DOCSLIB.ORG

Final Report Site Response Models

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Final Report Site Response Models Final Report Award Number G18AC00026 Site Response Models for the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain Martin C. Chapman and Zhen Guo Department of Geosciences Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University 4044 Derring Hall Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061 email: [email protected], telephone: (540) 231-5036 September 12, 2019 Report Period April 1 2018 – March 31, 2019 This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. Geological Survey under Grant no. G18AC00026. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing the opinions or policies of the U.S. Geological Survey. 1 Abstract The Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain in the southern and southeastern United States contains extensive Cretaceous and Cenozoic sedimentary sequences of variable thickness. We investigated the difference in response of sites in the Coastal Plain relative to sites outside that region using Fourier spectral ratios from 17 regional earthquakes occurring in 2010-2018 recorded by the EARTHSCOPE transportable array and other stations. We used mean coda and Lg spectra for sites outside the Coastal Plain as a reference. We found that Coastal Plain sites experience amplification of low-frequency ground motions and attenuation at high-frequencies relative to average site conditions outside the Coastal Plain. The spectral ratios at high frequencies gave estimates of the difference between kappa at Coastal Plain sites and the reference condition. Differential kappa values determined from the coda are correlated with the thickness of the sediment section and agree with previous estimates determined from Lg-waves. Averaged estimates of kappa reach ~ 120 ms at Gulf coast stations overlying ~12 km of sediments. Relations between Lg spectral ratio amplitudes versus sediment thickness in successive frequency bins exhibit consistent patterns, which were modeled using piecewise linear functions at frequencies ranging from 0.1 to 2.8 Hz. For sediment thickness greater than ~ 0.5 km, the spectral amplitude ratio at frequencies higher than approximately ~3 Hz is controlled by the value of kappa. The peak frequency and maximum relative amplification at frequencies less than ~1.0 Hz depend on sediment thickness. At 0.1 Hz, the mean Fourier amplitude ratio (Coastal Plain/ reference) is about 2.7 for sediment of 12 km thickness. Analysis of residuals between observed and predicted ground motions suggests that incorporating the amplification and attenuation as functions of sediment thickness may improve ground motion prediction models for the Coastal Plain region. 2 Investigations Undertaken We explored some of the differences in ground motion propagation for sites located within, versus outside, the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain. Currently, ground motion prediction models are lacking for the Coastal Plain regions of the central and eastern United States. This study was a first step toward developing such a model. Figure 1 shows the study area and the seismic stations contributing data. Until recently, the relatively low levels of seismic activity and a lack of long-term operating seismic stations outside the New Madrid seismic zone have limited wave propagation studies in most parts of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain. Previous studies documented high-frequency attenuation in the Gulf Coastal Plain. Gupta et al. (1989) found lower Lg Q in the Gulf region than elsewhere in eastern North America. The operation of the Earthscope USArray Transportable Array (TA network) in the central United States during 2010-2012 when a series of moderate earthquakes occurred in Oklahoma, Arkansas and Texas resulted in an important data set. More recently, a few earthquakes have been recorded in the Atlantic Coastal Plain by the currently operational Central and Eastern United States Network (N4 network), the United States National Seismic Network (US network) and some other stations, including temporary array deployments. Pasyanos (2013), using Q tomography, found lower Q for crustal S waves in the Gulf coastal region than in regions to the north. Chapman and Conn (2016) observed geographic variation of the attenuation parameter kappa, 0, (Anderson and Hough, 1984) in the Gulf Coastal Plain, noting a clear positive correlation of 0 and the thickness of post-Jurassic sediments in the region. Incorporating a thickness-dependent Lg kappa model in stochastic ground motion simulations resulted in improved high-frequency ground motion prediction (Chapman and Conn, 2016). Figure 10 of Chapman and Conn (2016) shows that the area with largest kappa (and thickest Coastal Plain sediment) largely corresponds with the low Q Gulf Coastal Plain area resolved by Cramer (2018) using USArray (TA network) data. It also corresponds with the area that has experienced continental crustal thinning (Salvador, 1991a, Sawyer et al., 1991, Thomas, 2010). Lg propagation is known to be sensitive to changes in crustal structure (Kennett, 1986). Both Lg blockage due to crustal thinning, and absorption due to the increase in thickness of sediments may operate to increase attenuation in parts of the Gulf Coastal Plain. Chapman and Conn (2016) jointly estimated shear wave crustal Q associated with distance dependent attenuation and site terms for Lg wave Fourier amplitude spectra. They used the site 0.62 terms to estimate 0 in the Gulf Region. They found Q =365f , where f is frequency in Hz. Chapman and Conn concluded that the bulk of the attenuation in the Gulf Coastal Plain is not strongly related to crustal waveguide Q, but instead is dominated by near-receiver attenuation reflected by kappa values that are correlated with local sediment thickness. Recently, Cramer (2018) estimated Q = 259f0.72 for the Gulf coastal region. Relative to the results of Chapman and Conn (2016) and Cramer (2018), representative estimates of Q outside the Coastal Plain in eastern North America show higher values at 1 Hz by a factor of approximately 1.4 – 2.0, but significantly less frequency dependence. For example, Atkinson and Boore (2014) found Q= 525f0.45 for rock sites in eastern North America. These models predict lower Q in the Coastal Plain at frequencies less than approximately 8-14 Hz, but higher Q at higher frequencies. Purely on the basis of these crustal Q estimates, one might expect lower amplitudes in the Gulf at low frequencies, and similar or larger amplitudes at frequencies of approximately 12 Hz, relative to the average of sites outside the Coastal Plain. In this study we observed that Coastal Plain sites 3 Figure 1. Geologic map of the central and eastern United States. Locations and station codes of the Earthscope Transportable Array (TA) stations (triangles), the United States National Seismic Network (US) stations (hexagons), the Central and Eastern US Network (N4) stations (circles), the Lamont-Doherty Cooperative Seismographic Network (LD) stations (stars) and the Southeastern Suture of the Appalachian Margin Experiment (Z9) stations (diamonds) used in this study are indicated. The thick solid curve shows the boundary of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain. Adapted from Garrity and Soller (2009). exhibit smaller high frequency amplitudes and larger low-frequency amplitudes than average site conditions outside the Coastal Plain. The origin of the strong frequency dependence of the reported estimates of crustal Q(f) for the Gulf Coastal Plain may represent complex trade-offs between site terms, source terms and distance dependent attenuation parameters in the regression models used to invert for crustal Q. It is our view that ground motion prediction models for Coastal Plain sites will require information in addition to the estimated value of Q for the crustal waveguide. The higher frequency (greater than 1 or 2 Hz) attenuation as well as the amplitude and frequency range of low frequency amplification we observe in the Coastal Plain is geographically variable and is dependent on the thickness of sediments (Chapman and Conn, 2016). 4 The motivation for this study was simple. We attempted to quantify, in a straightforward way, the relative difference between site response in the Coastal Plain (Atlantic and Gulf) and the region outside the Coastal Plain in terms of the Fourier amplitude spectra. We focused on spectral ratios because we wanted to establish a basis for modifying existing or future ground motion prediction models established for rock-like conditions for application in the Coastal Plain. The existing ground motion prediction models are to a large degree founded on results derived from the stochastic method of ground motion simulation, and our approach here is amenable to the development of target spectra for stochastic simulation. We expanded the dataset used by Chapman and Conn (2016) by adding broadband stations in addition to the TA network and data from a few more recent earthquakes including some occurring in the Appalachian region. Selecting reference sites is an important step in the spectral ratio method (e.g., Borcherdt, 1970). Our study is handicapped by a lack of information on shallow geologic conditions and near-surface velocity at the great majority of recording locations. Most of the stations outside the Coastal Plain are not sited on hard rock outcrop, but instead have site conditions ranging from thin residual soil over hard crystalline rock (many sites in the Appalachian Piedmont), to sites on thick sequences of Paleozoic sedimentary rock (e.g., stations in the Appalachian Valley and Ridge, and many stations in the mid-continent area). We used mean coda and Lg spectra derived from large numbers of stations outside the Coastal Plain as the reference condition. This approach is simple, but it lacks rigor and introduces some ambiguity. Most of our data are from recent (post-2009) shocks occurring outside the Coastal Plain region. However, we find evidence that shocks occurring within the Coastal Plain produce motions outside the Coastal Plain that have reduced amplitudes at high frequency, an observation that suggests that Lg waves experience appreciable high-frequency attenuation near the source if in the Coastal Plain.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Validation of a Geospatial Liquefaction Model for Noncoastal Regions Including Nepal
    USGS Award G16AP00014 Validation of a Geospatial Liquefaction Model for Noncoastal Regions Including Nepal Laurie G. Baise and Vahid Rashidian Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Tufts University 200 College Ave Medford, MA 02155 617-627-2211 617-627-2994 [email protected] March 2016 – September 2017 Validation of a Geospatial Liquefaction Model for Noncoastal Regions Including Nepal Laurie G. Baise and Vahid Rashidian Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Tufts University, Medford, MA. 02155 1. Abstract Soil liquefaction can lead to significant infrastructure damage after an earthquake due to lateral ground movements and vertical settlements. Regional liquefaction hazard maps are important in both planning for earthquake events and guiding relief efforts. New liquefaction hazard mapping techniques based on readily available geospatial data allow for an integration of liquefaction hazard in loss estimation platforms such as USGS’s PAGER system. The global geospatial liquefaction model (GGLM) proposed by Zhu et al. (2017) and recommended for global application results in a liquefaction probability that can be interpreted as liquefaction spatial extent (LSE). The model uses ShakeMap’s PGV, topography-based Vs30, distance to coast, distance to river and annual precipitation as explanatory variables. This model has been tested previously with a focus on coastal settings. In this paper, LSE maps have been generated for more than 50 earthquakes around the world in a wide range of setting to evaluate the generality and regional efficacy of the model. The model performance is evaluated through comparisons with field observation reports of liquefaction. In addition, an intensity score for easy reporting and comparison is generated for each earthquake through the summation of LSE values and compared with the liquefaction intensity inferred from the reconnaissance report.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Potential for Induced Seismicity at the Cavone Oilfield: Analysis of Geological and Geophysical Data, and Geomechanical Modeling
    July, 2014 ON THE POTENTIAL FOR INDUCED SEISMICITY AT THE CAVONE OILFIELD: ANALYSIS OF GEOLOGICAL AND GEOPHYSICAL DATA, AND GEOMECHANICAL MODELING BY Luciana Astiz - University of California San Diego James H. Dieterich - University of California Riverside Cliff Frohlich - University of Texas at Austin Bradford H. Hager - Massachusetts Institute of Technology Ruben Juanes - Massachusetts Institute of Technology John H. Shaw –Harvard University 1 July, 2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ……………………………………………………….... 5 INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………….9 1. TECTONIC FRAMEWORK OF THE EMILIA-ROMAGNA REGION .................... 11 1.1 SEISMOTECTONIC SETTING ............................................................................................................................ 11 1.1.1 HISTORICAL SEISMICITY IN THE EMILIA‐ROMAGNA REGION .................................................................... 12 1.2 CAVONE STRUCTURE ....................................................................................................................................... 19 1.3 GEOLOGIC EVIDENCE FOR TECTONIC ACTIVITY OF STRUCTURES IN THE FERRARESE‐ROMAGNOLO ARC ..................................................................................................................... 24 1.4 SEISMOTECTONIC ANALYSIS .......................................................................................................................... 26 1.5 GPS CONSTRAINTS ON TECTONICS — PRE‐EARTHQUAKE REGIONAL DEFORMATION RATES ............ 30 1.6 CONCLUSIONS OF
    [Show full text]
  • The Housing Market Impacts of Wastewater Injection Induced Seismicity Risk
    The Housing Market Impacts of Wastewater Injection Induced Seismicity Risk Haiyan Liu Ph.D. Candidate Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics University of Georgia [email protected] Susana Ferreira Associate Professor Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics University of Georgia [email protected] Brady Brewer Assistant Professor Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics University of Georgia [email protected] Selected Paper prepared for presentation at the Agricultural & Applied Economics Association’s 2016 AAEA Annual Meeting, Boston, MA, July 31- August 2, 2016. Copyright 2016 by Haiyan Liu, Susana Ferreira, and Brady Brewer. All rights reserved. Readers may make verbatim copies of this document for non-commercial purposes by any means, provided this copyright notice appears on all such copies. Abstract Using data from Oklahoma County, an area severely affected by the increased seismicity associated with injection wells, we recover hedonic estimates of property value impacts from nearby shale oil and gas development that vary with earthquake risk exposure. Results suggest that the 2011 Oklahoma earthquake in Prague, OK, and generally, earthquakes happening in the county and the state have enhanced the perception of risks associated with wastewater injection but not shale gas production. This risk perception is driven by injection wells within 2 km of the properties. Keywords: Earthquake, Wastewater Injection, Oil and Gas Production, Housing Market, Oklahoma JEL classification: L71, Q35, Q54, R31 1. Introduction The injection of fluids underground has been known to induce earthquakes since the mid-1960s (Healy et al. 1968; Raleigh et al. 1976). However, few cases were documented in the United States until 2009.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Hazards on Whidbey Island
    Natural Hazards on Whidbey Island Protect and prepare your family and your home — a guide for surviving disasters caused by earthquakes, landslides, wildland fires, tsunamis, and windstorms Island County, Washington Department of Emergency Management Digital elevation map of Island County (Jessica Larson) ii Dealing with Natural Hazards on Whidbey Island This is a guide to the natural hazards that could affect you, your family, and your property. It offers a brief description of the ways you can prepare your home and family to survive disasters caused by earthquakes, landslides, wildland fires, tsunamis, and windstorms. Power outages caused by windstorms during the winter of 2006-2007 — as well as numerous other events in prior and more recent years — have made most residents of Whidbey Island amply aware of the difficulties of being without light, heat, water, and the ability to prepare meals or use health-related equipment. Although most of us have experienced being without power for less than a week, we have still been able to travel to a grocery, a hospital, or the mainland. Friends across the island could help each other. But what if there were a major natural disaster that cut off the island from the mainland and we were entirely on our own for two or three weeks? A truly large storm or an earthquake could destroy or damage docks at the Clinton and Coupeville ferries systems and seriously compromise footings of the Deception Pass bridge, disrupting delivery of food, water, fuel, emergency services, and many other vitally necessary elements of our Island life. These realities are even more evident recently as we have had record rains, experienced more landslides, and observed the damage suffered by the islands of New Zealand and Japan.
    [Show full text]
  • What Is Québécois Literature? Reflections on the Literary History of Francophone Writing in Canada
    What is Québécois Literature? Reflections on the Literary History of Francophone Writing in Canada Contemporary French and Francophone Cultures, 28 Chapman, What is Québécois Literature.indd 1 30/07/2013 09:16:58 Contemporary French and Francophone Cultures Series Editors EDMUND SMYTH CHARLES FORSDICK Manchester Metropolitan University University of Liverpool Editorial Board JACQUELINE DUTTON LYNN A. HIGGINS MIREILLE ROSELLO University of Melbourne Dartmouth College University of Amsterdam MICHAEL SHERINGHAM DAVID WALKER University of Oxford University of Sheffield This series aims to provide a forum for new research on modern and contem- porary French and francophone cultures and writing. The books published in Contemporary French and Francophone Cultures reflect a wide variety of critical practices and theoretical approaches, in harmony with the intellectual, cultural and social developments which have taken place over the past few decades. All manifestations of contemporary French and francophone culture and expression are considered, including literature, cinema, popular culture, theory. The volumes in the series will participate in the wider debate on key aspects of contemporary culture. Recent titles in the series: 12 Lawrence R. Schehr, French 20 Pim Higginson, The Noir Atlantic: Post-Modern Masculinities: From Chester Himes and the Birth of the Neuromatrices to Seropositivity Francophone African Crime Novel 13 Mireille Rosello, The Reparative in 21 Verena Andermatt Conley, Spatial Narratives: Works of Mourning in Ecologies: Urban
    [Show full text]
  • Mineral Carbon Sequestration and Theoretical Constraints on CO2
    Mineral Carbon Sequestration and Theoretical Constraints on CO2 Removal Viktor Nesheim Advisor: David Bercovici Second reader: Jay Ague A Senior Essay presented to the faculty of the Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, in partial fulfillment of the Bachelor's Degree. In presenting this essay in partial fulfillment of the Bachelor’s Degree from the Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, I agree that the department may make copies or post it on the departmental website so that others may better understand the undergraduate research of the department. I further agree that extensive copying of this thesis is allowable only for scholarly purposes. It is understood, however, that any copying or publication of this thesis for commercial purposes or financial gain is not allowed without my written consent. Viktor Nesheim, April 29, 2016 Geology & Geophysics Senior Essay Viktor Nesheim Abstract The growing scientific evidence establishing the effects of CO2 emissions on the Earth’s climate, together with the substantial difficulty in reducing our dependence on fossil fuels, have driven an increasing realization that carbon capture and storage (CCS) will likely have to play a key role in mitigating anthropogenic climate change. This paper begins by reviewing the literature surrounding carbon capture and storage technologies. We explain the traditional method of structural storage by injecting CO2 into sedimentary basins, and investigate the increasing concerns regarding induced seismicity and leakage from structural CO2 storage. We then turn to the more recently proposed method of mineral carbonation, which injects CO2 into mafic rocks and induces mineral trapping through enhanced carbonation reactions, and evaluate its potential to mitigate the risks associated with both leakage and seismic triggering.
    [Show full text]
  • FEMA P-530, Earthquake Safety at Home (March 2020)
    Earthquake Safety at Home FEMA P-530 / March 2020 This page intentionally left blank. Earthquake Safety at Home FEMA P-530 Earthquake Safety at Home Prepared by APPLIED TECHNOLOGY COUNCIL 201 Redwood Shores Parkway, Suite 240 Redwood City, California 94065 www.ATCouncil.org Prepared for FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY Michael Mahoney, Project Officer Andrew Herseth, Project Manager Washington, D.C. ATC MANAGEMENT AND OVERSIGHT Jon A. Heintz, Program Executive, Program Manager Ayse Hortacsu, Project Manager Veronica Cedillos, Project Manager Zahraa Saiyed, Project Management Consultant Project Technical Committee Colin Blaney (Project Technical Director) Michael Griffin Buehler Structural Engineers, Inc. CCS Group, Inc. Kelly E. Cobeen Lucy Jones Wiss Janney Elstner Associates, Inc. Dr. Lucy Jones Center for Science and Society Project Review Panel Mark Benthien Fred Turner Southern California Earthquake Center Alfred E. Alquist Seismic Safety Commission Graphics Consultants Christopher Mills Christina Zagara Christopher Mills Illustration Creative Engagement Solutions, LLC Carol Singer Carol Singer Design Earthquake Safety at Home FEMA P-530 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS FEMA 530 was originally developed and published by the California Seismic Safety Commission. This document also benefited greatly from the USGS publication, Putting Down Roots in Earthquake Country, originally written by Lucy Jones and Mark Benthien. NOTICE Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the Applied Technology Council (ATC), the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), or the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). Additionally, neither ATC, DHS, FEMA, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, expressed or implied, nor assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, product, or process included in this publication.
    [Show full text]
  • Effectiveness of the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction
    DRAFT (4/27/2012 ACEHR teleconference meeting) Effectiveness of the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program A Report from the Advisory Committee on Earthquake Hazards Reduction May 2012 Contents Executive Summary .................................................................................................. 1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. Program Effectiveness and Needs .......................................................................... Management, Coordination, and Implementation of NEHRP ............................... Federal Emergency Management Agency ..................................................................... National Institute of Standards and Technology ........................................................ National Science Foundation .............................................................................................. U.S. Geological Survey ........................................................................................................... Appendix: Trends and Developments in Science and Engineering .................... Social Science ............................................................................................................................ Earth Science ............................................................................................................................. Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering ...........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Homeowner's Combined Information Guides
    Homeowner’s Combined Information Guides Tel: 1-800-TOCOVER (800-862-6837) Fax: 1-800-308-1460 www.homewarranty.com Tel: 1-800-880-9123 Fax: 1-800-287-8673 www.disclosuresource.com Enclosed Publications Include: I Homeowner’s Guide to Earthquake Safety State of California Seismic Safety Commission I Protect Your Family From Lead In Your Home United States Environmental Protection Agency I Residential Environmental Hazards− A Guide For Homeowners, Homebuyers, Landlords and Tenants California Environmental Protection Agency I HERS - What is Your Home Energy Rating? California Energy Commission Compliments of Fidelity National Home Warranty and Disclosure Source Published by the California Seismic Safety Commission Homeowner’s Guide to Earthquake Safety 2020 EDITION State of California Gavin Newsom Governor SSC No. 20-01 The Homeowner’s Guide to Earthquake Safety was developed and published by the California Seismic Safety Commission. It is distributed under the provisions of the Library Distribution Act and Government Code Section 11096.* Copyright 2020 by the California Seismic Safety Commission. All rights reserved. Legislation This guide has been developed and adopted by the California Seismic Safety Commission as required by Assembly Bill 2959, authored by Assemblymember Johan Klehs (Chapter 1499, Statutes of 1990), and by Assembly Bill 200, authored by Assemblymember Dominic Cortese (Chapter 699, Statutes of 1991). Ordering Information Single copies of this booklet are available from the California Seismic Safety Commission 2945 Ramco St. #195 West Sacramento, CA 95691 To order call (916) 263-5506 or download an online copy at http://ssc.ca.gov/forms_pubs/index.html Cover photo: Collapsed two-story home.
    [Show full text]
  • Modeling Earthquake Rate Changes in Oklahoma and Arkansas: Possible Signatures of Induced Seismicity by Andrea L
    Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol. 103, No. 5, pp. 2850–2861, October 2013, doi: 10.1785/0120130017 Modeling Earthquake Rate Changes in Oklahoma and Arkansas: Possible Signatures of Induced Seismicity by Andrea L. Llenos and Andrew J. Michael Abstract The rate of ML ≥3 earthquakes in the central and eastern United States increased beginning in 2009, particularly in Oklahoma and central Arkansas, where fluid injection has occurred. We find evidence that suggests these rate increases are man-made by examining the rate changes in a catalog of ML ≥3 earthquakes in Oklahoma, which had a low background seismicity rate before 2009, as well as rate M ≥2:2 changes in a catalog of L earthquakes in central Arkansas, which had a history of earthquake swarms prior to the start of injection in 2009. In both cases, stochastic epidemic-type aftershock sequence models and statistical tests demonstrate that the earthquake rate change is statistically significant, and both the background rate of independent earthquakes and the aftershock productivity must increase in 2009 to explain the observed increase in seismicity. This suggests that a significant change in the underlying triggering process occurred. Both parameters vary, even when com- paring natural to potentially induced swarms in Arkansas, which suggests that changes in both the background rate and the aftershock productivity may provide a way to distinguish man-made from natural earthquake rate changes. In Arkansas we also compare earthquake and injection well locations, finding that earthquakes within 6 km of an active injection well tend to occur closer together than those that occur before, after, or far from active injection.
    [Show full text]
  • Download a Full PDF of Petroleum and the Environment
    Petroleum and the Environment Edith Allison and Ben Mandler The American Geosciences Institute Petroleum and the Environment Edith Allison and Ben Mandler Petroleum and the Environment Cover photos: clockwise from top-left: Oil Rig, Williston Oil Edith Allison and Ben Mandler Field, North Dakota, Lindsey Gira, CC BY 2.0 via Wikimedia ISBN: 978-1721175468 Commons; Alyeska Pipeline at mile 562, Alaska, Copyright © Larry Fellows, Arizona Geological Survey; Los Angeles © 2018 American Geosciences Institute. highways, ©Shutterstock.com/S. Borisov; Petrochemical Published and printed in the United States of America. All Plant, Corpus Christi, Texas, ©Shutterstock.com/Trong rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced Nguyen. Cover background: ©Shutterstock.com/Sergey or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or Nivens. mechanical, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system without the expressed written consent of the publisher. Design by Brenna Tobler, AGI Graphic Designer, and Ben Mandler, AGI Critical Issues Program. For more information on the American Geosciences Institute and its publications, check us out at store. americangeosciences.org. Contact: Ben Mandler, Schlumberger Senior Researcher American Geosciences Institute 4220 King Street, Alexandria, VA 22302 www.americangeosciences.org [email protected] (703) 379-2480, ext. 226 AGI Critical Issues Program: www.americangeosciences.org/critical-issues i Petroleum and the Environment Supported by the AAPG Foundation. © 2018 American Geosciences Institute Written by E. Allison and B. Mandler for AGI, 2018 Acknowledgments This publication benefited from the expertise of many reviewers from different sectors all over the United States. Thank you to our internal AGI reviewers: Allyson Anderson Book, Maeve Boland, Kelly Kryc, and Cassaundra Rose; and to our external review- ers: Donna S.
    [Show full text]
  • UNIT 12 EARTHQUAKES Study Guide
    UNIT 11 SEISMIC WAVES & EARTHQUAKES (Ch. 9) Study Guide (Revised 7/18) UNIT 11 HOMEWORK worth 10 points VIDEO HIT HOMEWORK – write two paragraphs with three sentences each (PHYSICAL GEOLOGY 1303) (Revised 7//18) UNIT 11 Video Hits For Unit 11 Video Hits, go to the “DMC HOME” website; in Search box –type “Kramer”, select “Faculty Listing”; click on Walter Vernon Kramer, click on Website“, scroll down and click GEOL 1303; then select “Video Hit Link Number 11”, and click on icon, watch video and see how scary earthquakes can be!. [IF NONE OF THE WEB SITES COME UP, YOUR COMPUTER PROBABLY NEEDS TO BE REBOOTED (RESTARTED) Earthquakes - We saw that most of the world’s most destructive earthquakes occurred along the Pacific Rim - Most of these earthquakes occurred along major plate tectonic zones - Every year, some parts of Texas will experience an earthquake - We shared our earthquake experiences - Earthquake: a shaking or vibration of the Earth caused by the sudden release of energy - Saw a video of an earthquake at a Microsoft office - On March 24, 1997 – a 3.8 earthquake with its epicenter at Alice TX was felt in Corpus Christi. - Another Alice 4.0 earthquake occurred on April 24, 2010 - Gave examples of seismic activity associated with the movies Jurassic Park and Star Wars - Even the sun has “quakes” Destructive Forces - Earthquakes are among the most destructive geologic forces on Earth. - In less than two minutes, an earthquake can kill more than 200,000 people and level hundreds of bridges and thousands of buildings for miles around Tsunami - Japanese word for harbor wave - Some earthquakes can generate tsunamis - These can be highly destructive tidal waves as seen in Japan (2011) and Indonesia (2004) 1 - Most tsunamis are created by an undersea moving tectonic plate - Tsunami waves can move at speeds of 500 mph in the deep oceans Earthquake Model - The model most used to explain most earthquakes is the elastic-rebound theory.
    [Show full text]