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Addressing Environmental Risks in Central Asia Risks · Policies · Capacities Addressing Environmental Risks in Central Asia Risks · Policies · Capacities Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Moldova Russian Federation Ukraine Environmental Governance Series Governance Environmental UNDP is the UN's global development network, advocating for change and connecting countries to knowledge, experience and resources to help people build a better life.We are on the ground in 166 countries, working with them on their own solutions to global and national development challenges. As they develop local capacity, they draw on the people of UNDP and our wide range of partners. World leaders have pledged to achieve the Millennium Development Goals, including the overarching goal of cutting poverty in half by 2015. UNDP's network links and coordinates global and national efforts to reach these Goals. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the United Nations, UNDP,UNEP or OSCE. This brochure is available in Russian and English. ùÚ‡ ·Ó¯˛‡ ÔÓ‰„ÓÚÓ‚ÎÂ̇ ̇ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ Ë ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚͇ı. ìÒÚ‡ÌÂÌË ˝ÍÓÎӄ˘ÂÒÍËı Û„ÓÁ ‚ ñÂÌڇθÌÓÈ ÄÁËË ì„ÓÁ˚ . èÓÎËÚË͇ . ëÔÓÒÓ·ÌÓÒÚË Both language versions can be downloaded free of ÄÏÂÌËfl ÄÁ·‡È‰Ê‡Ì Å·ÛÒ¸ charge at these sites: ÉÛÁËfl ä‡Á‡ıÒÚ‡Ì http://www.undp.sk ä˚„˚ÁÒÚ‡Ì í‡‰ÊËÍËÒÚ‡Ì íÛÍÏÂÌËÒÚ‡Ì http://www.un.org/publications ìÁ·ÂÍËÒÚ‡Ì åÓΉ‡‚Ëfl http://www.adelphi-research.org êÓÒÒËÈÒ͇fl ˆËfl ì͇Ë̇ ëÂËfl «ùÍÓÎӄ˘ÂÒÍÓ ÛÔ‡‚ÎÂÌË» This report has been written and produced by Alexander Carius, Moira Feil and Dennis Tänzler (Adelphi Research) Copyright ©2003 UNDP ISBN 92-990011-8-9 Published by: UNDP/Regional Bureau for Europe and the CIS Cover and layout design: EYES-OPEN, Berlin – www.eyes-open.de Cover photo: Jack D. Ives Printing and binding: Oktoberdruck AG, Berlin Printed in Berlin, Germany Addressing Environmental Risks in Central Asia Risks · Policies · Capacities Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Moldova Russian Federation Ukraine Environmental Governance Series Governance Environmental Addressing Environmental Risks in Central Asia Preface page 1 While the linkages between environment and Also, by ensuring that full information is security are broadly acknowledged and re- available on the various national frameworks, cognized, much work remains to be done on the study allows for a sub-regional compari- understanding the nature of the causes and son to be made. Such a comparison may help direction of the effects. Without such an policy makers and international organizations understanding, policy responses will not have alike to identify the lacunae and misalign- a lasting impact on the trends and dynamics ments in policy, as well as identifying areas – of a given sub-region. What is notable in cases both geographic and thematic – where sub- of environmental insecurity is that the con- regional cooperation is working or possible. flicts or conflict potential is generally not the It is intended that this information will result of an innate scarcity of resources, but a provide the basis for sustained and dynamic failure in the ability or willingness of states to policy dialogue at the sub-regional level on find workable solutions to the problems. ways to improve sub-regional cooperation in While numerous inter-state agreements exist the areas of environment and security. This on resource management and governance, study is a part of the joint initiative by the there is a lack of implementation often due to Organization for Security and Cooperation in inadequate resource management, exacer- Europe (OSCE), the United Nations Environ- bated by a lack of necessary wherewithal to ment Programme (UNEP) and the United implement the necessary reforms. Nations Development Programme (UNDP) to Within the Central Asian context, this promote the use of environmental manage- study aims to address this problem both at ment as a strategy for reducing insecurity in the national and sub-regional levels. the sub-regions of South Eastern Europe and At the national level, it will provide in- Central Asia. formation on the legal, institutional and political frameworks in each of the Central Asian Republics in order to facilitate and improve government functioning on a natio- nal basis. By determining which difficulties are Andrej Steiner the result of institutional failure,solutions may be found to amend or adapt existing frame- Chief Technical Advisor works,or,where necessary,identify where new UNDP/Regional Bureau for Europe and mechanisms should be created. the CIS, Bratislava Addressing Environmental Risks in Central Asia page 2 Table of Contents Preface 1 Table of Contents 2 Executive Summary 3 1Introduction 4 2Kazakhstan 7 3Kyrgyzstan 11 4Tajikistan 16 5Turkmenistan 21 6Uzbekistan 25 7Conclusions 29 8Recommendations 32 9Bibliography 36 Addressing Environmental Risks in Central Asia Executive Summary page 3 This scoping report explores the potential arise at the sub-state level and in already threats to human development and security marginalized and remote areas. emanating from environmental risks in five • Institutional structures are limited, especi- Central Asian states (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, ally at sub-state level, and suffer from Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan). weak implementation, limited technical Adelphi Research prepared the report on capabilities and a lack of finance and behalf of the UNDP Regional Office for Europe human resources. and the CIS in Bratislava, for presentation at • The existing legislative and institutional the Kiev Ministerial Conference in May 2003. basis is characterized by sectoral ap- It is a component of the Environment and proaches. There is a need to improve Security Initiative, a joint UNDP, UNEP and coordinating institutional structures and OSCE project. It is based on publicly available participatory mechanisms. data and consultation with UNDP and OSCE representatives in the countries. The analysis presented in this scoping report This report assesses major environmental yields the following recommendations: risks relating to security, and describes the socio-economic context and institutional and • Strengthen institutional capacities in policy framework available to address such three key areas: (a) institutional and risks in the five Central Asian countries. administrative development, (b) sustain- Building upon this analysis, the following able resource management, conflict pre- conclusions are drawn: vention and mediation, and (c) regional framework programmes. • Environmental degradation and resource • Improve environmental policies and foster scarcity have not been a direct cause of transboundary cooperation in vulnerable violent conflict in any of the Central Asian regions. republics, but have contributed to accele- • Conduct integrated assessments. rating existing political and social crises • Enhance the knowledge base relating to and heightening ethnic tensions. local contexts. • Key environmental issues threatening • Develop early warning indicators and human development and security in the monitoring systems. region include growing demand for water, high levels of water pollution, soil erosion In-depth assessments and consultations with and degradation and air pollution. Diffe- national and local stakeholder groups are rences among countries are considerable essential to gain a common understanding of but smaller than the differentials between these risks and create ownership of respon- central and peripheral areas within sive policies. countries. • Traditional resource conflicts over shared water resources seem less likely than often assumed. However, the impacts of water pollution upon human development and transboundary security have been underestimated. • The socio-economic burdens of environ- mental degradation disproportionately affect weaker social groups. Environ- mentally triggered or heightened tensions Addressing Environmental Risks in Central Asia page 4 1 Introduction Central Asia, encompassing the southern risks in Central Asia and their potential provinces of the former Soviet Union, security implications. This report was pre- Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkme- pared between 15 March and 15 April 2003.As nistan and Uzbekistan, is rich in natural most of the existing reports on environmental resources, most still untapped. In Kyrgyzstan stress focus either on ecological disasters and Tajikistan, large quantities of water are around the Aral Sea and Caspian Sea or the stored in the mountain glaciers. Kazakhstan, regional dimension of environmental decline Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan have huge and and political and social instability in Central mostly unexplored oil and gas deposits. Asia, the present report examines the national At the same time, almost half of the level in order to gain insights into the very populations of these countries live in poverty specific differences among the environmental and lack sufficient natural resources to sustain risks prevailing in these countries. The report their livelihoods, while the countries' wealth is analyses the main environmental risks, the The region suffers from unevenly distributed. The region suffers from socio-economic conditions and policies, and significant ecological significant ecological disasters and the legacy the institutions to address these challenges. disasters and of the past. Central Asia was the nuclear the legacy of the past testing ground for the Soviet Union since
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