Complete Table of Contents

Volume I

Publisher’s Note ...... v American Medical Association (AMA)...... 100 Editor’s Introduction ...... ix Amnesia...... 101 List of Contributors ...... xi Amniocentesis ...... 102 Amniotic fluid ...... 106 Abdomen ...... 1 Amphetamine...... 108 Abdominal disorders ...... 4 Amputation ...... 109 Abortion...... 7 Amylase...... 113 Abscess drainage ...... 11 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) ...... 114 Abscesses...... 11 Anal cancer ...... 116 Abuse of the elderly...... 13 Analgesic ...... 117 Abusive relationships ...... 15 Anatomy ...... 119 Accidents ...... 16 Anemia ...... 122 Accountable care organizations (ACOs) ...... 20 Anesthesia ...... 125 Acetaminophen ...... 21 Anesthesiology ...... 130 Achalasia ...... 22 Aneurysmectomy...... 134 Acid-base chemistry ...... 23 Aneurysms...... 134 Acid reflux disease ...... 26 Angelman syndrome ...... 135 Acidosis ...... 27 Angina ...... 136 Acne...... 29 Angiography ...... 137 Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) ...... 33 Angioplasty ...... 138 ...... 37 Animal rights vs. research ...... 139 ...... 38 Ankylosing spondylitis ...... 143 Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) ...... 42 Anorexia nervosa...... 145 Addiction ...... 44 Anosmia...... 147 Addison’s disease ...... 49 Anthrax ...... 147 Adenoid removal. See Tonsillectomy and adenoid Antianxiety drugs ...... 149 removal. Antibiotic resistance ...... 151 Adenoids ...... 50 Antibiotics ...... 155 Adenoviruses ...... 51 Antibodies ...... 159 Adipose tissue ...... 53 Anticoagulants...... 160 Adolescent sexuality ...... 55 Antidepressants ...... 163 Adrenal glands...... 56 Antihistamines...... 164 Adrenalectomy...... 57 Antihypertensives ...... 165 Adrenoleukodystrophy ...... 58 Anti-inflammatory drugs ...... 170 Advance directives ...... 59 Antioxidants ...... 171 Aerobics...... 60 Antipsychotic drugs...... 172 Aging ...... 61 The Antivaccine Movement ...... 174 Aging: Extended care ...... 65 Anus...... 177 Agnosia ...... 70 Anxiety ...... 178 AIDS. See Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome Aortic aneurysm ...... 181 (AIDS). Aortic stenosis ...... 183 Alcoholism ...... 71 Apgar score ...... 185 Allergies ...... 75 Aphasia and dysphasia ...... 185 Allied health ...... 81 Aphrodisiacs ...... 187 Alopecia...... 84 Apnea...... 188 ...... 87 Appendectomy...... 189 Altitude sickness ...... 91 Appendicitis...... 190 Alzheimer’s disease...... 92 ...... 191 Amebiasis ...... 98 Arrhythmias...... 192 Amenorrhea ...... 99 Arteriosclerosis ...... 193

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Arthritis ...... 198 Birth defects...... 298 Arthroplasty...... 202 Bites and stings ...... 302 Arthroscopy ...... 204 Bladder cancer ...... 303 Asbestos exposure ...... 205 Bladder infections. See Urinary disorders. Asperger syndrome ...... 207 Bladder removal ...... 304 Aspergillosis ...... 209 Bladder stones. See Stone removal; Stones. Asphyxiation ...... 209 Bleeding...... 305 Aspirin ...... 211 Blepharoplasty. See Face lift and blepharoplasty. Assisted living facilities...... 212 Blindness ...... 311 Assisted reproductive technologies ...... 214 Blindsight ...... 313 Assisted suicide ...... 218 Blisters...... 314 Asthma...... 218 Blood and blood disorders...... 315 Astigmatism...... 223 Blood banks...... 319 Astym® therapy ...... 224 Blood poisoning. See Septicemia. Ataxia ...... 226 Blood pressure...... 323 Athlete’s foot ...... 227 Blood testing ...... 325 Atrial fibrillation ...... 227 Blood transfusion. See Transfusion. Atrophy ...... 229 Blood vessels...... 327 Attention-deficit disorder (ADD) ...... 229 Blue baby syndrome ...... 328 Audiology ...... 233 Blurred vision ...... 329 Auras ...... 236 Body dysmorphic disorder...... 330 Auscultation...... 237 Bonding ...... 331 ...... 238 Bone cancer ...... 333 Autoimmune disorders ...... 242 Bone disorders...... 335 Autopsy ...... 246 Bone grafting...... 338 Avian influenza ...... 249 Bone marrow ...... 339 Bone marrow transplantation...... 342 Babesiosis ...... 254 Bones and the skeleton ...... 344 Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) ...... 254 Botox ...... 348 Back disorders. See Back pain; Spinal cord Botulism ...... 348 disorders. Bowlegs ...... 349 Back pain...... 256 Braces, orthodontic ...... 350 Bacterial infections ...... 257 Braces, orthopedic ...... 352 Bacteriology ...... 261 Brain ...... 353 Balance disorders...... 264 Brain banks ...... 357 Baldness. See Hair loss. Brain damage...... 359 Bariatric surgery ...... 265 Brain death...... 360 Basal cell carcinoma. See Skin cancer. Brain disorders...... 361 Batten’s disease ...... 266 Brain tumors ...... 364 Bed-wetting ...... 267 Breast biopsy ...... 365 Bedsores ...... 269 Breast cancer ...... 366 Behçet’s disease...... 270 Breast disorders ...... 371 Bell’s palsy ...... 271 Breast-feeding ...... 372 Benign prostatic hyperplasia. See Prostate Breast surgery ...... 376 enlargement. Breasts, female...... 378 Beriberi ...... 272 Bronchi ...... 382 Bile ...... 272 Bronchiolitis ...... 383 Bilirubin...... 273 Bronchitis ...... 383 Biofeedback...... 274 Brucellosis ...... 384 Bioinformatics ...... 277 Bruises ...... 387 Biological therapies ...... 279 Bulimia ...... 388 Biomarker ...... 281 Bunions ...... 388 Bionics and biotechnology ...... 282 Burkitt’s lymphoma ...... 389 Biopsy ...... 287 Burns and scalds ...... 390 Biostatistics ...... 290 Bursitis...... 395 Biotechnology. See Bionics and biotechnology. Bypass surgery...... 396 Bipolar disorders ...... 293 Caffeine ...... 398 Birth. See Childbirth; Childbirth complications. Campylobacter infections ...... 399

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Cancer ...... 400 Cholesterol...... 491 Candidiasis ...... 403 Chorionic villus sampling ...... 496 Canker sores ...... 406 Chromosomal abnormalities. See Birth defects; Capgras syndrome ...... 407 Genetic diseases. Carbohydrates ...... 408 ...... 497 Carcinogens ...... 409 Chronic granulomatous disease ...... 500 Carcinoma ...... 410 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) ...... 502 Cardiac arrest...... 411 Chronic wasting disease (CWD) ...... 503 Cardiac rehabilitation ...... 412 Chyme ...... 504 Cardiac surgery ...... 416 Circulation ...... 505 Cardiology ...... 418 Circumcision, female, and genital mutilation ...... 508 Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)...... 423 Circumcision, male ...... 510 Carotid arteries ...... 424 Cirrhosis ...... 512 Carpal tunnel syndrome...... 425 Claudication...... 514 Carticel® ...... 427 Cleft lip and palate...... 515 Cartilage ...... 429 Cleft lip and palate repair ...... 518 Casts and splints ...... 431 Clinical trials ...... 519 CAT scans. See Computed tomography (CT) Clinics ...... 520 scanning. Cloning ...... 522 Cataract surgery...... 432 Clostridium difficile (C. diff.) ...... 527 Cataracts ...... 434 Club drugs ...... 528 Catheterization...... 438 Cluster headaches ...... 529 Cavities ...... 439 Coccidioidomycosis...... 531 Celiac sprue ...... 440 Cockayne disease...... 532 Cells...... 441 Cognitive development ...... 533 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) ....445 Cognitive enhancement ...... 537 Cerebral palsy ...... 448 Cold agglutinin disease ...... 538 Cervical, ovarian, and uterine cancers...... 450 Cold sores ...... 540 Cervical procedures ...... 455 Colic ...... 541 Cesarean section ...... 456 Colitis ...... 542 Chagas’ disease ...... 458 Collagen...... 546 Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease...... 459 Collodion baby ...... 547 Chemotherapy ...... 461 Colon ...... 547 Chest ...... 465 Colon therapy ...... 548 Chest pain. See Angina; Heart attack; Pain. Colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy ...... 549 Chiari malformations...... 470 Color blindness ...... 551 Chickenpox ...... 471 Colorectal cancer ...... 551 Childbirth...... 473 Colorectal polyp removal ...... 554 Childbirth complications ...... 478 Colorectal surgery ...... 555 Childhood infectious diseases ...... 479 Coma. See Minimally conscious state. ...... 483 Common cold ...... 556 Chlamydia ...... 486 Computed tomography (CT) scanning ...... 560 Choking ...... 487 Conception...... 563 Cholecystectomy ...... 488 Cholecystitis ...... 489 Entries by Anatomy or System Affected...... A-1 Cholera ...... 490 Entries by Specialties and Related Fields ...... A-27

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Volume II

Concussion ...... 567 Dentistry ...... 650 Congenital adrenal hyperplasia ...... 568 Dentures...... 654 Congenital disorders ...... 570 Department of Health and Human Services ...... 655 Congenital heart disease ...... 572 Depression ...... 657 Congenital hypothyroidism ...... 576 Dermatitis ...... 661 Congestive heart failure. See Heart failure. Dermatology ...... 665 Conjunctivitis ...... 577 Dermatomyositis ...... 668 Connective tissue...... 578 Dermatopathology ...... 670 Constipation...... 579 Developmental disorders ...... 671 Contraception ...... 580 Developmental stages ...... 674 Contracture ...... 584 Diabetes mellitus ...... 678 Corneal transplantation ...... 585 Diabetic nephropathy...... 683 Cornelia de Lange syndrome...... 586 Diabetic neuropathy...... 685 Corns and calluses ...... 587 Diagnosis ...... 687 Coronary artery bypass graft ...... 588 Dialysis ...... 689 Coronaviruses ...... 589 Diaphragm ...... 692 Corticosteroids...... 591 Diarrhea and dysentery ...... 693 Cosmetic surgery. See Plastic surgery. Diet. See Nutrition. Coughing ...... 592 Dietary deficiencies. See Malnutrition; Nutrition; Craniosynostosis ...... 593 Vitamins and minerals. Craniotomy ...... 594 Dietary reference intakes (DRIs)...... 698 Cretinism. See Congenital hypothyroidism. DiGeorge syndrome...... 698 Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) ...... 595 Digestion ...... 700 CRISPR (Clustered regularly interspaced short Diphtheria ...... 703 palindromic repeats)...... 597 Dirofilaria immitis ...... 703 Critical care ...... 599 Disease...... 705 Crohn’s disease ...... 603 Disk removal ...... 708 Crossed eyes. See Strabismus. Dislocation. See Fracture and dislocation. Croup ...... 605 Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) ...... 709 Crowns and bridges ...... 606 Diuretics...... 711 Cryosurgery ...... 607 Diverticulitis and diverticulosis...... 713 CT scanning. See Computed tomography (CT) Dizziness and fainting ...... 716 scanning. Down syndrome...... 720 Culdocentesis...... 609 Drowning...... 724 Cushing’s syndrome ...... 610 Drug addiction. See Addiction. Cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita ...... 611 Dryeye...... 726 Cyanosis ...... 612 Dwarfism ...... 727 Cyst removal ...... 614 Dysentery. See Diarrhea and dysentery. Cystic fibrosis ...... 615 Dysarthria ...... 731 Cystitis...... 619 Dyskinesia ...... 732 Cystoscopy ...... 622 Dyslexia...... 734 Cysts ...... 623 Dysmenorrhea ...... 737 Cytology ...... 624 Dysphasia. See Aphasia and dysphasia. Cytomegalovirus (CMV)...... 628 Dysphagia ...... 738 Cytopathology ...... 629 Dystonia...... 739

Deafness ...... 631 E. coli infection ...... 743 Death and dying...... 632 Ear infections and disorders ...... 744 Decongestants ...... 635 Ear, nose, and throat medicine. See Deep brain stimulation...... 637 Otorhinolaryngology. Deep vein thrombosis ...... 637 Ear surgery...... 748 Defibrillation ...... 639 Ears ...... 749 Dehydration ...... 640 Earwax...... 753 Delirium...... 642 Eating disorders ...... 754 Dementias ...... 643 Ebola virus...... 758 Dengue fever ...... 646 ECG or EKG. See Electrocardiography (ECG or Dental diseases ...... 648 EKG).

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Echocardiography ...... 761 Euthanasia ...... 860 Eclampsia. See Preeclampsia and eclampsia. Ewing’s sarcoma ...... 864 Ectopic pregnancy ...... 762 Exercise physiology...... 864 Eczema ...... 763 Extended care for the aging. See Aging: Extended Edema ...... 764 care. EEG. See Electroencephalography (EEG). Extended care for the terminally ill. See Terminally Ehrlichiosis ...... 768 ill: Extended care. Electrical shock ...... 768 Extremities. See Feet; Foot disorders; Lower Electrocardiography (ECG or EKG) ...... 770 extremities; Upper extremities. Electrocauterization...... 771 Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) ...... 869 Electroencephalography (EEG)...... 772 Eye infections and disorders ...... 871 Electrolytes. See Fluids and electrolytes. Eye surgery ...... 875 Electrolysis ...... 774 Eyes ...... 877 Electromyography ...... 775 Electronic prescribing ...... 776 Face lift and blepharoplasty...... 883 Elephantiasis ...... 778 Facial palsy. See Bell’s palsy. Embolism...... 781 Facial transplantation...... 884 Embolization ...... 782 Factitious disorders ...... 885 Embryology ...... 783 Failure to thrive ...... 887 Emergency medicine ...... 787 Fainting. See Dizziness and fainting. Emergency rooms ...... 791 Fallopian tube ...... 888 Emerging infectious diseases...... 793 Family-centered care ...... 889 Emphysema ...... 795 Family medicine ...... 890 Enamel...... 798 Fascia...... 894 Encephalitis ...... 800 ...... 895 End-stage renal disease ...... 801 Fatigue ...... 896 Endarterectomy ...... 803 Fatty acid ...... 900 Endocarditis...... 804 Fatty acid oxidation disorders ...... 902 Endocrine disorders ...... 805 Fecal bacteriotherapy...... 903 Endocrine glands ...... 808 Feet ...... 904 Endocrinology ...... 810 Fetal alcohol syndrome ...... 907 Endocrinology, pediatric ...... 813 Fetal surgery ...... 908 Endodontic disease ...... 814 Fetal tissue transplantation...... 911 Endometrial biopsy ...... 815 Fetus ...... 915 Endometriosis ...... 817 Fever ...... 917 Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography Fiber...... 921 (ERCP)...... 821 Fibrocystic breast condition...... 921 Endoscopy ...... 822 Fibromyalgia ...... 923 Enemas ...... 824 Fifth disease...... 925 Enterocolitis...... 825 Fingernail removal. See Nail removal. Enteroviruses ...... 826 First aid ...... 926 Enuresis. See Bed-wetting. First responder...... 928 Environmental diseases ...... 827 Fistula repair ...... 928 Enzyme therapy ...... 831 Flat feet ...... 930 Epidemics and pandemics ...... 832 Flexibility ...... 931 Epidemiology ...... 835 Fluids and electrolytes...... 932 Epidermal nevus syndromes ...... 837 Fluoride treatments ...... 936 Epiglottitis ...... 840 Fluoroscopy. See Imaging and radiology. Epilepsy ...... 840 Folate deficiency ...... 937 Episiotomy...... 844 Food allergies ...... 939 Epstein-Barr virus ...... 845 Food and Drug Administration (FDA) ...... 941 Equine therapy...... 847 Food biochemistry ...... 944 Erectile dysfunction...... 849 Food guide plate ...... 947 Ergogenic aids ...... 851 Food poisoning ...... 949 Esophageal cancer. See Mouth and throat cancer. Foot disorders ...... 952 Esophagus ...... 853 Forensic pathology ...... 954 Estrogen replacement therapy. See Hormone therapy. Fracture and dislocation...... 956 Essential nutrients ...... 854 Fracture repair ...... 960 Ethics ...... 855 Fragile X syndrome ...... 962

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Frontal lobe syndrome...... 963 Genital disorders, female...... 1029 Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) ...... 964 Genital disorders, male ...... 1032 Frostbite...... 966 Genomics...... 1035 Fructosemia ...... 969 Geriatric assessment ...... 1038 Functional magnetic imaging (fMRI) ...... 970 Geriatrics and gerontology ...... 1039 Fungal infections ...... 971 Gestational diabetes...... 1043 Giardiasis...... 1045 Galactorrhea ...... 976 Gigantism ...... 1046 Galactosemia ...... 977 Gingivitis ...... 1047 Gallbladder ...... 978 Glands ...... 1049 Gallbladder cancer...... 979 Glasgow coma scale ...... 1053 Gallbladder diseases ...... 981 Glaucoma...... 1054 Gallbladder removal. See Cholecystectomy. Glomerulonephritis. See Nephritis. Gallstones. See Gallbladder diseases; Stone removal; Glioma ...... 1058 Stones. Glucagon ...... 1059 Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)...... 984 Glucose tolerance test ...... 1061 Ganglion removal ...... 985 Gluten ...... 1063 Ganglions. See Cysts; Ganglion removal. Gluten intolerance ...... 1064 Gangrene ...... 986 Glycerol ...... 1066 Gastrectomy...... 987 Glycogen storage diseases ...... 1067 Gastric bypass. See Bariatric surgery. Glycolysis ...... 1068 Gastritis. See Abdominal disorders; Gastroenteritis; Goiter...... 1073 Gastrointestinal disorders. Gonorrhea ...... 1074 Gastroenteritis ...... 989 Gout ...... 1075 Gastroenterology ...... 990 Grafts and grafting...... 1079 Gastrointestinal disorders ...... 994 Gram staining ...... 1082 Gastrointestinal system ...... 997 Growth...... 1085 Gastrostomy...... 1001 Guillain-Barré syndrome ...... 1089 Gaucher’s disease ...... 1001 Gulf War syndrome ...... 1092 Gender dysphoria...... 1003 Gum disease...... 1094 Gender reassignment surgery ...... 1005 Gynecology ...... 1095 Gene therapy ...... 1006 Gynecomastia ...... 1099 Genetic counseling ...... 1009 Genetic diseases...... 1013 Hair ...... 1100 Genetic engineering...... 1017 Hair transplantation ...... 1102 Genetic imprinting...... 1022 Genetic sequencing. See Genomics. Entries by Anatomy or System Affected...... A-1 Genetics and inheritance ...... 1025 Entries by Specialties and Related Fields ...... A-27

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Volume III

Hammertoe correction ...... 1103 Hippocampus...... 1204 Hammertoes...... 1103 Hippocratic oath ...... 1206 Hand-foot-and-mouth disease ...... 1104 Hirschsprung’s disease ...... 1210 Hand hygiene compliance ...... 1105 Histiocytosis ...... 1210 Hantavirus ...... 1106 Histology ...... 1211 Harelip. See Cleft lip and palate. HIV. See Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Hashimoto’s thyroiditis ...... 1107 Hives ...... 1215 Havening touch ...... 1108 Hodgkin’s disease ...... 1215 Hay fever ...... 1110 Home care ...... 1219 Head and neck disorders ...... 1111 ...... 1221 Headaches ...... 1112 H1N1 influenza ...... 1225 Healing...... 1116 Hormone therapy ...... 1227 Health...... 1119 Hormones ...... 1230 Health care proxy...... 1121 Hospice ...... 1233 Health care reform ...... 1122 Hospital readmission ...... 1236 Health information: access and utilization...... 1124 Host-defense mechanisms ...... 1237 Health impact of sugar...... 1127 Human Genome Project. See Genomics. Health maintenance organizations (HMOs)...... 1128 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)...... 1242 Hearing ...... 1131 Human papillomavirus (HPV)...... 1243 Hearing aids...... 1133 Human respiratory system...... 1245 Hearing loss ...... 1136 Huntington’s disease ...... 1247 Hearing tests ...... 1138 Hyaluronic acid injections...... 1248 Heart ...... 1140 Hydroceles...... 1250 Heart attack ...... 1144 Hydrocephalus...... 1250 Heart disease ...... 1147 Hydrotherapy...... 1252 Heart failure...... 1151 Hyperadiposis ...... 1253 Heart transplantation ...... 1155 Hyperbaric chamber ...... 1254 Heart valve replacement ...... 1157 Hyperbaric oxygen therapy ...... 1255 Heat exhaustion and heatstroke ...... 1159 Hypercholesterolemia ...... 1257 Heel spur removal ...... 1161 Hyperhidrosis ...... 1257 Heimlich maneuver ...... 1161 Hyperlipidemia ...... 1258 Hemangioma ...... 1162 Hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism ...... 1260 Hematocrit ...... 1163 Hyperplasia ...... 1262 Hematology ...... 1165 Hypertension ...... 1263 Hematomas ...... 1168 Hyperthermia and hypothermia ...... 1268 Hematuria ...... 1170 Hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism...... 1272 Hemiplegia...... 1171 Hypertrophy...... 1274 Hemochromatosis ...... 1171 Hyperventilation ...... 1277 Hemoglobin ...... 1172 Hypnosis ...... 1278 Hemolysis ...... 1174 Hypochondriasis ...... 1282 Hemolytic disease of the newborn...... 1176 Hypoglycemia ...... 1285 Hemolytic uremic syndrome ...... 1178 Hypoparathyroidism. See Hyperparathyroidism and Hemophilia ...... 1179 hypoparathyroidism. Hemorrhage. See Bleeding. Hypogonadism...... 1289 Hemorrhoid banding and removal ...... 1182 Hypokalemia ...... 1291 Hemorrhoids ...... 1183 Hypospadias repair and urethroplasty ...... 1292 Hepatitis...... 1187 Hypotension...... 1293 ...... 1190 Hypothalamus ...... 1294 Herd immunity...... 1193 Hypothermia. See Hyperthermia and hypothermia. Hermaphroditism and pseudohermaphroditism...... 1194 Hypothyroidism. See Congenital hypothyroidism. Hernia ...... 1195 Hypoxia ...... 1295 Hernia repair ...... 1198 Hysterectomy...... 1296 Herniated disk. See Slipped disk. Herpes ...... 1200 Iatrogenic disorders ...... 1300 Hiccups ...... 1201 Ileostomy and colostomy...... 1301 Hip fracture repair ...... 1202 Imaging and radiology...... 1305 Hip replacement...... 1202 Immune system ...... 1309

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Immunization and vaccination...... 1312 Kidneys ...... 1411 Immunodeficiency disorders ...... 1319 Kinesiology ...... 1415 Immunopathology ...... 1322 Klinefelter syndrome ...... 1415 Impetigo...... 1323 Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome ...... 1416 Impotence. See Sexual dysfunction. Kluver-Bucy syndrome ...... 1417 In vitro fertilization ...... 1324 Knee...... 1418 Incontinence ...... 1328 Kneecap removal ...... 1420 Infarction ...... 1331 Knock-knees ...... 1420 Infarction, myocardial. See Heart attack. Korsakoff’s syndrome ...... 1421 Infection...... 1332 Kwashiorkor ...... 1422 Infection control ...... 1336 Kyphosis ...... 1423 Infertility, female ...... 1338 Infertility, male ...... 1342 Laboratory tests ...... 1425 Inflammation ...... 1345 Laceration repair ...... 1429 Influenza ...... 1347 Lactose intolerance ...... 1430 Informed consent ...... 1351 Laminectomy and spinal fusion...... 1431 Insect-borne diseases ...... 1351 Laparoscopy ...... 1432 Insomnia. See Sleep disorders. Laryngectomy ...... 1433 The Institute of Medicine ...... 1356 Laryngitis...... 1434 Intensive care. See Critical care. Laser use in surgery...... 1435 Insulin ...... 1357 Law and medicine ...... 1439 Insulin-like growth factors ...... 1359 Lead poisoning ...... 1443 Integrative medicine ...... 1361 Leaky gut syndrome ...... 1445 Intellectual disability ...... 1362 Learning disabilities ...... 1446 Intensive care unit (ICU) ...... 1366 Legionnaires’ disease...... 1450 Internal medicine ...... 1368 Leishmaniasis ...... 1454 Internet medicine ...... 1372 Leprosy ...... 1455 Interpartner violence ...... 1375 Leptin...... 1458 Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) ...... 1376 Leptospirosis ...... 1459 Intestinal cancer. See Stomach, intestinal, and Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer pancreatic cancers. (LGBTQ) ...... 1462 Intestinal disorders...... 1377 Lesions...... 1463 Intestines ...... 1380 Leukemia ...... 1464 Intoxication. See Alcoholism; Poisoning. Leukodystrophy...... 1470 Intravenous (IV) therapy ...... 1383 Lice, mites, and ticks ...... 1470 Intraventricular hemorrhage ...... 1385 Ligaments ...... 1474 Invasive tests ...... 1385 Light therapy ...... 1475 Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)...... 1387 Lipids...... 1476 Ischemia...... 1390 Liposuction ...... 1480 Lisping...... 1482 Jaundice ...... 1392 Listeria infections ...... 1483 Jaw wiring ...... 1392 Lithotripsy ...... 1483 Joint diseases. See Arthritis. Liver ...... 1485 Joint replacement. See Arthroplasty; Hip Liver cancer...... 1488 replacement. Liver disorders...... 1490 Joints ...... 1395 Liver transplantation ...... 1494 Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis ...... 1397 Local anesthesia...... 1496 Lockjaw. See Tetanus. Kaposi’s sarcoma...... 1400 Lou Gehrig’s disease. See Amyotrophic lateral Karyotyping...... 1401 sclerosis. Kawasaki disease...... 1402 Longevity...... 1498 Keratitis ...... 1403 Lower extremities ...... 1499 Ketogenic diet ...... 1403 Lumbar puncture ...... 1502 Kidney cancer ...... 1405 Lumpectomy. See Mastectomy and lumpectomy. Kidney disorders ...... 1406 Lumps, breast. See Breast cancer; Breast disorders; Kidney removal. See Nephrectomy. Breasts, female. Kidney stones. See Kidney disorders; Stone removal; Lung cancer ...... 1504 Stones. Lung diseases. See Pulmonary diseases. Kidney transplantation...... 1409 Lung surgery ...... 1506

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Lungs ...... 1507 Metabolic disorders ...... 1597 . See Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Metabolic syndrome ...... 1601 Lyme disease ...... 1511 Metabolism ...... 1603 Lymph ...... 1512 Metastasis. See Cancer; Malignancy and metastasis. Lymphadenopathy and lymphoma...... 1513 Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Lymphatic disorders. See Lymphadenopathy and infections ...... 1607 lymphoma. Microbiology ...... 1609 Lymphatic system ...... 1517 Microscopy ...... 1613 Lymphoma. See Lymphadenopathy and lymphoma. Microscopy, slitlamp ...... 1614 Minimally conscious state ...... 1614 Macronutrients...... 1521 Mirror neurons...... 1616 Macular degeneration ...... 1523 Miscarriage ...... 1617 Magnetic field therapy...... 1525 Mites. See Bites and stings; Lice, mites, and ticks; Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) ...... 1525 Parasitic diseases. Malabsorption ...... 1527 Mitral valve prolapse...... 1619 Malaria...... 1528 Mold and mildew...... 1620 Malignancy and metastasis ...... 1531 Moles ...... 1621 Malnutrition...... 1535 Monkeypox ...... 1622 Mammography...... 1539 Mononucleosis...... 1623 Managed care...... 1542 disease ...... 1624 Manic-depressive disorder. See Bipolar disorders. Mosquito bites. See Bites and stings; Insect-borne Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) ...... 1544 diseases Marburg virus ...... 1544 Motion sickness ...... 1626 Marfan syndrome...... 1545 Motor neuron diseases...... 1627 Marijuana...... 1547 Motor skill development ...... 1630 Massage ...... 1548 Mouth and throat cancer ...... 1633 Mastectomy and lumpectomy ...... 1549 MRI. See Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Mastitis ...... 1552 Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) ...... 1635 Masturbation ...... 1553 Multiple births ...... 1635 Measles ...... 1553 Multiple chemical sensitivity syndrome ...... 1640 Meckel’s diverticulum ...... 1556 ...... 1641 Medical home ...... 1558 Mumps...... 1645 Medical microbiology ...... 1559 Münchausen syndrome by proxy...... 1647 Medicare ...... 1562 Muscle sprains, spasms, and disorders ...... 1649 Meditation ...... 1564 Muscles ...... 1651 Melanoma ...... 1565 Muscular dystrophy ...... 1654 Melatonin...... 1566 Mutation ...... 1658 Memory erasure...... 1568 Myasthenia gravis ...... 1662 Memory loss ...... 1569 Myocardial infarction. See Heart attack. Ménière’s disease...... 1571 Myoglobin ...... 1664 Meningitis ...... 1572 Myomectomy...... 1665 Menopause...... 1574 Myopia...... 1666 Menorrhagia ...... 1577 Myringotomy...... 1667 Men’s health ...... 1578 Menstruation ...... 1584 Nail removal ...... 1668 Mental hygiene ...... 1589 Nails...... 1668 Mental illness. See Psychiatric disorders; specific Narcolepsy...... 1671 diseases. Narcotics ...... 1675 Mental status exam ...... 1590 Mercury poisoning...... 1592 Entries by Anatomy or System Affected...... A-1 Mesenchymal stem cells ...... 1593 Entries by Specialties and Related Fields ...... A-27 Mesothelioma ...... 1595

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Volume IV

Nasal polyp removal ...... 1679 Orthorexia nervosa ...... 1801 Nasopharyngeal disorders ...... 1679 Osgood-Schlatter disease...... 1802 National Cancer Institute (NCI) ...... 1683 Osteoarthritis ...... 1803 National Institutes of Health (NIH) ...... 1685 Osteochondritis juvenilis ...... 1805 Nausea and vomiting ...... 1688 Osteoclast ...... 1806 Neck injuries and disorders. See Head and neck Osteogenesis imperfecta ...... 1807 disorders. Osteomyelitis...... 1810 Necrosis ...... 1692 Osteonecrosis...... 1810 Necrotizing fasciitis...... 1692 Osteopathic medicine...... 1811 Neonatal brachial plexus palsy ...... 1693 Osteopetrosis ...... 1814 Neonatology ...... 1696 Osteoporosis ...... 1815 Nephrectomy ...... 1701 Otoplasty ...... 1818 Nephritis ...... 1703 Otorhinolaryngology ...... 1818 Nephrology ...... 1705 Ovarian cancer. See Cervical, ovarian, and uterine Nervous system ...... 1709 cancers. Neuralgia, neuritis, and neuropathy...... 1713 Ovarian cysts ...... 1822 Neuroethics ...... 1716 Ovaries...... 1823 Neurofibromatosis ...... 1717 Over-the-counter medications ...... 1825 Neuroimaging ...... 1718 Overtraining syndrome ...... 1827 Neurology ...... 1720 Oxygen therapy ...... 1828 Neurology, pediatric ...... 1724 Oxytocin ...... 1829 Neuropsychology...... 1726 Neurorehabilitation ...... 1727 Pacemaker implantation...... 1831 Neuroscience ...... 1728 Paget’s disease...... 1835 Neurosis...... 1729 Pain ...... 1837 Neurosurgery ...... 1730 Pain management...... 1840 Neutrophil ...... 1733 Palliative care ...... 1841 Niacin ...... 1735 Palliative medicine ...... 1843 Nicotine ...... 1736 Palpitations ...... 1845 Niemann-Pick disease ...... 1737 Palsy ...... 1846 Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) ...... 1739 Pancreas...... 1850 Noninvasive tests...... 1740 Pancreatic cancer. See Stomach, intestinal, and Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) ....1743 pancreatic cancers. Noroviruses ...... 1744 Pancreatitis ...... 1853 Nuclear medicine...... 1746 Panic attacks. See Anxiety. Nuclear radiology ...... 1750 Pap test...... 1855 Numbness and tingling ...... 1751 Paralysis...... 1856 Nursing ...... 1753 Paramedics...... 1860 Nutrition ...... 1757 Paranoia ...... 1864 Paraplegia ...... 1866 Obesity...... 1762 Parasitic diseases ...... 1866 Obesity, childhood...... 1766 Parathyroidectomy...... 1871 Obsessive-compulsive disorder ...... 1768 Parkinson’s disease ...... 1871 Obstetrics...... 1772 Patellofemoral pain syndrome ...... 1874 Occupational health ...... 1775 Patent ductus arteriosus ...... 1875 Oncology ...... 1777 Pathology...... 1877 Ophthalmology ...... 1780 Patient-centered medical home ...... 1880 Opportunistic infections ...... 1783 Pediatrics ...... 1882 Optometry ...... 1786 Pellagra ...... 1886 Oral and maxillofacial surgery ...... 1789 Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) ...... 1887 Orchiectomy ...... 1791 Penile implant surgery ...... 1889 Orchitis ...... 1792 Peptic ulcers. See Ulcers. Organs. See Systems and organs. Perinatology...... 1891 Orthodontics ...... 1793 Periodontal surgery ...... 1892 Orthopedic braces. See Braces, orthopedic. Periodontitis...... 1893 Orthopedic surgery ...... 1796 Peristalsis...... 1894 Orthopedics ...... 1797 Peritonitis...... 1898

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Pertussis. See Whooping cough. Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) ...... 1991 PET scanning. See Positron emission tomography Presbyopia ...... 1992 (PET) scanning. Preventive medicine ...... 1994 Pharmacology ...... 1899 Primary care...... 1998 Pharyngitis...... 1903 Prion diseases ...... 1999 Pharynx ...... 1903 Proctology ...... 2001 Phenylketonuria (PKU) ...... 1904 Progeria ...... 2003 Phlebitis ...... 1906 Prognosis ...... 2004 Phlebotomy ...... 1908 Prostate cancer...... 2005 Phobias ...... 1909 Prostate enlargement ...... 2007 ...... 1911 Prostate gland ...... 2010 Physical examination...... 1912 Prostate gland removal ...... 2013 Physical rehabilitation ...... 1916 Prostheses ...... 2014 Physician assistants ...... 1920 Protein ...... 2018 Physiology ...... 1924 Proteinuria ...... 2018 Phytochemicals ...... 1927 Proteomics ...... 2019 Pick’s disease...... 1928 Protozoan diseases...... 2021 PID. See Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Psoriasis...... 2023 Pigeon toes...... 1930 Psychiatric disorders ...... 2026 Pigmentation ...... 1931 Psychiatry ...... 2030 Pimples. See Acne. Psychiatry, child and adolescent ...... 2032 Pinworms...... 1934 Psychiatry, geriatric ...... 2033 Pituitary gland ...... 1935 Psychoanalysis...... 2034 Pityriasis alba...... 1936 Psychosis ...... 2038 Pityriasis rosea...... 1937 Psychosomatic disorders ...... 2039 PKU. See Phenylketonuria (PKU) Pterygium/Pinguecula ...... 2040 Placenta ...... 1937 Ptosis ...... 2041 Plague ...... 1938 Puberty and adolescence ...... 2042 Plaque, arterial...... 1940 Public health. See Occupational health. Plaque, dental ...... 1941 Pulmonary heart disease ...... 2046 Plasma ...... 1942 Pulmonary diseases ...... 2048 Plastic surgery ...... 1942 Pulmonary edema ...... 2051 Pleurisy ...... 1946 Pulmonary hypertension ...... 2052 Pneumocystis jirovecii...... 1947 Pulmonary medicine ...... 2054 Pneumonia ...... 1948 Pulse pressure ...... 2057 Pneumothorax ...... 1951 Pulse rate ...... 2058 Podiatry ...... 1953 Pyelonephritis ...... 2058 Poisoning ...... 1955 Pyloric stenosis ...... 2060 Poliomyelitis ...... 1959 Polycystic kidney disease ...... 1963 Quadriplegia ...... 2061 Polycystic ovary syndrome ...... 1965 Quinsy ...... 2062 Polydactyly and syndactyly ...... 1966 Rabies ...... 2063 Polyp removal. See Colorectal polyp removal; Nasal Radiation sickness ...... 2066 polyp removal. Radiation therapy...... 2067 Polymyalgia rheumatica ...... 1968 Radiculopathy ...... 2071 Polymyositis ...... 1969 Radiology. See Imaging and radiology; Nuclear Polyps ...... 1970 radiology. Porphyria ...... 1971 Radiopharmaceuticals ...... 2072 Positron emission tomography (PET) scanning ...... 1972 Rape and sexual assault ...... 2075 Postherpetic neuralgia ...... 1974 Reconstructive surgery. See Plastic surgery. Postpartum depression...... 1975 Rectal polyp removal. See Colorectal polyp removal. Post-traumatic stress disorder ...... 1976 Rectal surgery. See Colorectal surgery. Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS)....1978 Raynaud’s Phenomenon ...... 2078 Prader-Willi syndrome...... 1979 Recreational therapy ...... 2079 Precocious puberty ...... 1980 Rectum...... 2081 Preeclampsia and eclampsia ...... 1981 Reflexes, primitive...... 2082 Pregnancy and gestation ...... 1983 Refractive eye surgery ...... 2083 Pregnancy test ...... 1988 Reiter’s syndrome ...... 2084 Premature birth ...... 1988 Relaxation ...... 2085

xxix Magill’s Medical Guide

Reminiscence therapy ...... 2087 Sciatica ...... 2154 Renal failure ...... 2088 SCID. See Severe combined immunodeficiency Reproductive system ...... 2089 syndrome (SCID). Research vs. animal rights. See Animal rights vs. Scleroderma...... 2155 research. Scoliosis...... 2156 Respiration...... 2093 Scope of practice ...... 2160 Respiratory diseases. See Pulmonary diseases; Screening ...... 2160 Respiration; specific diseases. Scurvy ...... 2164 Respiratory distress syndrome...... 2097 Seasonal affective disorder ...... 2165 Restless legs syndrome ...... 2098 Seizures ...... 2167 Resuscitation ...... 2100 Self-medication ...... 2170 Retina...... 2104 Semen ...... 2171 Retinal detachment ...... 2105 Sense organs ...... 2172 Retroviruses...... 2107 Separation anxiety ...... 2175 Reye’s syndrome ...... 2108 Septicemia ...... 2176 Rh factor ...... 2109 Serology...... 2178 Rheumatic fever...... 2113 Serotonin ...... 2181 Rheumatoid arthritis ...... 2114 Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) ...... 2182 Rheumatology ...... 2116 Severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID) 2184 Rhinitis...... 2119 Sexual differentiation ...... 2185 Rhinoplasty and submucous resection...... 2121 Sexual dysfunction ...... 2189 Rhinoviruses ...... 2122 Sexual reassignment ...... 2192 Rickets ...... 2123 Sexuality ...... 2195 Ringworm ...... 2124 Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) ...... 2199 Rocky Mountain spotted fever ...... 2125 Shaking. See Tremors. Root canal treatment ...... 2126 Shigellosis ...... 2203 Rosacea ...... 2127 Shingles ...... 2204 Roseola ...... 2128 Shock ...... 2205 Rotator cuff surgery...... 2128 Shock therapy ...... 2208 Rotavirus ...... 2130 Shunts ...... 2212 Roundworms ...... 2131 Sickle cell disease ...... 2213 Rubella...... 2132 SIDS. See Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome...... 2133 Signs and symptoms ...... 2216 Single photon emission computed tomography Safety issues for children...... 2135 (SPECT)...... 2217 Safety issues for the elderly...... 2140 Sinusitis ...... 2219 Salmonella infection ...... 2143 Sjögren’s syndrome ...... 2221 Sarcoidosis...... 2145 Skeletal disorders and diseases. See Bone disorders. Sarcoma ...... 2146 Skeleton. See Bones and the skeleton. SARS. See Severe acute respiratory syndrome Skin ...... 2222 (SARS). Skin cancer ...... 2226 Scabies...... 2147 Skin disorders ...... 2227 Scalds. See Burns and scalds. Skin grafting. See Grafts and grafting. Scarlet fever...... 2148 Schistosomiasis ...... 2149 Entries by Anatomy or System Affected...... A-1 Schizophrenia ...... 2151 Entries by Specialties and Related Fields ...... A-27

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Volume V

Skin lesion removal ...... 2231 Substance abuse...... 2330 Sleep ...... 2231 Successful aging ...... 2332 Sleep apnea ...... 2234 Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) ...... 2333 Sleep disorders...... 2236 Suffocation. See Asphyxiation. Sleeping sickness...... 2240 Suicide ...... 2336 Sleepwalking ...... 2242 Supplements ...... 2339 Slipped disk ...... 2243 Surgery, general...... 2341 Small intestine ...... 2244 Surgery, pediatric...... 2345 Smallpox ...... 2246 Surgical procedures ...... 2346 Smell ...... 2248 Surgical technologists ...... 2348 Smoking...... 2252 Sweating ...... 2351 Snakebites ...... 2254 Sympathectomy ...... 2352 Sodium...... 2256 Syndrome...... 2352 Soiling ...... 2258 Synesthesia ...... 2354 Solution-focused brief therapy ...... 2259 Syphilis ...... 2355 Sore throat ...... 2261 Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) ...... 2356 Speech disorders ...... 2262 Systemic sclerosis ...... 2359 Sperm banks ...... 2265 Systems and organs ...... 2361 Sphincterectomy ...... 2267 Spider bites. See Bites and stings. Tapeworms...... 2366 Spina bifida ...... 2267 Tardive dyskinesia ...... 2367 Spinal cord disorders ...... 2270 Taste...... 2368 Spinal fusion. See Laminectomy and spinal fusion. Tattoo removal...... 2373 Spinal tap. See Lumbar puncture. Tattoos and body piercing ...... 2374 Spine, vertebrae, and disks ...... 2273 Tay-Sachs disease ...... 2375 Spinocerebellar ataxia ...... 2277 Tears and tear ducts ...... 2376 Splenectomy ...... 2278 Teeth ...... 2377 Split-brain ...... 2279 Teething ...... 2381 Spondylitis...... 2280 Telemedicine. See Internet medicine. Sports medicine ...... 2281 Telehealth nursing ...... 2382 Sprains. See Muscle sprains, spasms, and disorders. Temporal arteritis...... 2384 Squamous cell carcinoma. See Skin cancer. Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) syndrome ...... 2384 Staphylococcal infections ...... 2285 Tendinitis ...... 2385 Statins ...... 2288 Tendon disorders ...... 2387 Stem cells...... 2289 Tendon repair...... 2388 Stenosis ...... 2292 Tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis)...... 2389 Stents ...... 2292 Teratogens ...... 2390 Sterilization ...... 2294 Terminally ill: Extended care...... 2391 Steroid abuse ...... 2297 Testicles, undescended...... 2394 Steroids ...... 2298 Testicular cancer ...... 2394 Stevens-Johnson syndrome ...... 2301 Testicular surgery...... 2396 Stillbirth...... 2303 Testicular torsion ...... 2397 Stings. See Bites and stings. Tests. See Invasive tests; Laboratory tests; Stomach, intestinal, and pancreatic cancers...... 2304 Noninvasive tests. Stomach removal. See Gastrectomy. Testosterone...... 2398 Stone removal ...... 2307 Tetanus...... 2400 Stones ...... 2309 Thalassemia ...... 2404 Strabismus ...... 2312 Thalidomide...... 2405 Strength training ...... 2312 Thoracic surgery ...... 2406 Streptococcal infections...... 2315 Throat. See Esophagus; Pharynx. Stress ...... 2316 Throat, sore. See Sore throat. Stress reduction ...... 2320 Thrombocytopenia...... 2407 Strokes ...... 2321 Thrombolytic therapy and TPA ...... 2409 Sturge-Weber syndrome ...... 2326 Thrombosis and thrombus ...... 2412 Stuttering ...... 2327 Thumb sucking ...... 2416 Styes ...... 2328 Thymus gland ...... 2417 Subdural hematoma ...... 2328 Thyroid disorders...... 2418

xxxi Magill’s Medical Guide

Thyroid gland ...... 2419 Urinary system...... 2505 Thyroidectomy...... 2422 Urology ...... 2509 TIAs. See Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs). Uterine cancer. See Cervical, ovarian, and uterine Ticks. See Lice, mites, and ticks. cancers. Tics...... 2423 Uterus ...... 2513 Tingling. See Numbness and tingling. Tinnitus ...... 2426 Vaccination. See Immunization and vaccination. Tiredness. See Fatigue. Vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC)...... 2514 Toenail removal. See Nail removal. Vagotomy...... 2515 Tissue engineering...... 2428 Vagus nerve ...... 2516 Toilet training ...... 2429 Varicose vein removal ...... 2517 Tommy John surgery ...... 2431 Varicose veins ...... 2519 Tonsillectomy and adenoid removal ...... 2432 Vas deferens...... 2520 Tonsillitis ...... 2433 Vascular medicine ...... 2521 Tonsils ...... 2434 Vascular system ...... 2524 Tooth decay. See Cavities. Vasculitis ...... 2528 Tooth extraction...... 2435 Vasectomy ...... 2529 Torticollis...... 2436 Venereal diseases. See Sexually transmitted diseases Touch ...... 2436 (STDs). Tourette’s syndrome ...... 2441 Vasopressin ...... 2533 Toxemia ...... 2443 Venous insufficiency ...... 2534 Toxic shock syndrome ...... 2443 Vertigo ...... 2535 Toxicology...... 2445 Viral hemorrhagic fevers ...... 2536 Toxoplasmosis ...... 2447 Viral infections ...... 2537 Trachea ...... 2448 Virtual imaging ...... 2542 Tracheostomy ...... 2450 Vision...... 2543 Trachoma...... 2450 Vision correction. See Refractive eye surgery. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)...... 2451 Vision disorders ...... 2546 Transfusion ...... 2452 Vitamin D deficiency...... 2548 Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) ...... 2459 Vitamins...... 2550 Transitional care ...... 2460 Vitamins and minerals ...... 2553 Transplantation ...... 2461 Vitiligo...... 2557 Traumatic brain injury ...... 2465 Voice and vocal cord disorders ...... 2558 Tremors ...... 2466 Vomiting. See Nausea and vomiting. Trichinosis ...... 2467 Von Willebrand’s disease...... 2559 Trichomoniasis ...... 2468 Tubal ligation...... 2469 Walking ...... 2562 Tuberculosis...... 2470 Weaning...... 2563 Tularemia...... 2474 Weight loss and gain ...... 2565 Tumor removal ...... 2475 Weight loss medications ...... 2567 Tumors...... 2477 Well-baby examinations ...... 2568 Turner syndrome ...... 2480 Wernicke’s aphasia ...... 2569 Twins. See Multiple births. West Nile virus ...... 2571 Typhoid fever...... 2481 Whiplash ...... 2573 Typhus ...... 2483 Whooping cough ...... 2574 Wilms tumor ...... 2576 Ulcer surgery ...... 2484 Williams syndrome ...... 2578 Ulcerative colitis ...... 2485 Wilson’s disease ...... 2580 Ulcers...... 2487 Wisdom teeth...... 2581 Ultrasonography ...... 2490 Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome ...... 2582 Umbilical cord ...... 2493 Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome ...... 2583 Undescended testicles. See Testicles, undescended. World Health Organization ...... 2585 Upper extremities ...... 2494 Wounds ...... 2588 Uremia ...... 2499 Urethritis ...... 2500 X rays. See Imaging and radiology. Urethroplasty. See Hypospadias repair and Xenotransplantation...... 2590 urethroplasty. Urinalysis...... 2501 Yeast infections. See Candidiasis. Urinary disorders ...... 2502 Yellow fever ...... 2592

xxxii Complete Table of Contents

Yoga...... 2593 Types of Health Care Providers...... 2685 General Bibliography ...... 2689 Zoonoses ...... 2596 Resources...... 2705

Glossary...... 2601 Entries by Anatomy or System Affected...... A-1 Symptoms and Warning Signs...... 2651 Entries by Specialties and Related Fields ...... A-27 Diseases and Other Medical Conditions ...... 2655 Index ...... A-57 Pharmaceutical List ...... 2675

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