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This is the published version of a paper presented at The 7th Swedish Production Symposium SPS, 25-27 October, 2016, Lund, Sweden.

Citation for the original published paper:

Landscheidt, S., Kans, M. (2016) Automation Practices in Wood Product Industries: Lessons learned, current Practices and Future Perspectives. In: The 7th Swedish Production Symposium SPS, 25-27 October, 2016, Lund, Sweden Lund, Sweden: Lund University

N.B. When citing this work, cite the original published paper.

Permanent link to this version: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-58199 Automation Practices in Wood Product Industries: Lessons learned, current Practices and Future Perspectives

Steffen Andreas Landscheidt 1, Mirka Kans 2 1Linnaeus University , Department of and Wood Technology , Växjö, Sweden 2Linnaeus University , Department of Mechanical , Växjö, Sweden Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Wood product industries are a cornerstone of the Swedish and contribute vastly to the total Swedish export value. Wood as material itself has a promising perspective of becoming one of the most valuable resources. Sweden in particular has a long tradition and the knowledge of how to cultivate forests. In comparison to the highly automated forest industries, production systems of Swedish wood products industries are mostly characterized by a low degree of automation, tough manual labour and a relative low competency of the workforce. Facing fiercer competition on a global market, Swedish wood product industries are starting to lose touch with wood working industries in other industrialized European countries. Based upon established literature, this paper systematizes the status of automation practices in wood processing industries. The outcome of this study also outlines the expected effects and the future perspectives of digitalization and robotic automation for wood processing industries in high- cost environments. The study concludes that the typical production systems of wood product industries are not ready to implement the necessary standards to enter Industry 4.0. Not only are the technical prerequisites not fulfilled, but also a lack of appropriate production organization, logistics and economic basis is affecting negatively.

Keywords: Automation, Industry 4.0, , production system, wood processing, wood product industry

Sandberg, et al. [2] distinguish between the forest industry, 1. Introduction consisting of forestry, energy, pulp and paper, as well as Swedish forest and wood processing industries are one of the sawmills, and the wood products industry. This sector successful pillars of the Swedish industry, creating over consists, among others, of the following branches: furniture, 10.3% of the total value added by the industry industrial housing, joinery, cabinetry and packaging. in Sweden in 2012 [1]. In 2013, nearly 30 000 people were According to Sandberg, et al. [2] the added value of furniture directly employed at companies processing forest products or and joinery products in relation to sawn timber is 20-30 times producing wood products. In addition, Sweden has about higher and therefore it is very important to have a strong 18% of the market share worldwide in sawn timber industry in this sector. production and timber products export [2]. This can be Whereas the forest industry, especially the timber and pulp considered quite strong because of the small area available and paper industry, is highly automated and know-how for forest usage in comparison to e.g. the USA, Canada or intensive [1, 5], wood product industries lack behind in usage Russia. During the last couple of years, sawn timber and of machinery and automation equipment [6]. Wood product wood products account for around 10-12 % of the total industries are often characterized by a low degree of Swedish exports [2]. On first sight, this does not seem much. automation and tough (heavy and noisy) manual labour. However, taking into account the added value and a very Because of the combination of hard manual work and small import volume of those forest products, the net export Relatively low usage of machinery, the risk for accidents, value of forest products is about 50 to 75% of the total injuries or work related injuries is significantly higher than in Swedish exports. Some experts even claim that it was the other industries [7]. Moreover, Swedish wood product Swedish forest based industry which saved the economic industries have high manufacturing costs [8] and lack behind growth in Sweden during the financial crisis in 2008-09 [3]. in productivity [2]. But not only low productivity and high Despite climate change, progressing industrialization and labour costs are considered to be problems for wood products deforestation of around 125 million cubic meters per year, industries in Sweden. A report from Träregion Småland [9] Swedish forests were growing with around 50% in 2014 [1]. reveals that forest and wood product companies will suffer Because of their great possibilities of adding value to the from lack of competency in the next couple of years. export market, their access to a valuable, renewable resource Recruitment of skilled workforce will be especially hard in and supporting sustainable development, timber and wood production because less young people attend relevant processing industries are playing a major role in Sweden´s on the high school level and are less attracted to (industrial) future. [4] that line of work [9]. An often chosen and approved strategy for facing high cost environments and low productivity is to raise the degree of

1 automation by the implementation of automated equipment in accordance with the four stages of industrial revolution manufacturing processes [10]. Swedish companies, and this is according to Industry 4.0, beginning with the first industrial especially valid for wood products companies, are not able to revolution to the now advancing fourth revolution. A baseline compete with cheap labour costs, but with fast and flexible is constituted in order to establish a timeline of production production processes accomplished by innovative automation practices, machinery and other equipment throughout the and production systems. Implementation of automation industrial stages. Wood product industries are traditionally equipment will raise the products quality and make slow in development and adaption to new machinery, flexible manufacturing processes more efficient. This is more automation and computerization. Therefore, the developed important than ever before when considering the timeline is compared to the industrial development of other transformation many other industries, such as automotive or industries. chemical process industry, are undergoing as a result of Industry 4.0[11]. 3. Methodology Kromann, et al. [12] address the usage of industrial robots This study has applied two different approaches. An and the productivity change caused by automation. This is unsystemized search method was used for the historical done by comparing the degree of automation and productivity overview covering the first and second industrial revolutions. rate of several industrialized countries and different industry A systemized approach was used for the third and fourth sectors. Their findings conclude that Sweden in comparison revolutions. The chosen approach is not a literature review in to the highest automated country in the wood and furniture its classical meaning [13] and limited in its content. It is industry, Denmark, lacks behind. By implementing the same merely a methodology specifically designed to solve the degree of automation as Denmark has, Swedish wood and given objective. furniture industries could increase its productivity rate with For the historical overview of the wood technology over 17%. industry a broad search in library databases and the Internet 2. Purpose was conducted using the key words such as “” and “wood product industry” combined with “history”. The purpose of this paper is to systematize the history and For the overview of the third industrial revolution and the status of automation practices in wood product industries current status of automation practices in wood product based upon established literature, research initiatives and industries, a literature review of relevant scientific literature reports of fairs. as well as European research programs focusing on forest and The objective is to introduce to the reader the current status wood products is conducted. of automation and manufacturing practices in wood product industries. It describes the industrial development in

Table 1: Results of the literature search Journal Keyword # of relevant # of selected References articles articles Automation 9 3 [38, 39, 45] European Journal of CNC 11 11 [40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, Wood and Wood Products 47, 49, 51, 52, 57] (previous title: Holz als Flexible manufacturing 6 5 [49, 50, 52, 53, 56] Roh- und Werkstoff) Robot 2 1 [55] Automation 0 0 - Wood Science and CNC 0 0 - Technology Flexible manufacturing 0 0 - Robot 0 0 - Automation 3 0 - Wood Material Science CNC 1 0 - and Engineering Flexible manufacturing 2 0 - Robot 0 0 - International Wood Automation 1 0 - Products Journal (previous CNC 1 0 - title: Journal of the Flexible manufacturing 0 0 - Institute of Wood Science) Robot 0 0 - Automation 0 0 - Journal of Japan Wood CNC 0 0 - Research Society Flexible manufacturing 0 0 - Robot 0 0 - Automation 0 0 - CNC 0 0 - holztechnologie Flexible manufacturing 1 0 - Robot 3 1 [60]

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The literature search is limited to six scientific journals in the field of wood science and technology. They have been selected according to Teischinger [14] who states the journals being active or related to wood science and technology research. Key words used were “automation”, “computerized numerical control” (CNC), “flexible manufacturing” and “robot”, thus reflecting aspects of industrial automation. The results of the literature search are found in table 1. A total of Fig. 1 Industrial revolutions 525 articles were found of which 40 (34 unique) were 4.2. Industry 4.0 deemed as relevant when reviewing keywords, title and abstract. Finally, 21 (19 unique) were selected for this paper Industry 4.0 describes a future industry as result of the fourth after thorough reading. industrial revolution. Connected , smart products In addition to the scientific database search a search for the and systems, and Internet-based solutions are the main latest machinery and technology for wood product industry characteristics that create intelligent production units has been conducted. This is been done by reviewing the consisting of integrated computer based or digital periodicals of the biggest fair for the wood working sector, components that monitor and control the physical devices the Ligna [15]. The periodicals or summaries of the Ligna [20]. These self-organised CPS communicate through an appear, since the founding of the Ligna in 1975, every second internet-based network forming the "Internet of Things" (IoT) year. [21]. The technological advances allow flexibility and automation in production and support new manufacturing 4. The development of industrial automation philosophies such as lean production. Smart products, i.e. 4.1. Industrial revolutions products equipped with memory capability, keep track of required resources and orchestrate the production process When referring to the fourth industrial revolution, it has first [22]. The automation will not lead to less human interaction to be set into context with the three industrial revolutions or worker-less production facilities, but the competence prior to the one currently occurring. Those three revolutions requirements will change [22, 23]. In general, the skills have during the last 250 years to a great extent changed requirements will increase and become more specialised in society, economy and industry as well as status of industry as the future. Flexibility in production requires flexibility and it is known to us today [16]. A common understanding is that adaptability also in the support processes such as the first industrial revolution starts around 1750 with the maintenance and logistics [24]. Smart products can therefore introduction of mechanical production powered by water and also predict their own need for maintenance [25]. steam. The first mechanical loom in 1784 allowed continuous and steady production changing the way goods were 4.3. Industry 4.0 in Sweden manufactured. In Sweden, the fourth industrial revolution took form in a The second industrial revolution is dated at the beginning coordinated manner between the government, the industry th of the 20 century. With the first assembly line in 1870 the and academia with the launching of a couple of initiatives time of powered by electricity began. founded by Sweden´s agency VINNOVA, the Electricity allowed companies to choose their plant location Swedish Research Council Formas and the Swedish Energy independently from a water source prior necessary for power Agency. The strategic innovation programme for the IoT [26] production of machines and conveyor belts. focuses on how Sweden can be leading in digitalisation and The third revolution starting in 1970 refers to the digital how to utilize technology management. Process Industrial IT automation of production by means of electronics, and Automation [27] concentrates on process industries while information technology (IT) and industrial robots. Already in the Produktion2030 [28] has a broader production approach. 1969, the first industrial robot was installed in Sweden [17]. The agenda Produktion2030 focuses on six main fields of The further development and integration of those systems led manufacturing, so called areas of strength; environmentally to computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) systems, now sustainable and resource-efficient production, flexible often referred to as so called cyber-physical systems (CPS), production, virtual production development and simulation, which mark the start of the fourth industrial revolution. humans in the production system, product- and production The term “Industrie 4.0”, commonly known as Industry based services and integrated product- and production 4.0, was coined in 2011 on the Hannover Fair in Germany development. [18]. However, rather than looking with a historical view on A study conducted by PwC in 2015 [29], interviewing 64 Industry 4.0, academia and industry predict with certain Swedish industrial companies, revealed that around 60 % of anticipation the changes which should happen in the next the participants think that Industry 4.0 will play the most couple of years. Figure 1 depicts with the yellow arrow a important role in staying competitive on the global market. In common progress of industrial development as it understood 2020, already more than 90% of the participants believe that for e.g. automotive, process industries (chemical, paper and digitalisation is the most crucial factor for staying viable on a pulp) or electronics [19] (in the following referred to as global market. Over 50% of the participants describe that general industries). As most driving forces for Industry 4.0, their horizontal and vertical supply chains are digitalized to a automation technology is spearheading in this revolution, high or very high degree. However, in five years’ time, the followed by IT systems and engineering [11]. participants are convinced that the degree of digitalisation has risen to nearly 90% in order to guarantee a successful

3 implementation of CPS. In comparison to Germany, Swedish production was characterised by a high level of craftsmanship company leaders are persuaded that they lack behind in and small businesses [36]. education of their employees in regards to data management Post World War II (WWII) the need for wood products and new production systems [29]. such as furniture was huge in large parts of the world. In 1946, the Swedish government appointed a commission for 5. Development of automation in wood product exploring the possibilities to rationalise production and industries distribution in the furniture industry, ensuring the needs of Wood as material has been processed for creating housing, quality furniture to lowest possible price [34]. The impact furniture and everyday objects for thousands of years. Before was not big in the Swedish furniture industry at that point in the industrial revolutions the processing was a matter of time as the companies had the advantage in non-damaged craftsmanship. This section outlines the development of the machinery after the WWII. During the 50s and 60s further wood product industry in Sweden and globally. concentration and rationalisation was seen in the furniture industry, but the production was not developing in the same 5.1. The first and second revolution pace as other industries and was characterised by low level of product specialisation and technology utilisation. The Until the mid-nineteenth century in Sweden, wood was situation was not unique for Sweden; reluctance to mechanize mainly consumed in the industry. The industrial the furniture industry is also seen in Britain and America revolution and the urbanisation that occurred in Sweden in during the early twentieth century [37]. This in spite of the late nineteenth century resulted in increasing demand on increased market demands for furniture. One reason was the processed wood products in form of building material and problem of creating individualised products while applying furniture but also other types of wood products. At the same economies of scale; there were no suitable machine-based time, the Swedish export of boards, battens, and similar substitutes for e.g. manual marquetry work. IKEA went products increased. The peak for the sawmill industry was against the tide, proving that furniture could be produced between 1850 and 1900 [30]. The water driven sawmills with high quality at a low cost [34]. As IKEA grew stronger decreased during the period in favour for steam driven mills. they largely affected the furniture industry. The steam allowed for production all year long and for mobile sawmills located close to the raw material. 5.2. The third revolution Moreover, during the late nineteenth century the circular saw was introduced, leading to increased productivity [31]. The Already at the beginning of the third revolution in the 1970s, Swedish joinery and furniture production underwent several several authors state the importance of automation and changes during the same period. In 1846 the guilds were discuss the impact the introduction of electronic controlled dissolved, leading to increased industrial manufacturing and machines could have on the furniture industry [38-40]. One economies of scale. The craftsmanship was replaced with of the focus points is about the combination of economic and manufactured products of lower quality [32]. One example of technical aspects of the machinery [38]. In addition, the machinery introduced in the furniture production during the problem with finding competent personal is mentioned. early nineteenth century is the carving machine based on the Furniture companies needed to hire specialists who were able Irving/Pratt method (a steam-powered cutting passing to handle the hydraulic and pneumatic systems of the new over the surface of a cast-iron template) [33]. The automation machines. New machinery at this time consisted mostly of in the furniture industry was driven by the increased demand automatic charging equipment for bonding and cutting as of furniture products due to urbanisation. The joinery well as grinding machines [39]. In addition, the same was industry mainly automatized cutting processes such as sawing, relevant for milling and drilling machines [40]. planning and milling [34]. Similar development is seen for In the beginning of the 1980´s, new CNC machines with other wood processing industries as well, such as the electronic controllers were introduced in the wood products American cooper industry. In 1837 the first machine was industries [41-43]. Different CNC controlled machines, introduced for cutting and dressing staves (the toughest especially milling machines promised a much higher degree manual operations) and over the next 30 years the manual of automation than before [42]. Renner and Beil [43] state work was replaced with machinery [35]. that there was a clear trend emerging to switch from manual Swedish sawmills were electrified in the late nineteenth machine to numerical controlled (NC) or even CNC- century. Electricity was used for extending the working hours systems. In addition, a huge improvement of quality, easier by providing light in the production and for powering cranes machine handling and the possibility to manufacture and other lifting equipment for logistics purposes. complicated workpieces much faster was observed [42]. Electrification of the production was made gradually, mainly Laika [44] mentions as well the importance of providing in conjunction with new construction and extension of the precise NC-programs in order to be able to produce at low(er) power grid [31]. The sawmill industry was fully electrified in costs. The development in the 1980s is supported by the the 1930s. Other technical during the period machinery presented at the Ligna fairs [45-47]. Not only is included continuous feeding of and automatic input of raw the machine industry offering a large variety of different material. This resulted in a more automated and streamlined milling and drilling machines, conveyor belts and laser production process, reduced production costs and higher measuring systems, but also the first software tools were capacity, up to three times compared with the turn of the presented. The integration of production processes is put century. The Swedish furniture industry was concentrated to more into focus [47]. However, it is already described a trend geographical areas rich of raw material and good to use more of the old equipment instead of investing into transportation facilities, mainly in Southern Sweden. The new one [46]. In addition, the first industrial robots were

4 presented [48]. They were exclusively used for finishing manufacturing, and new business models and service operations. concepts. At the beginning of the 1990s, NC-machines had widely Teischinger [14] observed a series of current and future been replaced by CNC-machines because of their production wood technology issues addressed by the European advantage due to higher productivity, higher precision and Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) actions, quality, flexibility and better worker safety [49]. Shortly spanning from wood properties for industrial use to thereafter, [50, 51], CIM, computer-aided design (CAD) and management of recovered wood. COST actions in the wood computer-aided-manufacturing (CAM) [52] software and technology area are numerous, but the main focus is on wood solutions such as AcadHOB were used in the wood product properties and other wood material issues while actions industry. CIM, CAD and CAM systems vastly improved the regarding and automation are few in flexibility of the machines and productivity. However, number. The same trend is seen in the wood related roadmaps investment costs for such machinery [53] and the lack of and platforms. The Roadmap 2010 launched by CEI-Bois skilled workforce, i.e. workforce educated in the software (the European Confederation of woodworking industries) usage of the new machinery and not only in wood working identified four main future working areas: building with [50], diminished the successful widespread implementation wood; living with wood; wood used in packaging and of the equipment. Machine companies offered larger and transport; wood in sustainable development [59]. more integrated machines with the capability to handle Interestingly, none of the areas address automation or several different manufacturing steps and processes with one manufacturing innovation. single machine [54]. New machinery for edge bending, New manufacturing methods as developed by Krieg, et al. veneer splicing and sanding became available. [60] show that completely new designs and shapes in housing Laika [55] mentioned already in 1990 the advantages of construction can be manufactured with robotic production industrial robots for replacing monotonous and tough tasks systems. Although, such housing types are mainly prototypes. even in wood product industries, e.g. painting of chairs, With a focus on new architectonic structures they indicate sorting of panels and machine tending. Even so the first possibilities for future fabrication. robots where not exhibited on the Ligna before 2001. The At the Ligna in 2015, CIM systems for the furniture and industrial robots presented were intended for machine tending joinery industry in the context of industry 4.0 stood in the of wood applications were presented [48]. Their field of centre of new development [61]. The focus was not directly operation was limited to tasks in which human operators on the machinery development, but on support systems could not deliver the speed and precis execution required in allowing higher flexibility, economic efficiency as well as the the production process. As reasons why industrial robots concept of mass customization. were not more prevalent during this period, Laika [55] states relatively high investment costs, low utilisation due to one 6. Analysis and Comparison shift work and the lack of adequate sensors. Furthermore, 6.1. The first and second revolution Bizjak [56] claims that wood product industries rather invest in conventional production systems, i.e. CNC machines, than The first and second revolution with regards to the forest flexible industrial robots due to their lower investment costs. product based sector follow very much the technological According to Ratnasingam, et al. [57], wood machining trends usually associated with the concept of the mechanical processes are undervalued in terms of improvement for development and mass production. This is especially true for productivity, process effectiveness and efficiency. sawn timber production. Wood product industry, especially furniture production started to integrate manually driven 5.3. The fourth revolution machines in production. However, during the 1920s, 30s and Future challenges and improvement areas for wood 40s the available machinery could not achieve the same technology, according to Teischinger [14], include wood quality as manual labour, e.g. the manufacturing of barrels supply, using timber in construction, material engineering, for production [35]. wood aesthetics, modification and fractioning of wood, wood In comparison to the technological development and refinery, and recycling. Teischinger [14] also recognises a extension of machinery of other industrial sectors (see fig 1.), couple of challenges regarding production processes, such as it is not entirely evident that there was a timely displacement machining and processing which requires new process between those industries and the forest product sector. It can technologies and manufacturing concepts to be developed be assumed that even with less usage of technology in towards knowledge-intensive and mass-customization production, the wood industry did not face as serious production. The forest-based sector technology platform has economic consequences as today. This is mainly because of developed a strategic research and innovation agenda for more local markets and less competitive behaviour. 2020 [58]. The agenda addresses the research and innovation Competition in the forest based sector was still mostly areas of Horizon 2020 and the main challenges for the wood national. industry sector within these areas. Information and However, with the growth and the success of IKEA in Communication Technology (ICT) and advanced Sweden, suppliers of it were both forced and enabled to adapt manufacturing and processing technologies are two out of much faster to new technology and business concept than seven areas connected to key enabling technologies, most of the rest of the industry [57]. This situation was quite addressing challenges regarding the systematic use of mobile unique after WWII until the early 1990s. ICT solutions, embedded components, robotics and radio 6.2. The third revolution frequency identification, resource efficiency in With the development and introduction of microprocessors, NC machines and later CNC machines, the wood product

5 industry did adapt quite fast. Machine manufactures accomplished with exact certainty. However, a good developed a large variety of suitable machines specifically estimation is possible. designed for the wood product sector. However, in the The literature indicates that the first and second industrial literature no development or research in regards to material revolution follow the general technology development and planning systems or industrial robots could be found. This utilisation. However, when general industries started to suggests, that the wood product industry started to lack implement industrial robots into their production in the behind other industries, mainly the automotive and 1970´s, it took at least 20 years longer for wood product engineering industry. Although a lot of old manually driven industries to introduce robots [48, 55]. Fig. 2 illustrates the machines were replaced with CNC machines in the wood postponement (red arrows) between general industries product industry, machine tending and machine control was (yellow arrow) and the wood product industry (green arrow). still done by people. In the a lot of those This development is not valid for all wood product industries: tasks were already taken over by industrial robots, especially There are some furniture industries which are highly more heavy tasks. automated. This is mainly due to their large volumes and A trend to cheaper and more efficient machinery became batch sizes, similar to general industries. For the fourth visible in the early 1990s [53, 56]. A possible reason to this industrial revolution literature suggests an even larger time development is that wood product industry mainly handles lag between general industries and wood product industries. smaller batch sizes and product volumes, making high Up to 30 years seems to be possible. It is possible that this investment costs for automation equipment less interesting. development will continue to 2030 and the time gap will This situation was addressed with the introduction of CIM, become even wider. CAD and CAM systems for wood product industries. This allowed wood product companies, mainly furniture and joinery companies, to manufacture more flexible [38, 51]. However, CIM, CAD and CAM systems together with manufacturing resource planning concepts were already widespread throughout the automotive, engineering and process industry [62]. Furthermore, no governmental financed research programs were aimed at developing new technology for the wood product industry. Thus, no additional support was given to companies or academia driving research forward. Fig. 2 Possible time lag of industrial revolutions for general The few industrial robots used in wood product industry industries in comparison to wood product industries can directly be related to suppliers of IKEA or other big furniture companies [57]. An interesting note is that all 7. Conclusions literature in regards to technological development of the The study shows that wood product industries, not only in wood product industries cited in this article (written between Sweden, but world-wide lack behind general industries in the 1969 and 1994) is exclusively written in German raising the utilisation of industrial robots, in supply chain management question if wood product industries in other parts of the and economic possibilities. Although the paper failed to world is even lacking behind more. identify an exact time shift, it determines missing technology 6.3. The fourth revolution readiness and development. Not only the lack of flexible manufacturing systems, but also the large deficit in computer With the beginning of the fourth revolution, the lack of high- controlled production systems, e.g. CAD or CAM systems, tech production systems such as CPS becomes more obvious. integrated supply chains and the skilled workforce hinder The literature search did not reveal any scientific articles wood many wood product companies to advance further. The related to technological development of the machinery for step from manual craftsmanship to automatic production has wood product industries. However, a couple of wood not been accomplished, yet. Fölster [63] discusses that nearly machining manufactures presented very advanced automated over 50% of all work places in Sweden and 80% of all work machines at the last Ligna in 2015 [61]. Even CPS could be places in Swedish wood product industries could disappear observed at the fair. This trend will continue at the next Ligna due to digitalization and automation. Up to this point wood in 2017 [15]. Research financed by different European product industries have worked against the trend, but is initiatives and COST actions focus a lot on supply chain questionable if they can continue on this path. Chances are management and development of ICT as well as advanced bigger that those kinds of companies will disappear in and flexible manufacturing processes. Sweden because of a vast global competition if suitable Thus, the research focus is not put directly on production adaptions are not made. equipment related systems, but on support functions. This Studies done by Kortüm, et al. [64] and Gronalt and seems to indicate that production system research for wood Teischinger [65] claim that Industry 4.0 in context of Smart product industries is not perceived as a focus area for future or CPS for wood product industries is hardly research yet. possible at the moment. Some possibilities, such as RFID 6.4. Development throughout the four revolutions tagging of workpieces [64] are of course possible. It is rather the horizontal integration of supply chains which A clear distinction and evaluation of a time lag of the development will be further progressed instead of more technology development in wood product industries, in advanced machinery [65]. comparison with general industry development, cannot be

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