Coastal Inundation

An Overview for TCDC

Rick Liefting Team Leader Regional Hazards and Environmental Compliance Integrated Catchment Management Regional Council Photo: Sugar Loaf Wharf, Coromandel. Jan 5 2014, Stuart Crawley, WRC What we will be covering……

• Coastal inundation concepts • Event frequency (how big, how often?) • Coastal Inundation Tool • Current and proposed updated MfE guidance • WRC’s role in coastal inundation Coastal Inundation

• Inundation along the coast and within estuaries caused by: • Astronomical Tides • Climate (sea temperature changes) • Storm Surge – wind set up and Barometric pressure (1 HPa = 1 cm) • Storm Tide = Astronomical Tides + Storm Surge • Wave effects • Wave Set up (‘static’ water level along the coast) • Wave Run up (‘Swash’ of wave up the beach/coast) • Effects of Climate Change • Sea level rise • Increased frequency and Intensity of storm and wave events King Tides November, 2016 (Firth of Thames) King Tides November, 2016 Thames (Firth of Thames)

Astronomical Tides

• Relatively easy to obtain and are district wide • Tide range varies • Vertical datum is based on Astronomical tides – Mean Sea Level. • Moturiki VD 1953 (MVD) • VD 1946 (+ 0.9 mm w.r.t MVD) • Local VD 1952 (+ 128 mm w,r,t MVD) • Sea level have been increasing at ~1.7 mm/year • Therefore, add ~ 0.1m to obtain current MSL. Assessment of Coastal Inundation Hazard • Currently no regional or district wide assessment of Coastal inundation hazard or risk • Some site specific assessments –(Resource Consents) • Determination of ‘Storm Tide’ can be under taken at a ‘district’ level (i.e. East coast Coromandel) • Wave effects are tricky to predict and are very site specific • LiDAR of coastal area up to 20 m elevation Assessment of Coastal Inundation Hazard • ‘Static water’ level = Tides + Storm + Climate+ SLR • Affects all coastal areas (i.e. Inland from the coast) • Relatively easy to assess and map • ‘Dynamic water level’ = Wave Set up/Run up • Affects the coastal margins only • Open coast vs inland coast (estuaries/Harbours) • Landward extent variable depending on topography and roughness • Very site specific (compare vs ) Event Frequency

• The size of an event is based on the frequency or probability of the event occurring over a period of time. • Based on measured/historical information. • Average Return Interval– Frequency that an event of a certain size will occur (e.g. 100 y ARI) • Annual Exceedance Probability (AEP) – probability that an event will be exceeded in any one year (e.g. 1% AEP) Event Frequency Time Period (y) - approx Annual Exceedance Return Probability Period (y) (AEP) 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 2 50.0% 75% 97% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 5 20.0% 36% 67% 89% 99% 100% 100% 100% 10 10.0% 19% 41% 65% 88% 99% 100% 100% 20 5.0% 10% 23% 40% 64% 92% 99% 100% 50 2.0% 4% 10% 18% 33% 64% 87% 98% 100 1.0% 2% 5% 10% 18% 39% 63% 87% 200 0.5% 1% 2% 5% 10% 22% 39% 63% Event Frequency Time Period (y) - approx Annual Exceedance Return Probability Period (y) (AEP) 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 2 50.0% 75% 97% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 5 20.0% 36% 67% 89% 99% 100% 100% 100% 10 10.0% 19% 41% 65% 88% 99% 100% 100% 20 5.0% 10% 23% 40% 64% 92% 99% 100% 50 2.0% 4% 10% 18% 33% 64% 87% 98% 100 1.0% 2% 5% 10% 18% 39% 63% 87% 200 0.5% 1% 2% 5% 10% 22% 39% 63% Event Frequency Time Period (y) - approx Annual Exceedance Return Probability Period (y) (AEP) 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 2 50.0% 75% 97% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 5 20.0% 36% 67% 89% 99% 100% 100% 100% 10 10.0% 19% 41% 65% 88% 99% 100% 100% 20 5.0% 10% 23% 40% 64% 92% 99% 100% 50 2.0% 4% 10% 18% 33% 64% 87% 98% 100 1.0% 2% 5% 10% 18% 39% 63% 87% 200 0.5% 1% 2% 5% 10% 22% 39% 63% Event Frequency Time Period (y) - approx Annual Exceedance Return Probability Period (y) (AEP) 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 2 50.0% 75% 97% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 5 20.0% 36% 67% 89% 99% 100% 100% 100% 10 10.0% 19% 41% 65% 88% 99% 100% 100% 20 5.0% 10% 23% 40% 64% 92% 99% 100% 50 2.0% 4% 10% 18% 33% 64% 87% 98% 100 1.0% 2% 5% 10% 18% 39% 63% 87% 200 0.5% 1% 2% 5% 10% 22% 39% 63% Event Frequency Time Period (y) - approx Annual Exceedance Return Probability Period (y) (AEP) 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 2 50.0% 75% 97% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 5 20.0% 36% 67% 89% 99% 100% 100% 100% 10 10.0% 19% 41% 65% 88% 99% 100% 100% 20 5.0% 10% 23% 40% 64% 92% 99% 100% 50 2.0% 4% 10% 18% 33% 64% 87% 98% 100 1.0% 2% 5% 10% 18% 39% 63% 87% 200 0.5% 1% 2% 5% 10% 22% 39% 63% Wave surge – March 2015 • https://www.facebook.com/TheInformerMB/videos/ 376127242571144/ Tararu Tide Gauge (Firth of Thames) AEP ARI Water Diff • Extreme Storm (%) (years) level (m) (m) Tide analyse 39 2 2.20 (NIWA 2015) 18 5 2.30 0.1 10 10 2.35 0.05 5 20 2.43 0.08 2 50 2.54 0.11 1 100 2.62 0.08 0.5 200 2.71 0.09 Tararu Tide Gauge (Firth of Thames) ARI Water Diff • Extreme Storm AEP (%) (years) level (m) (m) Tide analyse 39 2 2.20 (NIWA 2015) 18 5 2.30 10 10 2.35 20 y 100 y 5 20 2.43 64% 99% 2 50 2.54 0.19 33% 87% 1 100 2.62 18% 63% 0.5 200 2.71 Tararu Tide Gauge (Firth of Thames) ARI Water Diff • Extreme Storm AEP (%) (years) level (m) (m) Tide analyse 39 2 2.20 (NIWA 2015) 18 5 2.30 10 10 2.35 20 y 100 y 5 20 2.43 64% 99% 2 50 2.54 0.19 33% 87% 1 100 2.62 18% 63% 0.5 200 2.71 Tararu Tide Gauge (Firth of Thames) ARI Water Diff • Extreme Storm AEP (%) (years) level (m) (m) Tide analyse 39 2 2.20 (NIWA 2015) 18 5 2.30 10 10 2.35 20 y 100 y 5 20 2.43 64% 99% 2 50 2.54 0.19 33% 87% 1 100 2.62 18% 63% 0.5 200 2.71 Better way to inform about event frequency? • Niwa (Scott Stephens) doing some great work to determine: “How many times will this place get affected” And “How many more times with Climate Change”

• Provides better context in terms of assessing Risk as Acceptable/Tolerable/Intolerable Coastal Inundation Tool What is it?

Web based tool that allows users to explore present day and future susceptibility of coastal inundation from tides and storm tides along Waikato coastlines. Why do we need it? • High demand for information on potential effects of present day and future coastal inundation levels. • Public • Local councils • Insurance • Life line utilities • Difficult to visualise ‘a number’ and explore scenarios • Emergency Management Whitianga Waterways, 24 June 2017

Source: Thomas Everett Source: Thomas Everett King Tides November, 2016 Thames (Firth of Thames) What does it show? Present Day Coastal Water Level Estimates On shore Tide Model and Tide Gauges winds Low air pressure

Wave EffectsX Upper Storm Tide (worst case) Storm Effects Lower Storm Tide (semi annual)

Tide Max Tide Effects MHWS

Datum (Moturiki Vertical Datum 1953) What does it show? Future Coastal Water Levels Sea Level Rise added to Present Day Values

Upper Storm Tide (worst case) Storm Effects Lower Storm Tide (semi annual)

Tide Max Tide Effects MHWS

Datum (Moturiki Vertical Datum 1953) What does it show? Future Coastal Water Levels Sea Level Rise component added to Present Day Values

Upper Storm Tide (worst case) Storm Effects Lower Storm Tide (semi annual)

Tide Max Tide Effects MHWS

Datum (Moturiki Vertical Datum 1953) Firth of Coro West Coro East Pre-defined Water Level Thames Coast Coast

Coro Mercury Scenarios Thames Harbour Bay Mean High Water Spring (m) 1.79 1.58 1.10 Present Day Max High Tide (m) 2.11 1.86 1.29 Storm Tide Range Lower (m) 2.20 1.88 1.40 (Estimate) Upper (m) 3.22 2.67 2.10 0.5 m Mean High Water Spring (m) 2.29 2.08 1.60 projected Max High Tide (m) 2.61 2.36 1.79 Sea Level Storm Tide Range Lower (m) 2.70 2.38 1.90 Rise Future (Estimate) Upper (m) 3.72 3.17 2.60 Projected 1.0 m Mean High Water Spring (m) 2.79 2.58 2.10 projected Max High Tide (m) 3.11 2.86 2.29 Sea Level Storm Tide Range Lower (m) 3.20 2.88 2.40 Rise (Estimate) Upper (m) 4.22 3.67 3.10 Pauanui Waterways King Tides Tairua Harbour February 2, 2014

Gangways underwater

Whitianga - Buffalo Beach () Public road

Tairua - Paku Boat Ramp

Tairua – Fishing Club, tide coming up through stormwater drains How does it work? Simple Bath Tub Model Water levels mapped at 0.2 m increments

Connected inundation (blue shaded areas), areas where water could directly flow to the sea.

Disconnected inundation (green areas), areas that are at or below a chosen water level, but may have no direct flow path to the sea. Slider bar on tool controls mapped water levels How do you use it?

Zoom to area of interest

Choose Water Level Scenario for area of interest

Choose Pre-defined User defined

Match nearest mapped water level with chosen water level scenario

Explore susceptibility – raise and lower water level Sugar Loaf Wharf, Coromandel Harbour - Jan 4 2014

Photo: Sugar Loaf Wharf, Coromandel. Jan 4 2014, Stuart Crawley, WRC Sugar Loaf Wharf, Coromandel Harbour - Jan 4 2014

Photo: Sugar Loaf Wharf, Coromandel. Jan 4 2014, Stuart Crawley, WRC What else do you need to know? • Does not define coastal inundation hazard areas • Does not recommend minimum floor levels • Does identify areas that are potentially susceptible to coastal inundation that may require further assessment • Also shows Tsunami Maximum Credible Event inundation where available • Updated with new information as required Where do I find it?

http://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/coastal-inundation-tool/ Coastal Hazards and Climate Change Guidance- MfE 2016

‘Heads up’ to TCDC - Section 5.7 Discussion on future projections and guidance Timeline

• Final DRAFT completed Early 2017 • Further review to be undertaken.

• ***7 Slides removed as MfE document not Published*** Coastal Policy Statement 2010 • Policy 24: Identification of coastal hazards

• Identify areas in the coastal environment that are potentially affected by coastal hazards (including tsunami), giving priority to the identification of areas at high risk of being affected. Hazard risks, over at least 100 years, are to be assessed having regard to: • physical drivers and processes that cause coastal change including sea level rise; • short-term and long-term natural dynamic fluctuations of erosion and accretion; • geomorphological character; • the potential for inundation of the coastal environment, taking into account potential sources, inundation pathways and overland extent; • cumulative effects of sea level rise, storm surge and wave height under storm conditions; • influences that humans have had or are having on the coast; • the extent and permanence of built development; and • the effects of climate change on: • matters (a) to (g) above; • storm frequency, intensity and surges; and • coastal sediment dynamics;

• taking into account national guidance and the best available information on the likely effects of climate change on the region or district. Policy 25: Subdivision, use, and development in areas of coastal hazard risk

• In areas potentially affected by coastal hazards over at least the next 100 years: • avoid increasing the risk10 of social, environmental and economic harm from coastal hazards; • avoid redevelopment, or change in land use, that would increase the risk of adverse effects from coastal hazards; • encourage redevelopment, or change in land use, where that would reduce the risk of adverse effects from coastal hazards, including managed retreat by relocation or removal of existing structures or their abandonment in extreme circumstances, and designing for relocatability or recoverability from hazard events; • encourage the location of infrastructure away from areas of hazard risk where practicable; • discourage hard protection structures and promote the use of alternatives to them, including natural defences; and • consider the potential effects of tsunami and how to avoid or mitigate them. WRC role in coastal hazards • Supply of information/monitoring • Tide gauges, beach profile and shoreline monitoring • Technical advice and guidance • Assist Resource Consents • Public information • Coastal Inundation Tool • Upcoming ‘Hazards Portal’ • Public Flood information requests (included coastal hazards) • Conduit to Central Govt. guidance and advice. • Waikato Regional Hazards Forum Beach Profile Sites

• Survey up to 6 times per year • Currently reviewing effectiveness • Testing drones and LiDAR

(Source: T&T 2014) Region wide shoreline mapping

• Mapping historical shorelines from aerial imagery • The purpose of this process is: • To identify longterm trends of shoreline movement and form a basic region-wide baseline understanding of how our coast changes. • To extend our monitoring beyond beaches (i.e. to include environments such as cliffs and estuaries). • As a “first pass” to identify any critical areas that need more detailed monitoring. • To inform the public about how the regions shoreline has changed.