Bloody Terrorist From Attacks Bad to The Tension Worse Between the US and Iran is #MeToo WHERE IS THE Climbing HUMANITY GOING Ireland Conflict ? Cyprus Problem Artificial Intelliegence

December 30, 2017 Editor in Chief Translation & Redaction

Berkay BULUT Yağmur TAŞDEMİR

Editors Social Media Coordinators

Deniz KARAN Melis PEKTAŞ

Bahar TEMİR Selen CEYLAN

Ceren GÜLER IRPosts Maggazine | December 2017 IRPosts Maggazine | December 2017 4 CONT ENTS 5

AMERICA / AMERİKA 26 Soğuk Savaş V2 6 Bloody Terrorist Attacks in America Can Abanoz

Aslıhan GAZİOĞLU ENERGY / ENERJİ 8 The Tension Between the US and Iran is Climbing 28 Klare’s Blood and Oil

Damla ÖZTÜRK Bahar TEMİR

ASIA / ASYA MIDDLE EAST / ORTA DOĞU

12 Is It Possible Alliance Between 30 From Bad to Worse Russia and Turkey? Berkay BULUT Ismailly ILGAR 32 A Collusion in Raqqa 13 Turkish Hero Süleyman and His Özge ASILSAMANCI Moon-Face Girl Ayla POWER OF WOMAN / KADININ GÜCÜ Melis PEKTAŞ 33 Not Measurements But Violence ECONOMY / EKONOMİ Against Women! 15 Central Bank Independence Selen CEYLAN Fatih ÇINAR 34 From a Simple Hashtag to a Serious Problem

EUROPE / AVRUPA Ceren GÜLER 18 Ireland Conflict-The Troubles TECHNOLOGY / TEKNOLOJİ Deniz KARAN 36 Artificial Intelliegence: Should We 22 European Union and Cyprus Feel Fear of Hope? Problem Hatice Hicret KARASİOĞLU Elif BAKAR 38 Where is the Humanity Going? 24 Urban Transformation and Its Dilara SOY Problems in Turkey

Ece Deniz BUDAK IRPosts Maggazine | December 2017 IRPosts Maggazine | December 2017

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After the attacks, Bloody Terrorist Aslıhan Gazioğlu the US and the perspectives of When we look at the events, it is referred as the most devastating possible to find many intermediate armed attack in US history. the world on the Attacks in America points. There are six events that have Middle East have made sense since 9/11; TERROR LAUNCH AFTER 9/11: changed. There have been many terrorist attacks in America. The 1) November 5, 2009 - Major Nidal Hasan has killed 13 people in a Muslims, especially people with greatest terrorist attack on the minds was the collapse of military processing center in Fort headscarves, have experienced Hood, Texas, wounding 32 people. difficult things in many countries. What the Twin Towers. Hasan was convicted of 13 murders is the underlying reason for the role of and 32 murders. He was sentenced Islamic terror groups in general in the There have been many terrorist with capital punishment. attacks made in America? Why does attacks in America. The greatest AMERICA / AMERİKA the majority of Muslims hate America? terrorist attack on the minds was MARATHON EXPLORATION the collapse of the Twin Towers. The 5)October 2,2017 - During a concert at Why is it in the same place? 9/11 terrorist attack was like a new the ‘Route 91 Harvest’ music festival debut for America. With this incident, in Las Vegas, USA, a military attack It is seen that terror attack on October America became acquainted with was organized. According to the 31, 2017 is a common point of attack on terrorism and began fighting against information given by the Las Vegas 9/11 2001 WORLD TRADE CENTER. terrorism. If we look at this briefly: police, 59 people were killed, and Both events took place very close to The US started the day with one of there were over 500 injured people. each other. What is the reason behind the world’s biggest terrorist attacks on this? Are these anti-Islamic groups or the morning of September 11, 2001. 6)October 31, 2017 - When a 29-year- Islamic groups? Four passengers have been abducted 2) April 15, 2013 - Twin bombs old man in a rented truck landed on a by terrorists, causing a terrorist attack exploded near the finish line of the busy bicycle path near the World Trade The effects of individual arming in at 8:16 am in the World Trade Center Boston Marathon, killing three and Center in New York, eight people were America on terrorist incidents in New York, one of the highest wounding at least 264 people. A killed and almost a dozen people were buildings in the world. After 102 suspect Tamerlan Tsarnaev was killed injured. The armed attack which led to the minutes later, the building blew up. in an encounter with the police. death of 58 people in Las Vegas, was After 17 minutes, terrorists crashed the most devastating armed attack in other tower and second building blew 3) July 16, 2015 - Muhammad US history. The Las Vegas massacre up in 56 minutes. Another target of the Abdulazeez killed four US Navy brought the individual armed cultures terrorists was the American Defense and Marines seafarers at a military of the United States back to the Ministry (Pentagon) in Virginia. 34 collection center in Chattanooga, agenda. minutes after the attack on the World Tennessee, and fired at the Navy Trade Center, they hit the Pentagon reserve facility. at 9.37. After the attack, 2996 people lost their lives. The incident was first 4)June 12, 2016 -In Florida town in One of the most important events that thought to have been done by Iraq. the US state of Orlando, a club where attracts our attention in a lot of terrorist Then, it was said that Japan made After the attacks, the US and the perspectives of the world on the Middle homosexuals go was attacked. It was attacks is that the names of the people it after years to get revenge from East have changed. said that 50 people were killed in the who carried out the attacks are Muslim America. Eventually, the event was attack, 53 people were wounded. names. Since the 9/11 terrorist attack, undertaken by 19 people of Al Qaeda. From that day on, America has come up with many terrorist attacks. After this, a state of emergency was we have read and understood that declared in the city. The attack was Islamophobia has increased and IRPosts Maggazine | December 2017 IRPosts Maggazine | December 2017

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The Tension One of the most essential policies Trump, this agreement has liberated that Donald Trump criticized is the US Iran from the edge of the abyss. Between the policy towards Iran. In July 2015, during However, Donald Trump Obama administration, a nuclear argues that the US policy agreement was signed between Iran should seek to weaken and and the United States. Russia, China neutralize Iran, both indoors Damla Öztürk US and Iran is as well as some European countries and out, especially in the such as Germany, France and Britain region2. entered into this agreement. According to this agreement, it can be allowed to Donald Trump has aimed at Climbing conduct nuclear works on condition the Iranian government with Translated by: Yağmur TAŞDEMİR that Iran does not accumulate uranium, his words “Iran is under the AMERICA / AMERİKA however Iran have to allow the officials control of a fanatical regime. This create a big problem between these Undoubtfully, the president of the United States Donald of the International Atomic Energy extremist regime was created in 1979, two states. Iran accuses the United Agency and United Nations (UN) to and this radical regime took the wealth States of disorganizing the region Trump criticized the pre-election policies harshly and observe or inspect the facilities where of one of the oldest and most vibrant and making the region unstable and the work was conducted. Besides, the nations in the world and led to chaos insecure for imperialist purposes. stated that these policies should be changed on several European Union (EU) countries will throughout the region. Iran continues abolish the oil embargo imposed on to support terrorism.” Donald Trump On the other hand, the US states occasions. Iran. Iran has committed that it will accused the Iranian government with that Iran has tried to be a force in the conduct nuclear works within the the claim of supporting terrorism3. region, has fanned sectarian conflicts, agreed limits and in a transparent In addition, he stated that Iranian and became a threat to its allies in the manner. With this agreement, the Revolutionary Guards have been region like Israel and Saudi Arabia. contradictions between Iran and the added to the sanction list4. However, This crisis on the nuclear agreement United States, some European Union after these outbreaks were made by is not independent of the events and countries has ended, and relations President Trump, the United States situations in the region. First of all, have improved a bit. The outcome of has primarily attracted the reaction of Israel and Saudi Arabia that support the agreement is positive for both Iran Iran and the other signatory countries. Trump’s words, have considered and the EU countries that see Iran as Germany, France, England and Russia Iran as a threat to themselves and a threat because of security. defended the agreement and criticized they have stated that this agreement the United States5. relieves Iran. Saudi Arabia and Israel Donald Trump approaches this are worried that Iran is in business issue differently, and states that this When Donald Trump stated the US with Syrian and Iraqi governments and will cause Iran to become stronger. can cancel the agreement, European becomes a force affecting the region. For this reason, he accuses former states opposed it, saying that the The US and its allies that do not Obama administration too seriously. agreement is a multilateral agreement want Iran to become stronger in the After Donald Trump took office, he has and any country cannot cancel it alone. region, show that they will take steps taken steps to change the US policy The United States was supported only to change Iranian policies. The new on Iran and firstly he stated that he did by Israel and Saudi Arabia about this crisis, which started with the nuclear not initially support this nuclear deal1. issue6. The United States and Iran agreement, has climbed well with the He emphasized that the winner of this have faced many times, especially statement that the US views the Iranian agreement is Iran and he also stated because of the events that have Revolutionary Guards as terrorists. that Iran has repeatedly violated the taken place in the region. The events Lastly, the United States Permanent agreement. According to President in Syria, Iraq and other countries Representative to the United Nations,

1http://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-41616695 2http://www.turksam.org/tr/haberin-yorumu-detay/1563-abd-nin-yeni-iran-stratejisi-ipler-geriliyor-mu 3http://odatv.com/abdden-cok-kritik-iran-karari-1310171200.html 4https://tr.sputniknews.com/abd/201710131030586769-iran-devrim-muhafizlari-teror-orgutu 5http://www.dw.com/tr/trump%C4%B1n-iran-tutumuna-avrupadan-tepki/a-40615216 IRPosts Maggazine | December 2017 IRPosts Maggazine | December 2017

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Nikki Haley, described North Korea as increased the tension again. However, in Syria and Iraq, there is a full-fledged an example and made a statement the US has been left alone in this war between these two states. As a that “North Korea is a good reason to issue because it does not see enough result, crises and conflicts between reconsider Iran’s nuclear agreement.” support from Europe about its nuclear these two states which have power Halley said the US would not withdraw issue. European states argue that the and influence in the region, create from negotiations for now and its agreement is serviceable in terms of reaction in not only the region but also objective was “a better agreement”7. security. The conflicting interests of world and cause new developments. both the US and Iran in Syria and Particularly, the developments that These statements made by the United Iraq indicate that these two states will be experienced between Iran, States were met with reaction from the cannot easily maintain Saudi Arabia Iranian side and the tension increased. a peaceful relationship. and Israel Iranian President Hassan Rouhani Because of the a state crises and conflicts will raise the stated that the multinational nuclear of chaos in the region controversies agreement cannot be canceled by the which started with the between these two in the region. decision of an individual state. Iran will Arab Spring, these two states which have power It is not hard continue to fight terror. Trump’s words states already conflicted and influence in the to imagine are cursing Iran and are baseless with each other many that when accusations against the nation of Iran. times, and the weak region, create reaction the events The US is more isolated than ever. associations came to the in not only the region in Northern Trump will not be able to unilaterally breaking point. Iran and but also world and cause Iraq and the change the nuclear deal8. After these the US conflicted about developments crises, the US and new developments. in Syria are Saudi Arabia’s taken together, accusations Trump’s new Iranian a relationship against Iran policy ruined the especially issues between the United States and Iran about the ballistic of Israel and Syria. that is far from tense is only a dream dismissal of relationship that was While the groups in the short term. Yemen from better in timeline of that they support Saudi Arabia in the region are in have heightened presidency of Barack conflict with each tensions9. These Obama and increased other, Iran and the crises between the US are actually in United States and the tension again. conflict. The nuclear Iran create turmoil agreement, which in the Middle East. was made during the While allies of the US in the region Obama administration, is beginning to are in a harsh stand against Iran, deteriorate again in the Trump period. It Iran is taking measures against these appears that the US during the Trump’s countries. administration is going to follow strict policies against Iran. The Iranian Trump’s new Iranian policy ruined the government, which does not wish to relationship that was better in timeline design the region as the US desires, of presidency of Barack Obama and will make moves against it. Especially

6http://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-41607968 7http://www.haberturk.com/abd-iran-in-bir-sonraki-kuzey-kore-olmasina-izin-vermeyecegiz-1673973 8http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/son-dakika-irandan-trumpin-kararina-sert-tepki-40609869 9http://www.haberturk.com/abd-yemen-in-arkasinda-iran-oldugu-acik-1708725 IRPosts Maggazine | December 2017 IRPosts Maggazine | December 2017

12 ASIA / ASYA ASIA / ASYA 13 Is it possible alliance between Russia and Turkey? Melis Pektaş Turkish Hero Süleyman and

İsmailly Ilgar His Moon-faced Girl Ayla

“Hanguk War” is known such as a war decided to follow a policy based on However, when the time came to turn It is already their eighth meeting between South Korea and North Korea United Nations ideals. back to Turkey, he wanted to take Ayla in this year and third in this month. during the Cold War (1950-1953) and but conditions would not allow for this The main focus of the meeting is it was the first close combat of the Cold After the Hanguk War, a special situation. He hands the little girl in a Syrian crisis where both sides show War. Korea, after Japan’s surrender in relation and connection started school which was named “Ankara”. trust and respect to each other. 1945, became one of the first dispute between South Koreans and Turks, After 60 years, Dilbirliği wanted to find Besides, Putin’s visit coincides places between the United States Turkey began to be known as a brother his Korean daughter and he applied with the outrage caused by the U.S. with its allies from NATO since the coup which will deliver Russian gas through and the Soviet Union. After the US’ country (hyeongje-ui nara (형제의 나라)) to the Turkish Korean War Veteran President Donald Trump’s decision attempt in July 2016. Turkey accuses Turkey to Europe. The project is under allies and People’s Republic of China by the Koreans. Soldiers Association and the Korean on Jerusalem. Both countries are the West in backing rebels. Furthermore, construction and it goes according to went to the war, the Hanguk War had Embassy. Dilbirliği tried to find her having difficult relations with the Turkey is very angry because of the reject schedule. Turkey is also interested in gained an international dimension. daughter with the photographs in his West in particular with the USA. Are of the Western partners from NATO to purchasing S-400 surface-to-air missile hand. At the beginning, it was seen we witnessing the birth of Russian- extradite the fugitive rebels. The main systems. Russia is ready to offer credit very hard to find Ayla because Ankara Turkish alliance or is it a transitional figure behind the failed coup Fethullah to cover part of the missile deal. Another School was closed and demolished coincidence of interests? Gulen is still in the U.S. despite on the influential force behind Russian and so, finding the documents of the official request from Turkey. Besides, Turkish relations is trade and economic school was also hard. Then, officers Russia has the worst relations with official Ankara is disappointed with the relations. Russia and Turkey still remain decided to meet the graduates from the West and NATO since the end supporting and arming of Kurdish fighters as major partners in trade despite on the Ankara School and ask about Ayla of the Cold War. Russia is accused YPG by the U.S. Turkey links them with incident with Russian warplane Su-24. individually. A man who said that he by West in annexation of Crimea PKK and considers them as terrorists. In the period of their best relations, is one of the students from Ankara in 2014, supporting pro-Russian Because of the difficult political and the volume of trade turnover between At that time, Turkey also sent troops School, he remembered Ayla and rebels in Eastern Ukraine and economic situations, Turkey and Russia countries reached $34 billion. The goal to Korea without public support and Besides, many stories and memorials the Turkish soldier. Thus, he helped backing of Bashar Al Assad who see their cooperation as inevitable in of the sides is to bring trade turnover the approval of the Grand National were got with this war. One of them to make a connect between Ayla and seemingly will continue to rule until order to gain benefits. to $100 billion. Also 4.5 million Russian Assembly. The idea of sending is about the petty officer Süleyman Süleyman Dilbirliği. Therefore, after 60 Syria’s next scheduled Presidential tourists visited Turkey in 2014. troops to Korea was the policy of Dilbirliği and his sentimental Korean years, a meeting was held between election, in 2021, according to Ankara and Moscow are interested in the current government (Democratic daughter Ayla. Süleyman met this little father and daughter with the help of prominent sources. West continues cooperation in many spheres such as All these things show that Russia and Party) because the Soviet Russia’s girl, when they conflict with China. The the Korean media. At the beginning, punishing Russia with sanctions. military, energy and trade. The energy Turkey are very interested in each other. threat was on increase around the little girl was found in a snow-covered a documentary, “Koreli Kızım: My These sanctions and the fall of oil sphere is one of the main spheres Although there are some unsolved world and its first example was the area and she was lonely because her Korean Daughter”, was shot to show prices caused significant problems which tie the both countries. In 2010, issues between these two countries Korean Peninsula. Thus, Turkey parents were killed by the Chinese. us about this interesting and amazing for Russian economy such as the Russia and Turkey signed agreement such as destiny of Bashar Al Assad, also concerned about this situation The Turkish soldier did not want to story and then a movie, “Ayla: The fall of Russian Ruble and increase on construction of the Akkuyu Nuclear status of Crimea and the future of because the Soviet Union was leave the girl there and took her to daughter of war”, was made by of capital flight. Power Plant Project in the Mersin Syria, the growing military, energetic provocative and aggressive in Korea, their troop. For eighteen month, he Mustafa Uslu. province. Another essential project is and economic cooperation are the and a similar situation could have did not leave Ayla from his side and Turkey has very tense relationship the Turkish Stream Gas Pipeline Project guarantee for strong relations between been made in Turkey. Thereby, DP he became a father for her. the countries in the future. IRPosts Maggazine | December 2017 IRPosts Maggazine | December 2017

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that the Turkish and Korean producers carry out the technical issues between them with CENTRAL BANK a good conclusion in order to show the Ayla movie in South Korea as soon as possible”.

However, a few weeks ago, a sad news came from the hero of this story: Süleyman Dilbirliği. INDEPENDENCE He passed away first and after one day his Translated by: Yağmur TAŞDEMİR wife passed away too. We would like to wish patience to our hero Süleyman Dilbirliği’s family with best regards. “Is the Central Bank independent?” or “How independent is the Central Bank?” Besides, the movie was prepared for 60th year AMERICA / AMERİKA AMERICA / AMERİKA of relations between Turkey and South Korea and it is candidate for Turkey in the category Fatih Çınar of the best film in the foreign language in the 90th Academy Awards. In a short time, the movie was watched by many people (the number of spectator was 4.615.608 people in only 7th The answer of these questions has Goal independence is essential. If (Central Bank of the Republic of long been an agenda, and many the Central Bank can determine its Turkey, 2012) week) and of course, Korean veteran soldiers researches and investigations have own goal, this is goal independence. watched the Ayla movie, İsmet Karabenli, one been done to answer these questions. However, if the goal is determined Goal independence and instrument of them, said “As someone who had lived that First of all, the central bank has by somebody else, we cannot speak independence are separated from period, when I watched the movie, I turned back many tasks. The primary task is to of goal independence. For example, each other. The Central Banks that to 60 years ago.” determine the monetary policy in the the Central Banks whose goals are legally enforce the goals have no country. There are many duties and determined by the law have no goal goal independence, but that does not There is also someone who want to watch the responsibilities of the Central Bank independence. One of the claims mean that the Central Bank will not such as to protect the value of the about goal independence is that this have instrument independence. In Ayla: The Prime Minister of South Korea Lee local currency, to manage foreign independence is not other words, Nakyon. He said “I would like to watch the Ayla exchange reserves, to give credit to suitable democratically1. the central movie because its story does not only show to the bank, etc. The independence of Goal independence, also First of all, the central bank, which us relations between Turkish government and the central bank can be examined in called as “Functional bank has many tasks. has no goal South Korean government but also it shows many ways. Independence”, means independence, The primary task is to the friendship between people of these two that the Central Bank can have the can freely choose money instrument countries. The people of Korea know very well GOAL INDEPENDENCE AND determine the monetary INSTRUMENT INDEPENDENCE policy instruments and policy in the country. independence. that our country is grateful to Turkey and I think methods that are used in It can choose this film prove to us about this situation. I am Goal independence means that order to reach statutory the instrument sure that the people of South Korea will be the central bank is independent in ultimate goal of the in order to interested in Ayla and I would like to point out selecting the main objectives or Central Bank without the consent of reach its goal. Thus, it can determine targets on which it is based. (Central the government or any other authority. the its own instrument independent. Bank of the Republic of Turkey, 2012) IRPosts Maggazine | December 2017 IRPosts Maggazine | December 2017

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‘Black Wednesday’ crisis, described independence, of course, has also period, the structure of the CBRT has as the biggest crisis of the Republican brought an accountability obligation2. been re-evaluated and changes have history in 2001, has been a milestone Now, the Central Bank has obtained occurred in terms of authority and for both our country and the Central its independent functions such as the duty. The most important of these, was Bank. The independence of the Central Bank goal independence, the right to open market operations to Central Bank has been strengthened instrument independence, political regulate liquidity and money supply. with legal statutes and it has been independence from 2001. Same In this period, there have been determined that the new duties will as before, seniorage, closing the processes that negatively affected the be providing and maintaining price debts by printing money are not independence. The Bank’s policy of stability. One of the most important experiencing today. Nowadays, there re-discount, advancing interest rates developments in this period is is a transparent, independent Central on a government-monitored basis has that the Central Bank has been Bank which is more systematic and damaged its independence. When we completely banned from giving credit progresses in the direction of policies. look at the recent turn from 2001, the to public institutions so that it has strengthened its independence. This

AMERICA / AMERİKA

Economic independence is crucial THE MOST IMPORTANT IMPACT: be examined in the various periods. for the independence of the Central INFLATION In the first period, pre-1970 period, Bank. It is possible to talk about there are opinions about how the the economic independence of the The independence of the Central Central Bank of a newly established Central Bank if it is stated that it is Bank is affected by inflation. country will be. Examining the goals prohibited by the law to open credits Therefore, while one increases, the of establishment of the Central Banks to the public sector. That means that other decreases. The independence and the codes of other Central Banks, if the Central Bank issues credit to level of a Central Bank is related to the the Central Bank of the Republic of the public sector, it does not have inflation rate. Thus, more independent Turkey established, and the goals its independence. At the same time, Central Banks mean lower inflation. were determined. It was decided to the situation that the Central Bank establish in 1930 by passing through finances the budget deficit of the INDEPENDENCE OF THE CENTRAL the parliament. It has been noted that government is an important reason BANK OF THE REPUBLIC OF there is an independent structure to increase inflation. In this respect, TURKEY and regulations have been made to the Central Bank tries to close the minimize government intervention. budget deficit is a sign of economic Independence of the Central Bank The second period is the period independence. of the Republic of Turkey (CBT) can between 1970 and 2001. In this IRPosts Maggazine | December 2017 IRPosts Maggazine | December 2017

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The relationship between Irish important economical differences Empire want this land too much. The Deniz Karan community and British Empire had between a rapidly industrializing island had several advantages for the begun in the twelfth century with Protestant North and more agrarian British Empire. First of all, Ireland’s Norman Barons who quickly managed Catholic South. ‘Inequality added long-standing strategic importance to conquer most of the country. They an additional layer of grievance for the Britain. Ireland constituted decided to manage the Ireland with for Catholics; on many indicators strategic asset which provide vital colonization strategy. The imperial of socio-economic disadvantages controlling over the Atlantic coast. capital had a major role to play. employment, educational and health Ireland Thousands of Scottish and English care provision, Catholics experienced Another key substance of Ireland is settler were move to Ireland’s land higher levels of need or disadvantage that Ireland is central and ancient confiscated from the Native Irish than Protestants.’2 component of vast British Empire. community that was the Catholic Demonstration effects based on the Conflict Gaelic community. This dangerous ‘Again, it can be seen instead to relationship between Ireland and its step was encountered two different be the result of straightforward masters had potentially very huge communities. These new settlers economic injustice and political implications for other British colonies. The Troubles were also Protestant, a feature that inequality, such as the clever voting Undeniable importance of Ireland is separated them from the Catholic Irish arrangements which kept local that industrial revolution caused raw community. This was an important government under Protestant control, material shortage in the England. Tragedy of key point to the conflict and the the continuing discrimination in jobs Thus, the British Empire provided most affective cause of separation. and the interiorization of the Northern material needs from own colonies. ‘Consequently, religion in the concrete Catholic community as a whole3. Ireland was the most important growth church forms These important for the British industry. that takes on in information shows Belief Ireland bears The relationship between that there was Armed Conflict significant direct Irish community and critical injustice A)Root of the Conflict responsibility for on the economic On the contrary side, despite the strong social division British Empire had begun zone. Protestant British effort, Irish nationalists never At the turn of the century Figure 1: Distribution of Protestants by county, 1911 and indirect in the twelfth century with Community had gave up the idea of independence Britain was the foremost Ireland Conflict show that there responsibility for more advantages and they were fight against the British world power and the British were some major causes for this violence1. Norman Barons who quickly than the Catholic rules and commonwealth. They Empire stretched over two- conflict in that regional, ethnic managed to conquer most of Community and gained some rights under the British thirds of the globe. Despite and economic key differences There were two this situation throne but these rights irritated loyalist extend of its power, its most which affect the political attitudes sides in the Ireland. the country. was supported Protestant community who lived in troublesome colony had on the ground. In addition to One of these was by Cromwell and Northern Ireland. This was nontrivial always been the one closest political situations, movements the Protestant his ‘Cromwellian situation for two side of this conflict. to it, Ireland. For seven and attitudes of the people have loyalist side that was supported by Plantation.’ Creating of unfair socio- This complex situation created hundred years, Britain’s rule always changed in this long British Commonwealth and the other economic condition was another very cruel blood feud between the over Ireland had been resisted period. This text supports each side was the Catholic nationalist side important cause for separation of Protestant and Catholic communities. by attempts as rebellion and information with graphics and that was believed Independent Irish Catholic and Protestant communities. ‘Catholics were increasingly attracted revolution. The power base some numerical data. This topic Republic. Northern and Southern to a programmed of autonomy (or of division in Ireland is major is very important for not only Irish Ireland must be merged under the Why is this island so important? even independence) for Ireland, while content for this text. This History but also the whole world one national umbrella. These two Protestants overwhelmingly supported article examines what are the history, The Irish experience ethnicities were divided by many more Another important turning point to the maintenance of the union with Great causes of conflict which are of partition serves as a model than religious facts in that there were Ireland case that why does the British Britain on which, they believed, their divided the land of Ireland. All for some countries which have historical researches about the similar conflictual process. 1John Fulton,The Tragedy Of Belief:division,politics and religion in Ireland(Oxford: Clarendon Press 1991),2 2 The CAIN (Conflict Archive on the Internet)-The University of Ulster, ‘Northern Ireland:The background to the Peace process’, John Darby ,2003,2 3 John Fulton,The Tragedy Of Belief:division,politics and religion in Ireland(Oxford: Clarendon Press 1991),3 IRPosts Maggazine | December 2017 IRPosts Maggazine | December 2017

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privileges depended.’4 for an end to the political partition and 35 per cent Catholic) and they had declaration emphasizes the interest Fifth, The Irish state would drop its and wrong policy decisions. This was of the island of Ireland, embodying parliament, consider autonomy within in that exercise their right of self- territorial claim on Northern Ireland important turning point for Ireland This political dissidence created clear an ideology that is variously the United Kingdom. determination on basis of consent and instead define the Irish nation history, rate of violence was intensified division between a Unionist Party characterized as nationalism and freely and concurrently was given to in terms of people rather than land. by this catastrophic atmosphere. that was almost entirely Protestant Republicanism. Sinn Féin advocates After the short term of peaceful period, North and South, if that is their wish. This agreement was guaranteed some and Nationalist Party which was democratic socialism, but some the IRA had started its campaign of rights for both Nationalist Catholic Irish Consequently, Good Friday Agreement also almost entirely Catholic. This observers question the accuracy of its violence against the British army After this important movement, community and Loyalist Protestant solved problems on the ground and situation reflected political zone. The frequent portrayal in 1972. In this 31 August 1994 the IRA declared Irish community. this agreement guaranteed some Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB) as a party of the period of time, ‘a complete cessation of military rights for Catholic and Protestant was formed in 1858 and was known radical left. The UVF against the Northern Ireland operations’ All in all, history of Ireland shows that communities. In addition, the British popularly as ‘the Fenians’. The Irish party has been IRA. Thus, these two was governing different communities which lived in government’s peace-keeping Volunteers founded in 1913 to defend led by Gerry from London. Political Solution- Desired Peace the same country reflected different operations had important role for the interests of Ireland. This movement Adams since groups started to The protagonists attitudes about the freedom of their solving these problems. This efforts organized very big rebellion in Dublin 1983. On the other attack each other, and were British Consequently, In May 1997 the British communities. For illustrate, the land set an example for whole world (Easter Rising in 1916) but The hand, Loyalist State and British Labour Party leader Tony Blair took of Ireland included two divided countries which was lived some ethnic Easter Rising was quelled by British side created the rate of violence Army; Republican power with massive parliamentary community: Nationalist Catholic and religious problems. Especially, Troops. This movement created new paramilitary rapidly increased in paramilitaries majority in England and he quickly today we encounter with same big impact on the whole nationalist body, The Ulster (mainly the IRA- started to manage peace process. problematic process, which is shown community. Therefore, some radical Volunteer Force this period. Irısh Republican He met with Gerry Adams who was history of Ireland similarities with Troubles. Although politic movement gained force from (UVF), against Army and INLA-Irısh Sein Fein leader and supposedly old shows that different sides and names of the conflicts this sparkle. the IRA. Thus, these two groups National Liberation Army) and Loyalist member of the IRA. They decided communities which have changed, scenarios have always started to attack each other, and the paramilitaries (mainly UDA- the Ulster that violence led to exclusion, same. Tragically, some governments or instance, a new rate of violence rapidly increased Defense Association and UVF- Ulster demonization and lack of legitimacy. lived in the same did not take lessons from this historical nationalist party which was in this period. Consequently, British Volunteer Forces) The long period was battered all sides country reflected process. Different from the past, Sein Fein (‘We Ourselves’ government was handled the subject of this conflict. different attitudes about results of this type conflictual process or ‘Ourselves Alone’) was and they decided to meet with The pattern of violence changed could be more catastrophic, so states able to make major gain Nationalist side’s delegates. Following throughout what were called The They signed The Good Friday the freedom of their must be carefully about their policy Famong Nationalist voters and Sinn protracted political negotiations, Troubles. Above all the Troubles Agreement in April 1998. It had five communities. producing processes. Fein reorganized Irish Volunteers the shape of New Ireland was laid were human crisis with thousands main constitutional provisions. Firstly, as The Irish Republican Army (IRA) out in The British legislation (The of individual, family and community Northern Ireland constitutional status which changed the political climate Government of Ireland Act). They tragedies. Between 1974 and 1994, the was to be in hand of its citizens. and waged a guerrilla war in 1919- separated Ireland and they crated two period of ceasefire, there were several Second, if the people of Ireland wanted community on the one side, and 21. Sinn Fein was political party autonomy parts. One part included six attempts to real peace between radical a United Ireland, they could have Loyalist Protestant community which which was widely regarded as the northern counties which had largest groups and the British government. In one by voting for it. Third, Northern supported The British Commonwealth political wing of the Provisional Irish Protestant population and other part 1990, the Northern Ireland Secretary of Ireland’s current constitutional on the other side. This totally different Republican Army (IRA), though from included twenty-six counties which State, Peter Brooke, organized secret position would be remaining within background which came from at least the 1990s both organizations had largest Catholic community. meeting with the IRA representatives. the United Kingdom. Fourth, Northern separated ethnic groups effected emphasized their separateness. The new state of Northern Ireland 15 December 1993 the British and Ireland’s citizens would have to whole political life in the Ireland. Organized in Northern Ireland and the had an in-built Protestant majority Irish governments published the right to identify themselves and be Thus, problematic political zone was Republic of Ireland, Sinn Féin strives (approximately 65 per cent Protestant Downing Street Declaration and this accepted as Irish or British or both. triggered by some radical groups IRPosts Maggazine | December 2017 IRPosts Maggazine | December 2017

22 EUROPE / AVRUPA EUROPE / AVRUPA 23

EUROPEAN UNION AND

came from Turkey. On the same day Furthermore, EU’s position on the world has strengthened when the EU announces CYPRUS PROBLEM Turkey declared recognition to Turkish the side of Greeks as a candidate country. The arguments of Turkish side against Republic of Northern Cyprus. such steps are whether it is applicable or not in international law. According to Elif Bakar some studies, it is not suitable. The thesis of Cyprus is that the application for EU In 1990, the number of sides increased membership is in accordance with international law. According to other sides of about the problem of Cyprus. The the studies, it is suitable. As it can be seen, there are two sides and they always We are talking about a problem that has existed for many years, but it is not people who live in Cyprus from Greece conflict with each other. visible. Think of it as an undesirable problem for a long time, and now think and Greeks could not achieve their goals. On top of that, they applied for again, it is such a big problem that enough to isolate the public. Really, what is membership in the European Union. the point of this problem? Or what kind of political problem can affect the This membership application was public so much? accepted by the EU even though it AMERICA / AMERİKA was contrary to some treaties. Thus, a lasting solution. New period started in the the EU has become a party to the island after Turkey intervention in the island. Cyprus problem, the EU continued to Turkey were brought migrants to close the work and presented the ‘ideas array’ labour force shortage. This movement proposal. This proposal should have changed the population structure, Greeks been based on political equality, but reacted against this movement and they some decisions were ignored while formed a federal structure. The Turkish some rules were not, despite Turks side wanted a bilateral federation and they did not approve, the EU has approved did not want to be under Greek control, in to a new map which is designed by response to this the Greeks claimed that Gali. However, this and many plans the Turks had no self-determination rights. which are not written in here have failed again.

It is seen that the EU has become a side on the island, and it wishes for Greek Cypriot side to participate on The problem of Cyprus, it has an important place in many the EU. respects. This problem is one of the major problems of international relations. Naturally it has been politically evaluated Cyprus is strategically important according to some sources but according to other sources the for the EU because it is so close to problem is juristicial. Cyprus has great importance due to its Turkey, Egypt, Syria, Iran, Iraq, Saudi position. Naturally there are lots of reasons of its importance, so As a reaction against the establishment of Arabia, Israel. If the EU takes the interests vary from country to country. This is due to the foreign the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, Cyprus, it could be chance to scat. As policy strategy of international relations based on the interests The UN suggested that the Greek Cypriots it can be seen that the EU does not of each country with fixed norms. How this state established is have sovereignty and control over the entire interest in problem, it only cares about not discussed in here, but everyone should know that it has not island, and that the Turkish troops should its interests. This is unchangeable rule been easy. Due to the disagreements between the Turks and the be withdrawn. This decision was rejected by for international relations. Greeks, they were divided into two with the ‘green line’ border. Turkey and Turkey has argued that Turkish But this solution did not solve the problem between Turks and Cypriots have the right to self-determination. Greeks in various parts of the island. The attack on the Turks At the same time, Cyprus has also received began and the Turkey applied to the United Nations Security negative reactions from the international Council. However, the peace initiatives of the UN did not provide community. The first positive response IRPosts Maggazine | December 2017 IRPosts Maggazine | December 2017

24 EUROPE / AVRUPA ASIA / ASYA 25 Urban Transformation and Its Problems in Turkey

Ece Deniz Budak

In today's Turkey, cities are being transformed by reasons such as wars, disasters, industrialization, immigration etc. which are specific to the urban development process.

Areas that are subject to urban directions of the cities changed, live. Locals living in those areas also Of course, if we look at it from the other side, urban transformation can be an effective transformation are old central multiplex buildings were constructed faced difficulties in adapting to this business areas and they have in green areas and agricultural lands tool to ensure the efficient transformation of cities’ existing resources, infrastructure, new social layer. Unfortunately, the and investments, and the continual transformation process they are in, and ultimately lost their attractiveness, urban as residential areas and city centres urban transformation projects in our conservation areas, unhealthy became more crowded and valuable. control the development of cities in the context of long-term plans. Urban transformation country caused poverty and created a can be benefited from the transformation of cities that have many problems especially and illegal structures in the city. disconnected segment of people from Urban transformation can also natural disaster risks like Turkey safer and more liveable. However, the first thing to do is the rest of society. These segments are understanding of the concept and some deficiencies in the legislation need to be overcome. be caused by natural disasters. not using enough of these urban rights In our country, the issue of urban and problems are growing. Regrettably, transformation has become one the authorities have not been able to of the most talked-about and develop corrective policies. In summary, debated topics in recent years. social and spatial polarization makes Urban transformation projects have the separation more and more clear. begun to be implemented for variety This dissociation spreads poverty of purposes, including reduction of Of course, while the city is being and urban depressions into different disaster risks and transformation changed with great speed, local regions. In addition, the concept of of slum areas. In this respect, communities are also affected urban transformation, which we look at the TOKI and the Metropolitan by this process. Ongoing urban use and application is far from its true Municipalities have the main role in transformation practices in our meaning and purpose, as it is only used these projects. In Turkey, cities are country had led to major deformation with the charm of being new. What is faced with problems arising from on society. Following this manner, important in the transformation of cities, various causes such as excessive the issue of being displaced brought how this transformation is to be guided population accumulation, natural new sheltering problems. In particular, and how to achieve the most successful disasters and wrong location these studies are seen in areas where solution? decisions. Each of these problems certain social subgroups co-exist. is the factor that creates the need These people have difficulties in for urban transformation for our adapting to new lifestyles and cultures country. In this process, new centres and establishing new social relations emerged, the developmental with local residents in which they IRPosts Maggazine | December 2017 IRPosts Maggazine | December 2017

26 EUROPE / AVRUPA EUROPE / AVRUPA 27

Türkiye Bu Çatışmanın Neresinde? konusunda yol ayrımına düşmüştür. açıklamalarda Esad’ın meşruiyetini Türkiye’nin 2000 sonrası komşularıyla kabul etmese de Astana ve Soçi 1952’den beri NATO üyesi olan ilişkilerini normalleştirme politikasının görüşmelerinde bölgedeki siyasi Türkiye, taraflar arasında zaman en önemli olaylarından biri olan Suriye geçişin Esad olmadan olamayacağını zaman gelgitli ilişkiler içerisinde ile yakınlaşma, 2011 sonrasında tam kabul etmiştir. Aralık 2017 itibari ile olmuş, hatta dönem dönem kendi dış tersi istikamette yol almış, Türkiye geçiş sonrası için düşünülen alternatif politikasında güç dengesi sağlamak açık olarak Esad muhaliflerini isimler tartışılmakta olup henüz resmi namına bir tarafı diğer tarafın desteklemiştir. 2015 yılından itibaren olarak bir aday gösterilmemiştir. Can Abanoz politikalarına karşı kullanmıştır. bölgede Rusya’nın varlığı Türkiye’nin Buna en yakın örnek 1974 Kıbrıs Esad muhaliflerini desteklemesinde Tüm bu tabloya bakarak Mevcut Barış Harekâtı Dönemi’nde ABD’nin kısıtlamaya neden olmuş, aynı durumda Rusya bölgedeki askerlerini harekâtı engelleyici tavırlarına karşılık, yıl içinde gerçekleşen Kilis sınır çekeceğini açıklamış olsa da 2018 Sovyet Rusya ile geliştirilen ilişkilerdir. hattında Rusya’nın savaş uçağının yılında Suriye konusunun taraflar Soğuk Ancak 1878 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı’nda Türkiye sınırını ihlal ettiği gerekçesi açısından sıcak gündem olmaya Osmanlı’nın ağır mağlubiyetinin ile Türkiye tarafından vurulması devam edeceğini söyleyebiliriz. toplumsal belleğe kazınması sonucu, sonrasında iki taraf da birbirinden Türk kamuoyu Rusya’ya, sonrasında farklı radar izleri göstermiştir. Ancak Savaş da Sovyetler Birliği’ne karşı önyargılı tarafsız bir gözlemle Rusya’nın sınırı kılınmış, 1960 sonrası Türkiye geçip geçmediği kanıtlanamamıştır. içinde yükselen sol akım ile anti- Bu olayın diplomatik teamüller V2 Amerikancılık da ülke içinde çeşitli çerçevesinde çözüme ulaşması çatışmalara neden olmuştur. 1991 sonrası Türkiye’nin Rusya ile ilişkileri Soğuk Savaş’ın 1991 yılında Sovyetlerin çöküşü ile bitip Arap Baharı sonrası bölgede başlayan iç karışıklığın sonrası Sovyetler Birliği dağıldıktan normalleşmiş hatta Türkiye Rusya’nın bitmediğini akademik dünya tartışa dursun, bugün hala büyüyerek tüm dünya üzerinde tehdit oluşturması sonra Yeltsin yönetimi ile birlikte, Suriye politikasında önemli aktörleri ABD öncüllüğünde NATO – Rusya mücadelesi tüm hızıyla sonrasında, 2014 yılında, ABD hava kuvvetlerini ve Türkiye-Rusya ilişkilerinde yeni bir arasında yerini almıştır. Sonradan sürmekte ve Obama yönetiminden beri ABD ve müttefikleri bölgedeki unsurları eğitim amaçlı bir kısım askeri sayfa açılmış, taraflar arasındaki ticari gerçekleştirilen müzakerelere ve Doğu Avrupa’da Rusya sınırına yakın ülkelerde askeri personelini Irak’a göndermiştir. Bir yıl sonra, Suriye’nin ve ekonomik bağ güçlenmiştir. 11 Eylül görüşmelere Türkiye de davet malzeme sevkiyatı ve tatbikatlarına devam etmektedir. yardım daveti üzerine, 2015 Eylülünde Rusya da ABD sonrasında, ABD’nin Afganistan’ı edilmiş, bölgenin kaderinde söz sahibi Rusya ise buna karşı aynı şiddette kendi sınırları içerisinde ile aynı şartlarda hava kuvvetleri ve askeri personelini işgalinde ABD ile aynı çizgide olan olmuştur. Bu dönemde ABD, Irak önlem almakta ve sık sık hava sahası sınırlarında it dalaşı bölgeye göndermiştir. Rusya ayrıca elindeki tek Rusya’nın, ABD ve koalisyon güçlerinin üzerinden IŞİD’e karşı operasyonlarını etkinliği göstermektedir. Rusya’nın 2008’de Gürcistan’a, 2014 uçak gemisi filosunu da Akdeniz’de Şam limanına Irak’a olan müdahalesine karşı tepki sürdürürken politik çözümlerde yılında Ukrayna’ya operasyon düzenlemesi, daha sonrasında konuşlandırmıştır. Bölgesel muhaliflere ve IŞİD karşıtı göstermesi ancak 12 yıl sonrasındaki Rusya’nın tezlerine karşılık çekimser da Kırım bölgesini işgal etmesi iki ülkenin de ABD taraftarı gruplara yapılan askeri desteklerle beraber Aralık 2017 Suriye örneğindeki gibi askeri varlık kalmasının sonucunda Rusya’nın politikalarına ve NATO’ya üye olma girişimlerine karşı ağır bir itibari ile IŞİD’in askeri varlığı tarafların açıklamalarına gösterememesi Rusya’nın tepkilerini bölgede ciddi söz sahibi olması darbe olmuştur. Hatta 2008 yılında Gürcistan’ın Güney Osetya göre sonlanmıştır. limitli bırakmıştır. 2001 Afganistan George W. Bush döneminden bu yana Bölgesi’ni işgal ettiğinde, Rus birliklerinin ateşkes antlaşmasını Savaşı’nda ABD ile aynı çizgide ABD’nin Ortadoğu politikasındaki en imzalandıktan sonra çekilirken, yanlarında Gürcistan ordusu ile Politik hamle olarak da ABD ve Rusya’nın öncelikli hareket eden Türkiye, 2003 yılında çekimser dönem olarak gözlenebilir. ABD ordusunun ortak tatbikatı sonrası ABD’ye geri gönderilmek katılımıyla Astana, Cenevre Görüşmeleri ve sonrasında TBMM’nin Amerikan askerlerinin Bu çekimserlik Türkiye’nin Rusya’ya üzere Poti Limanı’nda bulunan 5 Humvee cipi ve ABD Deniz Soçi Görüşmeleriyle bölgenin gelecekteki yapısı Türkiye üzerinden Irak’ı işgalini yakın bir çizgide yer almasındaki Piyadelerine ait malzemeyi de götürmesi açıkça ABD’yi hedef şekillendirilirken, görüşmelerde Rusya’nın ağırlığı söz içeren tezkereyi kabul etmemesi ABD etkenlerden birisi sayılabilir. Astana ve alan bir gövde gösterisi olmuştur. 2014 yılında Ukrayna’da konusu olmuş ve ABD’nin Ortadoğu dış politikasında tarafından ciddi hayal kırıklığı olarak en son Soçi görüşmelerindeki duruş Timoşenko yönetiminin Gürcistan gibi NATO’ya giriş hazırlıkları kısmen çekimser kalmasına yol açmıştır. Birleşmiş karşılanmıştır. Arap Baharı döneminde da bu çizginin varlığını kanıtlamıştır. sırasında aldıkları Rus darbesi de Rusya’nın yakın sınırlarında Milletler Güvenlik Konseyi’nde, ABD’nin Suriye üzerine ve sonrasında Rusya ile Suriye Her ne kadar Türkiye resmî ABD ve NATO gücüne ait yeni unsurları kesinlikle istemediğinin dayatmaya çalıştığı her yaptırım Rusya tarafından veto en büyük göstergesi sayılabilir. Ancak NATO üzerinden yaşanan edilmiş, ABD’nin elini kolunu bağlayarak Esad rejimine ABD-Rusya gerginliği, Irak ve Suriye topraklarını işgal etmiş hareket serbestisi yaratmıştır. IŞİD güçlerine karşı ortak harekete geçiş zorunluluğu ile Doğu Avrupa’daki gerginliği bir ikileme doğru sürüklemiştir. IRPosts Maggazine | December 2017 IRPosts Maggazine | December 2017

28 ENERGY / ENERJİ ENERGY / ENERJİ 29 Bahar Temir

KLARE’S of the entire Middle East, take control of a great portion of the world’s energy supplies, directly threaten America’s friends throughout the BLOOD AND OIL region…” Klare discusses that US citizens do not want to sacrifice their lives in The masterpiece of Professor Michael Klare who is the professor at Peace those distant territories. And he points and World Security Studies in Five College, Blood and Oil argues mainly that potential American control of oil resources in Middle East, Caspian the reasons and consequences of American interventions in Middle East. Sea and Africa, attracts the attentions Klare studies on security issues, the US defense policies,AMERICA and arms / AMERİKA trade. of other powerful states such as China and Russia. So, American interests and policies paved the way for new East, it encourages the people to think As Klare points out, American invasion potential and question the current uneven and of Iraq still raises the question which So, Klare states that beginning with of Middle East. Not only American unstable structure of Middle East. Not questions the real intention of the Roosevelt, almost every US president foreign and defense policy in the crisis and rivalries between Russia, only American foreign and defense invasion. Blood and Oil serves as an has to have good relations and has to Middle East but also the US energy China and United States. Since policy in the Middle East but also the answer for all that kind of questions. It engage this alliance with Saudi Arabia, policy based on petroleum or oil is China’s peaceful rise and Russia’s US energy policy based on petroleum deals with the historical development although Saudi Arabia is not a proper discussed in both documentary and domination in Caspian Sea and or oil is discussed in both documentary of American and Saudi Arabian ally for the defender of all democratic the book. Central Asia alert the US. and the book. “friendship and alliance”. As Klare and Western values. points out, this long term and stable With Saddam Hussein left in power Klare concludes his book and the “Our military policy and our energy alliance began with President Franklin It is clear that from Truman to the at the end of the Gulf War, Klare documentary with his wish that the policy have become intertwined. Delano Roosevelt and Saudi King Carter doctrines directly or indirectly, explains, President Bush decided the US will revise its energy, military They have become one and the Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud on Valentine’s there is special interest and there is United States would need to keep and foreign policies over the oil rich same… And if we continue to Day, 1945, at USS Quincy in Egypt’s special response against a possible a significant number of American regions especially over the Middle rely on military force to solve our Great Bitter Lake. From that time, attack from outside forces to the Gulf troops in Saudi Arabia to effectively East. He warns us that the current resource needs, we’re in for a very American-Saudi relations are the region. So, historical records validate prevent Hussein from further regional policies of the US endanger the future bloody and dangerous and painful determinant for the fate of region which Klare’s theories and ideas. According aggression. The presence of this of US citizens and the country itself. century indeed.” can be seen even today from the Qatar to Klare, the establishment of Central American military personnel enraged If the US continues its current policies Michael Klare crisis to the current Jerusalem crisis. Command in Middle East in 1983 is many religiously conservative Saudis, on oil, it will face with dangerous also directly related with oil resources including Osama bin Laden. Then competition with China and Russia, With this “secret” or “unofficial” first in the region.Blood and Oil illustrates Osama bin Laden became a ruthless and this will risk not only for the future agreement between Roose velt and his works on those areas. Not only as enemy that America faced with. of the US but also the whole world. Blood and Oil illustrates his works on Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud, Roosevelt a book, Blood and Oil as documentary Imagine the catastrophe bigger and those areas. Not only as a book, Blood became the first president who wanted based on the book and Klare’s studies As Dick Cheney stated that more dangerous than Cold War or any and Oil as documentary based on the to secure American access to the oil also grab the attentions of millions of other contemporary wars. book and Klare’s studies also grab the reserves since from their industry people in the world. Since Blood and “Armed with an arsenal of attentions of millions of people in the to their economy, they are heavily Oil depicts the historical stages and these weapons of terror and world. Since Blood and Oil depicts the depend on the oil. realities behind the American interests seated atop ten percent of the historical stages and realities behind in the Middle East, it encourages world’s oil reserves, Saddam the American interests in the Middle the people to think and question the Hussein could then be current uneven and unstable structure expected to seek domination IRPosts Maggazine | December 2017 IRPosts Maggazine | December 2017

30 MIDDLE EAST / ORTA DOĞU MIDDLE EAST / ORTA DOĞU 31

Berkay Bulut have been at least 81 cases documented about Saudi warplanes bombed public utilities such as hospitals, schools, From Bad and houses since the beginning of the intervention7. to Worse B)Naval and Air Blockade in Yemen Saudi Arabia is also held responsible for the effective embargo of any aid coming to the country since the beginning of the intervention8. The ships from various countries carrying humanitarian aid for the Yemenis are denied entry by the Yemen has been a battleground in the history, it is a land Saudi warships. Besides, statistics show that before the civil war, Yemen imports that is fought by diverse actors over the years. 95% of the food, so it is dependent on the outside and Saudi embargo directly shows the humanitarian crisis within the borders of Yemen. 28 million people After decades of the Ottoman rule, had been, and still is, the poorest forces led by Saudi Arabia, who continue to starve to death or die from Yemen was dominated by the Britain. country of the Arab world; with half haveAMERICA been constantly / AMERİKA bombing diseases generated from unwholesome Throughout the years, colonization of its citizens, like 23 million, trying Sana’a from the beginning of the environments by the reason of lack of attempts of Britain had failed, as to survive for 2 dollars less a day3. clashes5. access to vital materials9.According to northern and southern parts of Yemen Houthis become a threat against the World Food Programme (WFP), 17 declared their independence through stable period in the region after the I.Human Rights Violations million people in Yemen do not have the end of 1960s and divided two recognition of the new president. Resulting from the War enough food10. Approximately one third neighboring states. This division had After two years in power, Mr. Hadi of the Yemeni families skip meals on a included several wars between the and representatives from different A)Saudi Arabian Involvement daily basis to be able to preserve food two states at the time. The status of parts of the country decided on for the upcoming days and their repast human rights and the living conditions dividing Yemen into a federation of Two months after the Houthis took mostly does not include vegetables, of people in Yemen have never been six autonomous regions, which was control of the capital city Sana’a, a meat, or dairy products11. at the same level with the other Arab not in observance with the requests coalition of ten countries, including states1.Human rights are connatural of the Houthis4. As a result, the sect the member states of the Gulf C)Detention of Journalists rights for all human beings. The took control over the capital city Cooperation Council except principle of non-discrimination is Sana’a, along with other regions Oman, started a military operation Houthis have been tracking and the cornerstone of human rights. All that they had already possessed, under the leadership of Saudi arresting any activist group, such as other political clashes in the world, who are linked to international organizations human beings are born equal and they and arranged a coup d’état to the Arabia6.Since then, bombing or coalition forces. People who are identified as enemies of the state or who hold dissenting opinions are detained must be guaranteed the same rights government of Mr. Hadi. Since 2015, from air and rocket missiles from and punished according to the principles set by the Houthis, bypassing the constitution and legal framework. No and freedoms without distinction of Yemen has been a battleground with ground become stronger and other political party or ideology is welcomed, and journalists and activists face invariable oppression from the any kind, such as race, colour, sex, Houthis on one side and the coalition they have been intermissionless administration preventing them from communicating with outside world12. This attitude, obstructing or detaining language, religion, political exchanged by the battling journalists in the region, is the biggest factor of Yemen war as called as the forgotten war. or other opinion, national or sides. This brutal attitude social origin, property, birth of the coalition and Riyadh To sum up, this battle in Yemen has mostly effect on civilians. Bombs have not been stopped since the beginning or other status. According must stop immediately. Saudi of the war; lack of food, and presence of multi-diseases, more than 70 percent of the nations are dependent on to Human Development Arabia has been strongly different forms of humanitarian assistance. Index of the United Nations criticized by the international Development Programme community on the counts (UNDP), Yemen was placed of its contravention of war as low as 154th place from a regulations and humanitarian total of 187 countries in 2016, laws related the selection of under the category of ‘Low bombing targets. According Human Development’2.Yemen to Human Rights Watch there

1 https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2011/country-chapters/yemen 7https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/07/11/yemen-suffering-hands-saudi-arabia-and-uk-profiting 2 http://hdr.undp.org/en/composite/trends 8https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/04/07/yemen-us-bombs-used-deadliest-market-strike 3 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jan/27/yemen-protests-president- 9https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/yemen-saudi-blockade 4 https://www.transparency.org/cpi2010/results 10http://www1.wfp.org/yemen-emergency 5 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jan/27/yemen-protests-president-saleh 11https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2016/oct/06/we-saw-how-yemen-children-slowly-starving-to-death-krishnan-guru-murthy 6 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/26/gulf-states-yemen-ground-offensive-to-halt-houthi-rebel-advance 12https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/aug/30/yemen-activist-hisham-al-omeisy-detained-sanaa-houthi-rebels IRPosts Maggazine | December 2017 IRPosts Maggazine | December 2017

32 MIDDLE EAST / ORTA DOĞU POWER OF WOMAN / KADININ GÜCÜ 33 A COLLUSION NOT MEASUREMENTS IN RAQQA Özge Asılsamancı Raqqa, also called ar-Raqqah, is a Selen Ceylan BUT city in Syria located on the northeast bank of the Euphrates River. It is the sixth largest city in Syria. As it VIOLENCE AGAINST is well known, lots of IS militants In the beauty contest held in are living there. Some militants Peru, the competitors asked for take along their family. Recently, an body measurements questioned incident took place about militants the tradition by using the statistics and their families. A secret deal of violence against women. WOMEN! which allows to escape hundreds One talked about children who die from “My measurements are: the 65 per cent of of IS militants and their families sexual abuse and another said the fact university women who are assaulted by their has uncovered. that 70 percent of women have been partners,” added Belgica Guerra. take six hours, maximum or at least that is what he was told but when he and victims due to the attacks on Peru’s

250 militants were evacuated. his fellow drivers assembled their convoy early on 12 October, they realized that streets. At the end of the competition, the participants Some of them were spread in Syria they had been lied.[ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-sh/raqqas_dirty_ discussed how best to fight against women’s and some of them went to Turkey. secret] Even, driver Abu Fawzi and his friends are given the promise of paying This year’s competition in Peru was murders. 250 IS militants who are evacuated thousands of dollars for this operation which is required to keep secret. Driver chosen as a place to stand up for take part in among 4000 people that Abu Fawzi explained like this; women’s rights and speak out against Jessica Newton Buzzfeed speaking to News, creating separation from the city by feminicide. The contestants instead of who organized Miss Peru 2017, she said, hundreds of vehicles convoy and “We were scared from the moment we entered Raqqa. We were supposed telling their measurements to judges “Anyone who does not condemn (violence lots of IS militant’s families before and viewers, were against the tradition against women) and does nothing to stop to go in with the SDF, but we went alone. As soon as we entered, we saw IS “I represent the Callaomy Raqqa was seized by the US and told the frightening statics on takes part in crime”. Newton criticized fighters with their weapons and suicide belts on. They booby-trapped our trucks. district and according to my assisted militias. Besides, there violence against women. the arguments linking clothing and sexual If something were to go wrong in the deal, they would bomb the entire convoy. measurements, 3,144 women were lots of foreign fighters apart aggression, saying, “Women can go out Even their children and women had suicide belts on.” have been victims of human from militants. Then, 10 lorries naked, naked if they want to, it’s personal which are loaded with weapon trafficking since 2014,” said What was the goal of this operation? Putting an end to conflicts and preventing to decision, I can wear out with a bathing suit and ammunition checked out from Romina Lozano, Miss Peru lose more Arab and Kurdish lives against the IS were the goals of this operation. or a night dress and go out, I have lost Raqqa. One of those was who winner. However, at the same time, hundreds of IS militants were allowed to escape something from my respect in both cases.” drives these lorries called Abu from the city. Fawzi thought it was going to Camille Canicoba Llaro, . He drives representing Lima gave her be just another job Another driver said that “There was a huge number of foreigners: France, Turkey, an 18-wheeler across some of the measurements as “2,202 cases Azerbaijan, Pakistan, Yemen, Saudi, China, Tunisia, Egypt…” Following the most dangerous territory in northern of murdered women reported in searches, a confession came from the anti-IS coalition in the US pioneer. 250 Syria. Bombed-out bridges, deep the last nine years in my country.” IS militants were allowed to leave Raqqa, with 3.500 of their family members. More than 50 percent of Peruvian desert sand, even government women experience severe domestic Coalition’s spokesman Col Ryan Dillon says that, “My name is Melina Machuca, forces and so-called Islamic State violence in the lifetime according to I represent the department fighters do not stand in the way of a “We didn’t want anyone to leave. But this goes to the heart of our strategy, ‘by, the U.N. Additionally, the killings of of Cajamarca, and my delivery. However, this time his load with and through’ local leaders on the ground. It comes down to Syrians – they are women have become so countless in measurements are: More than was to be human cargo. The Syrian the ones fighting and dying, they get to make the decisions regarding operations.” Latin America. Even newspapers refer 80 percent of women in my city Democratic Forces, an alliance of to them as feminicide. Kurdish and Arab fighters opposed “This week alone, I personally oversaw the smuggling of 20 families.” said a suffer from violence”. to IS, wanted him to lead a convoy human smuggler who are called as Imad. He received $600 per person and a “My name is Karen Cueto,” she that would take hundreds of families minimum of $1.500 for a family. In addition, human smugglers have difficulty in began. “And my measurements are 82 displaced by fighting from the town smuggling because of the increasing numbers of the border controls of Turkey. feminicides and 156 attempts so far this of Tabqa on the Euphrates river to A smuggler said that “In some regions we used stairs, in some regions we year.” a camp further north. The job would crossed over into river, in some regions we crossed the mountains. It was a very miserable situation.” IRPosts Maggazine | December 2017 IRPosts Maggazine | December 2017

34 POWER OF WOMAN / KADININ GÜCÜ POWER OF WOMAN / KADININ GÜCÜ 35

Ceren Güler From a Simple Hashtag to a Serious Problem Just a hashtag which encourages women to speak up about their sexual harassments is sweeping the whole world! Have you met with the ‘silence breakers’?

They are known as the It is not limited with #MeToo, the French best friends, co-workers, neighbours time that we say that we should not ‘voices that launched a use #balancetonporc, the Spanish came across with this and they are be ashamed, but that the perpetrators movement’. They, who #MeToo #YoTambien, and Arab countries continuing to come across. It helped us to notice the importance of the .#اضيا_اناو and #نامك_انأو are representing people use hashtags started a worldwide debate over sexual Women from all over the world shared Within a few days, people started Furthermore, thanks to this movement problem. harassment, are chosen as person of their story of being sexually harassed to share their harassment stories men started to use some hashtags the year by Time. Everything started on Twitter with this hashtag. Their aim on social media with using this like #IDidThat and #HowIWillChange What should we do? from just a ‘simple’ hashtag, and was to show the magnitude of sexual hashtag. There were many by which they have admitted their turned into an ‘important’ movement. assault. Nearly one million women celebrities who were sexually inappropriate behaviours. First of all, we should not make it tweeted by using ‘Me Too’, which means harassed and shared their normalize. This hashtag showed us so far there are one million stories of stories on their social media What did we learn from this ‘even Lady Gaga’ might be sexually sexual assault. accounts. For example, Lady hashtag? harassed. We should not turn it into Gaga was one of thousands ‘It is normal, even Lady Gaga can How did it start? of people who tweeted using This hashtag showed us that been encounter with such a problem.’ It should be ashamed.” #MeToo. In that list we have harassed is not something related to shows that it is a common problem The main incident was an expose about women from politicians to the gender, religion or social position. It is shared by all women. It shows us that Last but not least, they should not be the countless accusations against stars. not only related with the accusations all women suffer from this which is not scared of the men who are doing this Harvey Weinstein who is a Hollywood of some specific guy. We have these deserved by any of them. to them. Women should not hide the producer. However, the movement on guys all over the world. identities of these men. Yet nearly social media was a result of calling Secondly, to be exposed to sexual all women who report that male for action by the actor Alyssa Milano We saw ‘the magnitude of the problem.’ harassment is not something to be perpetrators of such abuse usually who is among the Weinstein’s severest The adjectives in front of the word ashamed of. People who do sexual go unpunished (!) criticism. She tweeted: ‘woman’ are not important in these harassment should be ashamed of stories because we are talking about what they do, not the survivors. Sharing a common problem which is shared the stories of sexual harassment by all women. This is not happening should encourage the ones who are to them because of their personal exposed to it. Terry Reintke who is a characteristics. Green Party MEP from Germany and among the ones who told the story What does the “Me Too” It showed us that these women are not of sexual harassment said from the hashtag mean? that much remote to us. Our sisters, parliament floor that “I think it’s about IRPosts Maggazine | December 2017 IRPosts Maggazine | December 2017

36 TECHNOLOGY / TEKNOLOJİ TECHNOLOGY / TEKNOLOJİ 37 Hatice Hicret KARASİOĞLU

ARTIFICIAL engineers could not find a solution other than to shut down the system.

The deciphered speech of one of the INTELLIGENCE: robots is as follows;

Bob: “I can I everything else…”

Should We Feel As a result, we must admit that computers are tremendous advantage over humans. Although there are Fear or Hope? many things we still do not know about Translated by: Yağmur TAŞDEMİR how our brain works, unfortunately As technology, one of the focal points of our life, evolves, we have the idea of “doingAMERICA more /with AMERİKA less” and we we soon enter the forgetting process have come to benefit from developing technology in almost every field. when it comes to storing what we learn as human beings. Even if we do not It seems that in the next 50 years, there will be more changes than the changes in the past 1000 years. The most forget, it is only the experience that we stimulating factor of the changes will be “artificial intelligence”. have learned, and we cannot apply it after a while. Well, what is this artificial intelligence? On the other hand, computers have Artificial intelligence is a science that deals with ensuring that machines produce solutions to complex problems an important advantage: THEY WILL like humans. For example; search engines we use, Apple’s virtual assistant application Siri or navigation are the simplest NEVER GET OLD. reflections of artificial intelligence. As another example, gigantic technology companies like Google, Tesla, IBM, and Microsoft spend billions of dollars to develop artificial intelligence systems. Now it is your turn to answer the question. Artificial intelligence is a After all these given information, we all come to the same question: "Is it worth this?" hope for humanity or fear for the future? Besides, in May 2017 in China, 2500-year-old strategy game Go, AlphaGo software was developed by Google’s artificial intelligence company DeepMind, beat Chinese champion player Ke Jie. When we evaluate these two events together, it is obvious that artificial intelligence is approaching human intelligence in chat-boots named Alice and Bob to In the recent history, the two an eerily. This, in fact, brings together take advantage of this advancing remarkable events are in fact the various horror scenarios that we all technology, especially in marketing. answers to the question. know and are subject to science- fiction films. It requires that these two chat-bots Firstly, on May 11, 1997, chess learn to buy and sell books and computer Deep Blue beat the world’s A few months ago, engineers in collectibles, valuate the goods, and best chess player Garry Kasparov. the Facebook Artificial Intelligence then exchange these items. However, During the match, Deep Blue could Research Laboratory (FAIR) were when the two chat-boots trained in make 60 billion moves in just 3 encountered in real life with one these areas left the people on the side minutes and 200 million transactions of these scenarios. Facebook’s and started to make contact with each in a second. artificial intelligence units developed other in an incomprehensible way, the IRPosts Maggazine | December 2017 IRPosts Maggazine | December 2017

38 TECHNOLOGY / TEKNOLOJİ TECHNOLOGY / TEKNOLOJİ 39 WHERE IS THE HUMANITY Dilara Soy GOING?

Do you have noticed that every year the number of Ramblas. In June, terror attack in London killed eight people that are killed is getting higher and higher? Do people and injured many others on London Bridge and in you have ever think WHY? Why do we have become nearby Borough Market. In October, Islamic State suicide so ignorant? Why do we care less and less? Because attackers killed at least 50 people with car bombs in of the internet or because of our phones that are now northeastern Syria in a refugee camp. GLUED TO OUR FACES! Which are making us more asocial every day. Today, you do not even need to leave More than 6,700 Rohingya Muslims were shot, burned and your house for your needs. You can order food, clothes, beaten to death in the first month of the brutal campaign electronic devices, plane tickets and the list goes on and against them which began in Myanmar’s Rakhine state on. It is incredible how internet globalized us and how in August. easily things can be done now but also our laziness that Globalization shouldn’t be just about having friends all over the world the internet brought to us is undeniable. The Syrian civil war is continuing for 7 years and over through Facebook it should be meaning that we are ONE WORLD. 400.000 people died. However, still as you can see in the We should not just donate some money while we are sitting in our very The terrorist attacks which are one of the biggest issues picture they find a way to be happy. Then why cannot we comfortable seat, we should have a mindset that encourages us to see right know are getting crueler and affect more people find a way to oversee the little daily things? all people as world citizens, also to fight for them because they need our every day. However, we shouldn’t forget the problem’s help. We should not sit all day long in the house talking through WhatsApp that have been existed for many years. Here are some These are just incidents that happened this year but what to our friend who has a problem. We should not forget how a message incidents that happened this year and some incidents about the problems that are still existing in poor countries will never take the place of a big hug. This is called human interaction, that are still existing. like in Africa. They still need to fight for basic needs like this is what we need to stop wars, fights, mobbing and so on. water, food, health, education and shelter. Why is one part of the world so rich that they cannot even think about So, if we come back to our main point, where is humanity this horrifying life standards while the other part is trying going? Well, I really do not know because with the internet to survive. we have weirdly to bodies one in the real world and one on the internet but I just hope that we can come back to our We have no idea how life is without a safe home, without roots, to concentrate on the important things and to have internet or how to walk everyday miles and miles to reach wise future generations. water or just pray to be alive tomorrow morning.

As you can see the word is not safe for everybody in everywhere and also this is just the side that we get to see. We have no idea about what we don’t know! Of course, the internet is a great thing, looking to what is going on in the world. But it is also a great device to manipulate In January one man killed 39 individuals in the Reina people and to show people what they should see but not Nightclub located in Istanbul, Turkey during 2016–2017 what they should not. New Year eve celebrations and a series of car bombings in Sadr City and other parts of Baghdad killed at least As I mentioned before the internet is making us inactive 56 people and injured more than 120 people. In August but many people will say it is also making us in a way more terrorists pulled in a van into crowds, killing 13 people active thanks to it, we can reach more GLOBALIZATION. and injuring more than a hundred, in Barcelona’s Las That is totally true but “how” is the question here. irposts.com instagram.com/IRPosts facebook.com/IRPosts twitter.com/IRPostsMagazine