The Classification of Manufacturing Work Processes to Develop Functional Work Clothes+ - with a Reference to the Automobile, Machine and Shipbuilding Industries
Journal of Fashion Business Vol. 16, No. 6, pp.21~35(2012)
The Classification of Manufacturing Work Processes to Develop Functional Work Clothes+ - With a Reference to the Automobile, Machine and Shipbuilding Industries -
Park Ginah* ‧ Park Hyewon ‧ Bae Hyunsook Associate Professor, Dept. of Clothing & Textiles, Changwon National University*, Professor, Dept. of Clothing & Textiles, Changwon National University
Abstract
In consideration of the injuries and deaths occurring at manufacturing sites due to the use of inappropriate work clothes or safety devices, this study aims to categorize manufacturing work processes to develop functional work clothes for heavy industries including the automobile, machine and shipbuilding industries in South Korea. Defining the features of the work environments and work postures of these industries provided for a categorization of the work processes which would enable the development of suitable work clothes for each work process' category. The results of the study based on a questionnaire survey are as follows: Work process category 1, including steel panel pressing and auto body assembly, final inspection (in automobile) and inspection (in machine), requires work clothes with upper body and arm mobility and performance to protect from the toxic fume factor. Work process category 2, consisting of welding (in automobile), cutting-and-forming (in machine) and attachment-and-construction (in shipbuilding), requires clothing elasticity, durability and heat and fire resistance. Work process category 3 comprising welding and grinding in the machine and shipbuilding industries, requires work clothes' tear resistance and elasticity, particularly for lateral bending mobility, and work clothes' sleeves' and pants' hemlines with sealed designs to defend against iron filing penetration, as well as incombustible and heat-resistant material performance. Finally, work process category 4, including painting in machine and shipbuilding, requires work clothes with waterproofing, air permeability, thermal performance, elasticity, durability and abrasion resistance.
Key Words : work clothes, work environment, work postures, wearer mobility, manufacturing work processes in the automobile, machine and shipbuilding industries
+ This work has been supported by Changwon National University 2011~2012 Research Grant Fund.
I. Introduction substances accumulation in the body, respiratory diseases, etc. have been reported by the Korea In South Korea, heavy industries such as Occupational Safety and Health Agency3). automobile, machine, and shipbuilding Up until now, the research about work manufacturers produced about 23.5% of the clothes4~5) in the automobile, machine and total national annual production in the year shipbuilding industries in South Korea has 1) 2008 . However, every year tens of thousands indicated that all the employees of the subject of workers receive injuries while performing their heavy industry companies in the research wore jobs at the manufacturing sites and thousands the same kind of work clothes, since the of them die. It is reported that there have been manufacturing workers asked for the very same injuries and illnesses due to muscle, joint and work clothes, in order to make themselves look bone disorders from physical jobs, as well as equal to other employees6). However, even within skin ailments or respiratory diseases caused by a single industry, as the features of work contacting or inhaling toxic substances emitted environments and work postures of various work from the work environment, which consequently processes differ, the workers at the caused negative effects on workers' health, and manufacturing sites need to wear specialized even loss of life. In addition to this there is a work clothes which account for the cost to employers in terms workers' characteristics of each work process. At the compensation charges. moment, manufacturing workers have come to a To improve manufacturing work environments, compromise, i.e. they wear non-specialized work employers should keep reducing the hazardous clothes with various types of safety gear (e.g. work environment factors in their work places. wristlets, gaiters, aprons, overalls for painting, The workers, in turn, ought to follow industrial safety vests, fire-proof jackets/pants/overalls, safety regulations during work time, including safety helmets, gas masks, eye protecting wearing appropriate work clothes or safety gear goggles, ear caps, safety gloves, safety shoes, according to the features of the work processes. etc.) to protect against certain hazardous In terms of work safety, work clothes fall under environmental factors7). Although these safety the category of functional garments to protect accessories can offer a certain amount of the human body from hazardous environmental protection for the workers, if the work clothes factors and assist workers in performing their they wear under the protective garments or jobs. The work clothes for the manufacturing devices fail to afford the wearer the mobility industries must have wearing comfort and wearer required, or the properties of materials used for mobility, in addition to having the neat and the work clothes are unsuitable for the features 2) smooth appearance of daily clothing . Moreover, of work environments, these safety accessories if a worker wears inappropriate work clothes to can no longer suitably perform the functions of his work station, it may cause various types of protecting the body. Therefore, the work clothes injuries. Examples of these injuries in the heavy for manufacturing workers should offer wearer industries, such as musculoskeletal disorders, mobility according to work posture features and slip and fall accidents, crush injuries, functionality against hazardous work lacerations, burns, skin ailments, toxic environments. In order to deal with this kind of
22 Park Ginah ‧ Park Hyewon ‧ Bae Hyunsook / The Classification of Manufacturing Work Processes to Develop Functional Work Clothes problem occurring at manufacturing sites, this 2. Questionnaires to Determine the Impact study aims to propose guidelines to develop Levels of Work Environment Factors functional work clothes for heavy industries through the classification of manufacturing work The study analyzed the investigation of the processes taking account of the features of the twelve work processes of the automobile (i.e. work environment and work postures of the steel panel press, car frame welding, car body automobile, machine and shipbuilding industries assembly and final inspection processes of G in South Korea. company), machine (cutting-and-forming, welding, painting and inspection processes of D company) and shipbuilding (attachment-and- II. Methods construction, welding, grinding and painting processes of C company) industries based on 8) 1. Subject Companies in Heavy Industry the previous research . The impact levels of work environment factors were determined To determine the impact levels of work according to the statistics derived from a environment factors by the work processes questionnaire survey conducted between May within the automobile, machine and shipbuilding and June 2009, which consisted of questions industries, a major company from each of these about the assessment of physical work three types of industry was selected for the environment factors9). All questions were study: i.e. G company in automobile, D designed to survey the manufacturing workers' company in machine and C company in subjective assessment of the physical work shipbuilding; the initial standing for the company environment factors. They were answered on a names. The subject companies are located in five-point scale in a range from 1 ('very low' the national industrial complex in the southern impact level), through 3 ('moderate' impact level) province of Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea. to 5 ('very high' impact level). The physical work Given that they were the leading companies in environment factors considered in the the relevant industries, it was assumed that the questionnaire were: fume, organic solvents, UV conditions of their manufacturing work ray, superheat, toxic gas, metal fragment, environment might be representative of workplace temperature, oxygen deficiency companies of the same kind. The face-to-face (except the noise factor since it was not structured interview surveyed managerial staff of considered as in direct relation with the the subject companies to define their development of work clothes). The respondents manufacturing work processes. The interview for of the questionnaire were 199, 129 and 336 the study consisted of questions about work workers of G, D and C companies respectively, processes carried out at manufacturing sites, for a total of 664 respondents. types of work clothes and safety clothing/devices that they provided, etc. Three 3. Observational Technique to Determine sets of interviews were conducted during the the Impact Levels of Work Posture period of February 2009. Factors
To identify the work posture factors and to
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determine the impact levels of the ergonomic work processes' characteristics. factors of the relevant work processes in these three companies' manufacturing sites, an observational technique was implemented in the III. Results and Discussion study. The observational technique was chosen as it was not considered to interfere with 1. Work Processes Defined at Heavy workers during observations, nor did it require Industrial Manufacturing Sites the use of expensive equipment for estimating Table 1 identifies the twelve manufacturing the angular deviation of a body from the neutral 10) work processes of the automobile, machine and position . Most postural classification schemes shipbuilding industries defined through the are based on observation methods and, face-to-face structured interviews; and displays therefore, it is said that this technique is more photos of these work processes taken at the wide spread both in relevant academia and manufacturing sites of the subject companies. industries. Examples of the valid schemes are 11) The automobile industry consisted of the posture targeting, OWAS, REBA, RULA and of semi-automated processes of steel panel these techniques, OWAS, REBA and RULA pressing and car frame welding and the labour schemes were implemented in this study. During intensive processes of car body assembly and the period from February to April 2009, the final inspection (processes No. 1 to 4 refer to subject companies' manufacturing work postures Table 2). Since the painting process in the were recorded using a video camera and automobile industry was carried out through the analyzed by the use of a multimedia video task 100-percent automatic manufacture system, this analysis tool (MVTA™, Ergonomics Analysis and 12) process was excluded from the analysis. The Design Consortium, Released in 2005) . To machine industry was identified to have evaluate the ergonomic impact levels of workers' cutting-and-forming, welding, painting and motions in the work processes, in particular, inspection processes (processes No. 5 to 8 three work postural factors were identified refer to Table 2). The shipbuilding industry according to the body parts used, i.e. the upper consisted of attachment-and-construction, body bending, lower body bending and lateral welding, grinding and painting processes body bending factors. Regarding the impact (processes No. 9 to 12, refer to Table 2). levels of the postural factors, the evaluation was presented in a range from 1 ('very low' impact level), through 3 ('moderate' impact level) to 5 2. The Impact Levels of Work Environment ('very high' impact level) by estimating the Factors on the Work Processes Defined numbers and degrees of the worker's upper, The impact levels of work environment factors lower or lateral body bending actions. The were based on the five-point scale rates from determination of the impact levels of the work subject workers' assessments of the questions environment and work posture factors of these about work environment factors. All the rates industries would enable classification of the were significant at the level of p≤.001 through heavy industrial work processes into categories the ANOVA test and each rate was rounded off according to the similarity of these identified to the nearest whole number. Table 2 presents
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Manufacturing work processes defined within the (A) automobile, (M) machine and (S) shipbuilding industries in South Korea
Industry Work processes
Pressing Welding Assembly Inspection
(A)
Automobile
Cutting-and- Welding Painting Inspection Forming
(M)
Machine
Attachment-and- Welding Grinding Painting construction
(S)
Shipbuilding
the results according to each featured work grinding and painting processes. The impact environment of these heavy industries work levels of work environment factors in the processes. The comparison of the average shipyard (refer to Table 2) were analyzed as the impact levels of the total work environment highest among the subject companies. The factors in these three industries shows that the workplace temperature impact levels were shipbuilding industry has the most hazardous between 4 ('high') and 5 ('very high') and this work environment with all its factors rated as 4 was because the shipbuilding work places were ('high') among the subject companies. It was located in an outdoor area undoubtedly without followed in rank by the machine industry and the air conditioning systems; the metal fragment automobile industry respectively. factor impact levels were 5 ('very high') in the The manufacturing work processes of the processes of attachment-and-construction, shipbuilding industry were the attachment-and- welding and grinding. The attachment-and- construction (for the block assembly), welding, construction process had 'high' and 'very high'
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impact levels of work environment factors, The machine industry comprised mainly four excluding organic solvent and oxygen deficiency work processes, including steel plate cutting-and factors. The work process having the most -forming, welding, painting and the final hazardous work environment was welding in the inspection processes (refer to Table 2). The shipbuilding industry as its impact levels of all welding process had 'high' impact levels of work environment factors were 4 and 5. The most work environment factors excluding organic analysis of the painting process was also similar solvent factor rated 3 ('moderate'). 'High' impact to that of welding, but in exception the metal levels of fume, superheat, toxic gas and work fragment factor showed a 'low' impact level of 2 place temperature factors on the cutting-and in the painting work process. Note that the -forming process were also indicated. On the grinding process had 'moderate' impact levels of other hand, the inspection process had 'low' organic solvent, UV ray and toxic gas factors, and 'moderate' work environment impact levels and 'high' and 'very high' impact levels of fume, evaluated between 2 and 3, yet a 'high' impact superheat, metal fragment, workplace level of fume factor was shown. The average temperature and oxygen deficiency factors. impact levels of total work environment factors,
The impact levels of work environment factors in automobile, machine and shipbuilding industries manufacturing work processes Industry Automobile Machine Shipbuilding Work Process No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Work process Work Pressing Welding Assembly Inspect Cut-and Welding Painting Inspect- Attach.- Welding Grinding Painting environment - ion -Form. ion and- factors Cons. Fume 3 4 3 3 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 Organic solvent 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 4 UV ray 3 3 2 2 3 4 3 3 4 4 3 4
Superheat3 3 2 3 4 4 3 3 4 4 4 4
Toxic gas3 3 3 3 4 4 3 3 4 4 3 4
Metal fragment 2 42234225 5 5 2
Workplace 4 4 434 5 5 5 temperature 33 33 Oxygen deficiency 22 2234 4224 4 4 Average impact level of total work 3 3 2 3 3 4 3 3 4 4 4 4 environment factors
Note: Impact level 1 - Very low; 2 - Low; 3 - Moderate; 4 - High; 5 - Very high
26 Park Ginah ‧ Park Hyewon ‧ Bae Hyunsook / The Classification of Manufacturing Work Processes to Develop Functional Work Clothes i.e. 'moderate' in cutting-and-forming, painting consistently 'high'. and the final inspection work processes, but Work process category 2 (refer to Figure 3) 'high' in the welding process of the machine consists of three work processes: welding (in industry, were by and large higher than those of automobile), cutting-and-forming (in machine) the automobile industry. and attachment-and-construction (in shipbuilding) In the automobile industry (refer to Table 2), and its work environment is more harmful than the impact levels of the work place temperature that of work process category 1. The impact factor for all processes were 3 ('moderate'); the levels of oxygen deficiency and organic solvent super high heat factor's impact levels were in factors are 'low' and 'moderate', as these the range between 2 and 3 (or 'low' and processes were performed in outdoor areas or 'moderate'); the impact levels of the toxic gas, at an indoor work place controlled by a organic solvents, oxygen deficiency, metal ventilation duct system. For the same reason, fragment, and UV ray factors were 2 and 3 the impact levels of the workplace temperature (between 'low' and 'moderate') throughout all factor of these processes were 'high' which the processes. The welding process alone at the means it is difficult to control the workplace automobile manufacturing sites indicated temperature; thus its workers may need clothing consistently 'high' impact levels of the toxic with high air permeability. In addition, the impact fume and metal fragment factors, i.e. 4 ('high'). levels of UV ray, superheat and toxic gas The average impact levels of total work factors were 'moderate' to 'high'. However, the environment factors in the automobile industry fume factor impact levels on the work process were between 'low' and 'moderate' for all work category 2 were 'high', and in particular the processes. metal fragment impact level of the shipbuilding Figure 1 shows the work environment factor attachment-and-construction process was 'very impact levels of all twelve work processes in the high'. As a consequence, this work process form of radar charts, the tendency of which, in category may require special work clothes turn, enabled the classification of the work designed to protect workers from metal processes into four categories demonstrated in fragments. Figures 2 to 5. Work process category 1 (refer The work environment impact levels of work to Figure 2) includes pressing, assembly, process category 3 (refer to Figure 4) reveal a inspection (in automobile) and inspection (in highly hazardous tendency throughout all the machine), and its work environment is relatively work environment factors rated 'high' to 'very safe in comparison with other work process high' excluding the organic solvent factor rated categories. Its work environment impact level between 'moderate' and 'high'. This category tendency presents 'low' impact levels of oxygen includes the work processes of welding (in deficiency and metal fragment factors and machine) and welding and grinding (in 'moderate' impact levels of organic solvent, UV shipbuilding) which are under the poorest ray, superheat, toxic gas, workplace temperature conditions. and fume factors. However, it should be noticed Figure 5 shows the work process category 4, that the fume factor impact level in the including the painting processes in the machine inspection process in the machine industry was and shipbuilding industries. It has 'high' and
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'very high' impact levels of workplace work should meet high performance of temperature and oxygen deficiency factors, and waterproofing and air permeability, as well as 'moderate' to 'high' impact levels of organic thermal performance in winter. solvent, toxic gas and fume factors, etc. The metal fragment work environment factor only impacts 'low' in the painting processes of this category. Painting work was carried out in an outdoor work place and the work clothes for this
(A) Automobile industry work processes: pressing (work process #1), welding (work process #2), assembly (work process #3), and inspection (work process #4)
(M) Machine industry work processes: cutting-and-forming (work process #5), welding (work process #6), painting (work process #7) and inspection (work process #8)
(S) Shipbuilding industry work processes: attachment-and-construction (work process #9), welding (work process #10), grinding (work process #11) and painting (work process #12)
Note: Impact level 1 - Very low; 2 - Low; 3 - Moderate; 4 - High; 5 - Very high
The impact level radar charts of work environmental factors of (A) automobile, (M) machine and (S) shipbuilding industry manufacturing work processes
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Note: Impact level 1 - Very low; 2 - Low; 3 - Moderate; 4 - High; 5 - Very high
The work process category 1 including the work environment factor impact level radar charts nested of pressing, assembly, inspection (in automobile) and inspection (in machine) processes
Note: Impact level 1 - Very low; 2 - Low; 3 - Moderate; 4 - High; 5 - Very high
The work process category 2 including the work environment factor impact level radar charts nested of welding (in automobile), cutting-and-forming (in machine) and attachment-and-construction (in shipbuilding) processes
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Note: Impact level 1 - Very low; 2 - Low; 3 - Moderate; 4 - High; 5 - Very high
The work process category 3 including the work environment factor impact level radar charts of welding (machine) and welding and grinding (shipbuilding) processes
Note: Impact level 1 - Very low; 2 - Low; 3 - Moderate; 4 - High; 5 - Very high
The work process category 4 including the work environment factor impact level radar charts of painting (machine) and painting (shipbuilding) processes
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3. The Impact Levels of Work Posture average impact level in this industry. Factors in the Work Processes Defined The impact levels of each work postural factor in the twelve work processes varied in a range Table 3 presents the impact levels of the work from 2 ('low') to 5 ('very high') as shown in postural factors which are upper, lower and Table. 3. The consideration of the rating of each lateral body bending in the twelve work body part's bending factor within each work processes defined in the study. To see the process helped to classify these twelve work average impact levels of total work posture processes into three types (refer to Table 4). factors, all of the work processes of the Table 4 explains that first, the work processes machine industry (work processes No. 5 to 8) emphasizing the upper body bending factor were showed 'high' average impact levels. The assembly, inspection, pressing (in automobile), average work postural impact levels in three and grinding and painting (in shipbuilding). shipbuilding work processes (work processes Second, the work processes emphasizing the No. 9, 11 and 12) were 'high', besides the lower body bending factor included welding (in 'moderate' average impact level in the welding shipbuilding) and painting (in machine). Third, process (work process No.10). Finally, the three the work processes which equally emphasized work processes in the automobile industry (work the upper and lower body bending factors were processes No.1, 3 and 4) were rated between cutting-and-forming, welding, inspection (in 'low' and 'moderate', whereas the welding machine), attachment-and-construction (in process (work process No. 2) alone had a 'high' shipbuilding) and welding (in automobile).
The impact levels of the work postural factors in automobile, machine and shipbuilding manufacturing work processes
Industry Automobile Machine Shipbuilding Work Process No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Work process Inspect Cut- Inspect- Attach.- Work Pressing Welding Assembly - ion and- Welding Painting ion and- Welding Grinding Painting postural Form. Cons. factors
Upper body 4 5 3 4 4 434 424 4 bending Lower body bending 3 4224 5 4 5 4333
Lateral body bending 23 2234 4334 4 5 Average impact level of total work 3 4 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 postural factors
Note: Impact level 1 - Very low; 2 - Low; 3 - Moderate; 4 - High; 5 - Very high
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The classification of automobile, machine and shipbuilding manufacturing work processes by featuring the work posture characteristics
Upper & lower body bending Upper body bending factor Lower body bending factor factors equally emphasized work emphasized work processes emphasized work processes processes Impact levels of work Impact levels of work Impact levels of work Work posture factors Work posture factors Work posture factors process Upper Lower Lateral process Upper Lower Lateral process Upper Lower Lateral body body body body body body body body body (M) Cut- (A)Assembly 3 2 2 (S)Welding 2 3 4 4 43 and-Form (S)Attach.- (A)Inspection 422(M)Painting 3 4 4 4 43 and-Cons. (A)Pressing 4 3 2 (M)Inspection 4 5 3
(S)Grinding 434(M)Welding4 5 4
(S)Painting 435 (A)Welding 5 43
Note: Impact level 1 - Very low; 2 - Low; 3 - Moderate; 4 - High; 5 - Very high
In addition to the above, the lateral bending environment and the work postures of the factor needs to be considered in association automobile, machine and shipbuilding industries with upper and lower body bending mobility. For selected for this study, the work environment example, the upper body bending factor was features derived from the results enabled a emphasized in grinding and painting processes classification of these twelve heavy industrial (in shipbuilding); the lower body bending factor manufacturing work processes into four was emphasized in welding (in shipbuilding) and categories (refer to Table 5). The study on the painting processes (in machine); and welding (in work posture characteristics by work processes machine), where the upper and lower body in turn would provide an in-depth understanding bending factors were equally emphasized, these for functional work clothes development processes also had 'high' or 'very high' impact combined with the findings about the work levels of the lateral body bending factor. It is, process categories based on the work therefore, important to note that these work environments featured. In addition, Figure 6 processes may demand special work clothes displays the comparison of the average impact designed to provide workers with enhanced levels of total work environment factors and total lateral bending mobility, as well as upper or work posture factors of the work processes lower body bending mobility. defined. To see the tendency of the average levels of total work environment factors and total work posture factors together, it is interesting to IV. Conclusion look at the similar levels within a work process. However, the processes of welding (in According to the analysis of the physical work automobile), cutting-and-forming, painting, and
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The classification of the work process categories of (A) automobile, (M) machine and (S) shipbuilding industries Industry Industry Automobile Machine Shipbuilding Work process Work process category category (S) (M) Work process (A) Pressing Attachment-and- Cutting-and-forming category 2 construction
Work process (A) Welding (M) Welding (S) Welding Work process category 1 category 3 (A) Assembly (M) Painting (S) Grinding
Work process (A) Inspection (M) Inspection (S) Painting category 4
Work process Work process category category Automobile Machine Shipbuilding Industry Industry inspection (in machine) have a higher average body actions. So, an elastic material/sewing impact level of total work posture factors than technique should be used for the pants. that of total work environment factors; whereas Work process category 2, consisting of the result in the welding process (in welding (in automobile), cutting-and-forming (in shipbuilding) is the reverse. machine) and attachment-and-construction (in To develop specialized work clothes by the shipbuilding), is concerned with all the types of work process categories classified, it is work posture bending factors defined in the necessary to consider which work environment study. Accordingly, suitable work clothes' and work posture factors are indeed required. elasticity, durability and protective performance Work process category 1, including the steel from the metal fragment, fume, workplace panel pressing and auto body assembly, final temperature, superheat, toxic gas, and UV ray inspection (in automobile) and inspection (in work environment factors would be required to a machine), focuses on arm movement and upper high degree. clothes bodice mobility and requires protection Work process category 3, comprising the from the toxic fume work environment factor. It welding and grinding in the machine and may require a long sleeve design with cuffs shipbuilding industries, requires work clothes with conformed to the wrist and reinforced with tear elasticity, particularly for lateral bending mobility. resistant material for the work jacket. In However, since this work process category deals particular, the inspection process in the machine with welding and grinding devices it requires industry also requires high mobility for lower high performance of incombustibility and
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heat-resistance at the same time. Thus, its work painting processes in the machine and clothes should fulfil the elasticity requirement by shipbuilding industries, requires both applying a constructive clothing design, e.g. waterproofing and air permeability to protect pleated or shirring details, rather than using a from the organic solvent factor; as well as synthetic stretch fabric which has low heat/flame thermal performance in winter, considering the resistance. It also requires materials providing workplace temperature factor impact levels; durability, abrasion resistance and performance elasticity providing the wearer mobility for all incombustibility and heat-resistance. Considering work posture factors; and durability and abrasion that the metal fragment factor impact levels in resistance for the protective garments. this work process category were high and that The results derived from this study could metal fragments penetrating into work clothes provide an improved clothing environment for can cause workers skin trouble, it demands manufacturing workers in the automobile, special outer work clothes design for the machine and shipbuilding industries in South sleeves' and pants' hems to be sealed tight. Korea by suggesting guidelines for the Finally, work process category 4, including the development of specialized work clothes prototypes
Note: Impact level 1 - Very low; 2 - Low; 3 - Moderate; 4 - High; 5 - Very high
Average impact levels of total work environment factors and total work posture factors in automobile, machine and shipbuilding manufacturing work processes
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(design and pattern) based on the work process processes at industrial sites -with reference categories classified in this study. Moreover, the to machinery, automobile and shipbuilding collaborative research methodology between industry-”, Journal of the Korean Society of clothing and industrial safety engineering Clothing and Textiles, 34(8), pp.1378-1391. conducted in the study will appropriately 5) G. Park(2010), “The analysis on the clothing evaluate the work performance and efficiency construction factors and the sewability of achieved by functional work clothes at the mechanical industry work clothes -with manufacturing sites. Further study will consider reference to the seam strength and seam the workers' self assessment of the fit factors of elongation according to the material and work clothes and this may provide more insight seam types-”, Journal of Fashion Business, into the development of work clothes along with 14(2), pp.57-72. the work process categories proposed. All 6) Ibid., pp.57-72. together this will enable the achievement of the 7) H. Bae, H. Park, G. Park and J. Kim(2010), improvement of work clothes' performance and Op. cit., pp. 1378-1391. mobility, and thus ultimately the safety and 8) Ibid., pp.1378-1391. efficiency of the heavy industries considered in 9) K. S. Kim, J. Roh, K. J. Lee, H. K. Chung this study. and Y. H. Moon(1993), “Workers' health status related work environments in small and medium sized industries” Journal of the Reference Korean Occupational Medicine, 5(1), pp. 3-14. 1) The Statistics Korea(2009), "The report on 10) D. Kee and W. Karwowski(2001), “LUBA: an the National annual production in 2009", assessment technique for postural loading Retrieved 2011. 02. 10, from http://kostat. on the upper body based on joint motion go.kr/portal/english/news/1/3/index.board?bm discomfort and maximum holding time”, ode=list&bSeq=&aSeq=&pageNo=2&rowNum= Applied Ergonomics, 32(4), pp.357-366. 10&navCount=10&currPg=&sTarget=title&sTxt= 11) M. K. Chung, I. Lee and D. Kee(2003), 2) L. Shen and J. Huck(1993), “Bodice pattern “Assessment of postural load for lower limb development using somatographic and postures based on perceived discomfort”, physical data”, International Journal of International Journal of the Industrial Clothing Science and Technology, 5(1), pp. Ergonomics, 31(1), pp.17-32. 6-16. 12) Multimedia Video Task Analysis™ (MVTA™), 3) KOSHA (Korea Occupational Safety and Ergonomics Analysis and Design Consortium Health Agency), "Statistics on Occupational at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI Accidents in 2009", Retrieved 2011. 02. 10, 53706, USA. fromhttp://english.kosha.or.kr/bridge?menuId= 5306 접수일(2012년 9월 27일), 4) H. Bae, H. Park, G. Park and J. Kim(2010), 수정일(1차 : 2012년 10월 19일), “The wearing conditions of work clothes 게재확정일(2012년 10월 29일) according to the work environment and work
