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Ideology in Pramoedya Ananta Toer's Footsteps ABSTRACT This Study Is Gisa Vadhika Sacawisastra Ideology in Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s Footsteps Ideology in Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s Footsteps Gisa Vadhika Sacawisastra English Language and Literature Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia [email protected] ABSTRACT This study is conducted to construct ideology in Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s Footsteps. In order to construct ideology in the novel, Eagleton’s theory of six ideological features is employed as the tool to analyze the text. This study finds that there are two dominant class ideologies which are constructed in the novel, which are capitalism and feudalism. This study also finds that the characters are attributed with five ideological features, which are legitimation, rationalization, action-oriented, universalization, and naturalization to maintain the domination and advantages of the dominant classes and their ideologies. Keywords: ideology, unifying, action-oriented, rationalization, legitimation, naturalization, universalization 41 Passage2016, 4(1), 41-55 INTRODUCTION of society as a whole (p. 6).” In Literature and politics are two relation to literature, Eagleton (2002, disciplines which have a connection p. 7) also says that literary works are to each other (Farrel, 1942). The “forms of perception, particular ways relation between politics and of seeing the world; and as such they literature itself can be seen through have a relation to that dominant way literary works. As Bertens (2001, p. of seeing the world which is the social 113) states that literary works “always mentality or ideology of an age.” If have a political dimension in the literary works are particular ways of sense that on closer inspection they seeing the world and they have a can be shown to take specific stances relation to ideology, then it means it is with regard to social issues, either important to analyze ideology that is through what they say or through constructed in literary works in order what they do say”. Eagleton (1996) to comprehend them. also states that literature deals with One of the writers in Indonesia societies, power, and the way people whose ideology looks strong in his see history or, in other words, it deals literary works is Pramoedya Ananta with politics from the beginning. Toer. As Boef and Snoek (2008) If politics and literature are write, Toer was a writer who was bounded, then ideology is the bridge arrested and whose books were between those two. As Hartley (2013, banned by the Dutch colonialist, the p. 5) states that “we must first have a Old Order, and the New Order basic grasp of the concept of because of his political tendency. He ‘ideology,’ since this is one of the was also a member of an artist most useful terms for linking politics organization, Lekra, and had and literature.” According to contributed to the spreading of Eagleton, ideology is “the way men socialist-realism doctrine in live out their roles in class-society, the Indonesia. In 1980, Bumi Manusia, values, ideas and images which tie the first part of Pramoedya’s Buru them to their social functions and so Quartet, was published. This Buru prevent them from a true knowledge Quartet (Bumi Manusia, Anak Semua 42 Gisa Vadhika Sacawisastra Ideology in Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s Footsteps Bangsa, Jejak Langkah, and Rumah third novel of the Buru Quartet. Thus, Kaca) is a story about the birth of with Minke’s maturity in the novel, Indonesia nationalism. Bumi Manusia this study offers an alternative way to was greatly welcomed and had been read Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s reprinted five times when the second Footsteps by constructing ideologies book was published. However, the in the novel. first two books were banned by New Berteens (2001, pp. 84-85), Order regime because the regime explains ideology as faiths and ideas believed that the books implicitly that make the fake and conflicting propagate the doctrine of Marxism- condition becomes natural in people’s Leninism. In 1985, the third book, eyes by distorting the condition. Jejak Langkah, was published and Shelby also (2003, pp. 156-157) also immediately banned by the argues that there are negative features regime. or aspects in ideology which can be The third novel, Footsteps, by criticized and denied. Thus, ideology Pramoedya Ananta Toer (1996) is contains negative features that aim to chosen to be analyzed in this study. distort the truth, and this distortion The reason for choosing the book is eventually is related to the interest of because Minke, the main character, certain class in society already has a firm political idea and According to Marx (as cited in realizes the condition of the colonized Taha et.al, 2008, pp. 237-238), people that are oppressed by the ideology and its systems “are the colonialist and the feudalists. His idea products of social and economic and realization have not surfaced yet condition.” It is related to the in This Earth of Mankind and Child of statement that say “the class which All Nation. These opinions are has the means of material production supported by Boef and Snoek (2008) controls the mental production (p. who believe that Minke is an egg in 235)”, it means that certain class in the first novel and then hatches in the certain era which dominates the second novel. They find that Minke as economic base is able to use ideology the protagonist has matured in the in order to maintain its domination. 43 Passage2016, 4(1), 41-55 For example, the feudalists could economic and political condition, spread their ideologies that indeed which only bring advantages to the were able to give some benefits to capitalist class while the rest of them since they once dominated the society are exploited and oppressed economic base. Taha, Zahra, and Al- without even knowing it, are Khaoli (2008) then, connect ideology eternalized through ideology. to dominant class. They seem to stress Althusser (as cited in the untruth dimension of ideology that Berteens, 2001, p. 90) tries to answer cannot be separated with the the question of how ideology distorts economic base and the interests of the and conceal the truth, by stating class that lie within. Consequently, “‘Ideology represents the imaginary the ruling thoughts that get around in relationship of individuals to their real society are determined by the conditions of existence.” Ideology is condition of economy. The thoughts always able to distort the truth are only purposed to serve the benefit because ideology is some ideas that of dominant class and conceal the are continuously developed and truth that society and every aspect in constructed by individuals (Shelby, it is actually dominated by this 2003, p. 161). It is related to dominant class. Eagleton’s (1991) theory about The dominant class in society ideological features. Ideology is is not only the feudalists, which continuously developed and nowadays rarely seen in the world, constructed since people always use but also the capitalist/bourgeois class. ideology as a tool of rationalizing, Several theorists (Macris, 2011, p. 24; legitimating, naturalizing, Sussman, 2012, p. 477) connect universalizing, action-orientating, ideology with the capitalists. It is said and unifying. that ideology is a tool that is used by Ideologies are said to unify the capitalists and their state, since they “are often thought to lend including the high ranking politicians, coherence to the groups or classes to help and maintain their domination which hold them, welding them into a and benefit over society. The unitary, if internally differentiated, 44 Gisa Vadhika Sacawisastra Ideology in Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s Footsteps identity, and perhaps thereby specific to a certain place and time are allowing them to impose a certain projected as the values and interests unity upon society as a whole of all humanity (p. 56).” The last (Eagleton, 1991, p. 45).” In the feature is naturalization. According to action-oriented process, ideologies Eagleton, “successful ideologies are are not only deal with somewhat like often thought to render their beliefs ideas. They as well “must work both natural and self-evident - to identify practically and theoretically, and them with the 'common Sense' of a discover some way of linking these society so that nobody could imagine levels. It must extend from an how they might ever be different.” elaborated system of thought to the Thus, people who see something as minutiae of everyday life... (p. 48)” In natural or common, but it turns out this kind of process, Eagleton that it can be considered as an object continues, ideas, values, norms, or of criticism; they actually get cultures must be able to be transferred involved in naturalization process. into practice. Then, ideology also can be used for legitimating the dominant RESEARCH METHOD class and its ideas. Legitimation This study employs descriptive feature of ideology “can simply mean qualitative method, where the basis establishing one’s interest as broadly concept of this method is that the data acceptable, rather than lending them a take the form of words and the spurious wash of legality (p. 54).” analysis depends on explanation. The next feature is rationalization, However, the characteristics of the which “can be seen as more or less method also include that the systematic attempts to provide researchers have to take more plausible explanations and attention in comprehending reality in justifications for social behavior itself and there are a lot of alternatives which might otherwise be the object explanations rather than if the of criticism (p. 52).” The fifth is researchers use numbers (Elliot & universalization, where in this feature Timulak, 2005, p. 147). Tesch (as “values and interests which are in fact cited in Dey, 1993, p. 3) expresses 45 Passage2016, 4(1), 41-55 that the method is “oriented to (1991) theory on ideological features: providing thorough descriptions and unified, action-oriented, interpretations of social phenomena.” rationalization, legitimation, It also can be employed to make the universalization, and naturalization.
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