Forest Management Planning
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Primary Forests: Definition, Status and Future Prospects for Global Conservation
This article was originally published in the Encyclopedia of the Anthropocene published by Elsevier, and the attached copy is provided by Elsevier for the author's benefit and for the benefit of the author’s institution, for non-commercial research and educational use including without limitation use in instruction at your institution, sending it to specific colleagues who you know, and providing a copy to your institution’s administrator. All other uses, reproduction and distribution, including without limitation commercial reprints, selling or licensing copies or access, or posting on open internet sites, your personal or institution’s website or repository, are prohibited. For exceptions, permission may be sought for such use through Elsevier's permissions site at: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/permissionusematerial Kormos C.F., Mackey B., DellaSala D.A., Kumpe N., Jaeger T., Mittermeier R.A. and Filardi C. (2018) Primary Forests: Definition, Status and Future Prospects for Global Conservation. In: Dominick A. DellaSala, and Michael I. Goldstein (eds.) The Encyclopedia of the Anthropocene, vol. 2, p. 31-41. Oxford: Elsevier. © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Author's personal copy Primary Forests: Definition, Status and Future Prospects for Global Conservation CF Kormos, WILD Foundation, Boulder, CO, United States; Conservation International, Arlington, VA, United States B Mackey, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia DA DellaSala, Geos Institute, Ashland, Oregon, United States N Kumpe, Zoological Society of London, London, United Kingdom T Jaeger, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland RA Mittermeier and C Filardi, Conservation International, Arlington, VA, United States © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Photo: Cristina Mittermeier What Is a Primary Forest? Earth has lost about 35% of its preagricultural forest over centuries. -
FORESTRY SECTOR POLICY GOAL, OBJECTIVES and STRATEGIES
National Forest Policy, Timor-Leste, December 2005 SUPPORT for the FORMULATION of a NATIONAL FOREST POLICY STATEMENT – TIMOR LESTE FORESTRY SECTOR POLICY GOAL, OBJECTIVES and STRATEGIES Introduction The National Development Plan (2002) assigns the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (MAFF) as the Government agency having prime responsibility for forestry development. New law defined the Ministry’s mandate and structure in 2002. The National Directorate of Coffee and Forestry (NDCF) is one of three national directorates within the ministry and has broad responsibilities for community forestry, watershed management, forest protection, plantation forestry, protected natural areas development and other aspects of forestry development. The National Development Plan emphasises a sustainable approach to the development and management of the forest resources of the country. It recognizes that forests are important for their biological diversity and that forest conservation is a priority task in forest development planning. National development strategies recognise the limited ability of NDCF to support field programmes and it asserts that they will mainly focus on improving that capability and assist in providing the basic steps that will enable the NDCF to work towards achieving the national objective of sustainable forest management. The strategies also attempt to make a contribution to other relevant Government short-term objectives, such as rural poverty alleviation. The NDCF will make a major contribution towards combating deforestation and forest degradation by initiating, in close cooperation with other sections of MAFF, a series of integrated programmes that will closely involve rural communities. Emphasis will be placed on reducing the adverse effects of shifting cultivation and other pressures on forests and encouraging the participation of communities to protect forests and watersheds. -
Chapter 3 Quantifying Illegal Logging and Related Timber Trade
3 QUANTIFYING ILLEGAL LOGGING AND RELATED TIMBER TRADE 3 QUANTIFYING ILLEGAL LOGGING AND RELATED TIMBER TRADE Chapter 3 Quantifying Illegal Logging and Related Timber Trade Lead author: Jianbang Gan Contributing authors: Paolo Omar Cerutti, Mauro Masiero, Davide Pettenella, Nicola Andrighetto and Tim Dawson CONTENTS 3.1 Introduction 38 3.2 Species, Markets and Trade Patterns of Wood Products 38 3.2.1 Species Rarity, Value and Illegality 38 3.2.2 Domestic, Regional and Global Wood Products Markets and Supply Chains 38 3.2.3 Global Trade Patterns of Wood Products 40 3.2.4 Major Producers and Importers of Tropical Timber 41 3.2.5 Financial Flows Associated with Illegal Logging and Related Timber Trade 42 3.3 Existing Estimates on Illegal Logging and Related Timber Trade 43 3.3.1 Estimation Methods 43 3.3.2 Existing Estimates and their Comparisons 43 3.4 Following the Trade Data 46 3.4.1 Recent Trends in International Trade Flows of Illegal Wood Products 46 3.4.2 New Developments in Illegal Logging and Related Timber Trade 51 3.5 Conclusions 52 References 54 Appendices 56 Appendix 3.1 Methods for Estimating Illegal Logging and Related Timber Trade 56 Appendix 3.2 Country Codes Used in Figure 3.4 58 37 3 QUANTIFYING ILLEGAL LOGGING AND RELATED TIMBER TRADE 3.1. Introduction This phenomenon coupled with illegal activities can create a vicious cycle among value, rarity (scarcity) and Understanding the magnitude of illegal logging and re- illegality (see Figure 3.1). Many rare and endangered tree lated timber trade as well as illegal trade flows is criti- species have higher economic values than others because cal to addressing the problem. -
Fifth World Forestry Congress
Proceedings of the Fifth World Forestry Congress VOLUME 1 RE University of Washington, Seattle, Washington United States of America August 29September 10, 1960 The President of the United States of America DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER Patron Fifth World Forestry Congress III Contents VOLUME 1 Page Chapter1.Summary and Recommendations of the Congress 1 Chapter 2.Planning for the Congress 8 Chapter3.Local Arrangements for the Congress 11 Chapter 4.The Congress and its Program 15 Chapter 5.Opening Ceremonies 19 Chapter6. Plenary Sessions 27 Chapter 7.Special Congress Events 35 Chapitre 1.Sommaire et recommandations du Congrès 40 Chapitre 2.Preparation des plans en vue du Congrès 48 Chapitre 3.Arrangements locaux en vue du Congrès 50 Chapitre 4.Le Congrès et son programme 51 Chapitre 5.Cérémonies d'ouverture 52 Chapitre 6.Seances plénières 59 Chapitre 7.Activités spéciales du Congrès 67 CapItullo1. Sumario y Recomendaciones del Congreso 70 CapItulo 2.Planes para el Congreso 78 CapItulo 3.Actividades Locales del Congreso 80 CapItulo 4.El Congreso y su Programa 81 CapItulo 5.Ceremonia de Apertura 81 CapItulo 6.Sesiones Plenarias 88 CapItulo 7.Actos Especiales del Congreso 96 Chapter8. Congress Tours 99 Chapter9.Appendices 118 Appendix A.Committee Memberships 118 Appendix B.Rules of Procedure 124 Appendix C.Congress Secretariat 127 Appendix D.Machinery Exhibitors Directory 128 Appendix E.List of Financial Contributors 130 Appendix F.List of Participants 131 First General Session 141 Multiple Use of Forest Lands Utilisation multiple des superficies boisées Aprovechamiento Multiple de Terrenos Forestales Second General Session 171 Multiple Use of Forest Lands Utilisation multiple des superficies boisées Aprovechamiento Multiple de Terrenos Forestales Iv Contents Page Third General Session 189 Progress in World Forestry Progrés accomplis dans le monde en sylviculture Adelantos en la Silvicultura Mundial Section I.Silviculture and Management 241 Sessions A and B. -
Tropical Timber: a Guide to Responsible Sourcing and Financing
TROPICAL TIMBER: A GUIDE TO RESPONSIBLE SOURCING AND FINANCING 1 1 | WHY IS PRESERVING FORESTS SO IMPORTANT? 4 | WHAT ARE THE ESG RISKS POSED BY UNSUSTAINABLE | TIMBER AND PULP PRODUCTION? 8 | MINIMISING RISK: A ROLE FOR VOLUNTARY | SUSTAINABILITY AND LEGALITY CERTIFICATION? 12 | KEY QUESTIONS THAT FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS | AND BUYERS SHOULD BE ASKING 14 | IDENTIFYING RISKS AND OPPORTUNITIES 18 | CALL TO ACTION WHY IS PRESERVING FORESTS SO IMPORTANT? Tropical forests are estimated to house eighty percent of terrestrial biodiversity on earth,1 they regulate global rainfall, and provide a home, livelihoods and cultural functions to over 70 million Indigenous and forest-dependent peoples.2 They also store vast quantities of carbon, One of the most significant has been “locking in” a key greenhouse gas in the rapid expansion of agri-commodities vegetation and nutrient-rich forest soils. including oil palm in Southeast Asia5 and It is estimated that around 250 billion tonnes cattle ranching and soybean production in of carbon are stored in tropical forest above- South America.6 The degradation of tropical ground biomass alone, equating to roughly forests has received far less public attention 90 years of global fossil fuel emissions at than deforestation, despite also having today’s levels.3 However, growing recognition significant negative impacts on ecosystem of the importance of tropical forests comes function and biodiversity.7 The key driver at a time when forests are increasingly under of degradation is unsustainable logging threat from unsustainable production of practices, but degradation can also be forest-risk commodities including palm oil, caused by natural occurrences such as fire, beef, soy, timber and natural rubber. -
Old-Growth Forests
Pacific Northwest Research Station NEW FINDINGS ABOUT OLD-GROWTH FORESTS I N S U M M A R Y ot all forests with old trees are scientifically defined for many centuries. Today’s old-growth forests developed as old growth. Among those that are, the variations along multiple pathways with many low-severity and some Nare so striking that multiple definitions of old-growth high-severity disturbances along the way. And, scientists forests are needed, even when the discussion is restricted to are learning, the journey matters—old-growth ecosystems Pacific coast old-growth forests from southwestern Oregon contribute to ecological diversity through every stage of to southwestern British Columbia. forest development. Heterogeneity in the pathways to old- growth forests accounts for many of the differences among Scientists understand the basic structural features of old- old-growth forests. growth forests and have learned much about habitat use of forests by spotted owls and other species. Less known, Complexity does not mean chaos or a lack of pattern. Sci- however, are the character and development of the live and entists from the Pacific Northwest (PNW) Research Station, dead trees and other plants. We are learning much about along with scientists and students from universities, see the structural complexity of these forests and how it leads to some common elements and themes in the many pathways. ecological complexity—which makes possible their famous The new findings suggest we may need to change our strat- biodiversity. For example, we are gaining new insights into egies for conserving and restoring old-growth ecosystems. canopy complexity in old-growth forests. -
Reflections from the XIV World Forestry Congress
Infosheet October, 2015 Tropenbos International Reflections from the XIV World Forestry Congress Held only every six years, this largest gathering of forestry expertise is looked upon from around the world to see what has changed, is changing, should change… The website proudly stated that “The XIV World Forestry Congress (WFC) aims to build a new vision – a new way of thinking and acting – for the future of forests and forestry in sustainable development at all levels.” However, the vision in the final congress declaration contained no really new perspectives, but rather it reconfirmed the evolving thinking on the role of forests and forestry. “Forests are more than trees”, integrated approaches and engaging/connecting with other sectors and actors are the way forward, and forests are an essential solution to climate change and in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. The congress was well organized nonetheless, and offered a large platform, also for people who matter but who are not usually seen in the international arena, to also share their experiences so that others from similar contexts could learn from the successes and improve on their own situations. The crucial role of the youth in sustainable forest management was emphasized, and the congress gave younger people the opportunity to learn. The representation of farm forest producer organizations and the great advances made by community forestry, particularly in the Far East Asian countries and also in South Africa was impressive, and the need to facilitate the formation of an association of tree farmers and their linkage to international tree farmers’ associations became more apparent. -
Accelerating the Development of Old-Growth Characteristics in Second-Growth Northern Hardwoods
United States Department of Agriculture Accelerating the Development of Old-growth Characteristics in Second-growth Northern Hardwoods Karin S. Fassnacht, Dustin R. Bronson, Brian J. Palik, Anthony W. D’Amato, Craig G. Lorimer, Karl J. Martin Forest Northern General Technical Service Research Station Report NRS-144 February 2015 Abstract Active management techniques that emulate natural forest disturbance and stand development processes have the potential to enhance species diversity, structural complexity, and spatial heterogeneity in managed forests, helping to meet goals related to biodiversity, ecosystem health, and forest resilience in the face of uncertain future conditions. There are a number of steps to complete before, during, and after deciding to use active management for this purpose. These steps include specifying objectives and identifying initial targets, recognizing and addressing contemporary stressors that may hinder the ability to meet those objectives and targets, conducting a pretreatment evaluation, developing and implementing treatments, and evaluating treatments for success of implementation and for effectiveness after application. In this report we discuss these steps as they may be applied to second-growth northern hardwood forests in the northern Lake States region, using our experience with the ongoing managed old-growth silvicultural study (MOSS) as an example. We provide additional examples from other applicable studies across the region. Quality Assurance This publication conforms to the Northern Research Station’s Quality Assurance Implementation Plan which requires technical and policy review for all scientific publications produced or funded by the Station. The process included a blind technical review by at least two reviewers, who were selected by the Assistant Director for Research and unknown to the author. -
Does Forest Certification Conserve Biodiversity?
Oryx Vol 37 No 2 April 2003 Does forest certification conserve biodiversity? R. E. Gullison Abstract Forest certification provides a means by convincing forest owners to retain forest cover and pro- which producers who meet stringent sustainable forestry duce certified timber on a sustainable basis, rather than standards can identify their products in the marketplace, deforesting their lands for timber and agriculture. 3) At allowing them to potentially receive greater market access present, current volumes of certified forest products are and higher prices for their products. An examination insuBcient to reduce demand to log high conservation of the ways in which certification may contribute to value forests. If FSC certification is to make greater inroads, biodiversity conservation leads to the following con- particularly in tropical countries, significant investments clusions: 1) the process of Forest Stewardship Council will be needed both to increase the benefits and reduce (FSC)-certification generates improvements to manage- the costs of certification. Conservation investors will ment with respect to the value of managed forests for need to carefully consider the biodiversity benefits that biodiversity. 2) Current incentives are not suBcient to will be generated from such investments, versus the attract the majority of producers to seek certification, benefits generated from investing in more traditional particularly in tropical countries where the costs of approaches to biodiversity conservation. improving management to meet FSC guidelines -
Ramping up Reforestation in the United States: a Guide for Policymakers March 2021 Cover Photo: CDC Photography / American Forests
Ramping up Reforestation in the United States: A Guide for Policymakers March 2021 Cover photo: CDC Photography / American Forests Executive Summary Ramping Up Reforestation in the United States: A Guide for Policymakers is designed to support the development of reforestation policies and programs. The guide highlights key findings on the state of America’s tree nursery infrastructure and provides a range of strategies for encouraging and enabling nurseries to scale up seedling production. The guide builds on a nationwide reforestation assessment (Fargione et al., 2021) and follow-on assessments (Ramping Up Reforestation in the United States: Regional Summaries companion guide) of seven regions in the contiguous United States (Figure 1). Nursery professionals throughout the country informed our key findings and strategies through a set of structured interviews and a survey. Across the contiguous U.S., there are over 133 million acres of reforestation opportunity on lands that have historically been forested (Cook-Patton et al., 2020). This massive reforestation opportunity equals around 68 billion trees. The majority of opportunities occur on pastureland, including those with poor soils in the Eastern U.S. Additionally, substantial reforestation opportunities in the Western U.S. are driven by large, severe wildfires. Growing awareness of this potential has led governments and organizations to ramp up reforestation to meet ambitious climate and biodiversity goals. Yet, there are many questions about the ability of nurseries to meet the resulting increase in demand for tree seedlings. These include a lack of seed, workforce constraints, and insufficient nursery infrastructure. To meet half of the total reforestation opportunity by 2040 (i.e., 66 million acres) would require America’s nurseries to produce an additional 1.8 billion seedlings each year. -
A Guide to Lesser Known Tropical Timber Species July 2013 Annual Repo Rt 2012 1 Wwf/Gftn Guide to Lesser Known Tropical Timber Species
A GUIDE TO LESSER KNOWN TROPICAL TIMBER SPECIES JULY 2013 ANNUAL REPO RT 2012 1 WWF/GFTN GUIDE TO LESSER KNOWN TROPICAL TIMBER SPECIES BACKGROUND: BACKGROUND: The heavy exploitation of a few commercially valuable timber species such as Harvesting and sourcing a wider portfolio of species, including LKTS would help Mahogany (Swietenia spp.), Afrormosia (Pericopsis elata), Ramin (Gonostylus relieve pressure on the traditionally harvested and heavily exploited species. spp.), Meranti (Shorea spp.) and Rosewood (Dalbergia spp.), due in major part The use of LKTS, in combination with both FSC certification, and access to high to the insatiable demand from consumer markets, has meant that many species value export markets, could help make sustainable forest management a more are now threatened with extinction. This has led to many of the tropical forests viable alternative in many of WWF’s priority places. being plundered for these highly prized species. Even in forests where there are good levels of forest management, there is a risk of a shift in species composition Markets are hard to change, as buyers from consumer countries often aren’t in natural forest stands. This over-exploitation can also dissuade many forest willing to switch from purchasing the traditional species which they know do managers from obtaining Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification for the job for the products that they are used in, and for which there is already their concessions, as many of these high value species are rarely available in a healthy market. To enable the market for LKTS, there is an urgent need to sufficient quantity to cover all of the associated costs of certification. -
Logging Slash and Forest Protection
Research Bulletin 109 Logging Slash and Forest Protection RAPHAEL ZON and RUSSELL N. CUNNINGHAM Lake States Forest Experiment Station Agricultural Experiment Station of the Uni'ilersit)? of Wisconsin, Madison, co-operating ~ith the Lake States Forest Experiment Station, the Wisconsin Conser'i'ation Commission, and the Northern Hemlock and Hard~ood Manufacturers Association I CONTENTS Introduction . 1 Extent of Slash in Northern Wisconsin . .......................• 3 Definition of "Slash" . 3 Area and Age of Slashings . 3 Kinds of Slash . ff Probable Area of Future Slashings . ff Slash as a Fire Hazard . .. 9 Present Character of Slash . 9 Amount of Slash Left After Loggin!~ . • 9 Inflammability of Slash ........... ........................ 11 <Suppression of Slash Fires ........ .. ........................ 14 Damage Done by Slash Fires .... ........................ 15 Slash and Frequency of Forest Fires ........................ 15 Life of Slash as an Extra Forest Fire Hazard ......... ..... 16 Method of Logging and Slash Accumulation ..................... 20 Fire Hazard Reduced Under Selectiv·e Logging .............. 20 How May Slash Hazard Be Reduced .... ........................ 24 Close Utilization and Selective Logg:ing . .. .......... .. ..... 24 Slash Disposal ................... ...... ................. 25 Broadcast Burning ............... .. ........ ............ .. 25 Piling and Burning ..... ......... .. ........................ 26 Progressive or Swamper Burning . ...... .. .................. 28 Lopping and Scattering .•.........