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SS-Totenkopfverbände from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia (Redirected from SS-Totenkopfverbande)
Create account Log in Article Talk Read Edit View history SS-Totenkopfverbände From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from SS-Totenkopfverbande) Navigation Not to be confused with 3rd SS Division Totenkopf, the Waffen-SS fighting unit. Main page This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. No cleanup reason Contents has been specified. Please help improve this article if you can. (December 2010) Featured content Current events This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding Random article citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2010) Donate to Wikipedia [2] SS-Totenkopfverbände (SS-TV), rendered in English as "Death's-Head Units" (literally SS-TV meaning "Skull Units"), was the SS organization responsible for administering the Nazi SS-Totenkopfverbände Interaction concentration camps for the Third Reich. Help The SS-TV was an independent unit within the SS with its own ranks and command About Wikipedia structure. It ran the camps throughout Germany, such as Dachau, Bergen-Belsen and Community portal Buchenwald; in Nazi-occupied Europe, it ran Auschwitz in German occupied Poland and Recent changes Mauthausen in Austria as well as numerous other concentration and death camps. The Contact Wikipedia death camps' primary function was genocide and included Treblinka, Bełżec extermination camp and Sobibor. It was responsible for facilitating what was called the Final Solution, Totenkopf (Death's head) collar insignia, 13th Standarte known since as the Holocaust, in collaboration with the Reich Main Security Office[3] and the Toolbox of the SS-Totenkopfverbände SS Economic and Administrative Main Office or WVHA. -
THE ARMY LAWYER Headquarters, Department of the Army
THE ARMY LAWYER Headquarters, Department of the Army Department of the Army Pamphlet 27-50-366 November 2003 Articles Military Commissions: Trying American Justice Kevin J. Barry, Captain (Ret.), U.S. Coast Guard Why Military Commissions Are the Proper Forum and Why Terrorists Will Have “Full and Fair” Trials: A Rebuttal to Military Commissions: Trying American Justice Colonel Frederic L. Borch, III Editorial Comment: A Response to Why Military Commissions Are the Proper Forum and Why Terrorists Will Have “Full and Fair” Trials Kevin J. Barry, Captain (Ret.), U.S. Coast Guard Afghanistan, Quirin, and Uchiyama: Does the Sauce Suit the Gander Evan J. Wallach Note from the Field Legal Cultures Clash in Iraq Lieutenant Colonel Craig T. Trebilcock The Art of Trial Advocacy Preparing the Mind, Body, and Voice Lieutenant Colonel David H. Robertson, The Judge Advocate General’s Legal Center & School, U.S. Army CLE News Current Materials of Interest Editor’s Note An article in our April/May 2003 Criminal Law Symposium issue, Moving Toward the Apex: New Developments in Military Jurisdiction, discussed the recent ACCA and CAAF opinions in United States v. Sergeant Keith Brevard. These opinions deferred to findings the trial court made by a preponderance of the evidence to resolve a motion to dismiss, specifically that the accused obtained and presented forged documents to procure a fraudulent discharge. Since the publication of these opinions, the court-matial reached the ultimate issue of the guilt of the accused on remand. The court-martial acquitted the accused of fraudulent separation and dismissed the other charges for lack of jurisdiction. -
CHAPTER 1: from the IMT to the Zonal Trials on 1 November 1943
The Nuremberg Military Tribunals and the origins of International Criminal Law Heller, K.J. Citation Heller, K. J. (2011, June 16). The Nuremberg Military Tribunals and the origins of International Criminal Law. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/17757 Version: Not Applicable (or Unknown) Licence agreement concerning inclusion of doctoral thesis in the License: Institutional Repository of the University of Leiden Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/17757 Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable). CHAPTER 1: From the IMT to the Zonal Trials INTRODUCTION On 1 November 1943, Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union published the “Declaration on German Atrocities in Occupied Europe” – the Moscow Declaration – in order to “give full warning” to the Nazis that, when the war ended, the Allies intended to “pursue them to the uttermost ends of the earth… in order that justice may be done.” The final paragraph of the Moscow Declaration provided that “[t]he above declaration is without prejudice to the case of the major criminals whose offences have no particular geographical location and who will be punished by a joint decision of the Governments of the Allies.” That reservation ultimately led the Allies to create the IMT and to authorize the United States to hold the NMT trials.1 Chapter 3 traces the evolution of the twelve NMT trials. This chapter focuses on the creation of the OCC, the organization responsible for overseeing those trials. Section 1 discusses the approval of JCS 1023/10, the directive issued by the Joint Chiefs of Staff in July 1945 that first authorized the U.S. -
Medical War Crimes
Medical War Crimes Sigrid Mehring* A. von Bogdandy and R. Wolfrum, (eds.), Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law, Volume 15, 2011, p. 229-279. © 2011 Koninklijke Brill N.V. Printed in The Netherlands. 230 Max Planck UNYB 15 (2011) I. Introduction II. Medical War Crimes 1. Medical Grave Breaches and Medical War Crimes 2. Medical Aspects of the Classic Grave Breaches III. Medical War Crimes in International Criminal Law 1. The ICTY and ICTR Statutes 2. The Rome Statute IV. National Implementation: The German Example V. The Prosecution of Medical War Crimes 1. The Doctors’ Trial of 1947 2. The Ntakirutimana Trial of 2003 3. General Observations concerning Prosecution VI. Possible Defenses to Medical War Crimes 1. Superior Orders 2. Mistake of Fact 3. Necessity and Duress 4. Consent of the Patient VII. Conclusion Mehring, Medical War Crimes 231 I. Introduction Physicians have always played an important role in armed conflicts be- ing the first to treat wounded and sick combatants, prisoners of war, and civilians. This makes them an important, essential category of ac- tors in armed conflicts, a role which is reflected in the laws of war.1 In granting first aid and emergency care, physicians can fulfill a further role by reporting on human rights abuses or violations of international humanitarian law.2 They are thus in a privileged position to watch over the rights of the victims of armed conflicts. However, their position is also susceptible to abuse. Physicians have always used armed conflicts for their own gain, to further their medical skills or to use their skills to enhance military gains or further medical science. -
The Nuremberg Code
THE NUREMBERG CODE Permissible Medical Experiments The great weight of the evidence before us is to the effect that certain types of medical experiments on human beings, when kept within reasonably well-defined bounds, conform to the ethics of the medical profession generally. The protagonists of the practice of human experimentation justify their views on the basis that such experiments yield results for the good of society that are unprocurable by other methods or means of study. All agree, however, that certain basic principles must be observed in order to satisfy moral, ethical and legal concepts: 1. The voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential. This means that the person involved should have legal capacity to give consent; should be so situated as to be able to exercise free power of choice, without the intervention of any element of force, fraud, deceit, duress, over-reaching, or other ulterior form of constraint or coercion; and should have sufficient knowledge and comprehension of the elements of the subject matter involved as to enable him to make an understanding and enlightened decision. This latter element requires that before the acceptance of an affirmative decision by the experimental subject there should be made known to him the nature, duration, and purpose of the experiment; the method and means by which it is to be conducted; all inconveniences and hazards reasonably to be expected; and the effects upon his health or person which may possibly come from his participation in the experiment. The duty and responsibility for ascertaining the quality of the consent rests upon each individual who initiates, directs or engages in the experiment. -
Budget May 1948
180 -•~- • RESOLUTION NO. 35. A Rl!SOLUTION RESOLUTION AUTHORIZING THE PUBLICATION OF AN ESTIMATE •..' OF EXPENSES· FOR ALL PURPOSES FOR THE VILLAGE OF KUNA FOR THE FISCAL YEAR BEGINNING THE 1ST DAY OF MAY 1948, AND ENDING THE 30TH DAY OF APRIL 194~. ·. BE IT Rl!SOLVED RESOLVED BY THE CHAIRMAN AND BOARD OF TRUSTEE> TRUSTEm OF THE VILLAGE OF KUNA: : Section l. 1. That the following fOllowing classified estimate of the probable amount of money necessary to be raised for all purposes in the Village of Kuna, for the fiscal year beginning the let 1st ,day ·day of May 1948, and ending the 30th day of April 1949, be pUblishedpublished for two sucoeeeive successive weekly issues in the Kuna Herald, a wee~cly newspaper pUbl-iahedpubl·iehed i•n i·n the Village of Kuna. SectionSect ion 2. That a statement of the entire revenue of the VillageVi l_lage for the previous fiscal year is as follows: j ·.General General Receipta-----------------------8126.70 Rec eipts------------ 8126. 70 er(V,V~ ·Tax-Tax receipts---------------------------3324.38 receipts----------------- 3324.38 ·.Balance Balance on hand------------------------3765.65 hand---------------- 3765.65 S~ction 3. That the probable amount of money necessary for all purposes for the fiscal year ending April 30th 1948, is as ffOllows: ollowa: ·Salar1es--------- ~ 6000.00 ·L1ghts-~salaries---------------~-------~----~-~6000.00 ~ ~ ~~ 800.00 ·Lights---------~----------~~-----~----- -Building Improvements-- 800.00300.00 • ·Building-Waterworks------- Improvements------------------2000.00300.00 ·Streets-·Waterworks---------------------------••2000.00800.00 -
Justice in the Justice Trial at Nuremberg Stephen J
University of Baltimore Law Review Volume 46 | Issue 3 Article 4 5-2017 A Court Pure and Unsullied: Justice in the Justice Trial at Nuremberg Stephen J. Sfekas Circuit Court for Baltimore City, Maryland Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.law.ubalt.edu/ublr Part of the Fourteenth Amendment Commons, International Law Commons, and the Legal History Commons Recommended Citation Sfekas, Stephen J. (2017) "A Court Pure and Unsullied: Justice in the Justice Trial at Nuremberg," University of Baltimore Law Review: Vol. 46 : Iss. 3 , Article 4. Available at: http://scholarworks.law.ubalt.edu/ublr/vol46/iss3/4 This Peer Reviewed Articles is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@University of Baltimore School of Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of Baltimore Law Review by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@University of Baltimore School of Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A COURT PURE AND UNSULLIED: JUSTICE IN THE JUSTICE TRIAL AT NUREMBERG* Hon. Stephen J. Sfekas** Therefore, O Citizens, I bid ye bow In awe to this command, Let no man live Uncurbed by law nor curbed by tyranny . Thus I ordain it now, a [] court Pure and unsullied . .1 I. INTRODUCTION In the immediate aftermath of World War II, the common understanding was that the Nazi regime had been maintained by a combination of instruments of terror, such as the Gestapo, the SS, and concentration camps, combined with a sophisticated propaganda campaign.2 Modern historiography, however, has revealed the -
International Law Documents : 1948-49
International Law Studies – Volume 46 International Law Documents U.S. Naval War College (Editor) The thoughts and opinions expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily of the U.S. government, the U.S. Department of the Navy or the Naval War College. TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION Page 1. Charter of the Organization of American States, Bogota, 30 April 1948 .. .. .. ............. .. ..... .... ......... ..... 2. American Treaty of Pacific Settlement: "Pact of Bogota," Bogota, 30 April 1948. 26 3. Treaty of Economic, Social and Cultural Collaboration and Col- lective Self-Defense (United Kingdom, Belgium, France, Luxem- bourg, and the Netherlands), Brussels, 17 March 1948.... .. 46 4. North Atlantic Defense Treaty, Washington, 4 April1949...... .. 52 5. Revised General Act for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes, Lake Success, 28 April 1949... 56 6. Statute of the Council of Europe, London, 5 May 1949.. 57 II. TRIALS OF WAR CRIMINALS 1. International Military Tribunal for the Far East, Indictment No. 1, 29 April 1946 (excerpts). 71 2. International Military Tribunal for the Far East, Judgment, 4-12 November 1948 (excerpts). 76 3. Tabulation of the Tokyo Sentences of Individual Defendants. 107 III. RIGHTS CLAIMED BY LITTORAL STATES IN ADJACENT SEAS 1. The Corfu Channel Case (Merits), International Court of Justice, Judgment of 9 April 1949.. 108 2. United States Laws and Regulations.......................... 156 (a) Harbors Closed to Foreign Vessels..................... 156 (b) DefensiveSeaAreas ............................. .. .. 157 (c) Maritime Control Areas.............................. 169 (d) Customs Enforcement Areas........................ 176 (e) Laws concerning Pollution of Navigable Waters....... .. 180 3. Claims to the Continental Shelf. • 182 (a) United States of America: Presidential Proclamation, 28 September 1945. -
High Command Case: a Study in Staff and Command Responsibility
JOHN JAY DOUGLASS* Colonel, JAGC High Command Case: A Study in Staff and Command Responsibility Less than twenty-five years after the conclusion of the major World War I1war crimes trials, international jurists, historians and the general public are not clear as to, nor are they apparently concerned with, the authority, procedure or even the significant legal decisions of the war crimes trials held both in Europe and the Far East following World War 11.1 Even a mere twenty-five years of experience indicates there will be other trials of those accused of criminal acts in war. Such trials, as well as international lawmakers, should well review the German High Command Trial before the United States Military Tribunal at Nuremberg in October 1948. The lessons of this trial may well be the most important of those from any of the trials held following World War 11. The thrust of this trial and its results relate to the authority of command- ers of military forces for actions of their troops and their personal respon- sibility, as well as the responsibility of staff officers in senior staff positions, for'actions taken by them or carried on under their direction. As a result of recent developments within the United States, arising from the war in Vietnam, it is worthwhile to review the German High Command Trial and to analyze its relationship to the present state of the law. The legal question of criminal responsibility of military commanders and staff officers who do *Commandant (Dean), The Judge Advocate General's School, U.S. -
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization the Origins of NATO the NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION
The Origins of N A TO THE NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION European Economic Recovery power production), and dollar reserves to pay for necessary and European Integration imports. The war had rent the social fabric of many nations, setting social class against social class and ethnic group n the aftermath of the total defeat of Nazi Germany in against ethnic group. Political tensions were exacerbated by 1945, Europe struggled to recover from the ravages of the participation of many Europeans in collaborationist occupation and war. The wartime Grand Alliance be- regimes and others in armed resistance. Masses of Europe- tweenI the Western democracies and the Soviet Union ans, radicalized by the experience of war and German collapsed, and postwar negotiations for a peace settlement occupation, demanded major social and economic change foundered in the Council of Foreign Ministers. By 1947 and appeared ready to enforce these demands with violence. peace treaties with Italy and the defeated Axis satellites were The national Communist Parties of Western Europe stood finally concluded after protracted and acrimonious negotia- ready to exploit this discontent in order to advance the aims tions between the former allies, but the problem of a divided of the Soviet Union.2 and occupied Germany remained unsettled. U.S. leaders were acutely aware of both the dangers of In April 1947 Secretary of State George Marshall re- renewed conflict in Europe and of their ability to influence turned from a frustrating round of negotiations in the the shape of a postwar European political and social order. Council of Foreign Ministers in Moscow to report that the Fresh from the wartime experience of providing major United States and the Soviet Union were at loggerheads over Lend-Lease aid to allied nations and assistance to millions of a prescription for the future of central Europe and that the refugees through the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Soviets appeared ready to drag out talks. -
Legacies of the Nuremberg SS-Einsatzgruppen Trial After 70 Years
Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review Volume 39 Number 1 Special Edition: The Nuremberg Laws Article 7 and the Nuremberg Trials Winter 2017 Legacies of the Nuremberg SS-Einsatzgruppen Trial After 70 Years Hilary C. Earl Nipissing University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/ilr Recommended Citation Hilary C. Earl, Legacies of the Nuremberg SS-Einsatzgruppen Trial After 70 Years, 39 Loy. L.A. Int'l & Comp. L. Rev. 95 (2017). Available at: https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/ilr/vol39/iss1/7 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Reviews at Digital Commons @ Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School. It has been accepted for inclusion in Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 07 EARL .DOCX (DO NOT DELETE) 1/16/17 4:45 PM Legacies of the Nuremberg SS- Einsatzgruppen Trial after 70 Years HILARY EARL* I. INTRODUCTION War crimes trials are almost commonplace today as the normal course of events that follow modern-day wars and atrocities. In the North Atlantic, we use the liberal legal tradition to redress the harm caused to civilians by the state and its agents during periods of State and inter-State conflict. The truth is, war crimes trials are a recent invention. There were so-called war crimes trials after World War I, but they were not prosecuted with any real conviction or political will. -
Special Libraries, April 1949
San Jose State University SJSU ScholarWorks Special Libraries, 1949 Special Libraries, 1940s 4-1-1949 Special Libraries, April 1949 Special Libraries Association Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/sla_sl_1949 Part of the Cataloging and Metadata Commons, Collection Development and Management Commons, Information Literacy Commons, and the Scholarly Communication Commons Recommended Citation Special Libraries Association, "Special Libraries, April 1949" (1949). Special Libraries, 1949. 4. https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/sla_sl_1949/4 This Magazine is brought to you for free and open access by the Special Libraries, 1940s at SJSU ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Special Libraries, 1949 by an authorized administrator of SJSU ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Special Libraries VOLUME40 . Established 1910 . NUMBER4 CONTENTS FOR APRIL 1949 SLA Charter . 123 SLA Conventions and Past Presidents . 124 Special Libraries Association Chronology, 1909-1949 . 125 Remembrance of Things Past . 134 New Horizons . ROSEL. VORMELKER 144 Tribute to the Editors . REBECCAB. RANKIN 145 SLA Structure of Chapters and Groups . 147 SLA Publications 19 17-1949 . 148 Tentative Program of the SLA Fortieth Annual Convention in Los Angeles, June 12-17,1949 . 151 SLA Chapter Highlights . 153 SLA Group Highlights . 154 Announcements . 155 Indexed in Industrial Arts Index, Public Mairs Information Service, and Library Literature ALMA CLARVOEMITCH~L KATHLEENBROWN STEBBINS Editor Advertising Manager The articles which appear in SPECIALLIBRARIES express the views of the authors, and do not necessarily represent the opinion or the policy of the editorial staff and publisher. SLA OFFICERS, 1948-49 ROSE L. VORMELKER,President Business Information Bureau, Cleveland Public Library, Cleveland 14, Ohio MRS.