Minke's Struggle for Social Equality Potrayed In

MINKE’S STRUGGLE FOR SOCIAL EQUALITY POTRAYED IN PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER’S “FOOTSTEP”

A THESIS

BY:

DEPIKA SHAELA DAMANIK

REG. NO. 100705011

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2015

MINKE’S STRUGGLE FOR SOCIAL EQUALITY POTRAYED IN PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER’S “FOOTSTEP”

A THESIS

BY DEPIKA SHAELA DAMANIK REG. NO. 100705011

SUPERVISOR CO-SUPERVISOR

Dr. Siti Norma Nasution,M.Hum. Drs. Siamir Marulafau M.Hum

Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatra Utara Medan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from Department of English

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2015

Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatra Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination.

Head, Secretary,

Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS. Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D.

Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatra Utara,Medan.

The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatra Utara on Thursday April 16, 2015

Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatra Utara

Dr.H.Syahron Lubis, MA NIP.19511013 197603 1 001

Board of Examiners

Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS. ……………………………..

Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D. ……………………………..

Dr. Siti Norma Nasution, M.Hum. ……………………………..

Drs. Parlindungan Purba, M.Hum ……………………………..

iii

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Assalamualaikum Warrahmatullahi Wabarakatuh

First of all I would like to give my biggest gratitude to Almighty Allah

Subhanahu wa Ta’ala for blessing and endownments in my life, especially during the process of finishing this thesis. Nothing is impossible to happen without his permission.

I am also grateful to the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of

Sumatra Utara, Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, MA, for giving all students facilities to support their study. The gratitude is also expressed to the Head of English

Department Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S and the Secretary of English Department

Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D. for the easiness and the facilities given to me during my study. I am proud to be a student of this Department.

I also would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to Dr. Siti Norma

Nasution, M.Hum. and Drs. Siamir Marulafau M.Hum as my supervisor and my Co-

Supervisor respectively. I am thankful for helps, guidance, and contributions in my thesis.

My lovely thanks are due to my beloved family, Giman Damanik. SH and

Dra. Aisah for giving me the good times and hard times too, so I can stand here as myself today. Next, I would like to thank to my beloved brother and sister . Gani

Abdullah Damanik and Zakiya Shafira Damanik.

Big thanks to those friends who has been giving me the helps, joy, laughter and many other things, Syahfitri, Mentari, Siti Nurhafizah, Fatih Amalia, Dedek

Rasmin, Tengku Putri, Puput Julianti, Rahmat Rivai, and Arafat Syam. Thank you for sticking with me for all these years. Hope our friendship can last for many more years. Next, thank you for every person whom I cannot mention one by one in this limited space, who has given and contributed their ideas and excellent knowledge, before, during and after writing on this thesis.

May Allah SWT compensate whatever you have given to me.

Medan,

April2015

Depika Shaela Damanik

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I, DEPIKA SHAELA DAMANIK DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.

Signed : Date : 28 April 2015

iii

NAME : DEPIKA SHAELA DAMANIK

TITLE OF THESIS : MINKE’S STRUGGLE FOR SOCIAL

EQUALITY POTRAYED IN PRAMOEDYA

ANANTA TOER’S “FOOTSTEPS”

QUALIFICATION : S-1/SARJANA SASTRA

DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH

I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR

REPRODUCTION AT THE DISRECTION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES,

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATRA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT

USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW

OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.

Signed :

Date : 28 April 2015

ABSTRACT

The title of this thesis is Minke’s Struggle for Social Equality Potrayed in

Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s “Footstep”. This topic is very interesting because social equality in literature is a reflection of a social life in a certain era. Besides, this novel is written by Indonesian author, Pramoedya Ananta Toer and tells story of his homeland and its people in Dutch Colonial Reign. Pramoedya has won many awards such as PEN/Barbara Goldsmith Freedom to Write Award, Ramon Magsaysay

Award for Journalism, and is frequently discussed as Indonesia's and Southeast

Asia's best candidate for a Nobel Prize in Literature. The aims of this research are to find out the struggle for social equality in this novel, toward whom the criticisms are directed, the reason why this novel was banned and the author idealism that reflected in the main character. Basically, most of Pramoedya’s works contains of social criticisms and his idealism. This thesis uses a qualitative descriptive method, because it analyzes social equality of the main character that reflected the author idealism in a written words or verbal expressions from the characters and behaviors. The writer also uses the primary data, which is the novel Footsteps and takes secondary data such as references from the author biography, theories books, and internet.

Pramoedya’s idealism of equality that reflected in the main character. In brief, the writer wishes that Minke’s struggle for social equality would provide some knowledge for all readers.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENS ...... i AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ...... iii COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ...... iv ABSTRACT ...... v TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... vi

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of The Study ...... 1

1.2 Problems of The Study ...... 4

1.3 Objective of The Study ...... 4

1.4 Scope of The Study ...... 5

1.5 Significance of The Study ...... 5

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Literature of Sociology ...... 6

2.2 Historical background of Prmoedya Ananta Toer’s...... 7

2.3 The Aspect of Social Class ...... 10

a. The Lower Class ...... 10

b. The Working Class ...... 11

c. The Middle Class ...... 13

d. The Upper Class ...... 14

2.4 The Social Problem ...... 15

2.5 The Colonialism ...... 16

2.6 The Novel ...... 19

Historical novel ...... 20

Connection to nationalism ...... 21

CHAPTER III : METHOD OF RESEARCH

3.1 Research Design ...... 23 3.2 Data Collection ...... 24 3.3 Data Analysis ...... 25 CHAPTER IV : ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

4.1 ANALYSIS

4.1.1 Historical Background of The Novel “Footstep”...... 26

4.1.2 Characters of the Novel ...... 29

4.1.3 Minke’s Struggle ...... 30

4.1.4 Minke’s Strategies ...... 34

4.2 FINDING ...... 40

CHAPTER V : CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion ...... 41

5.2 Suggestion ...... 42

REFERENCES ...... 43

APPENDICES

vii

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of The Study

Pramoedya wrote four novels were serialized, the four novels are; This Earth of Mankind, Child of All Nations, Footsteps and House of Glass. But in this thesis I will talk about the novel Footsteps. if we look back to the history of Indonesia , it remains a terrible memory. It is about the discrimination on 1940 in Batavia. Then

Pramoedya Ananta Toer criticize their lives by novel. In reading the novel, the writer found that those novel did not only telling about his life but also about the society.

Pramoedya Ananta Toer is an Indonesian critic, essayist, short-story writer, and novelist.

Pramoedya continues the story of Minke, an activist in the struggle for native rights in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia). He travels to Betawi (now Jakarta) to study medicine but soon realizes that he must fight for an end to the political system of apartheid kept in place by the Dutch government during the early 20th century. The uneven writing style varies between stilted (but heartfelt) expressions of ideology and very moving accounts of Minke's experiences. Minke's story is a courageous record of colonial repression and unrest. As a novel, however, Footsteps will be most appreciated by those who have read and enjoyed the first two volumes, so libraries should purchase accordingly. A vibrant portrait of a people coalescing into nationhood, this third volume of a projected tetralogy (the Buru Quartet) by

Indonesian novelist Pramoedya continues the story begun in Child of All Nations and

This Earth of Mankind. The protagonist is again expelled Javanese medical student

Minke, who now becomes a journalist, then a grass-roots political organizer and eventually a crusading publisher of the archipelago's first Native-owned daily newspaper. Set in the period 1901 to 1912, this novel measures Minke's dream of a unified, multiethnic Indonesia free of Dutch rule, against the harsh realities of colonial occupation. The picture is bleak: oppression, exploitation, slavery and brutal subjugation of the Netherlands Indies' indigenous people by the Dutch military, working in concert with a local ruling elite.

This thesis will analyze about the Minke’s Struggle for social equality in the era of Colonialism. Colonialism always related with a big lies, and they realized about their image is a big liar, they used that tricks for defend their authority, with the rule that they created, Javanese always follow the play of the Dutch as colonizer and should be obey the rule. Incapable mentality of Javanese people make the position of the class Javanese looks inferior. Dutch as colonizer used the reality as the weapon for controlling the position of Javanese stay at that level of inferior.

The Dutch dominant through their superior ideas, Javanese did not have the quality to reach that level. Javanese looked inferior, they lived as slaves in the era Dutch colonialism. Minke realizes, he comes to the world with many benefits, it can be describe from the differences of situation between Minke and the peasant, in which the peasant more like animal than human. It caused by the lower class should give their contribution with the roles as the slaves. Peasants only faced impoverished conditions and famine. Minke as an aristocratic family deserved about the availability of education. Dutch requiring higher levels of education in the administration and the role given to aristocratic family and the other meaning of the

Dutch, aristocratic family lives as the differences the status social. The racist system can be the important things for prevent the action of revolutionary, because peasants(lower class) and the native intellectual can be built up the solidarity for their struggles.

As the world moves into the twentieth century, Minke, one of the few

European-educated Javanese, optimistically starts a new life in a new town: Betawi.

With his enrollment in medical school and the opportunity to meet new people, there is every reason to believe that he can leave behind the tragedies of the past. But

Minke can no more escape his past than he can escape his situation as part of an oppressed people under a foreign power. As his world begins to fall apart, Minke draws a small but fervent group around him to fight back against colonial exploitation. During the struggle, Minke finds love, friendship, and betrayal—with tragic consequences. And he goes from wanting to understand his world to wanting to change it. Pramoedya's full literary genius is again evident in the remarkable characters that populate the novel—and in his depiction of a people's painful emergence from colonial domination and the shackles of tradition. European

Imperialism is one of the topics addressed in this novel.

In this thesis I apply Literature of Sociology derived from the sociology and literature. Literature is a reflection of society. Through literature, the author reveals the problems of life. Literary works influenced by the society and at the same time able to make an impact on society. A literary work portrays society, it means that we can see the situation and condition of society from a literary work. In this thesis, I want to discuss about the society and the problems found in the novel Footstep by

Pramoedya Ananta Toer. I will focus on the struggle of the main character, Minke to

gets social equality for the generation in the period of colonization. The main character tried hard to find the way for the common people to get the social equality and to remove feudalistic culture in his culture.

I chose this topic, because this topic is important to be discussed. It deals with the struggle of social treatment for equality. This is the problem of social in the recent time. The reader may think about it for our improvement. Based on realities in history, this thesis describes how Minke’s struggle through organization and the newspaper in the seed and cultivate the spirit of nationalism among the natives.

Minke is able to establish and build public opinion would be a crime to be in the opponent’s colonial and in fighting.

1.2 Problem of The Study

Based on the background of research above, the writer discusses about problems as stated below:

1. How does Minke struggle to get social equality in the Pramoedya Ananta

Toer ‘Footsteps’?

2. What are Minke’s strategies to reach the purposes ?

1.3 Objective of The Study

The objectives of study on this paper are to know some historical background and their wave that can be seen. To show the struggle of Javanese who has a sincere intention to color his history and makes the changes in his environment and to inform

the readers of the novel that the people who are involved in the history, fight for the dignity of the nation with their own way.

1.4 Scope of The Study

It is very important to give coverage to the study. In writing the thesis, the writer limits her study to the following scope :

Minke’s struggle for social equality in the Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s include his struggle in organizing, he's fighting for social equality in his culture, and his struggle by making the first native newspaper.

1.5 Significance of The Study

This thesis is important to be discussed because it deals with the struggle for social treatment for equality. This is the problem of social in the recent time. The reader may think about it for our improvement.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Literature of Sociology

Sociology can be defined as the science or systematic knowledge about the life of human group in relation to other human beings is generally called society.

Sociology of literature is an approach that starts with an orientation to the author.

Abrams (1981: 178) says, sociology literature imposed on the writings of literary critics and historians is primarily directed at the author of the ways a person is affected by the status of its class, the ideology of society, the economic circumstances associated with his work, and the type of the intended readers. All these aspects are summarized in the building of a copyright literary, one aspect of the build integrity of a story relates to disposition is always related to the author and the environment in which he lives. Likewise, regarding the type of person or character.

Usually in any story there are always a few characters, in this case the role of sociology of knowledge to reveal the contents of a literary work.

Sociology of literature has been growing rapidly since the studies by utilizing the theory of structuralism considered decline, stagnation, and even regarded as involution. Analysis of structuralism considered ignoring the relevance of community which is its origin. Djoko Pardopo Grace (1993: 34) states that the purpose of sociological studies in the literature is to obtain a complete picture of the relationship between authors, literature, and society. In sociology, sociological theories are statements of how and why particular facts about the social world are

related. They range in scope from concise descriptions of a single social process to paradigms for analysis and interpretation. Some sociological theories explain aspects of the social world and enable prediction about future events, while others function as broad perspectives which guide further sociological analyses.

2.2 Historical Background of Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s

Pram, as usual he called, he is the eldest of an Islamic nationalist’s family.

His father, Sir Mastoer is a teacher of HBS (Holandsch Islandchs School) before moving to teach at private school IBO (Institute Boedi Oetomo). His mother was a woman activist, named Oemi Saidah, she was the daughter of a Penghulu of

Rembang concubine who has given birth to Oemi Saidah the Penghulu of Rembang and then divorced and was expelled from the Penghulu residence. Thus the life story of her grandmother who was the inspiration of Pramoedya to write the “Beach Girl” romance an unfinished novel, because the romance actually the first book of a trilogy. It is unfortunate that two other scripts lost in the riots in 1965.

Pramoedya’s writings sometimes fell out of favor with the colonial and later the authoritarian native government in power. Pramoedya faced censorship in

Indonesia, during the pre-reformation era, despite the fact that he was well known outside Indonesia. During the changeover to the Soeharto regime, Pramoedya was caught up in the shifting tides of political change and power struggle in Indonesia.

He was seen as a holdover from the previous regime (even though he had struggled with the former regime as well) and was banished for years to Buru Island where political prisoners were kept. It was there that he composed his most famous work,

the Buru Quartet. Not permitted access to writing materials, he recited the story to other prisoners before it was written down and smuggled out.

On August 17, 1945, after the news of Allied victory over Japan reached

Indonesia, Soekarno proclaimed Indonesia Independence. This touched off the

Indonesian National Revolution against the forces of the British and Dutch. In this war, Pramoedya joined a paramilitary group in Karawang, Kranji (West Java) and eventually was stationed in Jakarta. During this time, he wrote short stories and books, as well as propaganda for the Nationalist cause. He was eventually imprisoned by the Dutch in Jakarta in 1947 and remained there until 1949, the year that Netherlands recognized Indonesian Revolution, he wrote his first major novel

“The Furgutive”.

In Indonesia, Pramoedya built up a reputation as a literary and social critic, joining the left wing writer’s group Lekra and writing in various newspapers and literary journals. His writing style became more politically charged, as evidenced in his story Korupsi (Corruption), a critical fiction of a civil servant who falls into the trap of corruption. This created friction between him and the government of

Soekarno. From the late 1950’s, Pramoedya began teaching literary history at the left-wing Universitas Res Publica. As he prepared material, he began to realize that the study of Indonesia language and literature had been distorted by the Dutch colonial authorities. He sought out materials that had been ignored by the colonial educational institutions, and which had continued to be ignored after independence.

In October 1965, there was a coup and the army took power after alleging that the assassination of several senior generals was masterminded by the Communist

Party of Indonesia. The transition to Soeharto’s New Order followed, and

Pramoedya’s position as the head of the people’s Cultural Organization, a literary

wing of the Indonesian Communist Party caused him to be considered a communist and enemies of the “New Order” regime. During the violent anti-Communist purges, he was arrested, beaten, and imprisoned without trial, first in Nusa Kambangan off the southern coast of Java, and then the penal colony of Buru in the Eastern island of the Indonesian archipelago.

Pramoedya was banned from writing during his imprisonment of the Island of

Buru, but still managed to compose orally his best known series of work to date, the

Buru Quartet, a series of four historical fiction novels chronicling the development of the Indonesian Nationalism and based in part on his own experiences growing up.

The English title of the book in the Buru Quartet are, This Earth of Mankind, Child of All Nation, Footstep, and House of Glass. The main character of the series, Minke, a javanese minor royal, was based in part on an Indonesian journalist active in the nationalist movement, Tirto Adhi Surjo.

Pramoedya had done research for the books, before his imprisonment in in the Buru prison camp. When he was arrested his library was burned and much of his collection and early writings were lost. On the prison colony island of Buru he was not permitted even to have a pencil. Doubting that he would ever be able to write the novel down himself, the narrated them to his fellow prisoners. With the support of the other prisoners who took on extra labor to reduce his workload. Pramoedya was eventually able to write the novels down, and the published works derive their name

“Buru Quartet” from the prison where he produced them. They have been collected and published in English (translated by Max Lane) and Indonesia, as well as many other languages. Though the work is considered a classic by many outside of

Indonesia’s literary works to be largely unavailable to the country’s people whose

history it addressed. Copies were scanned by Indonesia abroad and distributed via internet to people inside the country.

Pramoedya’s works on colonial Indonesia recognised the importance of Islam as a vehicler for popular opposition to the Dutch, but his works are not overtly religious. He rejected those who use religion to deny critical thinking, and on ocasioon wrote with considerable negativity to the religiously pious. One authors has spectaculated this may have resulted from a low number of Haji’s in his native Blora and resentment of his Hajji grandfather’s divorce and abandonment of his grandmother.

2.3 The Aspect of Social Class

Steven explains in http//libcom.org/library/class-class-struggle-

introduction that there are four class in society, they are: the lower class, the

working class, the middle class, and the upper class.

a. The Lower Class

The lower class is typified by poverty, homelessness, and unemployment.

People of this class, few of whom have finished high school, suffer from lack

of medical care, adequate housing and food, decent clothing, safety, and

vocational training. The media often stigmatizes the lower class as “the

underclass”, inaccurately characterizing poor people as welfare mothers who

abuse the system by having more and more babies, welfare fathers who are

able to work but do not, drug abuser, criminals, and societal “trash”. The

quotation below support the existence of the lower class :

“What is your name ?” “Krio, Ndoro.” “Don’t crawl like that, Krio. Stand up.” His eyes showed nervousness. He wiggled his fingers nervously. But he still remained glued on the floor. “Forgive me, Ndoro. But it is better like this.” “You are applying to join Syarikat ?” “Yes, Ndoro.” “Stand up.” I ordered Hearing me speak in such a sharp voice, he stood. He kept his hands clasped before him. “What kind of work do you do ?” “A farmer, Ndoro. Sometimes a coolie.” He answered, while wiggling his thumb. (Footsteps, 1990 :447)

The conversation above explains that Minke feels inconvenient to

Krio, who is nervous when Minke asks him to stand up, but not crawl when

he speaks with Minke, because they are now members of Syarikat. b. The Working Class

The working class are those minimally educated people who engage in

“manual labor” with little or no prestige. Unskilled workers in the class-

diswashers, cashiers, maids, and waitresses-usually are underpaid and have

no opportunity for career advancement. They are often called the working

poor. Skilled workers in this class-carpenters, plumbers, and electricians are

often called blue collar workers. They may make more money than workers

in middle class-secretaries, teachers, and computer technicians, however their

jobs are usually more physically taxing, and in some cases quite dangerous.

The quotation that support this, can be seen at the following quotation :

“Your servant’s name is Ja’in, Bendoro,” he said in High Javanese I glanced at Sadikoen. He didn’t feel uncomfortable at hearing kromo being spoken to me. “Why don’t we just use Malay ?” I asked. “Very well, Bendoro.” “Sit here, besides me.” I invited him. “Forgive me, Bendoro. I’m happier standing like this. I’m used to working standing up. And please don’t be angry with me, for searching an audience with you, Bendoro. I am also a subscriber to Medan. Happily Bendoro Doctor told me that Bendoro was also on the train. When else, if not now, would I get such an opportunity ?” “What is it that you want ?” I also stood. “please sit down, Bendoro,” he begged. But I remained standing. Sadikoen was watching each of us closely. “Many of my friends, either individually or together in groups, subscribe to Medan. We like it very much. Truly, Bendoro. Medan is not just something that entertains us, it has also become our leader. Bendoro has been able to help my fellow railway workers three times now. The publication on the law as well as extremely interesting Sunday supplement have all helped us a lot.” (Footstep, 1990:271)

The conversation above happens between Ja’in and Minke who is also called Bendoro by Ja’in. the point of this is the admiration of Ja’in and his friends, who work as railway workers to ‘Medan’. They hope one day Medan can help them when they face the injustice before law. c. The Middle Class

The middle class are the “sandwich” class. These white collar workers have

more money than those below them on the “social ladder”, but less than those

above them. They divide into two levels according to wealth, education, and

prestige. The lower middle class is often made up of less educated people

with lower incomes, such as managers, small business owners, teachers, and

secretaries. The upper middle class is often made up of highly educated

business and professional people with high incomes, such a doctors, lawyers,

stockbrokers, and CEO (chief executive officer). The thing that support we

can see at the following quotation :

“Frischboten is an honest lawyer, he will do all he can to help you. On first impression you may not like with him, but don’t be put off by what you see on the outside. He knows the Indies well. He too once said to me that the Indies is a factory that only produces priyayi, bureaucrats, and tyrants. It has never produced a sing single leader, except they produce themselves, outside the government.” (Footstep, 1990: 238)

d. The Upper Class

Comprising only 1 to 3 percent of the United States population, the upper

class holds more than 25 percent of the nation’s wealth. This class divides

into two groups: lower-upper and upper-upper. The lower-upper class

includes those with “new money”, or money made from investments,

business ventures, and so forth. The upper-upper class includes those

aristocratic and “high-society” families with ‘old money” who have been rich

for generations. These extremely wealthy people live off the income from

their inherited riches. The upper-upper class is more prestigious then low-

upper class. Based on the theory above Minke comes from the upper class

because he is a descendant of an aristocracy. Consider the following

quotation :

“People were summoned by name to enter the palace. Their names were then called out again by the governor-general’s adjutant. Only the foreign consuls and residents were not summoned. They were the first group to enter. The bupatis were called next. Then finally came the one I had been waiting for my father. He left the bupatis group, and walked confidently and lightly as if walking on a cloud. There was a slit at the back of his shirt, so that his bejeweled keris could be displayed. His left hand held the tip of the beautiful batik that he wore as a sarong. At his waist his diamond-studded keris challenged the other bupatis. And his belt shone with brilliance of nine kinds of precious stones. He strode along, his last step falling exactly at the end of the path. Then he ascended the stairs into the palace with eyes fixed on the reception area inside.”

(Footstep, 1990: 115)

2.4 The Social Problem

Social Problems by James Coleman (194), this book discusses social problems around our life. This book contains the meaning, the kind, the cause, and the example of social problems in some places. This book helps the writer to understand about the social problems. So, the writer can find the social problems appropriately in novel. Poverty, racism, war, violence, mental disorders, pollution are list of social problems. The sociological study of social problems is founded on the belief that something can indeed be done if we first make the effort to study our problems systematically and then act on our understanding. Sociology is a framework for sorting out all of these facts, ideas, and beliefs. Use of the sociological of theory helps reduce confusion in the minds of those who wish to participate in public discussions of these important issues.

Most people define a social problem as condition that harmful to society. But the matter is not simple, for the meanings of such everyday terms as harm and society are not clear. According Robert K. Merton in Coleman (1987), social problem are created by failure to close the gap between the way people want things to be and the way things really are. Through this definition, discrimination is a social problem because we believe that everyone should receive fair and equal treatment, yet certain groups are still denied equal access to education, employment, and housing.

2.5 The Colonialism

Colonialism is the practice to get profit with the way to expand their authority in other lands & territories. The purpose of settlement and or resource exploitation, when an invading exactly the colonialism force confronts an Indigenous population already occupying a territory. The reason of colonialism is that they live and come as the light for the darkness for Indigenous population. Colonialism is not a modern phenomenon. World history is full of examples of one society gradually expanding.

The plan of colonialism is to expand their colony and take the benefit from their colony.

Colonialism does not only take everything from that oppressed but also they are as colonialism make some result such as they create system of fear to colony countries. From the result, they are oppressed or colonized fell incapable defended them, because the mentality of inferior class gives a fact that they cannot fight the superior of European as colonizer. This domination force colony countries give their power only to help the system that colonialism is created can be run as well

Colonialism becomes a violent conflict between two hostiles and different ways of life. One side wants to impose their will to others. This is a standard definition of war, and colonization itself can be considered a war for territory involves all the means which is used to carry out wars such as military, political, economic, psychological, diplomatic, cultural, etc.

Colonialism is the one action that really forbidden and dangerous for rich countries, because they have potential sources. There are many countries have more power, they always show their passion to control rich country. The definition about is a practice of domination, the domination of one people to another and colonialism involves political and economic control over a dependent territory. It is clearly that the reflection of colonialism only about exploitation and the system oppression. The idea of colonialism is to take resources from one country to use for the benefit of the colonizing country, ―Colonialism is the extension of a nation's sovereignty over territory and colonialism often to facilitate economic domination over their resources, labor, and markets. The term also refers to a set of beliefs that the mores of the colonizer are superior to those of the colonized.

Colonialism always created a bad rule for colony country. Colonialism has made new patterns of stratification social in many parts. This pattern has come to be known as third world. It can be called as new forms of inequality based on distinction of race, there are discrimination between the life of upper class(aristocratic) and lower class (peasant), it also introduced new political ideologies and new concept of social stratification, some of these have been carried into the post-colonial phase where the challenges of development and modernization are giving a new character to the entire problem of social stratification. Based on the fact Buru Quartet novel by Pramoedya, this novel reveal the condition of Javanese.

Dutch as the evil really interest about the condition of the land Indonesia. Dutch lead the actions such as system oppression, exploitation, etc. The colonialism that Dutch created only make the Javanese suffered on their condition. Colonialism penetrated

in Indonesia because Indonesia was a famous trading archipelago with distinct social, political, and economic customs.

Indonesia had a large indigenous population that descended from

Malay peoples spread to various islands. Indonesia had a highly developed society with wet field rice cultivation as the basis agriculture. They advance knowledge of navigation that allows them to trade and interact with the countries that really depend on trading. The Dutch colonialism penetrated in Indonesia because Dutch under disappointment condition. Dutch need money to rebuild their system after the war.

Dutch transform to be parasite because they only depend on Indonesia as important element to rebuild his power, certainly Dutch gives a disaster to Indonesian population.

Dutch only take the benefit from Indonesia, Dutch as colonizer seems have a motive to changes native as permanent settlers to be slaves. The motive certainly is one of the list ingredients to rebuild his economical after loss in the war. Fanon explains in his book about how colonialism to control his colony ―Dutch were interested in gaining high capital profits from the labor and resources, they extracted from Indonesia, for centuries the capitalists have behaved in the underdeveloped world like nothing more than war criminals, deportations, massacres, forced labor, and slavery have been the main methods used by capitalism to increase its wealth, gold or diamond reserves and to establish its power. To assure high profits, Dutch established the bad system, such as Cultivation System; a system in which peasants and famers were forced to grow commercial crops for the Dutch and for the local governments. All heavy burdens and taxes were given to the peasants. Therefore,

they faced impoverished conditions and famine. The Dutch brought goods, such as coffee, sugar and spices from the island of Java, which became one of the largest products to be export. Sugar, coffee, spices and other goods, accounted for seventy percent of Indonesian exports, and the Dutch took almost all the profits. In this case, it gives the fact of the system that created by Dutch precisely shows the reality what the Dutch did to Javanese people.

The Dutch exploited the colony, the difference between colonizer and colonized there is room only for forced labor. Colonialism has interest to exploit a native population for rebuild their countries to the better. In order to make a better condition, Dutch to transforms colony countries such as Indonesia to be slaves ―the colonizing man into slave, and the indigenous man into an important instrument of production. It has been a common theme in the global history especially when the process and result of war make the impact for the system of the country.

The fertile land in Indonesia is interesting. It is caused by the good land

Indonesia. Thus, it is believed to give great profit. Certainly, this land is used as

Dutch plantations. The impact of the plantations makes the peasants do not have land for farming and suffered famines. Many women had migrated to Indonesia in order to help the problem of Indonesia quality especially for education. They were concerned with the lack of education and decided to create schools. The Dutch school system was extended to Indonesians with the most prestigious schools admitting Dutch children and those of the Indonesian upper class.

2.6 The Novel

A novel is a long, fictional narrative which describes intimate human experiences. The novel in the modern era usually makes use of a literary prose style, and the development of the prose novel at this time was encouraged by innovations in printing, and the introduction of cheap paper, in the 15th century. The present

English (and Spanish) word for a long work of prose fiction derives from the Italian novella for "new", "news", or "short story of something new", itself from the Latin novella, a singular noun use of the neuter plural of novellus, diminutive of novus, meaning "new". Most European languages have preserved the term "romance" (as in

French, Dutch, Russian, Serbo-Croatian, Romanian, Danish, Swedish and Norwegian

"roman"; German "Roman"; Portuguese "romance" and Italian "romanzo") for extended narratives.

• Historical novel

On the one hand The Historical Novel Society defines the genre as works

"written at least fifty years after the events described", whilst on the other hand critic

Sarah Johnson delineates such novels as "set before the middle of the last [20th] century in which the author is writing from research rather than personal experience." Then again Lynda Adamson, in her preface to the bibliographic reference work World Historical Fiction, states that while a "generally accepted definition" for the historical novel is a novel "about a time period at least 25 years before it was written", she also suggests that some people read novels written in the past, like those of Jane Austen (1775 – 1817), as if they were historical novels.

One of the earliest examples of the historical novel in Europe is La Princesse de Clèves, a French novel which was published anonymously in March 1678. It is regarded by many as the beginning of the modern tradition of the psychological novel, and as a great classic work. Its author is generally held to be Madame de La

Fayette. The action takes place between October 1558 and November 1559 at the royal court of Henry II of France. The novel recreates that era with remarkable precision. Nearly every character – except the heroine – is a historical figure. Events and intrigues unfold with great faithfulness to documentary record. In the United

Kingdom the historical novel "appears to have developed" from La Princesse de

Clèves, "and then via the Gothic novel".

Historical fiction rose to prominence in Europe during the early 19th century as part of the Romantic reaction to the Enlightenment, especially through the influence of the Scottish writer Sir Walter Scott, whose works were immensely popular throughout Europe, even though Jane Porter's 1803 novel Thaddeus of

Warsaw is one of the earliest examples of the historical novel in English and went through at least 84 editions, including translation into French and German, The first true historical novel in English was in fact Maria Edgeworth's Castle Rackrent

(1800).

• Connection to nationalism

Historical fiction sometimes encouraged movements of romantic nationalism.

Walter Scott's Waverley novels created interest in Scottish history and still illuminate it.[citation needed] A series of novels by Józef Ignacy Kraszewski on the history of

Poland popularized the country's history after it had lost its independence in the

Partitions of Poland. Henryk Sienkiewicz wrote several immensely popular novels

set in conflicts between the Poles and predatory Teutonic Knights, rebelling

Cossacks and invading Swedes. He won the 1905 Nobel Prize in literature. He also wrote the popular novel, Quo Vadis, about Nero's Rome and the early Christians, which has been adapted several times for film, in 1912, 1924, 1951, 2001 to only name the most prominent. Sigrid Undset's Kristin Lavransdatter fulfilled a similar function for Norwegian history; Undset later won a Nobel Prize for Literature

(1928).

CHAPTER III

METHOD OF RESEARCH

3.1 Research Design

In analyzing the subject matter of problems, the writer uses descriptive qualitative method. According to Denzin and Lincoln in Wahyuni (2004),

“qualitative research is multi-method in focus, involving an intrepretive, naturalistic approach to its subject matter. It means that qualitative researchers discussing about natural settings, attempting to make sense of, or interpret phenomena in terms of the meanings people bring to them. Qualitative research involves the study use and collection of a variety of empirical materials-case study, personal experience, introspective, life story, interview, observational, historical, interactional and visual texts, that describe routine and problematic moments and meanings in individual’s live.”

In obtaining the data, library research method is used. Through this method the data relies on the materials, which considered to be determining or supporting sources of analysis. The data collection, which is the novel Footsteps and takes secondary data such as references from the author biography, theories books, internet, and other reading materials dealing with the subject matter which give more information and support the arrangement of this thesis completely. The research design can be seen from scheme;

Primary Data : Jejak Langkah (Footstep) (1980)

Secondary Data : Bumi Researcher Manusia (This Earth of Mankind, 1980), Anak Semua Bangsa (This Child

of All Nation, 1980), Rumah Kaca (The House of Glass, 1988)

Data: Words, phrases from the Conclusion six songs which indicates racial

of discrimination African American.

Data Selected – Method : Qualitative Interpreted – Analyzed

Scheme 1: The Steps of Analyzing Data

3.2 Data Collection

There are some methods of collecting data: they are interview, surveys, observations, discussion, quotations, notes memorandum, and documents. The data of this analysis are novel “Footsteps” by Pramoedya Ananta Toer as the data sources.

The secondary data are:

1. This Earth of Mankind

2. Child of All Nation

3. House of Glass

The novels will be connected with the truth in his real life through his biography.

The process of collecting data in this analysis are as follows:

1. Read the novels and the books about Pramoedya Ananta Toer to know

more about his personal life in order to find the things that influence him.

3.3 Data Analysis

In analyzing the writer uses descriptive approach. There are some steps of descriptive analytical method. The first step, the writer read novels by Pramoedya

Ananta Toer’s that are related to the struggle of Minke from his background and his society. The second step, is reading those collected data, which consist of the text of novels , books, journals and those are relevant to the thesis. According to Wellek and

Warren in Damono (1979:3-4) that literary works in wide or narrow sight affects the readers of those works and ultimately; those works give a significant influence toward social condition existing at the time.

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

4.1 ANALYSIS

4.1.1 Historical Background of The Novel “Footstep”

This was sequel of This Earth of Mankind and Child of All Nations. This time Pramoedya told the struggle for independence through organizing and journalism. Minke moved to Batavia to continue his study in STOVIA medical school. One day Ter Haar, a journalist from De Locomotive invited him to a meeting with Van Kollewijn, a member of tweede kamer and a liberal. In the meeting Minke,

Marie van Zeggelen and Ter Haar criticized the evil of colonialism like taking over of asset and the area. Zeggelen criticized military aggression by Van Heustz. Ter

Haar told that the Netherlands owned more than nine hundred million guilders to

Indonesian people due to exploitation and asset taking over. Minke told about the

Trunodongso case.

The Minke met a Chinese girl named Mei. She became his wife.

Unfortunately, she had mysterious activities. She used to leave Minke at night. After suffering from sickness for some time she died. Before long Minke was dropped out from STOVIA he thought about establishing an organization for native people to enhance their condition. He approached government officials. The regent of Serang, who was considered to be progressive, refused to support. Then Minke met other officials. Some of them, like the officials of Mangga Besar and Meester Cornelis,

supported him. So he established Syarikat Priyayi (Association of Officials).

Unfortunately, its development was like a snail. Minke also establishes Medan

Priyayi Newspaper. There was a legal unit under Mr. D. Mahler which was dealt with injustice cases in railway company, plantation, government offices. Medan became their backing so it increased rapidly.

The native’s movement grew rapidly. In the Netherlands there was Indische

Studenten Vereeniging. Tomo from STOVIA established Boedi Oetomo. They built schools, but Minke thought they were chauvinistic because BO was for Javanese people only. He wanted an open and independent organization. He also wanted an organization which was not feudalistic and powerful enough to press the government by boycott. The idea of a boycott was interesting for Princess van Kasitura, the daughter of Sultan Kasitura. Impressed by her intelligence Minke offered her the position of editorial chief in a female magazine. Later, Minke married her. Minke found the government official attitude was not progressive. They were greedy, arrogant, feudalistic, and corrupt. He knew he could not rely on them. He wanted to organize free people. So, he established Syarikat Dagang Islam (Association of

Islamic Trade). The members were traders, merchant. It was inclusive, meaning for all groups in the community not only of the Javanese people. Medan was getting more and more relevant to the community’s problem, so it is increased rapidly. On the other hand, there were also problems due to its news, so there was pressure from the government and sometimes even in physical threat.

There were financial contributor from wealthy merchants, consequently SDI managed to buy a building in Kwitang, Batavia. The upper part was used as a hotel

while the lower part was used as offices and shops. The fund was also used to support private schools and legal assistance. Meanwhile, De Knijppers (The Clip) threatened Minke and his wife to dismiss Syarikat Dagang Islam (SDI).

Fighting broke out in some areas between SDI and DK. The police always arrested native. Minke refrained from making it as news. Meanwhile Minke’s report to local officials ever received proper attention. So, Minke realized that DK’s action was secretly backed by government, to halt the advancement of non European people. BO was supported by the government’s ethical policy while SDI was continually under pressure. The government gave financial side to their school on condition that they had to use government curriculum while Thamrin Muhammad

Thabrie, an important official who supported SDI, was retired. Then there was an issue regarding sugar syndicate. They wanted to decrease the land rent rate of one hundred thirty cent to ninety cents per bahu. Minke immediately held a meeting with the leadership.

Minke’s faction got most support so its membership increased greatly. Then

Minke wrote about sugar factory’s evil practices. Consequently a letter came from

De Zweep threatening him to withdraw the article. Soon torture followed. DZ was arrested and the membership of SDI kept on growing. Medan also covered the case of Tengku Dzamiloen, a man from Aceh who was treated unlawfully by the government. The consequence was hard. The editor's office was banned and the employees were expelled from their office and their houses. Minke was terrorized by

DZ. His wife shot them. Two men died and one wounded. Medan was banned for ten days. It decreased, but the membership of SDI increased greatly to more than fifty

thousand people. Minke planned to expand SDI to Malay nations who lived outside the Netherlands East Indies like Sri Lanka and South Africa. The leadership of SDI was handed over to Samadi, chief of Sala branch, and Minke would concentrate as international propagandist while Sandiman, Marko and Frischboten would take care of Medan.

Finally, Medan sharply criticized the viceroy when he came to Rembang to the funeral of the regent of Rembang. Finally, Minke was arrested and exiled.

Minke’s movement ended.

4.1.2 Characters of the Novel

Minke was Javanese and one of the few natives with a formal education even more uncommon, a Dutch education. He first introduced as a widower, mourning the suspicious death of his beautiful Indo-Dutch wife, Annelies. At first Minke was native, unpatriotic, and even arrogant to his own people. He was also an aspiring writer who worked for a Dutch newspaper. However, after his boss altered his writing to condemn a Chinese activist (Footstep 74-75), Minke began to understand the corruption and power of the Dutch colonist. Urged by his mother in law, his friend Jean, and another writer named Kommer, Minke set out on a journey to understand his own nation, and revealed the truth about the oppression of his people.

Ang San Mei was the second wife of Minke. She was a Chinese woman. She was pretty narrow-eyed girl. He also struggled for his Nation, Chinese, he was a member from the ‘Angkatan Muda’ Organization. But unfortunate she was death when the ages of their marriage was five years.

Ter Haar was former sub-editor at the Soerabaiasch Nieuws, European. Ter

Haar was a tall , slim European whom Minke becomes acquainted with on the ship

Oosthoek. He was on the same ship to go to work for De Locomotive (a famous newspaper). Ter Haar constantly bombards Minke with very liberal ideas that shakes and shatters Minke’s perspective of the capital driven sugar plantation that feds the inexhaustible greed of the imperialistic government.

Nyai Ontosoroh was Mother in law of Minke, Annelies’ Mother. Nyai

(usually referred to as “Mama” by Minke) was very perceptive, hard-working, and resoluted. She was sold to a Dutch man as concubine when she was younger, but persevered and now run a successful business. She had strong opinions concerning the Dutch and the colonialization of the Indies. Though she was Minke’s Mother in law, she treated him more like her own son.

Hendrik Frishbotten was husband of Minke close friend. Hendrik is an honest lawyer who was lived in Indies for along time, so he knew more of Indies.

Along Minke established the ‘Medan’ Hendrik always help him in helping of law.

Princees van Kasitura was a daughter of the king of Maluku. He was a beautiful woman and since he was child he learned to fight. He became the third wife of Minke and helped Minke to struggle.

4.1.3 Minke’s Struggle

Minke struggles alone in the course of the history of his nation. What he will do to defend the interest of his nation is that he has experience, working as a chief editor of Malay-Language daily and defends the interest of Hindia people at the time,

although it is not his own daily, in addition, he also establish a national organization named Syarikat Dagang Islam (SDI). In this novel at the beginning of the story

Minke expressly reject the rule that discriminate students in STOVIA (School tot

Opleiding van Indandsche Artsen: School for Natives Medical Education). He hates the rule, a rule that forces him to take off him take off his Netherland clothes and replace it with Java clothes. This statement can see in the following quotation:

“Everywhere there are rules. Why are the ones here so offensive ? As a Javanese, as a pupil, I must wear Javanese dress: a destar, a traditional buttoned-up top, a batik sarong, and even go barefoot!

Shoes are banned!

“Do you have Javanese clothes?” He asked.

I did, except for a destar. How humiliating it would be to admit I had no destar.

“No,” I answered

Do you have money?” The question were getting even more insulting. He probably wasn’t earning much more than seventy guilders a month. “If you haven’t any, we can advance you some money to buy whatever you need.”

Very well. I will be a student. I took leave to go and buy what I needed.

(Footstep, 1990 : 22)

Minke hates the feudal with the character glorifying the position or rank, though he is an aristocracy descendant. His mother, who is so obedient to the ancestor and uphold the culture really want his son became a true Java man. This statement can be seen in the supporting quotation:

“And it was that I met again that most honored of women. She look at me in amazement. I knelt down before her. Her look of amazement still did not go away. She look at me, from my feet to the top of my destar, and she breathed a sigh of relief. Then: “I would never have thought, Nak.”

“What would you never have thought, Mother ?”

“That you would, of your own free will, become Javanese again like this.”

“Forgive me, Mother. But I am not dressed like this of my own accord, but because of the school rules. Your son must go barefoot like this, Mother.”

“From the tone of your voice, I can tell that you more and more dislike being javanese, Nak.”

“It is so important to be Javanese, Mother ?”

Before I could say anything more, I flung my self to the floor when I saw tears come in her eyes as she turned away to look at the sky outside the window. I kissed her feet and once again, for the umpteenth time, I asked for her forgiveness.

(Footstep, 1990 : 59)

The quotation above enough to explain Minke’s resistance to the rule which has a feudal nature. Although he is aristocracy descendant, but he is not proud of using Javanese clothes, though his act is painful the mother that he loves. Not only for himself, but also for the Lord, who is aware of his aristocratic status. This can be seen when he meets the Serang regent, someone who is get the western education.

Minke thinks he is must have a modern-minded man, but Minke mistaken. These can be seen in the following statement:

“A messenger took me to the pendopo. And ya Allah, I would have to once again crawl across the floor to seek audience with him. No doubt to be followed by innumerable genuflections of obeisance. How could it be like this between two modern people ? This kind of babaric custom could not be accepted. The messengers bowed before me and then backed far away.

Should I cancel this initiative ?

It would be very easy. But I needed this person. The organization would need public acceptance. And his blessing would help. It would even be good if he were to join. This klind of tactic must not be given up. The organization must be founded and must be succeed.” (Footstep, 1990 : 182)

4.1.4 Minke’s Strategies

Minke’s strategies to reach the purposes is establishing the Native Newspaper to help the poor people to complain of injustice law. In 1907 Minke publishes the first native newspaper, named ‘Medan’. Editorial office is located at Jl.Naripan No.1,

Bandung. In managing his newspaper, Minke is helped by Marko, Sandiman,

Hendrik and Minke’s third wife, Princess of Kasitura from Maluku. The next circulation of ‘Medan’ continues to increase, because it has become the place of the weak Native who are opressed and discriminated by the law. What Minke voice by the press is considered dangerous by the Dutch.

“Every day you advance further, Mr. Minke. With more and more influence in society, among the priyayi, the merchants, the businessman. I have already expressed my thanks to you publicly, haven’t I ? Now I want to suggest to you that you be careful. It is not so hard to be careful. Everyone can do it. As a person with influence, you should be careful in the way you use it.”

“Thank you, sir. But I truly don’t feel I have any influence over anyone.”

“Nah, it’s strange if you don’t understand your own power. That is where the danger lies. You might make a mistake and use that influence wrongly.”

“Thank you, sir. I’ll remember what you have said.”

“And how are your plans for the immediate future ?”

And I become very nervous when I remembered what I had, just asked Sandiman to do.

“I don’t understand your question, sir.”

“You must have some bigger plans.”

“If this is what you mean, and if the government has no objections, I will be starting a daily newspaper.”

“Excellent!! He laughed happily. It’s not unexpected. You’ve had great success with you weekly. I’m sure you’ll have even greater success with your daily.”

(Footstep, 1990: 224)

A very significant increases of readers of ‘Medan’ come from members of

SDI organization which develops rapidly during his lead, but the way this organization and daily become bigger and bigger disturbs the government’s power.

So, the government takes measures to muffle it, starting from intimidation by a group named a Knijper or TAI (Total Anti Inlander) towards RM Minke who will be arested and put in a high tribute for his work by a commissioner police Jacques

Pangemanan who is successful to reduce the Pitung’s rebellion in his service in the police. At last the government orders him to arrest RM Minke.

The quotation below explains that ‘Medan’ has become a native newspaper which has already got the public confidence in just three months. It shows that Minke is consistent with his belief that newspaper can be a medium place for people to complain and give an opinion. This statement can be seen in the following quotation:

“Within three months our office at No.1 Naripan Street was continously full of people coming all over the place

to report the troubles they were suffering oppression, theft of their proverty, injury to their bodies by the colonial authorities and local elite, both white and brown. Our administrative office in Bogor was also always full of village people asking for justice. Often it wasn’t only legal justice they were after but natural justice. They become the source of news for Medan. Within three months we had won the public confidence. And after three months Sandiman also turned up again.”

(Footstep, 1990: 239)

The quotation also tells us about one condition where more and more of ppeople come to report their suffering which is caused by the autorities.

Nyai Ontosoroh suggests before going to Buitenzorg that Minke should publish the Medan, the first Native newspaper owned by the Natives themselves.

Nyai Ontosoroh takes off to France by giving some capitals to show that she suports the publication of that Newspaper .

“I have not returned all Mama’s money yet.”

“Listen. Nak, your magazine is already popular, except they say there’s not enough in it. There’s too much emphasis on one topic. That’s your opinion too, isn’t it Jean ?”

“Yes” he answered, And then went silent again.

“I’ve suggested to you that you start a newspaper. Have you though about it ?”

“No Native has ever tried to start a newspaper!”

“Then you will have the honor of being the first.”

“Too much capital is needed, Ma.”

“I’m with you too, Nak! How much do you need ?” she asked, daring me.” There’s no need to return the rest of what I sent you before. How would three thousand guilders be? Enough?”

I feel into silence, pondering, embarassed at having all this witnessed by Jean.

“Enough. Good, then you agree. Now you can start working on it.”

(Footstep, 1990: 218)

From statement above, Nyai Ontosoroh feels convenient to Minke that he has ability to publish his own newspaper, the first Native newspaper, a newspaper that defends the native. This can be seen in the next quotation :

“The evening endeed with these words from Mama: “So don’t worry about anything, Nak. I’m looking forward so much to reading your paper, a paper that will defend your fellow Natives, your people. You can’t just close down the weekly, of course. It has built up a good name among those looking for explanations of all the laws and regulations. But, I don’t consider that to be your real work. A daily, Nak! A daily!. I will look for a lawyer to help someone isn’t two-faced. What I’ve found out about Frischboten is quite encouraging. Perhaps he would be willing. And Nak, remember this. You must telegraph me in Paris if three thousand guilders are not enough.”

(Footstep, 1990: 210)

Minke always concerned about the leader of Syarikat branch that is still considered as a subordinate member which must also crawl along on the floor. The position of leader in the Java community is identical with the aristocracy and the

Duke and very regarded high and glorious. In addition, “bleed blue” they are considered most capable socially community. And when people are inferior not allowed to judge norm moral of dignitaries people. Especially criticize their accountable, then the leader is considered true, never wrong, and a moral standart that will emulated by his subordinates. This statement can be seen in the following quotation:

“Then I called over one of the people who was there to join up. It happened that he was a farmer. You could tell from his tattered pants and his farmer’s bamboo hat. His legs were filthy from working in mud everyday and never having known soap. He approached bowing all the time and then crawled along on the floor.

I look at my host and he didn’t seem to be bothered by this scene.

Rather he waved to the man that he approached closer.

I want to tell him to sit in a chair. But these were not my chairs and this was not my house. I would have to find another time to discuss this matter, while making sure I did not offend anyone.”

(Footstep, 1990 : 446)

The quotation above shows that Minke showed his struggle to remove feudalistic culture in his culture. Especially, the feudal system in the association he

had built. Minke concerned with the establishment of organization in this work, when the Hindia Belanda approves the establishment of the Chinese organization in

Hindi which is named Tiong Hoa Hwee Kon (THHK) in 1900. The establishment of the Chinese organization is somewhat surprising Minke. Because sinkeh Khow Ah

Soe had explained that his opinion nomads of China, work hard all over the world, only to collect the wealth and get back the admired by the people. Otherwise, he considered the THHK organization born when the natives still asleep. The modern organization is very interesting for Minke, to recognition of Hindia Belanda authority. Moreover, the modern organization has an equal position with the

European under the law.

4.2 FINDING

It has been clearly illustrated that Minke who becomes a central figure in

Buru Quartet try to get social equality in the colonialization, and to remove feudal culture in the community where he lives. Raden Mas Minke as the character of colonial education, that is HBS. Of course, most of the educated natives like Minke obtain colonial indoctrination from his school. In the case of Minke, a character,

Magda Peters was quite influential in providing the ideas of Western superiority.

One of the signs which is considered by his mother as a matter of Minke identity as a native is a lack of honor in the honor in the old. She called Minke

“brown-skinned Dutchman” an individual upbringing the Netherland who is no longer indigenous. In addition, the impact of the indoctrination of the most visible of

Minke is when he requested to obey, he feels insulted and ashamed with a traditional

ritual like that. Minke views of his native culture have now changed. He looked at his native cultural identity in a completely different perspective. He looked one of his cultural activities as an inferiority. Though, Minke also adrift in uncertainty about his identity.

The background of his priyayi traditional values and Western values that received by him in colonial education. Seeing himself as a Western up brings inspired by the egalitarian spirit of the French Revolution. He often identified his vision with this spirit. However, as a Priyayi descendant he often still enjoy the privilege of his status that often conflict with the egalitarian values he admires. For example, his meeting with Trunodongso, a poor farmer, reveals this side. When

Trunodongso using the Ngoko Java language (low) to talk to him, Minke think that poor farmers should use Kromo Java language (high) because the status of Raden

Mas Minke higher socially. Minke is aware of the egalitarian spirit that inspired by him from European culture often overlap with traditional values in everyday life.

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion

There are three conclusions that can be made after analyzing the topic that concern the result of Minke’s struggle for social equality, they are :

• The first, Minke success make the social equality by helping the Poor (lower

class) to gain the complaint of the injustice of law with establishing the Native

newspaper. The result of his action is the poor (lower class) more comfortable

to express their opinion for the injustice that their receive such asthe railway

worker ask Minke to help their case.

• The second, Minke’s Organization can be stimulate his friends in STOVIA to

make another Organization. At least there is modern Organization that formed

by the Natives.

• The third, Minke success makes the middle class, admire his newspapers. It

can be seen of trader and lawyers who are subscribe his newspapers.

• The fourth, Minke’s fallacy to formed Organization named “Syarikat Priyayi”

where the people are include in the Organization are the authorities and

aristocracy descendant.

5.2 Suggestions

Reading literature will enrich the literary knowledge of the readers. Hopefully by reading and understanding this thesis, it will be a valuable thing for the readers. It is also a potential thing for the readers who are interest in the study of the biographical literary works, colonialism in Indonesia, and novel to use more reliable and accurate sources to make a better analysis of the colonialism in Indonesia viewed from the novels.

To understand and also to be able to figure out the meanings we have to read the whole novels carefully. It can help us to understand the novel. Then the author’s biography and historical background can help us to get the clues about novels. We can understand the novel easier.

REFERENCES

Coleman, James William., and Donald R. Cressey. 1987. Social Problem. New

York : Harper and Row, Publisher, Inc.

Damono, Sapardi Djoko. 1979. Sosiologi Sastra Sebuah Pengantar Ringkas.

Jakarta : Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa Department

Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.

Toer, Pramoedya Ananta. 2006. Jejak Langkah. Bogor: Grafika Mardi Yuana.

Toer, Pramoedya Ananta. 1990. The footsteps (di terjemahkan oleh Max Lane).

Amerika: Penguin Books.

Toer, Pramoedya Ananta. 2005. Bumi Manusia. Bogor: Grafika Mardi Yuana.

Toer, Pramoedya Ananta. 2006. Anak Semua Bangsa. Bogor: Grafika Mardi

Yuana.

Toer, Pramoedya Ananta. 2006. Rumah Kaca. Bogor: Grafika Mardi Yuana.

Wahyuni, Sari. 2004. Qualitative Research Method: Theory and Practice.

Indonesia : Penerbit Salemba Empat.

Wellek, Rene., and Austin Warren. 1942. Theory of Literature. New York :

Harcourt, Brace and Company Inc.

______. 2002. Pramoedya Ananta Toer. Retrieved from

http://libcom.org/library/class-class-struggle-introduction (26th of July

2014)

______. 2008. Struggle For Existence.

http://www.guardian.cp.uk/science/2008/feb/09/ Retrieved from (July

2014)

APPENDICES

Summary

Pramoedya’s Quartet comprises four novels charting the rise of Indonesian nationalism in the face of entrenched, oppressive Dutch colonialism over two decades, from 1899 until just after World War I. The first three books, This Earth of

Mankind, Child of All Nations, and Footsteps, are told in the voice of Raden Mas

Minke, a Javanese youth of aristocratic background who over the course of the first three books becomes a nationalist. (Minke, as many Javanese, had only one name.

Raden Mas were titles given to Javanese aristocrats of a certain level in the very stratified Javanese society).

The last book, House of Glass, is written as a manuscript of the notes and observations of one Pangemanan, a native Indonesian high up in the colony’s internal security office, who monitored and countered the activities of Minke and others whom the Dutch considered threats to their interests in the Indies. The books are works of fiction but they track closely with the development of nationalism in the

Dutch East Indies.

The first book, This Earth of Mankind, sets the themes that develop throughout the Quartet and introduces the main characters. This Earth and the second book, Child of All Nations, are set in Surabaya in East Java and its environs.

The village of Wonokromo, a short train ride to the east, plays a significant role in the book, as does the area of Pasuruan, a large agricultural area some seventy miles

south. In 1900, Surabaya was Java’s main port and commercial hub for the archipelago. East Java, especially the area between Surabaya and Pasuruan.

This Earth of Mankind opens by introducing Minke, one of a very few

Javanese youths who attended the Dutch High School (HBS) in Surabaya. He had become a student in this advanced school, which was normally open to pure

Europeans and Mixed Bloods (called Indos, of Native and European descent), due to the prestige of his family. As a sideline, Minke wrote short stories for a Dutch newspaper. (Minke wrote and spoke Dutch, his native tongue was Javanese. He also knew Malay but had disdain for it. See the section on language in Java and

Indonesia.) The year was 1898. His parents lived in Bojonegoro, fifty miles to the west of Surabaya, where his father was bupati. (See the section on officials, Dutch and Javanese, in colonial Java.) He lived close to school and near a good friend, a

Frenchman Jean Marais, a former soldier in the Dutch war against the Acehnese.

Robert Suurhof, an Indo classmate, introduced Minke to a wealthy Indo family, headed by Sanikem, a Javanese woman whose father was a clerk at a sugar factory in

Sidoarjo, just outside Surabaya. When she was 14, her father sold her to the Dutch overseer, Herman Mellema. She became a concubine, a nyai, Nyai Ontorsoroh.

Mellema taught her European refinement and encouraged her to become educated.

She learned Dutch, although speaking it was forbidden to natives. When Mellema set up his own cattle ranch business at Wonokromo, he had her run it. Gradually, she accumulated her own money and became wealthy. Pramoedya develops her character as one of wisdom, emotional sensitivity, and dignity. Nyai had two children by Herman, Robert and Annelies. Pramoedya bestows Annelies with the prototypical beauty that even Indonesians today consider Indo women have. She

comes across as pure of thought, with heightened emotions and poor health. Her brother Robert was of mean disposition and resented Minke. The father Herman, now an alcoholic, spent his time in a stupor in a nearby Chinese whorehouse.

Minke and Annelies fell in love and got married in accord with local custom and Islamic practice. In the meantime, Herman apparently died of an overdose of drugs he used in the whorehouse. With his death, his estate passed to his three children. But, since Annelies was not yet considered an adult, Maurits became her guardian. Nyai and Minke challenged this in court, but lost since the state under law would not recognize Nyai’s standing as parent or Minke’s as husband. Maurits ordered Annelies to be brought to the Netherlands and a police contingent forcible removed her from the house in Wonokromo and put her aboard a ship for Europe. As the ship left, Nyai’s health began to fail. On board was Panji Darman, Minke’s friend, who would be reporting back to Nyai and Minke on Annelies’ condition.

(His reports are in the opening part of Child.)