DOCSLIB.ORG

Irrigation in Central Asia in Figures: AQUASTAT Survey

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

9 Irrigation in Central Asia in figures AQUASTAT Survey-2012 Cover picture: © FAO Mediabase: Sergey Kozmin Internal picture: © FAO Mediabase: Sean Gallagher, Danfung Dennis, Giulio Napolitano Copies of FAO publications can be requested from: SALES AND MARKETING GROUP Information Division Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Viale delle Terme di Caracalla 00100 Rome, Italy E-mail: [email protected] Fax: (+39) 06 57053360 Web site: http://www.fao.org FAO WATER Irrigation in Central Asia REPORTS in figures AQUASTAT Survey – 2012 39 Edited by Karen FRENKEN FAO Land and Water Division FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2013 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. ISBN 978-92-5-107660-6 (print) E-ISBN 978-92-5-107661-3 (PDF) © FAO 2013 FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Except where otherwise indicated, material may be copied, downloaded and printed for private study, research and teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial products or services, provided that appropriate acknowledgement of FAO as the source and copyright holder is given and that FAO’s endorsement of users’ views, products or services is not implied in any way. All requests for translation and adaptation rights, and for resale and other commercial use rights should be made via www.fao.org/contact-us/licence- request or addressed to [email protected]. iii Contents Acknowledgements ix Units x List of abbreviations xi Section I – Presentation of the survey 1 Introduction 3 Country and river basin profiles 7 Country profiles 7 River basin profiles 7 Data collection, processing and reliability 9 Glossary of terms 11 Section II – Regional analysis 23 Geography, climate and population 25 Economy, agriculture and food security 31 Water resources 33 Renewable water resources (primary freshwater) 33 Other sources of water 36 Dams 36 Transboundary waters 38 Water withdrawal 41 Water withdrawal by sector 41 Water withdrawal by source 43 The Millennium Development goals – the water indicator 45 Evaporation losses from artificial reservoirs 45 Irrigation 47 Irrigation potential 47 Irrigation areas 47 Full control irrigation techniques 48 Origin of water in full control irrigation 52 Full control irrigation scheme sizes 53 Level of use of areas equipped for full control irrigation 53 Cropping intensity in full control irrigation schemes 54 Irrigated crops in full control irrigation schemes 54 iv Trends 57 Trend in water withdrawal by sector 57 Trend in water withdrawal by source 58 Trend in areas under irrigation 58 Trend in full control irrigation techniques 58 Trend in origin of water for full control irrigation 60 Trend in irrigated crops in full control irrigation schemes 61 Use rate of areas equipped for irrigation 61 Legislative and institutional framework for water management 63 Environment and health 67 Water quality 67 Irrigation-induced salinization and waterlogging 68 Drainage in irrigation areas 69 Floods and droughts 71 Health and water-related diseases 72 Climate change 72 The Aral Sea crisis 73 Prospects for agricultural water management 75 Main sources of information 79 Section III – Country and river basins profiles 83 Afghanistan 85 Geography, climate and population 85 Economy, agriculture and food security 87 Water resources and use 88 Irrigation and drainage development 94 Water management, policies and legislation related to water use in agriculture 100 Environment and health 103 Prospects for agricultural water management 104 Main sources of information 104 Kazakhstan 107 Geography, climate and population 107 Economy, agriculture and food security 110 Water resources and use 110 Irrigation and drainage development 117 Water management, policies and legislation related to water use in agriculture 122 Environment and health 125 Prospects for agricultural water management 126 Main sources of information 127 v Kyrgyzstan 129 Geography, climate and population 129 Economy, agriculture and food security 131 Water resources and use 132 Irrigation and drainage development 137 Water management, policies and legislation related to water use in agriculture 141 Environment and health 144 Prospects for agricultural water management 145 Main sources of information 145 Tajikistan 147 Geography, climate and population 147 Economy, agriculture and food security 149 Water resources and use 150 Irrigation and drainage development 154 Water management, policies and legislation related to water use in agriculture 158 Environment and health 160 Prospects for agricultural water management 161 Main sources of information 162 Turkmenistan 163 Geography, climate and population 163 Economy, agriculture and food security 165 Water resources and use 166 Irrigation and drainage development 171 Water management, policies and legislation related to water use in agriculture 176 Environment and health 178 Prospects for agricultural water management 179 Main sources of information 180 Uzbekistan 183 Geography, climate and population 183 Economy, agriculture and food security 185 Water resources and use 186 Irrigation and drainage development 192 Water management, policies and legislation related to water use in agriculture 198 Environment and health 202 Prospects for agricultural water management 203 Main sources of information 204 vi The Aral Sea transboundary river basin 207 Geography, climate and population 207 Water resources 210 Water-related developments in the basin 214 Environment, water quality and health 220 Transboundary water issues 221 Main sources of information 227 vii List of figures in Section I and II 1. Regional division of the world adopted by AQUASTAT 5 2. Distribution of areas and population 26 3. Average annual precipitation 27 4. Population density 29 5. Distribution of area and water resources 34 6. Internal renewable water resources 35 7. Total renewable water resources per inhabitant 37 8. Transboundary river basins 39 9. Annual water withdrawal per inhabitant 42 10. Annual fresh water withdrawal as a percentage of total actual renewable water resources: Millennium Development Goal Water Indicator 46 11. Area equipped for irrigation 49 12. Area equipped for irrigation as percentage of country area 50 13. Area equipped for irrigation as percentage of cultivated area 51 viii List of tables in Section II 1. Land use by country and by population 25 2. Population characteristics 28 3. Access to improved water sources 30 4. Long-term average annual renewable water resources 34 5. Countries with internal renewable water resources (IRWR) of less than 1 700 m3/inhabitant per year 36 6. Produced, treated and directly used municipal wastewater 36 7. Dams in Central Asia 36 8. Dams with a reservoir capacity larger than 1 km3 38 9. Water withdrawal by sector 41 10. Water withdrawal by source of water and MDG water indicator 44 11. Areas under irrigation 47 12. Irrigation techniques in areas equipped for full control irrigation 52 13. Origin of water used in full control irrigation (primary and secondary water) 52 14. Scheme sizes in areas equipped for full control irrigation 53 15. Cropping intensity on actually irrigated areas 54 16A. Harvested irrigated crops on areas equipped for full control irrigation actually irrigated (in hectares) 55 16B. Harvested irrigated crops on areas equipped for full control irrigation actually irrigated (in percentages) 56 17. Trend in water withdrawal by sector 57 18. Trend in primary and secondary water withdrawal 58 19. Trend in the areas under irrigation 59 20. Trend in full control irrigation techniques 59 21. Trend in the origin of water used in full control irrigation 60 22. Trend in harvested irrigated crop areas by different types of crops 61 23. Salinization in irrigation areas 68 24. Drainage in irrigation areas 70 25. Central Asia compared to the world 78 ix Acknowledgements This report was prepared by Karen Frenken, AQUASTAT Programme Coordinator and Senior Water Resources Management Officer, with the assistance of Cecilia Spottorno, AQUASTAT consultant, both from the Land and Water Division of FAO. The following national resource persons contributed to the data collection and the preparation of the country profiles: Murat Bekniyazov (Kazakhastan), Payazidin Joshov (Kyrgyzstan), Anvar Kamolidinov (Tajikistan), Arslan Berdiyev and Guljamal Nurmuhammedova (Turkmenistan), Rakhimjan Ikramov (Uzbekistan). The authors wish to acknowledge the assistance of Giovanni Muñoz, FAO Investment Centre Division and former Land and Water Officer in the FAO Sub-Regional Office for Central Asia, in reviewing the report and providing valuable input. The assistance of Jean Margat and Amit Kohli in reviewing the information related to the water resources was highly appreciated. Special thanks goes to Pasquale Steduto,
Recommended publications

  • AS WE RECALL the Growth of Agricultural Estimates^ 1933-1961 L M Brooks

    ^t^f.t.i^A^( fk^^^ /^v..<. S AS WE RECALL The Growth of Agricultural Estimates^ 1933-1961 L M Brooks Statistical Reporting s Service U.S. Department of Agriculture Washington, D.C As We Recall, THE GROWTH OF AGRICULTURAL ESTIMATES, 1933-1961 U.S. OEPÎ. or AGRlCUtTURE NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL UBRARY OECIT CATALOGmC PREP E. M. Brooks, Statistical Reporting Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture 1977 I FOREWORD The Statistical Reporting Service, as with any organization, needs to know its past to understand the present and appraise the future. Accordingly, our technical procedures are peri- ^odically set forth in ''Scope and Methods of the Statistical Reporting Service," and the agency's early development and program expansion were presented in "The Story of Agricultural Estimates." However, most important are the people who de- veloped this complex and efficient statistical service for agriculture and those who maintain and expand it today. Dr. Harry C. Trelogan, SRS Administrator, 1961-1975, arranged for Emerson M. Brooks to prepare this informal account of some of the people who steered SRS's course from 1933 to 1961. The series of biographical sketches selected by the author are representative of the people who helped develop the per- sonality of SRS and provide the talent to meet challenges for accurate and timely agricultural information. This narrative touching the critical issues of that period and the way they'^ were resolved adds to our understanding of the agency and helps maintain the esprit de corps that has strengthened our work since it started in 1862. Our history provides us some valuable lessons, for "those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it." W.
  • Kazakhstan Regional Policy: Establishing Economic Growth Centers

    Kazakhstan Regional Policy: Establishing Economic Growth Centers

    Kazakstan Respublikasι Öηirlik damιw ministerligi Öηirlik sayasat departamenti Ministry of Regional Development of the Republic of Kazakhstan Regional Policy Department KAZAKHSTAN REGIONAL POLICY: ESTABLISHING ECONOMIC GROWTH CENTERS Astana, 2014 COUNTRY’S STRATEGIC COURSE . KAZAKHSTAN-2050 STRATEGY (Presidential address to the nation of Kazakhstan dated 12.14.2012)) . The Concept of Kazakhstan’s joining the top 30 developed countries in the world (Presidential Decree dated 01.17.2014) . Long-range pattern of spatial development of the country until 2020 (Presidential Decree dated 06.21.2011) By 2050, Kazakhstan plans to: - increase its per capita GDP from USD 12 thousand to USD 60 thousand - increase the share of non-oil exports from 32% to 70% - increase productivity (from USD 24.5 thousand to USD 126.5 thousand per worker) = fivefold increase - increase the share of SMEs in the GDP structure from 20% to 50% etc. This is only possible in case of pursuing consistent policy of facilitating spatial agglomeration of people, knowledge and capital around long-term growth pole By 2050, Kazakhstan plans to: - increase the share of urban population from 55% to 70% - ensure that more than 35% of the nation’s population live in cities with a population exceeding 2 million. - Almaty – increase from 1.5 million to 3.5 million people. - Astana – increase from 0.8 million to 2 million people. - Shymkent – increase from 0.7 million to 2 million people. REGULATED URBANIZATION The world will change dramatically by 2050, and urbanization will have a key
  • Auksion-TUR 27.11.2020.Pdf

    Auksion-TUR 27.11.2020.Pdf

    ÜNS BERIŇ! BÄSLEŞIKLI SÖWDA! Türkmenistanyň Maliýe we ykdysadyýet ministrligi Türkmenistanyň döwlet eýeçiligindäki desgalary hususylaşdyrmak hakynda kanunçylygyna laýyklykda, döwlet eýeçiligindäki desgalary satmak boýunça bäsleşikli söwdalaryň geçirilýändigini habar berýär. Bäsleşikli söwdalar 2020-nji ýylyň 27-nji noýabrynda sagat 10-00-da Türkmenistanyň Maliýe we ykdysadyýet ministrliginiň jaýynda geçirilýär. Salgysy: Aşgabat şäheriniň Arçabil şaýolynyň 156-njy jaýy. Bäsleşikli söwdada satuwa çykarylýan Türkmenistanyň Söwda we daşary ykdysady aragatnaşyklar ministrliginiň, Türkmenistanyň Oba hojalyk we daşky gurşawy goramak ministrliginiň, “Türkmengaz” döwlet konserniniň, “Türkmenhaly” döwlet birleşiginiň, Aşgabat şäheriniň we Ahal, Daşoguz, Lebap hem-de Mary welaýat häkimlikleriniň desgalarynyň sanawy. Desganyň görnüşi, Binalaryň Başlangyç Hususylaşdyrma Desgalaryň ady, № (işiniň ugry, gurlan meýdany, bahasy gyň ýerleşýän ýeri ýyly) (m²) (manat) şertleri Türkmenistanyň Söwda we daşary ykdysady aragatnaşyklar ministrliginiň desgalary Balkan welaýaty Balkan welaýat Alyjylar jemgyýetleri birleşiginiň Esenguly etrap Söwda işleri, Hususy eýeçilige 1 Alyjylar jemgyýetiniň Söwda merkezi, Esenguly etrabynyň Esenguly 737,80 1 037 362,90 2008ý. satmak şäheri. Balkan welaýat Alyjylar jemgyýetleri birleşiginiň Serdar etrap Alyjylar Ammar, Hususy eýeçilige 2 jemgyýetine degişli Ammar binasy, Serdar şäheriniň G.Meretjäýew 578,80 89 024,40 1979ý. satmak köçesiniň 9-njy jaýy. Balkan welaýat Alyjylar jemgyýetleri birleşiginiň Bereket etrap Jemgyýetçilik iýmiti, Hususy eýeçilige 3 Alyjylar jemgyýetiniň “Gülüstan” restorany, Bereket şäheriniň 1000,10 302 536,80 1976-2008ý. satmak H.Babaýew köçesi. Lebap welaýaty «Lebap» döwlet lomaý-bölek söwda firmasynyň Söwda merkezi, Söwda işleri, Hususy eýeçilige 4 569,00 35 130,00 Gazojak şäheriniň «Sazakino» demir ýol bekedi. 1978ý. satmak Lebap welaýat Alyjylar jemgyýetleri birleşiginiň Köýtendag etrap Söwda işleri, Hususy eýeçilige 5 alyjylar jemgyýetiniň Bazarly söwda merkezi, Köýtendag etrabynyň 632,90 1 787 889,60 2013ý.
  • Cesifo WORLD ECONOMIC SURVEY

    Cesifo WORLD ECONOMIC SURVEY

    CESifo, a joint initiative of the University of Munich’s Center for Economic Studies and the Ifo Institute for Economic Research CESifo WORLD ECONOMIC SURVEY VOLUME 4, NO. 1 FEBRUARY 2005 WORLD ECONOMIC CLIMATE World Economic Climate is softening ECONOMIC EXPECTATIONS Current economic situation and economic expactations have been downgraded somewhat INFLATION No pick-up expected in 2005 INTEREST RATES Trend of rising interest rates is expected to slow down CURRENCIES US dollar seen as clearly undervalued SPECIAL TOPIC Increased international co-operation on the protection of intellectual property rights required With the support of www.cesifo.de/wes All time series presented in this document plus additional series for about 80 countries may be ordered from the Ifo Institute. For further information please contact Mrs. Stallhofer ([email protected]) For further information apply to: Anna Stangl, e-mail [email protected] (Responsible for statistical processing and analysis) Dr. Gernot Nerb, e-mail [email protected] (Head of Industry Branch Research) CESifo World Economic Survey ISSN 1613-6012 A quarterly publication on the world economic climate Publisher and distributor: Ifo Institute for Economic Research Poschingerstr. 5, D-81679 Munich, Germany Telephone ++49 89 9224-0, Telefax ++49 89 9224-1463, e-mail [email protected] Annual subscription rate: €40.00 Editor: Dr. Gernot Nerb, e-mail [email protected] Reproduction permitted only if source is stated and copy is sent to the Ifo Institute February 2005 Ifo World Economic Survey Regions I World economy: Economy
  • Assessing Opportunities and Threats in Kazakhstan's Wild Liquorice Root Trade

    Assessing Opportunities and Threats in Kazakhstan's Wild Liquorice Root Trade

    April 2021 SWEET DREAMS ASSESSING OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS IN KAZAKHSTAN’S WILD LIQUORICE ROOT TRADE Nadejda Gemedzhieva, Artyom Khrokov, Elise Heral, Anastasiya Timoshyna JOINT REPORT ABOUT US TRAFFIC is a leading non-governmental organisation working globally on trade in wild animals and plants in the context of both biodiversity conservation and sustainable development. Reproduction of material appearing in this report requires written permission from the publisher. The designations of geographical entities in this publication, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS whatsoever on the part of TRAFFIC or its supporting This report was completed under a project implemented between organisations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, 2019-2022 by TRAFFIC and the Association for the Conservation of or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or Biodiversity of Kazakhstan (ACBK), under the support of the Keidanren boundaries. Nature Conservation Fund (KNCF). Complementary funds were also gratefully received from Aktionsgemeinschaft Artenschutz (AGA) e.V. Lead author The project aims to reduce unsustainable commercial harvest, which Nadejda Gemedzhieva poses a threat to biodiversity conservation, and to scale up successful sustainable wild liquorice root production from which local people and Published by: nature benefit. We extend our thanks to KNCF for their support. TRAFFIC International, Cambridge, United Kingdom. During the course of this study, many individuals contributed their time, SUGGESTED CITATION expertise, original research and professional advice and the authors Gemedzhieva, N., Khrokov, A., Heral. E., Timoshyna, would like to thank the staff of the following institutions: Forestry A.
  • In the Hari River Basin, with Re-Validation of P. Turcomana

    In the Hari River Basin, with Re-Validation of P. Turcomana

    Journal of Applied Biological Sciences 9 (3): 01-05, 2015 ISSN: 1307-1130, E-ISSN: 2146-0108, www.nobel.gen.tr Taxonomic Status of the Genus Paraschistura (Teleostei: Nemacheilidae) in the Hari River Basin, with Re-validation of P. turcomana Hamed MOUSAVI SABET1* Saber VATANDOUST2 Arash JOULADEH ROUDBAR3 Soheil EAGDERI4 1Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan, Sowmeh Sara, Guilan, Iran 2Department of Fisheries, Islamic Azad University, Babol Branch, Babol, Iran 3Department Fisheries, Sari University of Agriculture Sciences and Natural Resources, Mazandran, Iran 4Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran *Corresponding author: Received: July 12, 2015 Email: [email protected] Accepted: August 23, 2015 Abstract The genus Paraschistura in the Hari River basin is reviewed, and diagnoses are presented for all the three recognized species. Paraschistura cristata and P. turcmenica are considered valid; and P. turcomana is revalidated. Paraschistura turcomana is a poorly known species from the Kushk River in the Murghab drainage at the border of Afghanistan and Turkmenistan, its validity has been questioned and a synonymy with P. turcmenica has been suggested. In this study, we compare P. turcmenica with the syntypes of P. turcomana. A comparison with the related taxa P. cristata and P. turcmenica reveals that P. turcomana can be separated from them by 7½ branched rays in dorsal fin, scaleless body, elongated and shallow body, shallow caudal peduncle, and colour pattern including obvious dark cross bars. The presence of two additional undescribed species is suggested from the basin. Keywords: Freshwater Fishes, Loach, Afghanistan, Iran, Turkmenistan.
  • Table of Contents List of Abbreviations

    Table of Contents List of Abbreviations

    وضعیت محیط زیست افغانستان فشارها، پیشرفت ها، چالشها و خﻻها The Environment of Afghanistan ( 2010 - 2017) Pressures, Progress, Challenges/Gaps Ghulam Mohammad Malikyar Dec. 2017 غﻻم محمد ملکیار حوت 1396 1 Table of Contents List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................................. 6 AFGHANISTAN'S MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL ASSETS .................................................................................... 10 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 10 2. Physiography ................................................................................................................................................ 11 3. Population and Population growth ............................................................................................................... 12 4. General Education and Environmental Education ....................................................................................... 12 5. Socio-economic Process and Environment ................................................................................................... 13 6. Health and Sanitation ................................................................................................................................... 14 .[3] ...........................................................................................................................................................................
  • Afghanistan Agricultural Strategy

    Afghanistan Agricultural Strategy

    TC:TCP/AFG/4552 FINAL DRAFT TECHNICAL COOPERATION PROGRAMME PROMOTION OF AGRICULTURAL REHABILITATION AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES FOR AFGHANISTAN AFGHANISTAN AGRICULTURAL STRATEGY THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF AFGHANISTAN prepared by FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome January 1997 AFGHANISTAN VERSITY I NR II II I I II 111111 3 ACKU 00006806 3 TC:TCP/AFG/4552 FINAL DRAFT TECHNICAL COOPERATION PROGRAMME PROMOTION OF AGRICULTURAL REHABILITATION AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES FOR AFGHANISTAN AFGHANISTAN AGRICULTURAL STRATEGY THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF AFGHANISTAN prepared by FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome January 1997 Printed at: PanGraphics (Pvt) Ltd. Islamabad. CONTENTS Page FOREWORD 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2 1. INTRODUCTION 5 1.1 Background 5 1.2 Assistance to Agriculture 6 1.3 Strategy Development 6 1.4 Constraints 8 1.5 Assumptions 9 1.6 Timing 10 1.7 Strategy Framework 11 2. THE STRATEGY 12 2.1 National Goal 12 2.2 Agricultural Sector Goal 12 2.3 Strategic Priorities 12 2.4 Development Profiles 16 2.4.1 Creating Food Security 16 2.4.2 Increasing Economic and Social Development 21 2.4.3 Raising Skills and Employment 25 2.4.4 Developing Natural Resource Management 29 3. ISSUES 32 3.1 Role of Government 32 3.2 Resource Utilisation 34 3.3 Creating Capacity 35 3.4 Credit 36 3.6 Sustainability 37 4. IMPLEMENTATION 38 4.1 Accurate Data 38 4.2 Delivering Services 38 4.3 Input Supply 39 4.4 Research 39 4.5 Extension and Training 40 4.6 Monitoring and Evaluation 40 4.7 Project Outlines 41 ANNEX 1.
  • Pre-Columbian Agriculture in Mexico Carol J

    Pre-Columbian Agriculture in Mexico Carol J

    Pre-Columbian Agriculture in Mexico Carol J. Lange, SCSC 621, International Agricultural Research Centers- Mexico, Study Abroad, Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University Introduction The term pre-Columbian refers to the cultures of the Americas in the time before significant European influence. While technically referring to the era before Christopher Columbus, in practice the term usually includes indigenous cultures as they continued to develop until they were conquered or significantly influenced by Europeans, even if this happened decades or even centuries after Columbus first landed in 1492. Pre-Columbian is used especially often in discussions of the great indigenous civilizations of the Americas, such as those of Mesoamerica. Pre-Columbian civilizations independently established during this era are characterized by hallmarks which included permanent or urban settlements, agriculture, civic and monumental architecture, and complex societal hierarchies. Many of these civilizations had long ceased to function by the time of the first permanent European arrivals (c. late fifteenth-early sixteenth centuries), and are known only through archaeological evidence. Others were contemporary with this period, and are also known from historical accounts of the time. A few, such as the Maya, had their own written records. However, most Europeans of the time largely viewed such text as heretical and few survived Christian pyres. Only a few hidden documents remain today, leaving us a mere glimpse of ancient culture and knowledge. Agricultural Development Early inhabitants of the Americas developed agriculture, breeding maize (corn) from ears 2-5 cm in length to perhaps 10-15 cm in length. Potatoes, tomatoes, pumpkins, and avocados were among other plants grown by natives.
  • WHAT IS a FARM? AGRICULTURE, DISCOURSE, and PRODUCING LANDSCAPES in ST ELIZABETH, JAMAICA by Gary R. Schnakenberg a DISSERTATION

    WHAT IS a FARM? AGRICULTURE, DISCOURSE, and PRODUCING LANDSCAPES in ST ELIZABETH, JAMAICA by Gary R. Schnakenberg a DISSERTATION

    WHAT IS A FARM? AGRICULTURE, DISCOURSE, AND PRODUCING LANDSCAPES IN ST ELIZABETH, JAMAICA By Gary R. Schnakenberg A DISSERTATION Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Geography – Doctor of Philosophy 2013 ABSTRACT WHAT IS A FARM? AGRICULTURE, DISCOURSE, AND PRODUCING LANDSCAPES IN ST. ELIZABETH, JAMAICA By Gary R. Schnakenberg This dissertation research examined the operation of discourses associated with contemporary globalization in producing the agricultural landscape of an area of rural Jamaica. Subject to European colonial domination from the time of Columbus until the 1960s and then as a small island state in an unevenly globalizing world, Jamaica has long been subject to operations of unequal power relationships. Its history as a sugar colony based upon chattel slavery shaped aspects of the society that emerged, and left imprints on the ethnic makeup of the population, orientation of its economy, and beliefs, values, and attitudes of Jamaican people. Many of these are smallholder agriculturalists, a livelihood strategy common in former colonial places. Often ideas, notions, and practices about how farms and farming ‘ought-to-be’ in such places results from the operations and workings of discourse. As advanced by Foucault, ‘discourse’ refers to meanings and knowledge circulated among people and results in practices that in turn produce and re-produce those meanings and knowledge. Discourses define what is right, correct, can be known, and produce ‘the world as it is.’ They also have material effects, in that what it means ‘to farm’ results in a landscape that emerges from those meanings. In Jamaica, meanings of ‘farms’ and ‘farming’ have been shaped by discursive elements of contemporary globalization such as modernity, competition, and individualism.
  • Figure 2.1.20 Bird's-Eye View of Turkmenbashi Port

    Figure 2.1.20 Bird's-Eye View of Turkmenbashi Port

    JICA Study on the Turkmenistan March 2010 Source TMRL Figure 2.1.20 Bird’s-eye View of Turkmenbashi Port 2 - 75 JICA Study on the Turkmenistan March 2010 Source: Google Figure 2.1.21 Location of the Port ii) Natural conditions It is reported that fog is not frequent and mostly of short duration. In general, currents are limited in the bay (inside the spit) and they do not hamper the navigation of vessels in the channel. It should be noted that these currents do not refer to the channel cut through the Turkmenbashi spit. In the area of the cut through the Turkmenbashi spit, currents run parallel to the axis of the channel and can reach values up to 1 – 2.5 knots. The following tables present the distribution of the wind and wave in Turkmenbashi per sector and per speed class. Although the wind in Turkmenbashi is not so strong, the access channel of the port is closed very frequently due to wind because the width and depth of the channel are not 2 - 76 JICA Study on the Turkmenistan March 2010 sufficient under windy condition. Regarding channel closure, details will be described later in this section. The feasibility study on the modernization of Turkmenbashi Port (MLTM 2009) describes that the maximum wave height in the Caspian Sea outside the spit is 2.6m and wave height may reach 2.0m in the cut through section of the channel. The annual maximum wave height in the area of the port is 0.5m on average and at maximum 0.7m.
  • Business & Human Rights Resource Centre Berlin, 22 Januar 2019 Dear

    Business & Human Rights Resource Centre Berlin, 22 Januar 2019 Dear

    UZBEK-GERMAN FORUM FOR HUMAN RIGHTS E.V. Oppelner str. 48-49 10997 Berlin +49 (0)176 3120 2474 [email protected] www.uzbekgermanforum.org Business & Human Rights Resource Centre Berlin, 22 Januar 2019 Dear Ms Skybenko, On behalf of the Uzbek-German Forum for Human Rights (UGF), I am writing to draw your attention to the systemic use of forced labour by the Uzbek-Spanish joint ventures Maxam-Chirchiq and Ammofos- Maxam, located respectively in the cities of Chirchiq and Almalyk in the Tashkent region of Uzbekistan. Every year, employees from Maxam-Chirchiq and Ammofos-Maxam are forcibly sent to pick cotton for up to two months during the harvest. This often involves living and working in inappropriate conditions, away from their families, with inadequate food, water and sanitary facilities. Employees risk dismissal from their jobs for refusal to pick cotton and many who speak to journalists and human rights activists are unwilling to reveal their names for fear of reprisals by their employers. Our research has found that forced labour at Maxam-Chirchiq and Ammofos-Maxam is not limited to picking cotton. In the summer of 2018, 120 employees of Maxam-Chirchiq were forced to go to the city of Akhangaran every day (located 82 km from Chirchiq) to work on demolishing buildings and clearing construction waste. Employees of Maxam-Chirchiq and Ammofos-Maxam have been forcibly mobilised to harvest cotton every autumn for many years under orders of the Government of Uzbekistan. We are aware of two deaths of employees of Maxam-Chirchiq and Ammofos-Maxam related to work in the cotton fields during the harvests of 2014 and 2018.