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Litoef-Books 1 Litoef-Books CAMEROON : UNITED NATIONS CHALLENGE TO FRENCH POLICY by David E. Gardinier (Oxford University Press, 1963) A REVIEW by Paul Bamela Engo, B. L. All too often, one stumbles on a treatise on Africa whose author has either never set eyes on the Continent or has spent inadequate time here. With those who have, such authors rush to publish large volumes of books and set themselves up as experts on the subject-matter of African affairs. This form of commercial journalism, some times almost amounting to actionable false pretences, has not done much good to our Continent. David Gardinier, the author of « Cameroon I United Nations Challenge to French Policy a is by no means a member of this group of e experts. Not only has he worked in the field of African Affairs at Yale, but he also took the trouble to come out to Africa's Cameroon to collect his materiel. He left a strong feeling of respect in this country for his hard work and pleasant manner. « He literally worked himself to exhaution in Yaounde a someone told me. The result is the lucid, comprehensive, factual, altogether satisfactory document he has now produced for prosterity. It is difficult to say if any of the Colonial Powers that subscribed to the establishment of the League of Nations and the United Nations really knew the full extent of what they were bargaining for. In the quest for world peace and order after the nightmare of a World War, they joined with others to champion the establishment of these international organisations. The plight of colonial peoples was no primary consideration. They came into the show through a back door : in deliberations on the future of enemy property. Yet in the course of time, the issue of suject peoples (especially in black Africa) emerged from its shell into prominence. The Cameroon story as told in this book is part of a greater story which the world must know. What a blessing for Africa the Great World wars have turned out to be in the long run ; what a messiah the United Nations ! What was so formidable in the United Nations that harassed French policy into submitting to the previously unacceptable principle of independence ? Some suggestion emerge from this book ; the fact that France had to submit annual reports to the United Nations ; the fact that these reports and French activities in Cameroon were subjected to open debates at the United Nations ; the fact that the U. N. sent Visiting Missions to Cameroon. The result of this was France's resort to the defensive. One must not overlook or under- estimate the role of President de Gaule. His new approach to the « wind of change was later to save the French nation untold embarrassment. 185 BFI IVRES - BOOKS - LIVRES - BOOKS - LIV RES - BOOKS - LIVRES - BOOKS - LIV Any keen student of race relations will undoubtedly find food for thought in this book. A colonial dependency provides the right setting for such a study. Here, the colonial master spoke with authority and a loud voice. There was none his right to dispute or challenge. The institution of the Mandate and later the Trusteeship systems opened up new vistas, created a new era, set up a new relationship. With the international institutions (The League and the United Nations) was born a new idea : that the authority of the supreme imperial boss could be challenged and indeed supervised. How did this affect the colonial policy of the European powers towards black Africa ; how also the outlook of the culturally demor- alised and subdued African ? This book, although limiting its scope to a study of the 1945 to 1960 period, succeeds in providing some answer to the situation in Cameroon. The rest of this, especially as concerns the latter, must remain inexplicably mysterious until a Cameroonian, alive in the era, takes his pen and writes a memoir on behalf of his generation. This treatise also addresses itself to English speaking Africans. We accuse our brothers in the French speaking African States of defending or adopting a culture foreign to Africa. They are too French, sometimes more French than the average Frenchman I That's the language of accusation. David Gardinier has indirectly given the reason for this, without trying to justify it. The policy of assimilation attempted to make a Frenchman out of the African. While accepting in theory the dignity of the blackman, and that he was created equal to a European, the French regarded African culture as too primitive for even the African himself. Thus, they introduced French culture wholesale. There was no room for suggestions, modifications or protest. The African had to accept what came to him. The introduction of the material boost of Western Civilisation (like cars, cinemas, and alcoholic drinks) ; the system of education available ; the attractive social and eco- nomic elevation for those who graduated to the different degrees of A frenchiness ; these were too much for the largely illiterate and uninformed Cameroonians. The men folk attained heights by absorbing French education and imitating the outward visible symbols of French culture. The women folk, less concerned with education, bleached their skins, wore fashionable dresses and wigs. The French may not have intended it to go that far, but the atmosphere created was conducive to excesses. The criterion for getting ahead was clearly the attainment of great heights in the absorption of French culture. The result of this is that at independence the ex-French territory has Africans who are as good as proto-type Frenchmen. In my view, the knowledge of this background is an essential ingredient for the understanding of the French speaking peoples of Africa. That they love their native Africa is evidenced by their demand for independence. That they will cease to be proto-type Frenchmen in a year or a decade is an unrealistic dream. That there is a positive move in French-speaking Africa to reinstate African culture, there can be no question or doubt. There is 186 VRES - BOOKS - LIVRES - BOOKS - LIV RES - BOOKS - LIVRES - BOOKS - LIVRES, the happy thought that of the old generation only a limited number of the population (the elite) was substantially affected by this change. The masses, still classfied among the primitive, retained much of the indigenous culture. The happier thought is that future generations have an opportunity to put things right. In an era in which African Unity is the acceptable aspiration of all, in an age in which wise counsel, understanding and resolve must dictate the avenues to its achievement, this background to the life of our French- speaking brothers is a matter for urgent study and digestion. One must not overlook the fact that English-speaking Africans have also absorbed some amount of culture foreign to Africa. The essential things are the study of the extent of the injury to our cultures by the unslaught of colonial domination, and a plan to heal it. This book will also be of value to all interested in the political history of Cameroon. It is a documentary record of the activities of political parties and personalities in this Country. Under two chapters entitled c Cameroonian reaction to French policy D and c from Revolt to independence, Mr. Gar- dinier tells of the birth of political thought in Cameroon, evidenced by the reactions of c several thousand persons to whom France at first gave the right to vote for representatives to Paris and to Yaounde 1, after the Second World War. The role of a Jeucafra )0 is adequately potrayed. Names like Soppo Priso, Manga Bell, Um Nyobe, Dr. Aujoulat, Andre-Marie Mbida, Mayi Matip, Felix Moumie and others appear in their proper per,- spectives. The contribution of Ahmadou Ahidjo towards re-unification, sometimes unfairly doubted, is stated with substantiating evidence. The part played by the anti-colonialists in the United Nations also receives mention. The author aptly points out that their activities had their varied effects. On the one hand they forced a change in the French colonial policy of assimilation and hastened the echievement of independence in Cameroon. (It will be observed that the de Gaulle Government refrained from offering to Cameroon a place in the French Community during the referendum of 30 September 1958). Yet in the process, their unqualified support for the left-wing nationalists, produced the strengthening of ties between Cameroon and France in an effort to suppress a resultant rebellion and to enable the Camroon Government to stay in power. Furthermore, the author says, c The revolt and the events proceeding from it eliminated from Cameroonian political life the elements most hostile to the continued ties with France and left the evolutionary elements to form the first Cameroonian Government... The book is not without its imperfections. It would appear that Mr. Gar- dinier chose a title that proved too narrow in the light of the facts. Other important factors obviously influenced the change in French policy for Cameroon, apart from the United Nations. The World wars and the fru- 187 III . IVRES - BOOKS - LIVRES - BOOKS - LIV RES - BOOKS - LIVRES - BOOKS - LIV stration that followed (especially among African ex-Servicemen who had fought for France) ; the fact of growing awareness among Africans of the extent of dependency of Europe on African resources ; the events in Togoland; these are important considerations to which the author inevitably draws attention. Yet none can rightly be said to have direct association with the existence of the United Nations. Perhaps the distinction is more clearly illustrated by the situation in Nigeria's political evolution. The author's study having been focused on the portion of Cameroon formally under French Trusteeship, his comments on the situation after independance appeared to go wrong in places.
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