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La Prière: Structure, Aspects Et Enjeux Dans Une Perspective Hassidique

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La Prière: Structure, Aspects Et Enjeux Dans Une Perspective Hassidique La prière : structure, aspects et enjeux dans une perspective hassidique Bella Amram To cite this version: Bella Amram. La prière : structure, aspects et enjeux dans une perspective hassidique. Littératures. Université de Strasbourg, 2015. Français. NNT : 2015STRAC017. tel-02955498 HAL Id: tel-02955498 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02955498 Submitted on 2 Oct 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. ECOLE DOCTORALE DES HUMANITES ED 520 spécialité Hébreu THESE présentée par : Bella AMRAM soutenue le : 8 Septembre 2015 Pour obtenir le grade de : DOCTEUR de l’UNIVERSITE DE STRASBOURG La prière : Structure, aspects et enjeux dans une perspective hassidique. THESE dirigée par : Monsieur le professeur David Banon Professeur émérite - Université de Strasbourg - Membre de l’Institut Universitaire de France - Professeur invité Université hébraïque de Jérusalem. Directeur de thèse. RAPPORTEURS : M. Franck Alvarez-Pereyre Directeur de recherche au CNRS. M. Olivier Cohen Professeur des Universités Praticien hospitalier. EXAMINATEUR : Mme Annie Noblesse-Rocher Professeur d'histoire du christianisme médiéval et moderne, Faculté de théologie protestante (EA 4378), Université de Strasbourg. 0 RESUME Le Chemoné Esré, ou prière des dix-huit bénédictions, est la principale prière juive, aussi nommée Téfila, ou prière par excellence. L’objet de cette thèse est de mettre en évidence sa structure, c'est-à-dire la logique de son organisation, en rappelant les données de sa genèse et de sa fixation durable. Partant d’une étude des sources (du Pentateuque, des prophètes, de la Michna et du Talmud, puis des livres de prières), l’auteur retrace les étapes de sa mise en forme, ce qui permet de suivre l’évolution du judaïsme lui-même. Ses aspects sont méthodiquement envisagés : son caractère de mitsva, de devoir religieux, le sens de chaque bénédiction et sa fonction dans la liturgie depuis la destruction du Temple de Jérusalem, sa place dans le vécu des orants, la manière dont la prière doit être dite et avec quelle kavana, ou intention, dans quel cadre, en respectant quelle gestuelle, en mobilisant quelles ressources intérieures de la part des orants. Ses enjeux théosophiques et moraux, le système de représentations auquel elle se rattache, dans la perspective de la mystique kabbalistique du AriZal et du Hassidisme du XIXème siècle (rapport avec les séfirot, ou niveaux d’émanation de la Substance, et inversement les klippoth, obstacles à la kedoucha, ou sainteté, font l’objet d’une étude qui porte d’une part sur la présentation des doctrines et d’autre part sur les buts qui sont assignés au Chemoné Esré en fonction des possibilités qu’elle est censée offrir, à ceux qui la prononcent et à ceux pour lesquels elle est dite. ABSTRACT The Prayer: its shape, its characters, its aims. The Shemone Esre or the Eighteen Blessings Prayer, sometimes simply known as Tefila, is the quintessential Jewish prayer. The purpose of this dissertation is to delineate the structure of the Shemone Esre through an exploration of its evolving structure from its genesis to its lasting fixation. Beginning with a study of the ground texts (Pentateuch, Prophets, Michna and Talmud, up to the modern prayer book), the author examines the successive stages of its formatting. Through this exploration emerges a view of the broader evolution of Judaism, the main characters of which are formally analysed: the mitsva (religious prescription), the meaning of each blessing and its liturgical function after the destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem, how people consider this prayer, how they say it, with what kavana (intention), in what place, with what gesture and attitude. Going further, the moral and theosophical aspects of Jewish prayer, as well as the allegorical system to which it belongs are also envisaged, from the perspectives of Lurianic and Hassidic mysticism. More specifically, the sefirot (emanating spheres of the Being) and their opposites, the klippoth (viewed as obstacles to kedousha or sanctity), are studied from the dual perspective of the doctrinal content, and of the purposes devolved to the Shemone Esre. 1 Remerciements Je souhaite adresser tous mes remerciements, à mon mari, tout d’abord, pour son soutien constant dans l’élaboration de ma thèse, à mes parents, pour leurs encouragements et leur confiance sans faille, à ma sœur pour sa bienveillante disponibilité, à mes enfants, pour leur affection, leur aide et leur énergie qui ont été très stimulantes, et, particulièrement à Monsieur le professeur Banon qui a bien voulu diriger ce travail et m’a prodigué ses conseils avisés ; et pour son aide infiniment précieuse à chacune des étapes d’une recherche dans laquelle je me suis beaucoup investie. 2 Sommaire INTRODUCTION ET DONNEES A CARACTERE GENERAL ..................................................................................... 8 De la pensée kabbalistique à la Hassidout .............................................................................................................11 Problématique .......................................................................................................................................................14 Choix du sidour de l’Admour Hazaken et note biographique ................................................................................28 Historiographie ......................................................................................................................................................32 Tentative de définition du terme de « prière » .....................................................................................................36 CHAPITRE PREMIER : LES ORIGINES DE LA PRIERE ......................................................................................... 38 1.1 Sources de la prière ................................................................................................................................. 38 1.1.1 Les origines hala’hiques de la prière .......................................................................................... 38 1.1.2 Le devoir de prier correspond-il à une prescription de la Torah ou relève-t-il d’une institution rabbinique ? ......................................................................................................................................... 38 1.2. De l’importance de la prière............................................................................................................ 42 1.3. Le dit inlassable de la prière ............................................................................................................ 45 1.4. Institution des trois prières quotidiennes par les Patriarches ........................................................ 50 1.4.1 Cha’harit, prière d’Abraham ....................................................................................................... 50 1.4.2 Les prières comme offrandes : Min’ha, la prière d’Isaac ............................................................ 52 1.4.3 Prière d’Arvit, instituée par Jacob .............................................................................................. 57 CHAPITRE DEUX : LA PRIERE INSTITUTIONNALISEE ........................................................................................ 59 La prière instituée par les hommes de la Grande Assemblée (Aneché Knesset Haguedolah) ............................. 59 2.1 La prière jusqu’à sa fixation par les hommes de la Grande Assemblée ........................................ 59 2.2 La formule des bénédictions .......................................................................................................... 62 2.3 Règles régissant les bénédictions .................................................................................................. 64 2.4 Différents regards de la prière ....................................................................................................... 64 La conception rabbinique .................................................................................................................... 65 La conception médiévale ..................................................................................................................... 66 La conception hassidique .................................................................................................................... 66 3 2.5 L’origine des différents rituels de prière ....................................................................................... 70 2.6 Les premiers rituels de prière ........................................................................................................ 70 2.7 Les Sidourim hassidiques ............................................................................................................... 74 CHAPITRE TROIS : L’ESSENTIEL DE LA PRIERE .................................................................................................. 75 3.1 Où réside l’essentiel de la prière? ................................................................................................................
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