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Proceeding of the 3rd International Conference on Arts and Humanities, Vol. 3, 2016, pp. 42-53 Copyright © TIIKM ISSN: 2357 – 2744 online DOI: https://doi.org/10.17501/icoah.2016.3107 PRAMOEDYA‘S TRUTH: CONSTRUCTING INDONESIA AS A NATION IN FOOTSTEPS Hoyri Mohamad Asia Pacific Studies, Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University, Beppu, Japan Abstract How does Pramoedya Ananta Toer construct Indonesia as a nation through the patching of dramatic and verifiable truths in his novel, Footsteps? In his novel, Pramoedya organized a selection of historical facts and filled the gaps with stories to construct a sense of nation inside his characters. Linking the subjective experience of a man and the objective history of a nation, this historical novel reflects the condition of early twentieth century colonial Indonesia during the conception of nation and the start of national awakening period. The author coded the novel based on the character‘s idea of nation and connected it with the concept of truths in order to answer the research question. This paper concludes that Pramoedya created an idea of nation through experiences of the character. It also became apparent that Footsteps‘ conception of nation stresses the use of Malay as a national language, Islam as a uniting identity, and anti-colonialism. Keywords: Buru Quartet, nationalism, anti-colonialism, dramatic truth, verifiable truth INTRODUCTION days 10.000 copies were sold. The High Court banned it in 19813together with Child of All Nations, Pramoedya was born in Blora, 6 February 1925 the second book of the quartet(Farid, 2008). (Toer, 2009).The Suharto regime captured and jailed Footsteps, the third book in Pramoedya Ananta him without trial and clear accusations1 in 1965, after Toer‘s Buru Quartet4,is a novel about a revolutionary the alleged failed coup of the Indonesian Communist young man named Minke who tried to change his Party. Then, he was sent to exile in 1969 until 1979. nation. It is set in the Dutch-East Indies (colonial During the fourteen years of his imprisonment and Indonesia) during the early 20th century, which was exile, hecreated six rough drafts of novels and one the early modernization period5. As one of the few memoir, including the Buru Quartet2. After his European-educated Javanese, Minke wants to liberate release, he created a publishing house called Hasta his own people from colonialism. After intense Mitra. And in1980 the first novel of Buru Quartet, discussions with his peers, he created an organization This Earth of Mankind was published. Within twelve Corresponding Email: [email protected] 3 Ibid. 4Buru Quartet, is a series of novel written by Pramoedya during his imprisonment in Buru 1 For the arrest and imprisonment, see Pramoedya Island. It revolves around Minke, a young Ananta Toer, The mute’s soliloquy (London: Penguin revolutionary from Blora in East Java. Books, 2000)pp. xiii - xxii. 5 For the modernization period, new technologies, and 2 These works are: This Earth of Mankind, Child of new policies see Sartono Kartodirjo, Sejarah nasional All Nations, Footsteps, House of Glass, The Mute‘s Indonesia[Indonesian national history]. (Jakarta: Soliloquy, Arus Balik, and Arok Dedes. Balai Pustaka, 1977) pp. 58-59. 42 International Conference on Arts and Humanities 2016, 22-23 September 2016, Bali, Indonesia Hoyri Mohamad / Pramoedya’s Truth: Constructing Indonesia…. called Sarekat Dagang Islam (Islamists Trade Union) writing fiction for the purposes of history. I employed and became the first native to publish a newspaper, his argument on historical fiction as a thought called Medan Priyayi6. With these two, he fought experiment of historical actions and human against colonialism, not with guns, but through court experiences. Finally, after I combined all the data I battles, boycotts, and articles written in Malay7, the could understand how Pramoedya fictionalize history lingua franca of the Dutch-East Indies. and the idea of nation using the concept of truths. How does Pramoedya Ananta Toer construct LITERATURE REVIEW Indonesia as a nation through the patching of dramatic and verifiable truths in his novel, Footsteps? Nation Pramoedya wrote Footsteps using idea of nation as a prevalent concept for the whole novel. In Footsteps The concept of nation is thought to be a man-made Minke wanted to create change in Dutch-East Indies, construct, and there have been many attempts to after he knew the condition of the natives. Further, define it. Gellner‘s (2006) definition tends to Pramoedya created Footsteps through rigorous emphasize cultural factors and the recognition of each historical research on the objective narrative of other as the same nation, whereas Smith‘s (1991) history and subjective narrative of experience. There leans towards ethnicity and ethnic identities. have been many researches on Earth of Mankind and Anderson (2006, p. 6), wrote that nation is ―an Child of All Nations, but Footsteps deserves further imagined political community — and imagined as attention, given the novel‘s vast use of historical both inherently limited and sovereign‖. Furthermore, events and its story of political movements. Thus, I as Miščević (2001) wrote, there is no limit to factors intend to explain Pramoedya‘s use of dramatic truth that can underlie national identification. and verifiable truth to construct Indonesia as a nation Studies on Asian and post-colonial forms of nation in the particular novel. have debated whether Asia has its own national In order to answer the question, I analysed Footsteps forms—different from Europe, or not. Tønnesson and through a three-step process. First, I ‗color-coded‘ the Antlov (1991, p. 2) asserted, ―each Asian nation...has novel characters‘ idea of nation. After that, I its own individual character that is not exactly categorized it based on the various perspectives it is identical to any other but which may still be fruitfully written from. I categorized it so as to understand how compared‖. Chatterjee (2010) wrote critically about Pramoedya approaches the themes from differing Anderson‘s definition, saying it insisted too much on perspectives (for example, how the nation is political movements. Instead, based on his analysis of constructed in a certain character‘s perspective and India‘s colonial history, his believes nation stressed why). Thereafter I analysed the coded data in more on the role of spiritual domain, which contained connection with the concept of truths, to understand ‗cultural identity‘. However, Burrett (2016, p. 9) said how Pramoedya used dramatic truth to construct the that attempts to differentiate Asian nationalism to the idea of nation. In connecting the two concepts, I West and the rest have failed, as ―within Asia there looked into This Earth of Mankind and Child of All exists a rich typology of nationalisms, with varying Nations to know Minke‘s experiences that shaped his aims and origins‖. idea of nation.Additionally, I used Slotkin‘s theory in Nationalism has can be seen as an ―ideological movement for attaining or maintaining a nation-state‖ (Tønnesson & Antlöv, 1991, p. 2). Others see it ―as a 6Priyayi, ―is a class not well defined, although it is set of beliefs about the nation‖ (Grosby, 2005, p. 5). commonly used to refer to natives working as Many have tried to trace its emergence: from the administrative officials of the colonial government‖ industrialization period (Gellner, 2006), mass printing (Toer, 2006, p. 293). technology and the spread of a language (Anderson, 2006), the evolution of civil society (Nairn, 1997) and 7For more information on the history of Malay and from ethnic identities (Smith, 1991). However, it is Bahasa Indonesia, see The Indonesian language not my aim to debate on the definition of nation or chapter in The learner’s dictionary of today’s the origins of nationalism. Rather, I want to point out Indonesian (2001) by George Quinn. that its definition is still contested, since there is no 43 Proceeding of the 3rd International Conference on Arts and Humanities, Vol. 3, 2016, pp. 42-53 single definition where all scholars can find a Although it is necessary to define and differentiate consensus. dramatic and verifiable truths, separating it in an artwork leads to nothing. As Slotkin (2005, p. 227), Historical Fiction, Dramatic Truth and Verifiable wrote ―The value of Cooper‘s novel (historical Truth fiction) as an interpretation of history does not rest on the accuracy of detail, but on the quality of his In many art forms, there exist two kinds of truths: explanatory fiction‖. Therefore, it is not my aim here dramatic and verifiable truth. Verifiable truth is that to separate them; instead I want to point out how the which is supported by specific evidence. Meanwhile, interplay of two truths builds an artwork and dramatic truth is that which is missing from the completes each other. verifiable truth. But it is also arguably true, because it can be verified internally (O‘Toole, 2004). Readers Ideas of Nation can understand them through focusing on materials such as feelings, personalities or emotions. Before delving into Pramoedya‘s use of dramatic and Sometimes, it is also called emotional truth, the truth verifiable truth, I will discuss how he wrote different that could ―inspire intellectual considerations‖ perspectives regarding the idea of nation. In through emotional expression (Wilson, 1999). It Footsteps there are four main perspectives that could be said that both of these truths complete each Pramoedya offered: Dutch colonizers perspective, other. The main difference between verifiable and modern native perspectives, traditional native dramatic truth are the accounts of which the stories perspective, and Indo perspective. Furthermore, there were based upon. This will affect a certain truth‘s are also implied facts from the narrator‘s story. Here I point of view, whether it is subjective or objective. will analyse each perspective‘s characteristic and the implied facts. In a historical novel, Slotkin (2005, p.
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