - u r t m a h b e e t h e b r ot he r x , p e a t y a ve n a nd not t h n of i e s o t h e k ng .

R R E 1 74 C ONS P I ACY AGAI N ST AM S E S III .

u d he bewitched by his magic . The am lets were inten ed

e for the ladies in the conspiracy , who by m ans of them hoped to make themselves irr esistible to the ofﬁcials h w om they wanted to win over to their side, but the wax ﬁgures seem to have been designed to work evil i on the king . But in an ev l hour for the conspirators l the p ot was revealed to the king , with the result

d s that the ringleaders were at once arreste . Ramese l appointed a commission of inquiry , and having to d the members thereof to investigate the matter quickly

and thoroughly, he ordered that those who were found

guilty of death should commit suicide , and that those who were condemned to suffer punishments of a less serious nature should undergo them without his knowing

anything about it . The king would give the members of the commission none of the information which had been communicated to him by the man who revealed

the the plot to him , for he wished matter to be threshed out by the usual legal— or illegal— means

u employed in s ch cases .

The commission consisted of eleven judges , six of whom tried the ofﬁcials who were connected with

ha r irn ff the court or , and whose o ences were not considered to be sufficiently grave to warrant the sentence of death being passed upon them ; the punishments inflicted by the court of six judges were o pr bably beating with sticks on the back or feet, and n slitti g of the nose and ears . The court of five judges

e - - tri d Pen ta urt , the son of Thi , and his friends the B . C . 1 200] A COM M I S S ION OF I NQUI RY A PP O I NTE D 1 7 5

general of the bowmen in Ethiopia, certain scribes of “ ” D bl H L - the ou e ouse of ife , a high priest of the

Pa ib a k a ka me n d goddess Sekhet , the stewar , and others , and fo und them guilty of carrying out the plans of th e T lady hi, and of inciting the soldiery and people to

u w d rebellion , and of having f ll kno le ge of the con Spira c y and of making no report on the same to the

- in- to king . The commander chief of Nubia seems have h escaped deat , probably because his sister was a lady ' ha r im in the , but all the ringleaders were sentenced to h l f deat , which they were compe led to su fer by their own hands ; and forty men and six women seem to

- d . C b e have been execute oncerning the would king ,

- - - - u rt Pen ta urt , it is said, Pen ta , who is also known b y another name , was brought before the court and charged with complicity in the conspiracy which his

’ ha r irn mother Thi made with the women of the , and with acting in a manner hostile to his lord the king having been examined by the ofﬁcers of the court the

‘ judges found him guilty , and they sent him away to ” his hou se where he took his own life . Towards the end of the case against the ordinary ofﬁcials of the

ha rim n six , it was fou d that three of the judges who

were trying them had been concerned in the plot, and they were degraded and tried forthwith and eventually 1 sentenced to d eath . It is interesting to note that

1 For th e t e t s a nd t r a nsla tio s s e e D e er ia Le Pa x n v , p yr u s Ju dic ia ir e

d e Tu r in e t le s P a r u s Le e e t Rollin P a r is 1 868 a nd B r u s c h p y , , ; g , t a oh l ii 1 4 Egyp u nder t he P h r a s v o. . p . 6 . , 1 7 6 SUICI D E OF PE N - TA - U RT

certain of the criminals who were of high rank , and

the who were probably nearly related to king , were l allowed to commit suicide , or at east choose their own manner of death , in their own houses , in order that their families might be spared the disgrace which would necessarily attach itself to death at the hand s of the o comm n executioner .

By what manner of death Pen - ta - urt died cannot b A n be said, but it was proba ly by poison . mo g the

M Der a l - h i mummies which M . aspero found at Ba ar

wa s one which may well be that of Pe n- ta - u rt ; e it was enclos d in a simple , uninscribed cofﬁn painted white , and it is evident that the body was not prepared in any way before it was turned into a

a nd mummy , for it was laid in a thick layer of linen then swathed . The hands and the feet are tied together with strong bandages , the hands being clenched and the feet drawn up as if under the inﬂuence of some d l t terrible pain ; the ab omen has co lapsed , the ches

1 8 and stomach are thrust forward , the head thrown d back, and the lips are rawn tightly away from the M teeth . . Maspero is of opinion that the deceased 1 the was bandaged alive , but the appearance of body rather suggests that he died in great agony from the n result of some stro g irritant poison , and that the

e r i or mortis ha d bandaging was done aft r g set in .

But whatever the cause of death , the man must have

1 ’ ’ La c onvic t ion pr e s q u e s im p os e q u e l h om m e f u t r e v é t u viva nt d m illot Hi t i 4 n a . s Anc t om . i . . 80 . . , p .

M E E B . C. 1 200 1 7 8 H E RODOTU S O N RA S S III . [

of he the successor of Sesostris , and him relates the following : “ 1 A t d e c e a sse Pr othe u s Ra m sinit u s f er the of , p tooke

u on h m c ou ntre pp y the rule of the y, who in memorie

himse lfe b e h nd e h m c e rt a ne of , lefte y y y porches of 2 a a nst m stone, planted westward g y the te ple of 3 Vu lc a ne a a nst w h c h stoode , right ouer g y the y , two

f u e t w e nt e c u bit e s O images y and y in length . ne of

st a nd n r the which y g no therly , they call sommer , and

n t e a rme the other lyi g to the west, they winter,

a ll o contrary to reason and rder . This King in 4 a bou nd a nc e of wealth , and plenty of coyne , so farre b m excelled all those that came after y , that none

c ou ld e be ond e a roc h ne e re go y him , no not pp unto

‘ b ym in that kynde :wherefore desirous to possesse

s a fe tie he e b u ilt e t re a su rie hys goodes in , bym a or 5 - jewell house of stone , one of the walles whereof

ou t s d e bounded upon the y of hys courte . In framing

w ork e ma n whereof, the had wrought thys subtile c onu e a nc e n l la d e y , one sto e in the wal hee y in that

u lu c ke forte , that a man might easily at pleas re p it in

n se ru e d ﬁttin l or out , which notwithstandi g so g y to

c ou ld e d e place , that nothing be iscerned . Wh n the d building was ﬁnishe , the King caused his treasure to

1 Th r in d t e t of B .R . a c t u a ll h a s K a m sinitu s F l 1 e p t e x y p ( o. 1 0 a ). 2 Gr . 7 a 7r 07rvh a t a . , p 3 e t h e t e m l e of Pt a a t M e m his . L , p h p 4 t h r a t fr om Diod or u on 1 85 . Com pa r e e e xt c s p . “ 5 h m b r in t h e P a ilio f m S om e c a e v n o Ra e s e s III . a t M e d ine t

Ha b u is h e r e r e fe rr e d t o. E RO ON R M E E H DOTU S A S S III . 1 7 9

I d be brought into t , min ing henceforth to be secure

- and to lay aside all feare of misfortune . In processe of

m a rtiﬁc e r n ti e , this cunning lyi g at the poynt to d e l u his y , cal ed nto him two sonnes , and disclosed u nto them in what manner he had prou id ed for the yr

n riu good estate , in lea ing a secret and most p y ’ t re a su rie the r passage into the King s , whereby y whole lyfe might be lead in most happy and blessed b h w condition . In riefe , he s e ed them all that was

e b m d e l u e rin don by y , y g them the just measures of

mi ht e d e c e u e d the stone , that they g not bee y in laying

a a ne wh c h it g y , y the two young youthes well marking , thought from that tyme for w a rd e to be of the Kings

‘ c ou nsa le t o b e c ome y , if not of hys court , and the

riu su ru e e rs l- The r p y y of hys jewel house . y father be e in n u t g dead , they made no lo g delay to p in

the r b ut re a rin execution y determinate purpose , p y g b w to the court y night , they found the stone , hich

re moou in with small force g it from the place, they

the mse lu e s w th le ntie n sped y p of coy e, and so departed . short e Ki n tr e a su rie In space after the ng enteri g hys , and fyndyng the vessels wherein hys money lay to be o s mewhat decreased , was exceedingly amazed, not

whome se e n b knowing to accuse, y g oth hys seales w h c he y he had set on the dore , untouched , and the mm h h c o n t t e r . H dore fast locked at hys y g y owbeit, re a rin su ndrie b e hold e p y g tymes to hys wealth , and e u e r more e rc e u in p y g that it grewe lesse and lesse , d e u ise d with hymse lfe to beset the place where hys 1 80 H E RO DOTU S O N RAM E S E S III .

money lay with c e rt a yne greens or snares to e nt ra ppe

the e fe in me rc ha u nt s a c c or d in the . These subtile y g to the yr former wont a pproc hing the spring head

d ronk e o where they had so oft bef re , one of them

r oa in went in, and g p g for the money, was so fast

int a n le d l fe g in a snare , that for hys y hee wist not

shift e s e e n h mse lfe br a a k e s how to , but y g y in these ,

whom e c u ill hee called hys brother, to he disclosed his

h m c ut off happe , willing y in any wise to hys head ,

b e e n know ne he e e m ht least y g who was , th y both yg

se r u e d the h bee with same sauce . His brother earing

c ou nsa le he b m hys y to be good, did as bade y , and

ﬁtl he e fou nd e y placing the stone as it , departed

b e a r n h h m sla ne home , y g wit y the head of hys y

h ne xte n w brot er . The day the King openi g hys je ell

a n he a dle sse the e fe house , and espying surprized in a

' inne n n e u e r g , was wo derfully astonied , seei g y place

safe , and no way in the world to come in or out at .

n u nc e rta ine th nk e In this qua dary , what to y of so

e u e nt d e u ise d straunge an , he yet to go another way

the e fe to to the wood , causing the body of the be hanged out u ppon the walles in open view to all that

a o ntin c e rt a ne passed by , pp y g y to attend in that

if he a rd e place, with straight charge , that they any making moa ne or lamentation at the sight e

shou ld e foorthw th thereof, they y attache them ,

br n n and y g them to the Ky g . The Mother of thes e two B rethren not able w yth patiente eyes to

b e hold e the he c a rk a sse itifu ll wretc d of her p sonne ,

O R M E E 1 82 H E ROD TU S ON A S S III .

b e tw e e ne them whyle s he was addressing hys Asse s

roc e e d e the r h one to p on y waye , till t at of them

foor th b m bolting a merry iest , caused y to laugh

har til fe llow e y, so that lyke a good , he bestowed

c ou rt e sie amongst them a bottle of wyne, which they d h m all tooke in very goo parte , requesting y to sitte

w th c om a n e y them for p y , and drinke parte of hys n owne . cost Whereto hee willingly co senting, they

d ra nke n t ll the a carouse , every man hys canniki , y

n the wh c he wy e began to runne of lyes , y thys

c oa e sma t e e rc e u in n p p y g, set abroach a other bottle ,

u a ffe a fre she w h c he and began to q , y set my keepers

t a nt a rra b e e n l in such a , that y g we l wetted, they set

d ra mme s sle e e s x e more by three of p , than y ounces of

witte . When all was hushe , and the watchmen fast

a sle e e o bod e p , hee t oke the y of hys brother, and in

a off the r c he e ke s mockage , sh ng the hayre of y right ,

u b e n e nt e rt e ne d he ret rned home , y g right gladly y of

h s m se e n d e u ise s y other . The Kyng y g hys no better

roc e e d e for c ou ld e to p , but ought he imagine the

the e fe i b e u le d b m w oond e r ou s st ll g y y , waxed wrath d howbeit , determining to leave nothing unattempte ,

le t villa ne rather then to such a y escape scot free , he

built yet another trappe to catch the foxe in . He had at that time abiding in hys courte a goodly

-le wom a n d a u htor whome gent , his onely g , he tenderly

u d he lo ed from her childhoo . This Lady made of his

c ou nsa le n d u e t y , willi g her by the y of a chylde , to

for m n hir se lfe abandon chastity the time , aki g a H E ROD OTU S O N RAM E S E S III .

st a la nt t l common for all tha wou d come, on condition they shou ld e sw e a re to tell her the su btilest and the sinfu lle st prancke that ever they had played in all

the r l fe t me y y y , and who so confessed the facts lately

a tc hie u e d imb e sile in in g the Kings treasure, and “ the e fe stealing away the , him to lay hold on , and not ff n su er to depart . The gentlewoman obeyi g her

ke t e r e a re fathers will , p open house , having a greate p y

c ou nt re . , unto her out of all partes of the y . Now the the e fe why c he kne we full well to what intente the w th Kyng had done thys , desirous to bee at oast y

ni ht e d a u n e r hys daughter for a g , and fearing the g

m ht e be e n ve rie re na u nt that yg ensue , y g of a p g and

re a die d e u ise d shift e whe re w tha ll witte, yet another y to delude the Kyng :he strake off the hande of hys

c a r in brother that was dead, and closely y g it under

c loa k e re a r e d his , he p y to the place where the Kings

d ema u ndin b m u daughter lay , who g y the q estion as

re c e u e d a u nsw e re she had done the rest , y of him this ,

sinfu lle st that the acte that ever he committed, was to

off n inu e i le d cut his brothers head , bei g g in a snare

t re a su rie in the Kings , but the subtilest in that he had d e c e u e d r d ronke n whome K n y a fo t of asses , the i g had

a o nt e d pp y to watch the body . The Lady that had

listne d to his tale , hearing the newes she longed for,

stretched out her hand to lay hold on him , who sub tilly presenting her with the hand of his brother

be e in d (which g arke , she fast gripped instead of his

ow ne c onu e e d himse lfe ), he y from her and was no more E R O R M E 1 84 H OD OTU S N A S E S III .

c ne he e re of a d u e rtise d r s e . K The ing , was st icken with

so d e u isin great admiration as well of his wit in g, as

boldne sse a d u e ntu rin his in g, that forthwith he caused notice to be ge u e nthroughout all partes of his gou e rne

w hic he ment, that in case the party had done these

thin e s w ould e him se lfe g disclose , and stand to his

w ou ld e e e ld him o mercy, he not only y free pard n , but also indue and honour him with so princely rewards

wise d ome as were ﬁt for a person of such excellent . M e e ldin y yonker y g credite to the Kings promise , came

foorth himse lfe in presence , and described , with

whome Ra m sinitu s io nin p y g his daughter in marriage ,

d e u ise did him the greatest honour he could , esteeming

liu e d him for the wisest man that upon the earth ,

c e rt a ne E holding it for y , that the gyptians excelled

w ise d om n whome d all others in , amo gst he ju ged none b m comparable to y . The same King (say they)whiles

liu in tra u e lle d d he was yet g, so far under the groun , till he came to the place which the Gr a e c ia ns call the

se a t e s ] the infernal , where he played at dyce with god C desse eres , and sometimes winning, sometimes losing ,

a a ine he returned g at length , being rewarded by her

with a mantle of gold . In the meane space while

Ra m sinit u s u nd e rt ook e p this voyage to hell , the

Ae t ia ns gyp kept holyday, prolonging the celebration

re t re d a a ine till such time as he y backe g , which

n ob ser u a nc e solem e , since our memory hath been of duely celebrated . But whether this be the cause

fe stiu a ll a u ow e that sacred , I dare not , howbeit , the

1 86 RE IGN OF RAM E SE S IV .

c Onﬁr ma tion gold and silver . In of this statement

may be mentioned the words of Herodotus (ii . who says that in the reign of Rha mpsinitu s th e re was a

a nd perfect distribution of justice, that all Egypt was in

a high state of prosperity . This prosperity was the

u result of the successf l trading which Rameses III . carried on by means of his ships in the Mediterranean

a nd and Red Sea , of the freedom which every merchant

n his e joyed in managing his own business in own way .

RA- USB - MAAT - SETE P - EN- M E N S un RA A , son of the ,

M ESE S - M ER - ME N - RA- HE - M AAT I A Q .

RA- ME SE S M a the prince of a t , the beloved of ” - Ra e Amen , was the son of Rames s III . , and he was associated in the ru le of the kingdom during the last

’ four years of his father s life . His Horus name appears “ M n M a to have been, ighty Bull , livi g in a t , the lord of ” 1 - festivals, like [his] father Ptah Tanen , and he styled “ f L Ne khe be t Ua t c he t himsel ord of the shrines of N and , protector of Egypt , smiter of the ine Bows , the H i r h orus of gold , m ghty of years , g eat of strengt ,

r m t w o p ince , child of the gods , who aketh the lands

x to e ist . Rameses IV . reckoned the years of his

c o- reign from the time when he became regent, but

‘ Q ml f — “ v ik ii @ l2l élgilil w e . 3 0. 1 1 66] E XP E D ITI O N TO HAM M AM AT 87 his reign as sole king of Egypt only lasted six or seven 1 . O L years n a stele published by epsius , it is stated Re t e nnu o N that the , or pe ple of orthern Syria , brought t e much tribute to him , but this must be the s atem nt of

a lso a scribe who was a courtier and who , perhaps l ff unconscious y, exaggerated an a air of trade and barter

into the payment of tribute . Rameses IV . continued m S i to work the ines in the ina tic Peninsula , hoping , no

doubt , to draw therefrom as great revenues as those

which his father obtained from them . The great event of his reign was an expedition into the Valley of

H mmﬁmétt ie An a . m a t e . R , , [ , l C m i" he nnu m , which see s to have been undertaken in the ﬁrst instance for the purpose either of crushing a

m B e khe n revolt among the quarry en who worked at ,

M y ) of J , where the quarries were situated, or

driving out some nomad peoples from the valley . He

could not have wished to work the quarries there , for not being engaged in great building opera tions he had A io no use for large quantities of stone . n inscript n at H m a a d a m m t ated in his third year, states that he Nordered a road to be built throu gh the valley from the ile to the Red Sea, so that caravans might make their way through it with greater speed and safety ; he also commanded that a temple to the goddess Isis

should be built in a suitable part of it . The expedition n l n co sisted of a number of ski led mining e gineers , with

l D enkm a ler iii. l . 223 0. , , p ' 1 1 88 TH E ROAD To TH E RE D S E A [ B . C. 1 66

1 30 r 5000 quar ymen and masons , soldiers with their

’ fﬁ 2000 o 50 Mat c ha iu o cers , of Phara h s workmen , or f police , a large number of scribes and other o ﬁcials , and

800 A of the periu , ’ who belonged D I Eé g? i

u to the tribes of the neighbourhood . The total n mber 83 68 of men engaged in the expedition was men , and 900 n men died of hard work , or disease , or wou ds , between the time of its leaving Egypt and the time

of its return . Provisions for the expedition were taken n from Egypt in ten carts or waggo s , each of which

v r u r was drawn by twel e oxen , and by la ge n mbe s of

u ﬁ sh men who bro ght loads of bread , , and garden produce ; the work which the expedition was sent to i h perform was naugurated or ﬁnis ed by a solemn feast ,

at which oxen and calves were sacriﬁced, and incense

u a nd b rned , and libations of wine poured out , songs

of praise sung .

Rameses IV . carried out certain small repairs at M c l—Ya hu d i e h A emphis , Tell y , bydos , and Karnak , his name being found on several buildings at this last - named place ; as his prenomen was so much R like that of ameses II . he was able to usurp the

buildings of his great ancestor without much trouble .

hI mse lf Rameses IV . built a large tomb for in the Valle y of the Tombs of the Kings at Thebes on a n somewhat u usual plan . It is entered by a staircase

r with an inclined plane in the cent e , made , probably, to enable the stone sarcophagus to be lowered easily

1 RE F R M E E 90 IGN O A S S VI . H M M a as his orus name ighty Bull , a t Amen ,

u s . H m fififl e built a tomb for himself in the V alley of the Tombs of the Kings at Thebes , but it was w after ards usurped by his successor Rameses VI . his mummy was , presumably , buried in it , though it was

- h A e t e . 1 898 found in the tomb of men p II in , where it had been removed for safety during the troubled times XXth at the close of the Dynasty. His b uilding operations and repairs were insigniﬁcant .

5 116 6 662 1 § 6 6 m1 n0 Re

AME N - MA AT - ME RI - NE B S u n RA- MEsEs , son of the ,

- - - AMEN NETER HE Q ANNU .

AM E ES a . S . R VI was the son of R meses III , but some t hink that he never ascended the throne of Egypt . H H “ M is orus name was ighty Bull , great one of

viviﬁe r might , of the two lands , and he styled himself “ Lord of the

N Ua t c he t shrines of ekhebet and , strong in valour, H d subduer of hundreds of thousands , the orus of gol ,

i - n mighty of years l ke Ta thene , prince , lord of festivals, of protector Egypt , ﬁlling the land with great monu t o n ” ments his ame . The name of his mother and of

d . F his aughter was Ast, or Isis rom the scenes and inscriptions ornamenting the walls of a rock -hewn tomb 3 1 1 0. 66] B E QU E ST O F PE NNUT 1 91

Anibe h near the village of , which is situated near i N “ Ibr m in ubia , we learn that the Royal son of

11 a Pe nnu t ) Kesh , called , , dedicated the N VVW \ g g revenues from a piece of land for ever to the main t e na nc e of the service which was connected with the

u worship of the stat e of the king . The inscriptions give the length and breadth and su pe rﬁc ie s of this parcel

of land , which contained an area of square

Pe nnu t n a nd cubits . was a trusted ofﬁcial of the ki g , N Ua u a t was overseer of the districts in ubia, and , and

A u kita , wherein the gold mines were sit ated , and he

v b t was go ernor of the neigh ouring own . The tomb proves that the ofﬁce of “ Royal son of Kesh was still

e in xistence , but it is doubtful if it indicates that

. N Rameses VI possessed any real authority in ubia, as

some would have us believe . The occurrence of his name on buildings at Karnak seems to show that he carried out certain l . sma l repairs in Thebes , but it is certain that he did not undertake building operations on any large

scale . The greatest of all the buildings of his time was the tomb which he usurped and added to in the n Valley of the Tombs of the Ki gs at Thebes .

m V . bu t It was ade originally for Rameses , it is clear from the various inscriptions which were placed there by visitors in the Greek and Roman Periods that it was believed to be the Tomb of Memnon it seems that this be lief arose because a portion of the prenomen of 1 F R M E E 92 M U M M Y AND TO M B O A S S VI .

N - M a - Ra i the king, eb a t , is dentical with the whole of

- e t e the prenomen of Amen h p III . The tomb was “ ” n o M e origi ally known as the T mb of the tempsychosis ,

e it h and Lepsius call d it No . consists of t ree corrido rs which lead into two rectangular chambers of o unequal size , and from these two further c rridors lead t wo into rectangular chambers of unequal size , one of which held the sarcophagus , which is now broken . The ﬁrst three corridors and the two chambers into which

r b V they lead probably epresent the tom of Rameses . , for d n it is clear that the secon chamber, which co tains

four rectangular pillars , was intended to receive the

sarcophagus of that king . When Rameses VI . usurped

the tomb he penetrated further into the mountain, and added the last two cor ridors a nd the two chambers into t 1 which hey lead . The scenes and the inscriptions t which relate to hem are of interest , and consist for the most part of extracts from the religious works which “ i e were popular at that period, . the Book of the ” “ G U w l the h ates of the nder or d, and Book of w at is ” the U d w . l in n er orld, etc The most va uable of all are the astronomical representations which are found on the vaulted ceiling of the sarcophagus chamber ; the t a ble s of stars which are found on the walls w ere M declared by . Biot to have been drawn up about B C 1 240 . . , but later investigators make them about

- forty six years later . Near the star tables is a scene in

1 ’ For t h e l a n of t h e t om b s e e Mis s ion Ar c he ol i u m ii p o e t o . i. g g , 4 pla t e 5 .

E 1 94 TOM B O F RAM E S S VII .

“ w a n s M , P the ki g ighty Bull the gracious ( )king ,

1 N W W ’ C insi 33531 u and we ﬁnd that this g “ niﬁc a nt monarch styled himself Lord of the shrines of

e khe b e t a t c he t N U , N and H, protector of Egypt subduer of the iane Bows , the orus of gold, mighty of years like R , prince , mighty one of festivals like unto ” - Ra . Amen , the king of the gods These facts prove XVI II th that the titles, which under the Dynasty re presented valour and deeds of prowess on the part of k the ing , were adopted by the successors of Rameses of f . . III . as a matter orm Rameses VII built himself a tomb in the Valley of the Tombs of the Kings at

Thebes , but it was not as large as many of those of his

predecessors and successors . It consisted of a hall and

a corridor, the walls of the latter being ornamented

with texts from the religious books of the period, and scenes in which the king is burning incense and 1 - - a pouring out a libation before the god Ptah Seker As r,

O i i 1 and the king , dressed in a garb of s r s , s undergoing

the ceremony of puriﬁcation, which is performed by the

ﬁ am - kheoit O priestly of cial whose title is , n the

walls of the hall are ﬁgures of the goddesses Urt - b ekau

- - - b and Sekhet Bast urt ekau , and on the ceiling are

tables of the risings of stars , and scenes in which are

e . . a number of celestial personages and animals , g , lion ,

crocodile , hippopotamus , ram (or cow), etc . The sar c opha gu s is ornamented with a double line of inscription

1 - I r - h ti Or Ra I e u k u Te m u K h e pe r a . I J 1 RE IGN OF RAM E S E S V I I I . 95

e hth s win e d u ra e i e tc 1 and with ﬁgures of Isis, N p y , g , . In the small chamber behind the hall are scenes in

f O r e re which the king is of ering I] to siris , and p w se nt a tions the Te of the Boat of the Sun, of t with the

O . attributes of siris , etc

RA- USB - MAAT- KH U- EN- AME N S RA- Mnsns , son of the un ,

AM EN - MER - M E N I A .

“ AME SES I R VII , the spirit of Amen , beloved of ” m Amen , was probably a son of Rameses III . he ust ha v e re i ne d g but a very short time , and of the events n of his reig we know nothing . It seems that he was unable to build a t omb for himself in the Valley of the

Tombs of the Kings, and as his name is not found on any of the buildings at Thebes we may assume that he neither usurped nor repaired them .

n EK HA- EN- RA- MERI - AMEN the la d , S , lord of risings ,

RA- ME SEs - SA - H PTA .

AMESES . l . R IX was probab y a son of Rameses III , and he reigned eighteen years alone as the nineteenth

1 — m d r i e d in Ménioir es Miss . Ar c h . t om . iii. . 1 8 . The t o b is e s c b , pp RE F R M E E 1 96 I GN O A S S IX . year of his reign was the ﬁrst of that of his successor it is clear that Rameses X . must have been associated o with him in the rule of the kingdom bef re his death .

Rameses IX . was neither a warrior nor a builder, but his name will b e alw ays remembered in connexion with the great prosec u tion of the robbers of tombs which was carried out by the government of his day ; our knowledge of the prosecution is d erived from the A M bbott Papyrus in the British useum , and from papyri in the collections of Lord Amherst and in the 1 Museum at Liverpool . From these documents we T may gather that there existed at hebes , and no doubt in other parts of the country also, a well organized gang of expert thieves who lived by breaking into the tombs and carrying off the small and valu able objects which they found in them , as well as the ornaments and jewellery with which the mummies of well - to - do d people were alway s ecked . A certain amount of plundering of tombs must always have glone on in Egypt, for the large quantities of funera furniture w hich was invariably deposited in ﬁne tombs must have proved an irresistible temptation to many a

- f poverty stricken thie , whether professional or not .

. for We know that Rameses III was a wealthy man , otherwise it would have been impossible for him to , H have made such great gifts to the temples of eliopolis ,

1 — B ir c h S e l e c t P a r i v ol . 1 1 la t e s 1 8 Ch S e e , p y , . p ; a b a s Méla n es , g ,

r r Amhe t m ii. 3 r d s e r ie s N e b e r s t P a r i o . . 24 n ( w y , p y , p a d ) ; ‘ M Une E n u éte Ju d ic ia ir e cl Thébe s Pa r is 1 8 1 a sp e r o, q , , 7 .

’ 1 98 A TH I E F S CON FE S S ION 1 1 33 little they corr u pted the maste r - masons and workmen

e l who were attach d to the great royal Theban necropo is , and event u ally a number of scribes and other ofﬁcials who performed certain duties in connexion with it of joined them , and the plundering the tombs of the A kings then began on a large scale . s to the manner in which the thieves worked we obtain a very good idea fr om the confession of one of the thieves which is

’ preser ved in one of Lord Amherst s papyri ; he says that he and his companions effected an entry into the tomb of Sebek - em - sa - f where the mummies of the king

Nu b - a - s and queen kh were buried , and that the tomb

f w a s n itsel protected by maso ry , and that its entrance

e was ﬁlled up with broken stones , which wer covered “ over with slabs of . stones . These we demolished

entirely, and we found the [ queen] lying there . We

‘ opened their cofﬁns a nd their inner cases which were

in them , and we found the venerable mummy of the d king . There were two aggers (or , swords)there , and many amu lets and necklaces of gold on his neck ;

his o r n . head was c ve ed with gold , and the ve erable mu mmy of the king was decorated with gold through

The out . inner case [ of his cofﬁn] was decorated w ith gold and with silver , both within and without ,

r and was covered with precious stones of eve y kind . We tore off the gold which we found on the vener

able mummy of the god , and the amulets and the

necklaces which were on his neck , and the materials on A which they rested . nd having found the royal NAM E S OF TH E P RI NCI PAL TH I E VE S 1 99

wife alsowe tore off all that we fo u nd on it likewise

sw a thin s off and then we burnt their g . We carried the funeral furniture which we found with the

siIve r mummies , and which [ consisted of] gold , and , e d and copp r vases, and we divi ed the gold which we n fou d upon the venerable mummies of these two gods,

a nd and the amulets , and the necklaces , the cases ” into eight parts . The names of some of the e ight thieves were M /” E r H ” Aa u e n- A apu , E r men , EM AM A D G SI N w w x E a N H R a R 1 RM R R U l Ka - Ua st ﬁ nd Nefe n ) em W k yég l g? the eight thieves were beaten with a stick upon their feet and hands , and it was by these means “ ’ ” that the ma n who turned king s evidence was made w to speak and say hat he and his friends had done . It is quite clear that the thieves could not have broken into the tomb of Sebek - em - sa - f if a proper watch had been kept, and that some of the ofﬁcials of the necropolis must have helped them to dispose of t he stolen property . The priests who took over the stolen good s could sell the funeral furniture to the relatives d of people who had ied recently, and thus it was to the interest of both priest and thief to plunder the tombs of the wealthy ; many an object made under one ZOO P RO S E CUTION OF TH E TO M B RO B B E RS

re - a nd dynasty has been used under another, as the space in the mountains and elsewhe re in Egypt avail m able for sepulchres has always been very limited , any a tomb was used over and over again . This fact has not been sufﬁciently taken into consideration in dating

Egyptian antiquities, and it has given rise to consider able discussion among archaeologists concerning the age n of many objects of a important character . A tomb was maintained in good ord er as long as the relatives and descendants of the deceased provided an endow ment sufﬁcient for the purpose ; when this came to

an end the tomb was abandoned, and it was either plundered by the professional robber, or its occupier was quietly removed by the priest of the necropolis

ne w and his furniture used for a burial . The prosecution of the thieves undertaken by

n d a Rameses IX . began on the eightee th y of the third

in 1 4 e month of the season Shat, the th y ar of his reign ,

a nd a - - Ua st the court of inquiry was formed by Kh em ,

i nk T the governor of Thebes, the trustee

of the property of the priestesses of Amen - Ré called Nes

4 fl nd of Pha ra oh Amen , 3 q é the herald called D Ne fe r - k a - Ra - - a - A em p men , Q u , [ I q M M M g a nd these officials employed to help them in their n [ investigatio s the head of the police , fig Mg? i

P a - - a a the of Ne c ro olis ser , governor the p , some

’ 2 02 PAI - KHARE I TU RN S KI NG S E VI D E N CE

e e e by the thiev s, who had torn to piec s the mummi s of several priestesses of Amen in thei r search for gold ornaments , jewellery, etc . ; it seems as if the men who of wn had committed this act sacrilege were well kno , for they were at once arrested . We have already seen that the eight me n who plundered the tomb of Sebek - em - sa - f were brought before the commission and that one of them con

b u t fessed , we are not told what punishment was m i inﬂicted upon the eventually . Wh le the com mission was still inqu iring into the robberies a certain

- kha re i man called Pai , [ K k 1 K I mg?

Kha re u i the son of , [ , and of the 1 k I EMg? E CE “ ” Q L C l e , R woman called ittle at gqq E Q , who had declared three years befor e that he had been in the tomb of Queen Ast , the wife of Rameses III ., a nd had stolen some things therefr om and had destroyed

w a s them , arrested by order of the court , and having l been blindfolded was taken to the necropo is . When he had arrived there his eyes were uncovered a nd he w a s ordered to make his way to the tomb from

n he which he said he had stolen certain thi gs , but

one d went into the tomb of of the chil ren of Rameses II .

f the and to the house of one of the o ﬁcials of necropolis , and declared that these were the places to which he m referred in his evidence . The com ission, of course, d n isbelieved him , but though they beat him upo his B . C . 1 1 33 ] H E B E A R S FA L S E WITN E S S 2 03 hands and feet they could not make him admit that he

e knew of any other place , and he told them that ev n if t o off n they were cut his ose and ears , or to ﬂay him

u f fr alive , they could obtain no f rther in ormation om i him . The commiss on had been appointed as the result of t he information concerning the robbery of

l Pa - se r royal tombs which had been supp ied by , the

- K a - - Ua st sub governor of Thebes, to the governor h em , but it seemed as if the court of inquiry which the commission had appointed had been treated with

for t he m - he t e contempt , to b of Amen p had not been

Pa - d - kha re i broken into , as ser had declare , and Pai had himself proved that the evidence which he had

l Pa - given three y ears before was fa se . Either ser had m ~ hi self been deceived , or he had made a serious accusa

Pa - - aa tion against ser , the K k [ﬂé governor of the royal necropolis , with the view of doing him a grievous inj u r y inthe eyes of the go vernor Kha- em [

a st Pa - U . There is every reason to believe that ser was

u correct , but that the court of inq iry made its examina tion of the royal tombs in a very perfunctory manner, a nd i that it did not , in consequence , examine nto matters lo t n so c sely as it should have done . It is interes i g to

N - - Ra Ant u f note that the tomb of ub kheper , which the n ” court of i quiry pronounced to be in sound condition,

1 8 11 1 stated by its own report to have M k had a hole in it two and a half cubits long , which had h been made by the t ieves , who could have made their 2 04 TH E P RO SE CUTION B RE AKS D OWN way through it into the tomb whenever they had an o pportunity of returning to their nefarious work . The fact that the court of inquiry could regard a ' t omb which had suffered such damage to be in “ sound con dition proves that they took a very Optimistic view of

Pa - x the matter . ser was e tremely dissatisﬁed with the result of the work of the commission , and he told the

a - - Ua st governor Kh em so in an angry letter, wherein he threatened to write and report the whole matter to ff . H the king ow the a air ended we know not , but it seems that the governor found some means of shutting

Pa - the mouth of ser , and that the matter was never n brought before the ki g at all . What happened was wil what has happened always, and what always l happen in a purely oriental court of inquiry ; the man who brings the charge is prove d by the false - swearing n i of hired wit esses to be either m sinformed or a liar, a number of people are wrongfu lly accused and punished , and the guilty man pours into the bosoms of the judges and other ofﬁcials the gifts which blind the eyes The chief building operations which were under in taken the reign of Rameses IX . were carried on by

- he t e - Ré Amen p , the high priest of Amen , who under this king enjoyed such inﬂuence and power as were

a n T never possessed by y of his predecessors . his fﬁ in o cial says , in an inscription which is dated the

’ tenth year of the king s reign , that he took in hand the restoration of certain buildings which were ﬁrst set up

‘ 2 06 H IGH P RI E ST OP AM E N L E VI E S TAX E S 1 1 33

d n Thebes could not be maintaine . In a other place in the inscription already mentioned we are told

Me nth - Ra t . u A hat Rameses IX , with the gods , men , H i h armach s , Pta , and Thoth as witnesses , and in the N fﬁ presence of es Amen , a high o cial in the priesthood

A Ne fe r k a Ra e m a - m of men , and p A en , the royal h herald, solemnly gave to the igh priest of Amen ,

- he te Rame ssu - ne kht Amen p , the son of , the power to levy taxes on the people for the support of the temple

- 1 and priesthood of Amen R3 Thus Rameses IX . by solemn decree gave the greatest power which the king

ie of Egypt possessed, . . , the right to levy taxes on the

' l t the hi h peop e and to raise money , in o the hands of g priest , who built a house of almost royal magniﬁcence e for himself, and dedicated statues of his pr decessors in the courtyard thereof. Four years after this decree was promulgated the prosecution of the robbers of the royal tombs began ; whether it was d u e to the initiative of the high - priest Amen - he t e p or to that of the governor of the city cannot be said , but we may a ssign the abortive nature of the results obtained by the court of inquiry to the inﬂuence of the high priest of A l men , who had discovered that a arge number of scribes and subordinate members of the priesthood of l Amen were imp icated in the robberies . h f 2 Rameses IX . built imsel a large tomb in the

1 For s e L si m l fo a t he t e t e e u s D enh a e r iii l . 23 e a nd r x p , , . p 7 ;

t r a s l a t io s e e B r s c h E t u nd r th ha r a l i 1 8 ff n n ug , gy p e e P ohs v o. i . p . 6 . , 2 No. 6 a c c or d i t oLe s i s N 1 2 i h m llion. ng p u , o. a c c or d ng t oC a po I F 0 RE GN O RAM E S E S x . 2 7

Valley of the Tombs of the Kings , wherein presumably he was buried . It consists of a staircase and three n corridors, the ﬁrst havi g four side chambers , and three large rect angular chamb e rs which are joined by t woshort corridors ; the last chamber held the sarco

ha u s p g . The walls are ornamented with scenes from

i o w ork s w hic h d the rel gi us were popular at that perio , “ ” and with texts from the Book of praising Ra, and from the Theban Recension of the B ook of the D e a cl

- of the last named work a text of Chapter CXXV . 1 appears on a wall in the third corridor . In the sarcophagus chamber are some extremely Interesting 2 astronomical texts and scenes .

RA- NEFER- KAU - S E TE P - E N- RA RA- M ES ES , son of the Sun ,

MERE B - ME N - KH A- EM - UAS T A [ ] .

“ AME SES X . A a R , beloved of men, rising like R in ” b Thebes , was pro ably a son of Rameses III . , and the length of his reign did not exceed six or eight years ; a few papyri dated in his reign exist, and from these and a small number of miscellaneous objects which are

e inscribed with his names and titl s, we know that the “ H . M orus name of Rameses X was ighty Bull , rising

1 For d e c r i t ion of t h e t om b M m i i m s or es M s . c h t o a s e e é s Ar . . p ,

— iii. . 1 6 3 0 a nd for a la s e e l a t 2 pp , p n p e 0. 2 h o olo i 1 S e e Le s i s C r n e . p u , g , p 09. 2 08 RE IG N O F RAM E S E S x .

1 1 a M 2 H [like R ] in Thebes , W e 169 adopted as a matter of form the old title Lord of the

Ua t c he t shrines of Nekhebet and , and also styled “ viviﬁer t he himself, mighty of valour , of two lands ,

H - the orus of gold, mighty of years like Ptah Tanen , m ” N . ighty prince of kings , destroyer of the ine Bows t m Rameses X . buil hi self a tomb in the Valley of the

bu t Tombs of the Kings at Thebes , it is relatively small and it seems not to have been completed ; the t scenes and inscriptions are of lit le interest, and the m work anship is poor . In many ways the tomb indicates the increasing poverty of the kings of Egypt , and it seems as thou gh the priests of Amen either would not or could not afford to provide a large a nd richly ornamented tomb like the sepulchres of his predecessors ; k h moreover , both priests and ing probably felt t at it n was useless to provide expensive fu eral furniture , etc . , which the thieves might steal and burn, or the sub ordinate ofﬁcials of the necropolis carry off and sell for i other burials . The prosecut ons of the tomb robbers which had taken place in the 1 4th and l 6th years of the reign of Rameses IX . had resulted in the beating with sticks of a number of the robbers who belonged to the lower classes , but they did not stop the plundering of the tombs . In the ﬁrst year of the reign of

Rameses X . about sixty people were arrested, pre “ su ma bl A - Ra y by order of the high priest of men , “ - he te the king of the gods , Amen p , the son of the high L x priest of Amen in the Apts Karnak and u or),

F M E i RE IGN O RA E S S x . but actually by plundering ancient tombs and selling w U hat they found to travellers and others , will nderstand exactly the condition of things which must have d n existed in the ays of the later Rameses ki gs . The modern thieves ransacked the tombs by night, often with the knowledge and help of the government fﬁ So o cials who were paid to prevent them from doing , and those me n were - the m ost successfu l who were lucky enough to ﬁnd the shafts a nd tunnels which the thieves had sunk and driven in ancient days into

- the rock hewn tombs of the great Theban necropolis . The thieves of old cared chieﬂy for aml ulets made of gold and precious stones and for jewel ery in general, and when they had stripped the mummies of such things they left the papyri and articles of funeral furniture strewn on the ﬂoors of the tombs ; some of the greatest treasures of EuropeanMuseums consist of objects which were tossed aside by them as worthless .

1 0 .

RA- KHEPER- MAAT- SETEP - EN- RA RA son of the Sun ,

MEssU - MER - ME [ I] A N .

ME E t RA S S XI . adopted as his Horus name he “ M a ” title ighty Bull , whom R hath made to rise ,

1 3g ; of his reign , which must have 8 d b 3 ' STO RY OF TH E P RI Nc E OP B E KHTE N 2 1 1

1 1 been a very short one , nothing s known . Whether this king built a tomb for himself cannot be said, but neither a tomb nor mummy inscribed with his name has yet been discovered . Formerly in Egyptological books which dealt with history and chronology it was customary to insert after

sr - Rameses XI . a king whose prenomen was U Maat

nomen was Ra- meses meri Amen

he was usually called Rameses XII . This king is made known to us by the famous stele which records o “ ” the st ry of the Possessed Princess of Bekhten, of i the followm wh ch g brief summary must be given . n l A The ki g Rameses, beMoved of men , was according to his wont in Western esopotamia , and the chiefs of all the lands came to pay homage to him and to offer him to gifts ; each chief brought according . his power, some

l l - bu t go d , others apis lazuli , and others turquoise, the d prince of Bekhten ad ed to his gifts his eldest daughter, b who was a eautiful girl . Rameses was pleased with him her, and when she came to Egypt with he made 1 5 her a royal wife . In the th year of the reign of Rameses an envoy came from the prince of Bekhten and asked the king of Egypt to send a skilled physician

1 Th e t w ova s e s fr om th e S e r a pe u m w hic h a r e in s c r ib e d with his na m e a r e u r e d in M a r ie tt e Le S er a eu m d e M em his Pa r is ﬁg , p p , ,

1 8 5 la t e 22 Nos . 6 a nd . 7 , p , 7 2 1 2 TH E G OD KHE NS U GOE S TO B E KHTE N

’ - re she t to his country to heal the prince s daughter Bent , the younger sister of the royal wife to whom the name

- of Ra ne fe r u had been given in Egypt . Thereupon

' Rameses summoned all the sages of his court to b is

the m o presence , and asked t choose from among them l a se ves skilled physician to go to Bekhten , and their

Te hu ti- - choice fell upon the royal scribe em heb . t e n the Egyptian physician arrived in Bekhten he found that Bent - re she t was possessed of a devil which

u not f he co ld cast out, there ore the prince of Bekhten

sent a second time to Egypt for help , and besought the

his king to send a god to heal daughter . Rameses then went into the temple and asked the god Khe nsu

ne fe r - he t e p if he would go to Bekhten to deliver the n the pri cess from the power of demon , and the god T . agreed to do so he , ﬁgure of the god was placed in a

a nd boat , and escorted by a large number of horses chariots arrived in Bekhten after a journey of seventeen

months . The prince of Bekhten welcomed the god with

great ceremony, and as soon as his daughter was brought into the presence of the god his saving power

healed her straightway . The devil who was driven out Khe nsu G of the princess said to , rateful and welcome “ u s 0 is thy coming unto , great god , the vanquisher

of the hosts of darkness ; Bekhten is thy city, the

inhabitants thereof are thy slaves , and I am thy servant ; and I will depart unto the place whence I

e nd came that I may gratify thee , for unto this hast

2 1 4 RE IGN OF RAME SE S XII .

1 a very late date , as Prof. Erman has proved, and it is

Khe nsu - h - he t e clearly the work of the priests of efer p , who wished to spread abroad the fame of their god, and to make known the great favour with which he b 1 1 . F was regarded y Rameses inally, we must not forge t that the j ourney t o Bekhten is said to have occupied a period of seventeen months, and if this be true Bekhten must have been situated away in

A 1 is Central or Eastern s a . It possible that the fame o of Rameses II . , or of s me greater Egyptian king , may

e to have been carri d the far East by some nomad tribe , but it is quite certain that the renown of any of the sons of Rameses III . was never spread abroad in this n fashio .

RA- MEN- MAAT - S ETE P - EN- TA RA P H, son of the Sun ,

MESE S - MERER- AM EN - K HA- EM UAsr - NETER- HE - NNU [ ] oA .

AMESES . R XII , who was formerly known as Rameses I H t “ M XII , chose for his orus name the ti le ighty “ l a ” Bull , be oved of (or, loving)R , and he styled him “ i b a t c he t , L N U self ord of the shr nes of ekhe et and , h d Ho of subduer of undreds of thousan s , the rus gold ,

1 Ae tis c h its h i 1 4 F r th e E t ia n t e t s e e e e c r t 883 5 . o gyp f p . g p x Z , , y — E . d e Rou é Jou r na l Asia ti u e 1 856 1 858 B ir c h Re c or s o the g , q , ; , d f

Pa st v ol . iv . 53 a nd e m E tia n Re a in B ook . , p . s e y gyp d g 1 1 33 M B OF RAM E S E I I ] TO S X . 2 I 5

viviﬁe r t wo mighty one of strength , of the lands, e M a Prince , life , strength , and h alth resting upon a t , ” i n making to be at peace the two lands . He re g ed

- s u s twenty even years, a fact which is made known to

H - a by the stele of the scribe eru , k 11ﬁ, which bears the date ri m H u m ”

d un ertake any war or military expedition , and was , to n all appearances , co tent to lead the indolent life of

Khe nsu his brothers or kinsmen . In the temple of at Thebes he decorated the walls of the larger oute r c hambers which had been left unornamented by Rameses

. a d t III , n he added a number of decora ive scenes on

- d the walls and columns with cup shape capitals, in the l e re hypostyle ha l of the sam building, wherein he is

e ff m present d making o erings to various gods . The na e a of R meses XII . appears in a few places in the great

- Ra bu t it temple of Amen at Karnak , is doubtful if he

A fe w carried out there any restorations or repairs . objects inscribed with his name have been found at A bydos , and it has been argued that he carried on did certain works there , but if he , all traces of them have disappeared . He built a tomb for himself in the K the Valley of the Tombs of the ings at Thebes , but decoration of the walls and ceilings of its two corridors a nd three rectangular chambers w a s never ﬁnished ;

1 M a r ie tt e Ab d os ol . ii. l . 62 . S e e , y , v p - P E OF AM E 2 1 6 H E R H E RU H IG H RI ST N , , in the last chamber is a shaft which seems to indicate that the tomb builders of that time resorted to the old form of the tomb with a deep pit leading to the mummy chamber as a means of preventing thieves from pl under

ing the tomb .

h n A - he t e We ave already see how men p , the high

A . priest of men, had obtained from Rameses IX m the right to levy taxes fro the people , and how he succeeded not only in preserving the privileges and

h Ra - - ne kht power whic his father meses had acquired, n but also in addi g to them , and we have now to notice

H - H who that er eru , the high priest of Amen succeeded him l l , was ab e to make himself at east the equal of the O king in power . n some of the reliefs found on the walls of the temple of Khe nsu at Karnak we see H e r Q H P: eru , with the uraeus , the symbol

\ of royalty , on his brow, and we learn from the texts which accompany the scenes that he styled himself the “ - in- commander chief of the army, and the governor of the South and North these reliefs were scu lptured

. l m whilst Rameses XII was stil alive , and so we ust understand that before his death there w ere l iving in

n d e u r e Thebes two ki gs of Egypt , the one j and the

al c H e r - u other e fa to. Heru was astute eno gh to make f himself chie of the army, and , as his predecessor had

obtained the mastery over the treasury of the country, his authority over the material a nd Spiritual resources O of the country was complete . f the circumstances

2 1 8 P OWE R OF THE P RI E STS OF AM E N the principal members of the ofﬁcial class which ha d

s prung into being in Egypt , and in laying their hands n upon the e dowments , both private and public , of the principal sanctuaries of the country of the South and A of Nubia . s the god Amen had been made to usurp

the attributes of all the older gods of Egypt , and had even been forced into the position of O siris as god and judge of the dead, so his priests had made themselves

the representatives of all the old nobility of Egypt, and the equal of theMking . ThHeir inﬂuence over the priests and people of emNphis , eliopolis , Tanis , and other large cities of the orth was not so great, and thus it

became possible for a man whose name was Nes - su - B a

Z - Te t 1 Q U neb B] iggy iié , who was pos

sibl . y a descendant of Rameses II , to proclaim himself i k ng of Egypt and to establish himself king at Tanis , the city of his great ancestor and the “ House of

a r e xc e llenc e . n Rameses p But the high priest of Ame , LEE :0 H - H d S a - er eru , who calle himself Amen , 1 Son 1M AM . A of men, was , we know, lord of the South , and Thebes was his capital :it follows then that Egypt was once more

one u divided into two kingdoms , the r led by a descendant h of the legitimate line of kings , and the ot er by the high

priest of Amen , who attempted to legalize thepowerwhich he had usurped by means of his marriage with the lady

- n of the dynasty of priest ki gs at Thebes , while at Tanis Ne ssu - B a - - Te a rival dynasty was founded by neb t ,

‘ of Sme nd e s w e must there fore divide the XXI st Dynasty of the kings of Egypt into two Kings of T K hebes , and ings