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Tropical Timber Products: Development of Further Processing in ITTO Producer Countries Geneva: ITC/ITTO, 2002

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Tropical Timber Products: Development of Further Processing in ITTO Producer Countries Geneva: ITC/ITTO, 2002 International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO International Tropical Timber Organization Tropical timber products Development of further processing in ITTO producer countries Geneva 2002 ii ABSTRACT FOR TRADE INFORMATION SERVICES 2002 SITC 24 TRO INTERNATIONAL TRADE CENTRE UNCTAD/WTO (ITC) INTERNATIONAL TROPICAL TIMBER ORGANIZATION (ITTO) Tropical timber products: Development of further processing in ITTO producer countries Geneva: ITC/ITTO, 2002. xxxii, 152 p. Joint ITC-ITTO report on tropical timber trade – provides theoretical framework for assessing national competitiveness in further processing industries; includes key statistic and market data, regional overviews on further processing of tropical timber in Asia-Pacific, Latin America-Caribbean, Africa – separate chapters discuss industry structure and location, employment and competitiveness, policy issues, future global demand and outlook for ITTO producers; examines market preferences in terms of wood species, technologies applied in producing countries, tariff and non-tariff barriers affecting trade, certification and labelling issues – sets forth recommendations for ITTO, member governments and trade and industry associations for future action – appendices cover methodology, statistical tables on exports and four country- or product-specific case studies. Subject descriptors: Tropical wood, Timber, Woodworking machinery, Furniture, Wooden joinery, Trade barriers, Certification, Africa, Asia, Caribbean, Latin America, Pacific Rim. English, French, Spanish (separate editions) ITC, Palais des Nations, 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland ITTO, 5th Floor, Pacifico-Yokohama, 1-1-1, Minato-Mirai, Nishi-ku, Yokohama, 220-0012 Japan The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO and the International Tropical Timber Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Cover images: leaf © PhotoDisc, Inc.; inset photos (from left to right) courtesy of Pierre M. Desclos, Malaysian Timber Council, Jyrki Salmi. © International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO and International Tropical Timber Organization 2002 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without prior permission in writing from the International Trade Centre and the International Tropical Timber Organization. ITC/P106.E/PMD/MDS/01-XI ISBN 92-9137-204-8 United Nations Sales No. E.02.III.T.1 Foreword Further processing – and hence value adding – is entrenched in the International Tropical Timber Agreement (ITTA). The objectives of this agreement include the promotion of ‘increased and further processing of tropical timber from sustainable sources in producing member countries with a view to promoting their industrialization and thereby increasing their employment opportunities and export earnings’. The term ‘further processing’, as defined in the ITTA, includes the transformation of logs into primary wood products such as sawnwood, veneer and plywood, and also processing for the manufacture of much higher added-value products such as joinery and furniture. Further processing can play an important role in forest conservation. With its capacity to earn export revenues and foster a skilled workbase it addresses poverty, probably the single biggest underlying cause of forest destruction. The many functions of tropical forests, such as biodiversity conservation and water supply, will be increasingly valued as the wealth of a nation increases – as we have seen in many countries with more developed economies. The ITTA thus prescribes further processing of domestic tropical timber resources as an approach to promote local employment, increase export earnings and foster sustainable development. Although almost all tropical timber producing countries have achieved considerable progress in expanding their capability to process tropical timber for export, so far most of this growth has taken place in the local processing of logs into export sawnwood, veneer and plywood. However, exports of unprocessed timber and primary processed timber products are becoming less important in international trade in general, and the present trend to shift trade to higher added-value secondary processed products will accelerate in the future. Among tropical developing countries, the most remarkable development of further processing capability has taken place in Indonesia and Malaysia, countries which are also leading exporters of primary tropical timber products. What lessons can be learned from the success stories? According to the wide-ranging report presented in these pages, the three elements for a successful export-oriented further processing industry are a strong presence in export markets, well-developed domestic markets, and a strong primary processing sector. It suggests that assistance from international organizations such as ITTO will be necessary to boost the sector in many countries, and it makes a number of specific recommendations. The International Trade Centre, and in particular its tropical timber specialist, Jukka Tissari, are pleased that they could contribute to this important study and hope it will serve as a useful reference for policy-makers and professionals in government, trade and industry as they work to grow the further processing industry in ITTO producer member countries. Meanwhile, the promotion of further processing in the tropical timber sector will remain a key element of ITTO’s work. Manoel Sobral Filho J. Denis Bélisle Executive Director Executive Director International Tropical Timber Organization International Trade Centre Acknowledgements The study on which this book is based was commissioned and funded by the International Tropical Timber Organization. This report has been prepared jointly by Jukka Tissari, ITC’s Market Development Officer, and the following consultants: Antoine Bassili, Pierre-Marie Desclos, Jegatheswaran Ratnasingam and Markku Simula, ITTO’s Senior Adviser assigned for the pre-project. Cynthia Zijlstra-Adriano of ITC extracted and processed statistical data from the COMTRADE (UNSD) database. At the ITTO Secretariat, the following contributed to the preparation of the project document and work plan, and commented on the draft report: Manoel Sobral Filho, Executive Director of ITTO, Emmanuel Ze Meka, Assistant Director (Forest Industry), Amha Bin Buang, Assistant Director (Economic Information and Market Intelligence), Michael Adams, Market Information Service Coordinator (Economic Information and Market Intelligence) and Ma Hwan Ok, Project Manager (Forest Industry). Geoffrey Loades was the editor of the report. Alison Southby carried out an editorial review and Carmelita Endaya prepared the copy for printing. Contents Foreword iii Acknowledgements v Note xiii Executive summary xiii CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1 Background 1 Objectives 1 Project activities 2 Data sources and limitations 4 Structure of the report 5 CHAPTER 2 Theoretical framework for assessing national competitiveness in further processing industries 7 Raw material and product flows 7 Competitive advantages of producers 8 Demand conditions 10 Related and supporting industries 10 Factor conditions 10 Company strategy, structure and rivalry 11 Clusters 11 Factors influencing manufacturing strategies in further processing 14 CHAPTER 3 Regional overviews on further processing in producing countries 16 Asia-Pacific region 16 Resource situation 16 Exports of further processed wood products 18 Export trends by individual products 21 Major markets 23 Imports of further processed wood products 27 Net trade 28 viii Price information 29 Industry structure and location 30 Labour issues 32 Competitiveness 34 Research and training 36 Policy issues 36 Latin America-Caribbean region 37 Resource situation 37 Exports of further processed wood products 38 Export trends by individual products 40 Major markets 42 Imports of further processed wood products 44 Net trade 44 Price information 45 Industry structure and location 46 Labour issues 48 Competitiveness 48 Research and training 50 Policy issues 51 Africa 52 Resource situation 52 Exports of further processed wood products 54 Export trends by individual products 57 Major markets 57 Imports of further processed wood products 59 Net trade 59 Price information 60 Industry structure 60 Labour issues 63 Competitiveness 64 Research and training 65 Policy issues 66 CHAPTER 4 Global demand outlook for further processed wood products 68 Global imports of further processed wood products 68 Outlook for ITTO producer countries 70 Market preferences on wood species 72 Fashion trends in terms of colour and grain 73 Most commonly supplied species 73 CHAPTER 5 Assessment of further processing technologies applied in producing countries 75 Introduction 75 Levels of sophistication of production facilities in developing countries 75 Assessment of wooden furniture and joinery 76 Category 1: Basic portable tools and universal woodworking machines 76 Category 2: Basic woodworking machines (bandsaw, planer, thicknesser, spindle moulder, boring machine etc.) for production in small batches 78 ix Category 3: Basic woodworking machines (bandsaw, planer, thicknesser, spindle moulder, boring machine etc.) for production
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