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Carl Peters Et L'afrique Carl Peters et l’Afrique : un mythe dans l’opinion publique, la littérature et la propagande politique en Allemagne Minsi Constant Kpao Sare To cite this version: Minsi Constant Kpao Sare. Carl Peters et l’Afrique : un mythe dans l’opinion publique, la littérature et la propagande politique en Allemagne. Histoire. Université Paul Verlaine - Metz, 2006. Français. NNT : 2006METZ009L. tel-01752451 HAL Id: tel-01752451 https://hal.univ-lorraine.fr/tel-01752451 Submitted on 29 Mar 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. AVERTISSEMENT Ce document est le fruit d'un long travail approuvé par le jury de soutenance et mis à disposition de l'ensemble de la communauté universitaire élargie. Il est soumis à la propriété intellectuelle de l'auteur. Ceci implique une obligation de citation et de référencement lors de l’utilisation de ce document. D'autre part, toute contrefaçon, plagiat, reproduction illicite encourt une poursuite pénale. Contact : [email protected] LIENS Code de la Propriété Intellectuelle. articles L 122. 4 Code de la Propriété Intellectuelle. articles L 335.2- L 335.10 http://www.cfcopies.com/V2/leg/leg_droi.php http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/infos-pratiques/droits/protection.htm Aux familles ALOHOU et SAKOHO de Pabegou À la famille SARE Kpao « Notre grand-père, ainsi que son élite, ont été défaits. Pourquoi ? Comment ? Les nouveaux venus seuls le savent. Il faut le leur demander ; il faut aller apprendre chez eux l’art de vaincre sans avoir raison ». (La Grande Royale dans une conversation avec le chef des Diallobés dans L’aventure ambiguë de Cheick Hamidou Kane) V Avant-propos Plus d’un siècle après son débarquement théâtral en Afrique Orientale Allemande, les souvenirs des populations de cette région restent, comme le souligne un site Internet officiel tanzanien, encore vivaces sur les actes posés par Carl Peters (1856-1918), l’« homme aux mains tachées de sang » (Mikono wa damu)1. Nombre de publications de ces dernières années s’appuient de plus en plus sur les activités de ce colonialiste pour élucider telle ou telle autre thématique liée à la colonisation allemande. À l’endroit de tous ces travaux, parfois de grande valeur scientifique, on est tenté de formuler quelques questions : De quel Carl Peters s’agit-il ? Carl Peters fut-il seulement l’homme d’action auquel font allusion ces études ? Ne fut-il pas plutôt un phénomène complexe et à plusieurs dimensions ? Le personnage historique, connu du public allemand de son époque, n’est-il pas différent de celui qui est véhiculé par les écrits de Carl Peters lui-même ? Ces deux premiers personnages ont-ils quelque chose en commun avec le « héros littéraire » des pangermanistes et nationaux- socialistes ? Comment faire la part entre le personnage réel de Carl Peters et le mythe qui entoure ses activités? Quels étaient en réalité les objectifs des faiseurs de ce mythe? Ce sont autant de questions que la présente étude se propose d’élucider. Qu’il me soit ici permis de remercier ceux qui ont accepté de « frotter et limer leur cervelle contre la mienne » (Montaigne) dans la réalisation de ce travail : Le Dr Benoît NATABOU, chef du département d’Allemand de l’université d’Abomey Calavi (Bénin) pour son soutien amical ; le Dr Wolfgang ZIMMER de l’université de la Sarre a eu le mérite de me mettre sur la voie de cette recherche ; mon espoir est qu’il trouve en ce travail le résultat de 1 « In the following decades no colonising power showed much concern with paece and civilisation in exploiting its colonies, but Tanganyika was to suffer the most under the cruel methods of Karl Peters, otherwise known as Mikono wa damu, “the Man with Blood on his Hands”, who left a trail of blood- shed and desolation ». http://www.ntz.info/gen/n00497.html en date du 10 février 2005. VII Avant-propos l’initiation à la rigueur dont il m’a fait bénéficier. Ma gratitude particulière va à mon directeur de thèse, le professeur Michel GRUNEWALD, d’abord pour avoir soutenu ma candidature à l’allocation de recherche, ensuite, pour la direction de la présente étude et les orientations constructives que je lui dois. Pour leur attention particulière à mon égard et pour la lecture de ce travail, je remercie vivement M. Michel POLENYK de l’université de la Réunion, le professeur Alphonse MBUYAMBA de l’université de Kinshasa (RDC), messieurs Vital LAHAL et Jean-Marie STRENK. Qu’il me soit enfin permis d’exprimer ma gratitude à quelques-unes des personnes qui m’ont aidé, encouragé et soutenu durant mes années de recherches : Mes ami(e)s Julian et Elisabeth Piras, la famille de feu Lothar Gerber de Saarbrücken, Ludovic Dakossi, Fidel Ouedraogo, Anna et Agata Mroczkowska, etc. Que tous ceux qui m’ont soutenu de près et de loin dans la réalisation de ce travail trouvent ici l’expression de ma gratitude. Saarbrücken, avril 2006 Constant Kpao Sarè VIII Table des matières 1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................... 1 1.1. Carl Peters : personnage historique, homme de lettres et personnage de fiction....................................................................................................... 2 1.2. Etat de la recherche, matériau et méthode d’analyse .............................. 4 2. CARL PETERS ET L’OPINION ALLEMANDE................................ 11 2.1. Le jeune Carl Peters avant son entrée en politique coloniale ............... 12 2.1.1. L’enfance et l’adolescence .................................................................... 12 2.1.2. Le séjour à Londres ............................................................................... 16 2.2. Carl Peters, personnage public .............................................................. 20 2.2.1. Peters et le mouvement colonial allemand............................................ 20 2.2.2. L’expédition Usagara ............................................................................ 27 2.2.3. La Conférence de Berlin sur le Congo.................................................. 31 2.2.4. L’image de Carl Peters après la Conférence de Berlin ......................... 34 2.3. Une image qui se brouille...................................................................... 39 2.3.1. Echec dans l’administration des territoires protégés et dans l’expédition Emin Pacha............................................................................................ 39 2.3.2. L’attitude de Carl Peters après le traité Helgoland-Zanzibar................ 44 2.3.3. Le Commissaire du Reich ..................................................................... 46 2.3.4. L’affaire des pendaisons du Kilimandjaro au Reichstag....................... 50 2.3.5. L’image de Carl Peters après les débats au Reichstag .......................... 54 2.4. Une image ambivalente dans l’opinion allemande ............................... 58 3. CARL PETERS MIS EN SCÈNE PAR LUI-MÊME........................... 63 3.1. Les premiers écrits de Carl Peters : une caisse de résonance de l’idéologie colonialiste .......................................................................... 65 3.1.1. Paupérisation de l’Afrique..................................................................... 67 3.1.2. L’exportation de la question sociale...................................................... 71 3.1.3. L’exploitation de la main-d’œuvre africaine......................................... 77 3.1.4. L’émigration.......................................................................................... 83 3.1.5. La lutte entre les nations pour la survie................................................. 89 3.1.7. Jusqu’à l’extermination des races dites inférieures............................. 103 3.2. Les autobiographies de Carl Peters : la fabrication d’un personnage. 108 3.2.1. Peters vu par lui-même : comment son personnage apparaît dans ses textes.................................................................................................... 109 3.2.2. Peters adopte la pose du patriote ......................................................... 115 3.2.3. Peters s’assimile à un grand conquérant ............................................. 120 3.3. Une auto-mythification........................................................................ 130 4. CARL PETERS VU A TRAVERS LE PRISME DE LA FICTION.. 133 4.1. Carl Peters au service de la glorification de diverses formes de la germanité ............................................................................................. 142 4.1.1. Le Germain.......................................................................................... 143 4.1.1.1. L’esprit faustien................................................................................... 146 IX Table des matières 4.1.1.2. L’Allemand authentique victime de la trahison des Allemands ......... 153 4.1.2. Carl Peters, incarnation des vertus des Bas-Allemands...................... 168 4.1.3. Carl Peters, incarnation des vertus prussiennes .................................. 184 4.2. Carl Peters, prototype du grand
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