DOCSLIB.ORG

Preparation of the Global GF-Tads Strategy for FMD Control

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Preparation of the Global GF-Tads Strategy for FMD Control Preparation of the global GF -TADs strategy for FMD control presented by Joseph Domenech on behalf of OIE and FAO 39th General Session of the EuFMD 27-28 April 2011, Rome FMD is one of the most important and widespread animal disease FMD is a public good In Asunción recommendations: The control and eventual eradication of FMD in a country, region or worldwide could only be achieved if the international community recognizes that the control of FMD is a global public good that will benefit all populations and future generations; Foot and mouth disease distribution by serotype during 2010 and early 2011 (WAHIS/WAHID) • 66 countries free with (65) or without (1) vaccination • 16 countries with free zones with (10) or without (6) vaccination • 95 infected countries Asunción recommendations 1. Economic and social justification for recognizing eradication of FMD as a global public good for the benefit of all populations and future generations. 2. A strategy for the global control of FMD should be developed 3,4. To convince the high level policy makers in infected countries to consider FMD control as a priority 5. Good veterinary governance in developing and in transition countries 6. Incorporate national and regional mechanisms such as those of the Hemispheric FMD Eradication Plan (PHEFA), the CVP/MERCOSUR (PAMA), SEAFMD, European Union and the EUFMD Asunción recommendations (contd) 7. Coordinated regional roadmaps 8, 9, 10. Vaccines: quality, banks, research 11. Diagnostic facilities 12. OIE official recognition of countries and zones listed free from the disease . 13. FAO and OIE to support capacity building of developing and in transition countries to comply with OIE standards, and to introduce and implement the PCP Asunción recommendations (contd) 14,15.Organise a pledging conference and scientific meetings on FMD control 16. The OIE develops its capacities for disease status recognition 17. FAO strengthens its capacities to technically support national and regional roadmap development 18, 19. Epidemiological networks, cooperation with wildlife conservation organizations 20. Compensation mechanisms A complex epidemiology Trade in animal products Canada Russia USA Japan India Mexico Brazil Australia Argentina Poultry flows Beef flows Pork flows Animal movements FMD in African Wildlife Problems with fences Human and domestic herds introduction Transfrontalier Conservation Areas Interface Wildlife (1)Impala (Aepyceros melampus ) (2)buffaloes (Syncerus caffer) domestic animals Faunal diversity Capybara ( Hydrochoerus Brown Agouti ( Dasyprocta Borugo ( Agouti taczanowskii ) Brazilian tapir Tapirus terrestris) hydrochaeris ) variegata ) All susceptible to FMD Brocket deer ( Mazama sp. ) White-lipped peccary Chacoan peccary infection ( Tayassu pecari) ( Catagonus wagneri) White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus ) Collared peccary New species of 'Giant peccary' discovered Feral swine Feral buffalo (Pecari tajacu) in Brazil in 2000 1 ( Pecari maximus sp. nov.) (Sus scrofa) (Bubalus bubalis) 1 Van Roosmalen, G.M., Lothar, F., van Hooft, P., Deioongh, H. and Leirs, H. (2006) Bonner zoologische Beiträge 55 , 105-112 , Quoted by P. Roeder, Asuncion FMD International Conference, 24-26 June 2009 Foot and Mouth Disease 7 regional virus pools Reference Laboratories and Reference Centres Regional/National Collaborating Centres (UK, Belgium, Italy, South Africa, Reference Centres India, Russian Fed – at 3/09) Pool 3 O, A, Asia 1 Pool 1 O, A, Asia 1 Pool 2 O, A, Asia 1 Pool 5 Pool 4 Pool 7 O, A, SAT 1, 2 A, O, SAT 1, 2, 3 O, A Pool 6 SAT 1, 2, 3 FMD - Free Endemic Free. Virus present in game parks Free with vaccination Intermediate, sporadic Countries with multiples zones Source: Annual OIE/FAO FMD Reference Laboratory Network Report, 2007 Virus circulation Epidemic jumps between pools and to free regions 2001 2007 1? 2 3 4 or 5 5 4 Type O , Type A , Type Asia-1, Type SAT2 Importance of the disease • Direct costs: • Mortalities, reduction of productions... • Export reduction • Indirect costs: • Trade, movement limitations in extensive systems,ploughing and transport... • Food insecurity • One health: Human well being Few studies in fact Examples: • UK 2001: more than 10 Billion USD • Philippines 2002: C/B from 1,6 to 12 depending of export gains • Argentina 2001/2002: 439 Million USD losses in exports • Uruguay: exports have doubled after the country became free from FMD in 1996 • Brasil: exports increase was divided by two after the occurrence of FMD outbreaks in 2005 Some regional programmes • European Union • Southern America: PHEFA, CVO/PAMA • South Asia • West Eurasia • SEA C FMD SEAFMD 2020 Roadmap SEAFMD 2008 Free zone Infected zone Buffer zone Control zone Eradication zone SEAFMD 2012 Preparation of a global strategy Regular ongoing work • FAO: Support to countries and regions • EuFMD: Support to countries and regions Trainings, information, Research group • OIE: Scientific Commission and its Ah hoc Group on FMD PVS pathway (processus) The OIE PVS Pathway April 2011: PVS evaluations:101/113 requests PVS Gap Analysis:36/67 requests PVS Legislation:19/33 requests GLEWS DISEASE TRACKING DATA ANALYSIS DISEASE INTELLIGENCE • Fundamental activities for targeted surveillance, prediction, awareness and reporting to OIE • And then response: Strategies: choice of tools and methods Tools to be included in the control strategy • Effective Veterinary Services • Surveillance systems • National diagnostic laboratories • Emergency plans • Vaccines (vaccine banks) • Data base on farms and animal movements and animal identification • Public-private partnership • CAHWs Tools to be included in the control strategy (contd) • Delegation of authority • OIE standards and FAO-OIE Guidelines • Reference laboratory and collaborating center networks • Socio economic studies • International collaboration (OIE-FAO) on surveillance (GLEWS), emergency response (CMS-AH) GF-TADs FMD Working Group • Under the GF-TADs Global Steering Committee • Global FMD-WG started with 4 persons (2 FAO, 2 OIE • Global FMD-WG will be assisted by a dedicated joint FAO/OIE FMD Secretariat in Rome, regular FMD experts and a pool of qualified FMD consultants (for PCP training and assessment and capacity-building projects) TORs of the FMD Working Group • Develop an FMD strategy • Communication with countries, Organiz., donors… • Communication with Refer . Laboratories and Vaccine producers • Contribute to coordination of global and regional meetings and participate to them TORs with respect to control activities and to PCP • Review progress of nat. and reg. control activities and publish an annual report • Monitor adherence to the yearly review of the FMD- PCP status of countries and carry out an assessment as laid down in the FMD-PCP document • Ensure FMD specialist representation in the regional meetings to safeguard global coordination and uniform interpretation of PCP principles, standards and procedures • Summarize the results of country self-assessments and makes relevant proposals on country PCP statuses to the Global FMD Steering Committee Preparation of the global strategy: objectives • To maintain the free status in countries without vaccination and to reach this status in countries and zones free with vaccination. • To progressively control the disease in countries where it is enzootic. FMD Control to be considered as an international public good and to be included in the One Health approach (food security, human well being) Preparation of the global strategy: basic principles • National and regional approaches with political commitment and financial support • Private-public partnership • Support to Veterinary Services • Surveillance, detection , reporting , alert , emergency response • Virus pools to be taken into account • Socio economic context to be taken into account • Support to research Holistic approaches Animal Health in the wider rural development and health systems contexts Rural Development, Livelihoods Food Security... Spec. Dis . Health Systems Recent developments Global Control through Regional Roadmaps for each of the seven virus pools Promoting national efforts in line with the Progressive Control Pathway (PCP) Recommendation of the Global (Open) Session of the EuFMD research group Erice, Sicily, October 2008 EuFMD Standing Technical Committee Vienna, 28 September–1 October 2010 Development of the FAO-OIE-EuFMD Progressive control Pathway • risk reduction approach not a top down prescribed approach: but each MS 5 Officially free without vaccination encouraged to develop national No circulation / containment zones only risk reduction strategies that are supportive to the regional effort Officially free with vaccination 4 No circulation / containment zones only Approaching freedom 3 Outbreaks < once / year Critical points addressed 2 incidence Critical risk points identified, Stages 0-3 1 strategy being developed = infected countries/zones Risk not controlled 0 Continuous FMDV circulation New article in the OIE Terrestrial Code • In May 2011, OIE SCAD will propose to General Assembly of Delegates to open up the possibility to “endorse” a FMD Control Programme • The endorsement of a country programme will occur during the PCP stage 3 with a final objective of eradication of the disease • Country dossiers presented for OIE-endorsement of the FMD control programme will need supportive documents to justify the feasibility of successfully implementing the programme. • Presented as Technical theme at the OIE 79th General Session in May 2011 + specific resolution
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Controlled Animals
    Environment and Sustainable Resource Development Fish and Wildlife Policy Division Controlled Animals Wildlife Regulation, Schedule 5, Part 1-4: Controlled Animals Subject to the Wildlife Act, a person must not be in possession of a wildlife or controlled animal unless authorized by a permit to do so, the animal was lawfully acquired, was lawfully exported from a jurisdiction outside of Alberta and was lawfully imported into Alberta. NOTES: 1 Animals listed in this Schedule, as a general rule, are described in the left hand column by reference to common or descriptive names and in the right hand column by reference to scientific names. But, in the event of any conflict as to the kind of animals that are listed, a scientific name in the right hand column prevails over the corresponding common or descriptive name in the left hand column. 2 Also included in this Schedule is any animal that is the hybrid offspring resulting from the crossing, whether before or after the commencement of this Schedule, of 2 animals at least one of which is or was an animal of a kind that is a controlled animal by virtue of this Schedule. 3 This Schedule excludes all wildlife animals, and therefore if a wildlife animal would, but for this Note, be included in this Schedule, it is hereby excluded from being a controlled animal. Part 1 Mammals (Class Mammalia) 1. AMERICAN OPOSSUMS (Family Didelphidae) Virginia Opossum Didelphis virginiana 2. SHREWS (Family Soricidae) Long-tailed Shrews Genus Sorex Arboreal Brown-toothed Shrew Episoriculus macrurus North American Least Shrew Cryptotis parva Old World Water Shrews Genus Neomys Ussuri White-toothed Shrew Crocidura lasiura Greater White-toothed Shrew Crocidura russula Siberian Shrew Crocidura sibirica Piebald Shrew Diplomesodon pulchellum 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Heritage Resources
    Upper Greenbrier Watershed Assessment Chapter 3 – Human Uses: Heritage Resources Heritage Resources The vast majority of the watershed has felt the impact of human use. Some impacts, although not currently measurable, occurred between the 18 th and mid­19 th centuries. These would have included impacts to forest tree species age and diversity, wildlife populations, soils, viewsheds, fragmentation/openings ratios, and the demographic profile of the area (Indian­to­colonial at low­to­moderate population density). The most dramatic changes, however, took place after the development of rail lines into the area in the late 19 th and early 20 th centuries. Reference Conditions Pre­historic – Pre­historic conditions for this area are integral to understanding the presence of people on the landscape for the last several thousand years. Studies of pollen and spores from the region and comparative data (e.g., Carbone 1976; Davis 1983; Wilkins 1977) indicate that a southward displacement of boreal floral and faunal species followed the terminal glacial retreat. Pockets of tundra vegetation, dominated by spruce, fir and pine, extended from the north into the uplands region of the Appalachian range between 25,000 and 15,000 BP (before present). The transition to more modern flora begins between 12,500 and 10,000 BP with an increase in deciduous forest species, including oak and ironwood. This period coincided with the first probable human use of the region. This epoch also saw the extinction of many faunal species including elephant, camel, mastodon, giant bison, giant peccary, giant beaver, ground sloth, and woodland musk ox. By 10,000 BP, the transition to a mixed coniferous­deciduous forest had begun.
    [Show full text]
  • Second Find of the Recently Discovered Amazonian Giant Peccary, Pecari Maximus (Mammalia: Tayassuidae) Van Roosmalen Et Al., 2007: First Record from Bolivia
    Bonner zoologische Beiträge Band 56 (2007) Heft 1/2 Seiten 49–54 Bonn, März 2009 Second Find of the Recently Discovered Amazonian Giant Peccary, Pecari maximus (Mammalia: Tayassuidae) van Roosmalen et al., 2007: First Record from Bolivia Jiř˘í MORAVEC1) & Wolfgang BÖHME2) 1)National Museum (Natural History Museum), Prague, Czech Republic 2)Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum A. Koenig, Bonn, Germany Abstract. We report on the discovery of a large peccary in the Amazon rainforest of northwestern Bolivia in the area of “Bolpebra” close to both the Peruvian and the Brazilian border, which is documented by several photo- graphs. Its size, the relatively small head, long legs, and relatively thin and short fur without white-coloured mar- kings leave no doubt that this is the second find of the Amazonian giant peccary, Pecari maximus, which was first discovered and described from Rio Aripuana, Amazonian Brazil, by VAN ROOSMALEN et al. (2007). Our second re- cord for the species is at the same time the first for Bolivia, and the close geographic proximity to SE Peru ma- kes its occurrence in this country also very likely. We suggest that this unique giant peccary should serve as a flag- ship species for protecting the entire region of its potential distribution range in a frontier-crossing World Herita- ge Site. Keywords. Pecari maximus, Bolivia, Amazon rainforest. 1. INTRODUCTION In the case of P. maximus from Amazonian Brazil, it took only two years since its discovery before it was also found Only few years ago, a giant peccary species was discov- in a neighbouring country. This sighting was made in 2005 ered in Amazonian Brazil, the fourth species in the and is reported and discussed below.
    [Show full text]
  • 990 PART 23—ENDANGERED SPECIES CONVENTION Subpart A—Introduction
    Pt. 23 50 CFR Ch. I (10–1–01 Edition) Service agent, or other game law en- 23.36 Schedule of public meetings and no- forcement officer free and unrestricted tices. access over the premises on which such 23.37 Federal agency consultation. operations have been or are being con- 23.38 Modifications of procedures and nego- ducted; and shall furnish promptly to tiating positions. such officer whatever information he 23.39 Notice of availability of official re- may require concerning such oper- port. ations. Subpart E—Scientific Authority Advice (c) The authority to take golden ea- [Reserved] gles under a depredations control order issued pursuant to this subpart D only Subpart F—Export of Certain Species authorizes the taking of golden eagles when necessary to seasonally protect 23.51 American ginseng (Panax domesticated flocks and herds, and all quinquefolius). such birds taken must be reported and 23.52 Bobcat (Lynx rufus). turned over to a local Bureau Agent. 23.53 River otter (Lontra canadensis). 23.54 Lynx (Lynx canadensis). 23.55 Gray wolf (Canis lupus). PART 23—ENDANGERED SPECIES 23.56 Brown bear (Ursus arctos). CONVENTION 23.57 American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). Subpart A—Introduction AUTHORITY: Convention on International Sec. Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna 23.1 Purpose of regulations. and Flora, 27 U.S.T. 1087; and Endangered 23.2 Scope of regulations. Species Act of 1973, as amended, 16 U.S.C. 23.3 Definitions. 1531 et seq. 23.4 Parties to the Convention. SOURCE: 42 FR 10465, Feb. 22, 1977, unless Subpart B—Prohibitions, Permits and otherwise noted.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Variation in the MHC of the Collared Peccary: a Potential Model for the Effects of Captive Breeding on the MHC
    Amanda Yoon-Yee Chong Genetic variation in the MHC of the Collared peccary: A potential model for the effects of captive breeding on the MHC Amanda Yoon-Yee Chong Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney The Collared peccary (Pecari tajacu) is an environmentally and economically significant animal distributed across the southern United States to South America. There is a growing interest in the commercial farming of the Collared peccary to supply a growing demand for local meats. The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) plays a significant role in the susceptibility and resistance of individuals and populations to novel parasite and pathogen challenges. Changing the environmental pressures on a population can alter the levels of diversity and the alleles present in such a population. While the importance of maintaining MHC diversity in limited populations is understood, there is little information about the effects of captivity and captive breeding on such populations, and the different selection pressures that captive populations may be exposed to. Further research is required into the different selection pressures exerted on captive populations, the effects these pressures may have on the genetic diversity in the MHC, and on the fitness of these populations. With the increased interest in the commercial breeding of the Collared peccary, this species offers a unique opportunity to study the effects of captivity and selection for commercial traits on immune function and provide an insight into the pressures placed on the MHC in wild and captive populations. Keywords: Pecari tajacu, MHC, genetic diversity 1. Introduction The Collared peccary (Pecari tajacu) is a small pig-like animal distributed across the southern United States, Central America, and much of South America.
    [Show full text]
  • Zoogeographic Regions Popita & Kids Inc
    Zoogeographic Regions Popita & Kids Inc. Zoogeography is the branch of the science of biogeography that is concerned with the geographic distribution (present and past) of animal species. In addition to mapping the present distribution of species, zoogeographers formulate theories to explain the distribution, based on information about geography, physiography, climate, and geologic history, as well as knowledge of the evolutionary history and relationships of the animals involved. Each region more or less coincides with a major continental land mass, separated from other regions by oceans, mountain ranges, or deserts. They are as follows: 1. Palearctic (PA) Europe, North Africa (to Sahara), Asia (except India, Pakistan and SE Asia) and Middle East. 2. Nearctic (NA) Canada, USA, Mexico to tropics. Holarctic is Palearctic plus Nearctic! 3. Neotropical (NT) Tropical Mexico south to South America, plus the Antilles. 4. Afrotropic (AF) or Ethiopian (ET) Madagascar, Africa south of the Sahara, southern Arabian Peninsula. 5. Indo-Malayan (IM) or Oriental (OR) Pakistan, India, Southeast Asia, Philippines, Indonesia west of Wallace's line (Sumatra, Java, Borneo). 6. Australian (AU) Australia, New Guinea, Tasmania, Indonesian Islands east of Wallace's line (Sulawesi, Timor, etc.) NOTE: does not include New Zealand. 7. Oceanic Oceans of the world and isolated, small islands. WHAT DO ? …The TASK Name of Animal __________________________________ 1. Record the GEOGRAPIC Range/Distribution of your assigned species: a. Continent – ____________________________________
    [Show full text]
  • Superoxide Dismutase and Catalase Activity in Collared Peccary (Pecari Tajacu) Seminal Plasma and Their Relation to Sperm Quality Semina: Ciências Agrárias, Vol
    Semina: Ciências Agrárias ISSN: 1676-546X ISSN: 1679-0359 Universidade Estadual de Londrina Santos, Érika Aparecida Araújo dos; Sousa, Patrícia da Cunha; Silva, Andréia Maria da; Paiva, Ariana Lopes Correia; Lago, Arthur Emannuel de Araujo; Paula, Valéria Veras de; Pereira, Alexsandra Fernandes; Moura, Arlindo de Alencar Araripe Noronha; Silva, Alexandre Rodrigues Superoxide dismutase and catalase activity in collared peccary (Pecari tajacu) seminal plasma and their relation to sperm quality Semina: Ciências Agrárias, vol. 39, no. 2, 2018, March-April, pp. 787-796 Universidade Estadual de Londrina DOI: https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2018v39n2p787 Available in: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=445760177029 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System Redalyc More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America and the Caribbean, Spain and Journal's webpage in redalyc.org Portugal Project academic non-profit, developed under the open access initiative DOI: 10.5433/1679-0359.2018v39n2p787 Superoxide dismutase and catalase activity in collared peccary (Pecari tajacu) seminal plasma and their relation to sperm quality Atividade da superóxido dismutase e catalase no plasma seminal de catetos (Pecari tajacu) e sua relação com a qualidade espermática Érika Aparecida Araújo dos Santos1; Patrícia da Cunha Sousa1; Andréia Maria da Silva2; Ariana Lopes Correia Paiva2; Arthur Emannuel de Araujo Lago3; Valéria Veras de Paula4; Alexsandra Fernandes Pereira4; Arlindo de Alencar Araripe Noronha Moura5; Alexandre Rodrigues Silva4* Abstract The study of the seminal plasma help us to understand the mechanisms by which reactive oxygen species (ROS) affect the sperm. The antioxidant enzymes, as the superoxide dismutase - SOD and catalase - CAT, are capable of removing the oxidative agents before they produce injuries.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 391. International Trade (Fauna and Flora) Act 1979
    Chapter 391. International Trade (Fauna and Flora) Act 1979. Certified on: / /20 . INDEPENDENT STATE OF PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Chapter 391. International Trade (Fauna and Flora) Act 1979. ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS. PART I – PRELIMINARY. 1A. Compliance with Constitutional requirements. 1. Interpretation. “animal” “approval means an approval to import a living exotic specimen in accordance with Section 13B;” “authorization” “certificate” “certificate of origin” “CITES-listed” “Convention” “controlled native specimen” “export” “export licence” “export permit” “exotic species and exotic specimen” “import” “import permit” “inspector” “introduction from the sea” “Management Authority” “native species” “primarily commercial purposes” “re-export” “re-export permit” “Schedule 1 species and Schedule 1 specimen” “Schedule 2 species and Schedule 2 specimen” “Schedule 3 species and Schedule 3 specimen” “Schedule 4 species and Schedule 4 specimen” “Schedule 5 species and Schedule 5 specimen” “Scientific Authority” “Secretariat” “species” “specimen” 2. Amendment of Schedules. 2A. Application. 2B. Act binds the state. 3. Saving of other laws. PART IA – REGULATION OF TRADE IN FAUNA AND FLORA. 3A. Management Authority. 3B. Scientific Authorities. 3C. Appointment of Inspectors. 3D. Issue of Authorizations. PART II – TRADE IN SCHEDULE 1 SPECIMENS. 4. Exportation. 5. Importation. 6. Re-exportation. 7. Introduction from the sea. PART III – TRADE IN SCHEDULE 2 SPECIMENS. 8. Exportation. 9. Importation. 10. Re-exportation. 11. Introduction from the sea. PART IV – TRADE IN SCHEDULE 3 SPECIMENS. 12. Exportation. 13. Importation. PART IVA – EXPORTATION OF CONTROLLED NATIVE SPECIMENS. 13A. Exportation. PART IVB – IMPORTATION OF LIVING EXOTIC SPECIMENS. 13B. Importation. PART IVC – ENFORCEMENT. 13C. Powers and Functions of Inspectors. 13D. Obstruction of Inspectors, etc. 13E. Offences of Import, Export etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Suiform Soundings
    Suiform Soundings Newsletter ofthe IUCN / SSC Wild Pig, Peccary and Hippo Specialist Groups Volume 15(2) January 2017 ISSN: 1446-991-X Suiform Soundings is the newsletter of the IUCN/SSC Wild Pig, Peccary, and Hippo Specialist Groups. This newsletter is electronically available at: https://sites.google.com/site/wildpigspecialistgroup/iucnssc­wild­pig­specialist­group/suiform­ soundings­2 Editor in Chief:Thiemo Braasch Managing Editor / Production Editor: Thiemo Braasch and Rafael Reyna Handling Editor Portuguese Section: Alessandra Nava Handling Editor Spanish Section: Rafael Reyna Handling Editor French Section: Jean­Pierre d’Huart Handling Editor Africa Section: Anne­Marie Stewart Handling Editor Asian Section: Matthew Linkie Editorial Advisor: Erik Meijaard Contact address: Thiemo Braasch E­mail: [email protected] Photo front page: Cloisonné image made from the 1597 illustration of the horned pig, the earliest Chinese depiction. It was designed by Jiang Yinghao and originally engraved by Li Wenxiao. The original engraving is figure 6A in the first article of this issue. This enamel ware image was commissioned from the Cloisonne factory, Beijing. Please email all contributions to future issues to Thiemo Braasch, email: [email protected]. Articles, photos and comments are welcome and appreciated. Please follow the guidelines for authors, which can be found on the website listed above. SuiformSoundings15(2) 2 Table of Contents EDITORIAL by Rafael Reyna-Hurtado 4 Early Chinese awareness of the 'horned' pig (genus Babyrousa) by Alastair A. Macdonald 5 Walter Kaudern's geographical distribution of Babirusa, 1920 by Alastair A Macdonald and Friederike Johansson 15 I Jornadas Regionales del Jabalí del Cono Sur de América by G.
    [Show full text]
  • Refuge Manager Date REVIEW and APPROVALS WHEELER
    REVIEW AND APPROVALS WHEELER NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE Decatur, Alabama ANNUAL NARRATIVE REPORT Calendar Year 1992 0 Refuge Manager Date Refuge Supervisor Date & 01-V -- ~// Approval ~-D t Vo INTRODUCTION Wheeler National Wildlife Refuge was established by Executive Order of President Franklin D . Roosevelt on July 7, 1938 . 9 Overlaid on the middle third of the Tennessee Valley Authority's Wheeler Reservoir, it was placed on land purchased by TVA as a bed for and buffer strip around the reservoir in 1934 and 1935 . The reservoir was impounded in 1936 . The Refuge is located in the Tennessee River Valley of Northern Alabama in Morgan, Limestone and Madison Counties . Its western end lies within the city limits of Decatur, population approximately 50,000, and its eastern end touches the city limits of Huntsville, population about 170,000 . Several cities, smaller towns and communities are nearby . Nashville is about 110 miles north, and Birmingham is 85 miles to the south . Its topography is flat to rolling . Temperature extremes range from 5 degrees below zero to 110 degrees, although winters are seldom below zero and summer temperatures rarely exceed 100 degrees . Humidity is normally 90% or above in summer . Rainfall is approximately 50 inches per year, and there is seldom extended accumulations of snow or ice cover . TVA, the agency that purchased the area, considers over 40,000 acres lie inside its perimeter, although the official acreage given is 34,170 omitting navigable water . It includes 19,000 acres of land and 15,000 acres of water . The land acreage consists of some 10,000 acres of Mississippi Valley type hardwoods, 3,000 acres of pine plantations, 5,000 acres of farmland with the remainder being open shelves, rocket test ranges, etc .
    [Show full text]
  • Hunting Trophies Guide D'identification CITES – Trophées De Chasse Guía De Identificación De CITES – Trofeos De Caza
    CITES Identification Guide – Hunting Trophies Guide d'identification CITES – Trophées de chasse Guía de identificación de CITES – Trofeos de caza Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO) CITES Identification Guide - Hunting Trophies Guide to the Identification of Game Mammals Controlled under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora Guide d'identification CITES - Trophées de chasse Guide d'identification des mammifères de chasse protégés par la Convention sur le commerce international des espèces de faune et de flore sauvages menacées d'extinction Guía de identificación de CITES - Trofeos de caza Guía de identificación de los mamiferos de caza protegidos por la Convención sobre el Comercio International de Especies Amenazadas de Fauna y Flora Silvestres An initiative of Environment Canada Une initiative d'Environnement Canada Una iniciativa del Ministerio del Medio Ambiente del Canadá Published by Authority of the Minister of Environment. © Minister of Supply and Services Canada, 2003. National Library of Canada cataloguing in publication data Main entry under title: CITES identification guide – hunting trophies : guide to the identification of game mammals controlled under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora = Guide d’identification CITES – trophées de chasse : guide d’identification des mammifères de chasse protégés par la Convention sur le commerce international des espèces de faune et de flore sauvages menacées d’extinction. = Guia de identificacion de CITES : trofeos de caza : guia de identificacion de los mamiferos de caza protegidos por la Convencion sobre el Comercio International de Especies Amenazadas de Fauna y Flora Silvestres Text in English, French and Spanish.
    [Show full text]
  • Reading the Entrails: an Alberta Ecohistory
    University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository University of Calgary Press University of Calgary Press Open Access Books 1999 Reading the entrails: an Alberta Ecohistory Conrad, Norman C. University of Calgary Press Conrad, N. C. "Reading the entrails: an Alberta Ecohistory". University of Calgary Press, Calgary, Alberta, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1880/49344 book http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives 3.0 Unported Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca University of Calgary Press www.uofcpress.com READING THE ENTRAILS: AN ALBERTA ECOHISTORY by Norman C. Conrad ISBN 978-1-55238-671-2 THIS BOOK IS AN OPEN ACCESS E-BOOK. It is an electronic version of a book that can be purchased in physical form through any bookseller or on-line retailer, or from our distributors. Please support this open access publication by requesting that your university purchase a print copy of this book, or by purchasing a copy yourself. If you have any questions, please contact us at [email protected] Cover Art: The artwork on the cover of this book is not open access and falls under traditional copyright provisions; it cannot be reproduced in any way without written permission of the artists and their agents. The cover can be displayed as a complete cover image for the purposes of publicizing this work, but the artwork cannot be extracted from the context of the cover of this specific work without breaching the artist’s copyright. COPYRIGHT NOTICE: This open-access work is published under a Creative Commons licence.
    [Show full text]