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The Spirit of Technology: a Pneumatological Analysis of the Discourse on Technique

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The Spirit of Technology: a Pneumatological Analysis of the Discourse on Technique The Spirit of Technology: A Pneumatological Analysis of the Discourse on Technique by Kevin Guenther A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo and Conrad Grebel University College in fulfilment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Master of Theological Studies Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2014 © Kevin Guenther 2014 AUTHOR'S DECLARATION I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. ii ABSTRACT THE SPIRIT OF TECHNOLOGY: A PNEUMATOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE DISCOURSE ON TECHNIQUE Kevin Guenther Trautwein University of Waterloo and Conrad Grebel University College, 2014 This thesis explores the use of spirit-language in technological discourse in order to show that the category of spirit is viable within technological discourse and that spirit- language can be a new way for theology to engage with technology. This thesis demonstrates the need for theological engagement with technology, in the first place, by surveying the existence of moral evaluations in current popular and academic discourse about technique and by citing examples of comparable engagement drawn from ethical discourse and from ancient mythologies. Since morality, ethics, and mythology traditionally belong to religion and theology, theological engagement with technology is warranted. Yet, the current state of theological engagement with technology is typically cautious. In this context, the recent introduction of spirit-language into technological discourse opens up a new and important way for theology to engage critically and constructively with technology. This thesis then surveys the use of spirit-language in technological discourse in order to create a context for theological engagement with technology. “Spirit” is conceptualized in various and inconsistent ways in technological discourse. The “spirits” assumed by technological discourse have religious, ethical, and social consequences. Analysis and evaluation of these implicit pneumatologies represent ways for theology to critically and constructively engage with technology. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The task of thinking and writing always depends on a network of people for encouragement and support, and the writing of this thesis has been no different. As I come to its conclusion, I am especially reminded of the significant people and events that have been instrumental in bringing it to completion. It was while researching a paper on the prophetic role of theology during my undergraduate program that I first encountered the writing of Jacques Ellul, through a little book entitled Anarchy and Christianity. It was only later that I discovered that Ellul was better known for his work on technology than for his political theology. Yet that little book was pivotal in my thinking about both theology and technology. The other important dimension of this thesis came to me during a graduate seminar on the Holy Spirit, led by Dr. Jeremy Bergen, my professor and, later, my adviser. It was during that seminar that I encountered both the ubiquity and the ambiguity of the concept of spirit and connected it to technology. Throughout the writing process, Jeremy has always offered kind encouragement and criticism when it was needed, and I owe him a debt of gratitude for the work he did to make sense of my unformed ideas and false starts. Of course, none of this would have been possible without the financial support I received throughout the writing process. I thank the Graduate Theological Studies department at Conrad Grebel University College for the Full-Time Tuition Award, as well as the trustees of the Jacob H. Janzen Memorial Bursary. I also thank the department of Religious Studies at the University of Waterloo, and especially Ed Janzen, for various iv opportunities to assist with course delivery. My family and friends have also been incredibly patient and supportive of me, and they have assisted me in more ways than I can count. I thank my parents, Kathy and Isaac, for providing me with the foundations to think critically about my world, and my sister, Linda, for challenging me to always strive for more clarity. I thank Carsten, Helen, Tom, Charity, Ryan, and Melinda, for patiently listening to some of these ideas, even when they were still at a nascent stage, and for providing feedback and inspiration. I also thank the members of the congregation of Waterloo-Kitchener United Mennonite Church for providing a spiritual family when I needed one. Finally, I must acknowledge and thank my wonderful partner. Sherri has listened to every draft of this thesis, and several that were never written. As a scholar, Sherri inspires me toward excellence, and her passion for the church is a constant anchoring point. She has experimented alongside me at integrating theory with life, she challenges me to remain realistic, and she fills my life with grace and beauty. Together, we share the joy of parenting Arthur, who is teaching us the meaning of spirit and life. v ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 1: METHODOLOGY 5 Theology as Grammar.....................................................................................................5 Defining “Technology” and “Technique”.......................................................................8 “Technology” and “Technique”..................................................................................9 Definitional Strategies..............................................................................................14 Differentiating “Technology” and “Technique”.......................................................20 A Note on Spirit/spirit...................................................................................................22 CHAPTER 2: WHAT HAS ATHENS TO DO WITH JERUSALEM? A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON TECHNOLOGY AND THEOLOGY 25 The Theological Significance of Technology...............................................................26 Evaluations of Technique in Popular Culture and Mass Media...............................28 The Moral Significance of Technique in Philosophy and Sociology.......................32 Ethical Concerns about Technique in Religion-Based Social Criticism..................35 The Limits of Technique in Greek Myth and Worldview.........................................38 Theological Participation in Technology......................................................................42 Describing the Environment.....................................................................................44 Imagining an Eschaton.............................................................................................48 CHAPTER 3: THE GHOSTS IN THE MACHINE: USES OF SPIRIT-LANGUAGE BY TECHNOLOGY 57 Spirit in Religion-and-Science......................................................................................59 Spirit in Ecological Discourse.......................................................................................63 Killing Spirit: Anthropocentricism...........................................................................63 Replacing Spirit: An Anthropology of “Stewardship”.............................................65 Saving Spirit: Soteriology........................................................................................66 Using Spirit: Ecological Pragmatism.......................................................................67 Resurrecting Spirit: Ecotheology and Panentheism.................................................68 Spirit in Social Criticism...............................................................................................69 Non-Religious Social Criticism................................................................................69 Religion-Based Social Criticism..............................................................................72 Spirit in Technology Proper..........................................................................................73 Spirit and the Telos of the Natural World.................................................................73 vi ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Spirit and the Being of Beings.................................................................................75 Spirit: Freedom and Life..........................................................................................77 CHAPTER 4: DISCERNING THE SPIRITS 81 The Spirit of Science.....................................................................................................84 The Spirit of Science: Materialist Pneumatology.....................................................84 The Spirit of Science: An Impersonal Spirit............................................................86 The Spirit of Science: Totalizing Empiricism..........................................................88 The Spirit of Science vis-à-vis Biblical Pneumatology............................................90
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