CEASEFIRE centre for civilian rights
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Iraq’s Displacement Crisis: Security and protection k&HDVHȴUH&HQWUHIRU&LYLOLDQ5LJKWVDQG 0LQRULW\5LJKWV*URXS,QWHUQDWLRQDO 0DUFK
Cover photo: TKLVUHSRUWKDVEHHQSURGXFHGDVSDUWRIWKH&HDVHȴUHSURMHFWDPXOWL\HDUSUR- gramme supported by the European Union to implement a system of civilian-led An Iraqi boy watches as internally- displaced Iraq families return to their PRQLWRULQJRIKXPDQULJKWVDEXVHVLQ,UDTIRFXVLQJLQSDUWLFXODURQWKHULJKWVRI homes in the western Melhaniyeh YXOQHUDEOHFLYLOLDQVLQFOXGLQJYXOQHUDEOHZRPHQLQWHUQDOO\GLVSODFHGSHUVRQV ,'3V neighbourhood of Baghdad in VWDWHOHVVSHUVRQVDQGHWKQLFRUUHOLJLRXVPLQRULWLHVDQGWRDVVHVVWKHIHDVLELOLW\RI September 2008. Some 150 Shi’a and Sunni families returned after an extending civilian-led monitoring to other country situations. earlier wave of displacement some two years before when sectarian 7KLVUHSRUWKDVEHHQSURGXFHGZLWKWKHȴQDQFLDODVVLVWDQFHRIWKH(XURSHDQ8QLRQ YLROHQFHHVFDODWHGDQGIDPLOLHVȵHG DQGWKH'HSDUWPHQWRI)RUHLJQ$IIDLUV7UDGHDQG'HYHORSPHQW&DQDGD7KHFRQ- to neighbourhoods where their sect was in the majority. tents of this report are the sole responsibility of the publishers and can under no FLUFXPVWDQFHVEHUHJDUGHGDVUHȵHFWLQJWKHSRVLWLRQRIWKH(XURSHDQ8QLRQ © Ahmad Al-Rubaye /AFP / Getty
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1 Introduction
Since the present displacement crisis began in January 2014, following territorial gains by the Islamic State in Iraq and Al Sham (ISIS) in northern and central Iraq, the humanitarian emergency in Iraq has become more severe. According to UN estimates, the number of internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Iraq now stands at 3.2 million, while more than 8 million people are in need of humanitarian assistance.1 With the UN lacking funding2 and the Government of Iraq (GoI) and the Regional Government of Kurdistan (KRG) also under economic strain while battling ISIS, the protection of basic human rights and provision of humanitarian assistance are gravely compromised.
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VHFXULW\DSSDUDWXVHVWULEDOFRGHVDQGHPSRZHUHG GLYLGXDOVWRDFFRXQWIRUKXPDQULJKWVYLRODWLRQV LQGLYLGXDOVȴOOWKHYRLGE\LPSOHPHQWLQJODZVDQG 7KLVUHSRUWH[DPLQHVZKDWUROHIRUPDODQGLQIRU- SROLFLHVVHUYLQJSDUWLFXODULQWHUHVWV,WKDVSURYHG PDO LQVWLWXWLRQV KDYH LQ WKH SURWHFWLRQ RU ODFN GLɚFXOW WR KROG VXFK LQIRUPDO LQVWLWXWLRQV RU LQ- WKHUHRI RI,'3V Displacement 2 in Iraq – old and new
The current humanitarian crisis did not come about as suddenly as it may appear. The fall of Mosul on 10 June 2014 was only made possible through a cascade of parallel and intertwined developments that culminated in what was a largely unanticipated event. The ability of ISIS to take control of up to a third of Iraqi territory, and the waves of displacements that followed, FDQEHSODFHGLQDJUHDWHUFRQWH[WRIFRQpLFWF\FOHVWKDWWKHFRXQWU\KDV witnessed since the end of the US-led invasion of Iraq in 2003.
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,6,6DɚOLDWHG RU RWKHU WHUURULVW LVVXHV WR WKH *RYHUQRU RI 6DODKDGGLQ :KHQ VKH JURXSVZLWKWKHDELOLW\WRODXQFKDWWDFNVRQ6KȇLD GLHGWKHUHVLVWDQFHDJDLQVW'DHVKIDOWHUHG:HKHOG SODFHVRIZRUVKLS7KHVLWXDWLRQLVIXUWKHUFRPSOL- WKHWRZQIRUZHHNVEXWJRYHUQPHQWVXSSRUWFDPH FDWHGLQDUHDVZLWKHWKQLFRUWULEDOWHQVLRQV WRRODWHDQGWKHDUPVZHUHQRWVXɚFLHQWWRRSSRVH 'DHVK7RGD\ SHUFHQWRIWKHLQKDELWDQWVKDYH $QDWWHPSWE\WKH*RYHUQRURI6DODKDGGLQWRUHWXUQ Minority–majority IDPLOLHV WR $O$ODPLVRQHRIRQO\DIHZDUHDVWKDWKDYHVHHQ 7KH 6LQMDU GLVWULFW LV SDUW RI WKH GLVSXWHG WHUULWR- ODUJHQXPEHUVRIUHWXUQLQJIDPLOLHV5HVLGHQWVH[- ULHVLQ1LQHZD3UHVLGHQW%DU]DQLRIWKH.5*KDV SODLQ WKDW WKHUH LV DQ LQVWLWXWLRQDO VWUXFWXUH DQG SOHGJHG WR LQFRUSRUDWH 6LQMDU DV D DQGSUHYHQWDSRWHQWLDOUHWXUQRI,6,6 ZKLFKFRQ- RQ WKH PRXQWDLQ IDPLOLHV KDYH H[SDQGHG WKHLU WLQXHVWRODXQFKURFNHWVLQGLVFULPLQDWHO\WRZDUGV VKHOWHUVDQGXVXDOO\KDYHPRUHWKDQRQHWHQW+X- WKHFLW\ &RQVHTXHQWO\WKHUHWXUQRI,'3IDPLOLHV PDQLWDULDQDVVLVWDQFHLVSURYLGHGE\LQWHUQDWLRQDO HVSHFLDOO\ 6XQQL $UDEV LV XQOLNHO\ 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As is evident from the issues considered in this report, the situation of ,'3VFRQWLQXHVWREHDIIHFWHGE\WKHRQJRLQJDUPHGFRQpLFWDQGWKUHDWRI violence across the country, as well as by humanitarian and socio-political factors. 1RWRQO\DUH,'3VXSURRWHGIURPWKHLUKRPHVEXWWKHSURWHF- 7KH GLIIXVLRQ RI WKH FRQȵLFW KDV EURXJKW DERXW D VWDWH LQ WLRQWKDWLVGXHWRWKHPDVLQWHUQDOO\GLVSODFHGSHRSOHIDOOV ZKLFKWKH,UDTLJRYHUQPHQWDQGUHJLRQDODQGORFDOLQVWLWX- VKRUW&RPSOLFDWHGDQGVRPHWLPHVGLVFULPLQDWRU\JRYHUQR- WLRQVDUHRIWHQLQFDSDEOHRIIXQFWLRQLQJHIIHFWLYHO\DQGH[- UDWH SURFHGXUHV UHJDUGLQJ HQWU\ DQG H[LW UHVLGHQF\ UHJLV- HUFLVLQJMXULVGLFWLRQRYHUWKHLUWHUULWRU\DQGLQVWHDGVWUXJ- WUDWLRQDQGDFFHVVWRSXEOLFVHUYLFHVKDYHDPDMRULPSDFWRQ JOHWRDGDSWWRDUHDOLW\ZKHUHDUPHGJURXSVDUHFRQWUROOLQJ ,'3VȇVWDQGDUGRIOLYLQJ FRQGLWLRQV RQ WKH JURXQG &DXJKW LQ WKH PLGVW RI WKLV DUH ,'3V Ȃ XQDEOH WR UHWXUQ JLYHQ WKH SUHFDULRXV VHFXULW\ DQG 7KH VKHHU VFDOH RI WKH GLVSODFHPHQW FULVLV KDV UHVXOWHG LQ WHQVLRQV RI WKHLU KRPH WRZQV EXW VLPLODUO\ UHPDLQLQJ H[- VLJQLȴFDQWRYHUFURZGLQJRIKRVWFLWLHVRUWRZQV1RWXQH[- WUHPHO\YXOQHUDEOHLQGLVSODFHPHQW SHFWHGO\ WKLV KDV FUHDWHG WHQVLRQV EHWZHHQ ,'3V DQG KRVW FRPPXQLWLHVDVWKH\FRPSHWHIRUVFDUFHUHVRXUFHVDQGOLYH- 7KHRSSRUWXQLW\DIIRUGHGE\WKHUHWDNLQJRIWHUULWRU\IURP OLKRRGVEXWWHQVLRQVDUHDOVRH[DFHUEDWHGE\LQWHUUHOLJLRXV ,6,6LVEHLQJORVW,IFRPPXQLWLHVDUHXQDEOHWRFRH[LVW,UDT HWKQLFDQGWULEDOFRQȵ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ȇV'LVSODFHPHQW&ULVLV VHFXULW\DQGSURWHFWLRQ Recommendations To the Federal Government of Iraq ȏ (QVXUHWKDWDOOJRYHUQPHQWIRUFHVLQFOXGLQJ,UDTL6HFXULW\)RUFHV3RSXODU0RELOL]DWLRQ8QLWVDQGDI- ȴOLDWHGPLOLWLDVIDOOXQGHUXQLȴHGFRPPDQGDQGFRQWUROWKDWLVDFFRXQWDEOHWRWKH*RYHUQPHQWRI,UDT *R, ȏ (QVXUHWKDWHQWU\SURFHGXUHVDWJRYHUQRUDWHERUGHUVDUHUHDVRQDEOHQRQGLVFULPLQDWRU\DQGHQDEOH ,'3VDWULVNWRHQWHU,'3GRFXPHQWDWLRQUHJLVWUDWLRQSURFHGXUHVVKRXOGQRWEHRYHUO\RQHURXVRUGLV- criminate on the basis of religion or ethnicity. ȏ +DOWWKHSUDFWLFHRIDUELWUDU\GHWHQWLRQRI,'3V ȏ $JUHHDFFHVVDQGVHFXULW\DUUDQJHPHQWVWRHQVXUHVDIHYROXQWDU\UHWXUQRI,'3VWRWKHLUDUHDVRIRULJLQ ȏ 'HYHORSDVWUDWHJ\IRUVXSSRUWLQJVXVWDLQDEOHUHWXUQVDQGRULQWHJUDWLRQRI,'3VLQFOXGLQJLQIUDVWUXF- ture recovery and community-based reconciliation. ȏ (QVXUHWKDWODQGDQGSURSHUW\GLVSXWHVDUHDGGUHVVHGDQGHVWDEOLVKDFRPSUHKHQVLYHV\VWHP FRPSDW- LEOHZLWK$UWLFOHRIWKH&RQVWLWXWLRQ RIUHVWLWXWLRQDQGFRPSHQVDWLRQDFURVVDOOJRYHUQRUDWHV ȏ Work with local civil society organizations to foster avenues for reconciliation and coexistence. To the Kurdistan Regional Government ȏ 'HYHORS D UHJLRQDO VWUDWHJ\ WR VXSSRUW WKH VXVWDLQDEOH UHWXUQ DQGRU LQWHJUDWLRQ RI ,'3V LQFOXGLQJ LQIUDVWUXFWXUHUHFRYHU\DQGFRPPXQLW\EDVHGUHFRQFLOLDWLRQLQFRRUGLQDWLRQZLWKWKH*RYHUQPHQWRI Iraq. ȏ $JUHH DFFHVV DQG VHFXULW\ DUUDQJHPHQWV WR HQVXUH VDIH YROXQWDU\ UHWXUQV RI ,'3V WR WKHLU DUHDV RI origin. ȏ Implement a standardized policy for entry procedures that allows displaced people escaping violence WRHQWHUWKH.XUGLVK5HJLRQRI,UDT .5, ZLWKRXWGLVFULPLQDWLRQRQWKHEDVLVRIHWKQLFLW\RUUHOLJLRQDQG HQGWKHDUELWUDU\GHWHQWLRQRI,'3V ȏ (VWDEOLVKWHPSRUDU\RɚFHVDOORZLQJGLVSODFHGSHUVRQVRULJLQDWLQJIURPJRYHUQRUDWHVRXWVLGH.5,WR recover or obtain legal documentation. To the international community ȏ Provide urgent funding to UN and other international agencies working with the Iraqi authorities to PHHWWKHIXQGLQJJDSUHJDUGLQJWKHKXPDQLWDULDQQHHGVRI,'3V ȏ Support and enable a comprehensive strategy for safe and sustainable voluntary returns and/or in- WHJUDWLRQRI,'3VWKURXJKRXWWKHFRXQWU\LQFOXGLQJZKHUHQHFHVVDU\KHOSLQJQHJRWLDWHDSSURSULDWH access and security agreements with relevant authorities. ȏ ,QWKHFRQWH[WRIDQ\LQWHUQDWLRQDOPLOLWDU\FRRSHUDWLRQRIIHUHGWRWKH*R,RUWKH.5*HQVXUHWKDWERWK international and Iraqi forces adhere at all times to standards under international humanitarian law and international human rights law. ȏ 3URYLGHWHFKQLFDODQGȴQDQFLDOVXSSRUWIRUWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIDSURJUDPPHRISURSHUW\UHVWLWXWLRQ DQGUHSDUDWLRQVIRU,'3VDVZHOODVDSSURSULDWHWUDQVLWLRQDOMXVWLFHPHDVXUHVDQGVXSSRUWFLYLOVRFLHW\ initiatives to promote reconciliation and inter-community cooperation. ,UDTȇV'LVSODFHPHQW&ULVLV VHFXULW\DQGSURWHFWLRQ Endnotes .LUNSDWULFN'Ȇ6XQQLVIHDUSHUPDQHQW GLVSODFHPHQWIURP,UDTLWRZQȇ7KH1HZ 6HH Ȇ.LUNXNRɚFLDOVUHMHFW,UDTLSODQWRJUDQW,'3V DEXVHVPDUȴJKWDJDLQVWLVLV DFFHVVHG SHUPDQHQWUHVLGHQWVWDWXVȇ5XGDZ-XO\ 6HSWHPEHU 5RYHUD'Ȇ6WRNLQJWKHȴUHRI KWWS UXGDZQHWHQJOLVKNXUGLVWDQ ,UDTȇVVHFWDULDQFRQȵLFWȇ$PQHVW\,QWHUQDWLRQDO DFFHVVHG2FWREHU 1RYHPEHUhttps://www.amnesty.org/en/ ODWHVWFDPSDLJQVVWRNLQJWKHȴUHRI 6HH $QWL7HUURULVP/DZZZZYHUWLFRUJPHGLD LUDTVVHFWDULDQFRQȵLFW DFFHVVHG1RYHPEHU 1DWLRQDO/HJLVODWLRQ,UDT,4B$QWL7HUURULVPB /DZSGI )RUH[DPSOH,202[IDP5LVH)RXQGDWLRQ ,QWHUYLHZZLWKODZ\HULQ(UELO1RYHPEHU 81'3)XQGLQJ)DFLOLW\IRU,PPHGLDWH6WDELOL]DWLRQ ,QWHUYLHZZLWKDODZ\HULQ%DJKGDG2FWREHU 4XDUWHUO\3URJUHVV5HSRUW4DQG4 Iraq’s Displacement Crisis: Security and protection In brief 6LQFHWKHSUHVHQWGLVSODFHPHQWFULVLVEHJDQLQ-DQXDU\ZLWK ,QWKHFRQWH[WRIOLPLWHGJRYHUQDQFHDQGFRQWLQXHGLQVHFXULW\WKH WKH DGYDQFH RI WKH ,VODPLF 6WDWH RI ,UDT DQG $O 6KDP ,6,6 WKH opportunity afforded by the retaking of territory from ISIS is being humanitarian emergency in Iraq has become more severe. The ORVW,IFRPPXQLWLHVDUHXQDEOHWRFRH[LVW,UDTPD\VRRQUHDFK QXPEHURILQWHUQDOO\GLVSODFHGSHUVRQV ,'3V LQ,UDTQRZVWDQGV a point beyond repair. Post-liberation strategies are therefore DWPLOOLRQZKLOHPRUHWKDQPLOOLRQSHRSOHDUHLQQHHGRIKX- urgently required that are comprehensive in addressing security manitarian assistance. With the UN lacking funding and the Gov- QHHGVEXWDUHDOVRDLPHGDWUHFRQFLOLDWLRQUHSDUDWLRQDQGUHHV- HUQPHQWRI,UDTDQG.XUGLVWDQ5HJLRQDO*RYHUQPHQW .5* XQGHU tablishing the rule of law. ERWKPLOLWDU\DQGHFRQRPLFVWUDLQWKHSURWHFWLRQRIKXPDQULJKWV and provision of humanitarian assistance have been gravely com- 7KLVUHSRUWUHFRPPHQGV promised. ,UDTȇV'LVSODFHPHQW&ULVLV VHFXULW\DQGSURWHFWLRQ provides an up-to- ȏ The Government of Iraq and the KRG should support the GDWH RYHUYLHZ RI WKH VLWXDWLRQ RI ,'3V LQ ,UDT VLQFH WKH ,6,6 RQ- VDIHSDVVDJHRI,'3VWKURXJKWKHLUWHUULWRU\ZLWKWUDQVSDU- VODXJKWDQGUHVXOWLQJFRQȵLFWLQFOXGLQJQRWRQO\IRUFHGGLVSODFH- ent and non-discriminatory entry procedures at governorate ment committed by ISIS but also that perpetrated by other armed ERUGHUVDVZHOODVDFFHVVLEOHUHJLVWUDWLRQSURFHVVHV7KHDU- JURXSVLQFOXGLQJJRYHUQPHQWIRUFHV7KHUHSRUWDOVRH[SORUHVWKH ELWUDU\GHWHQWLRQRI,'3VVKRXOGEHHQGHG IDFLOLWDWLRQRI,'3UHWXUQVWRDUHDVRIRULJLQ'XHWRSRRUOLYLQJFRQ- ȏ Iraqi authorities should implement comprehensive meas- GLWLRQVLQDUHDVRIGLVSODFHPHQWPDQ\IDPLOLHVDUHVHHNLQJWRUH- XUHVWRVXSSRUWWKHUHWXUQDQGUHLQWHJUDWLRQRI,'3VLQFOXG- turn even though the situation in their area of origin may not have LQJLQIUDVWUXFWXUHGHYHORSPHQWSURSHUW\UHVWLWXWLRQRUFRP- LPSURYHG$OPRVWZLWKRXWH[FHSWLRQKRZHYHUOLEHUDWHGDUHDVDUH SHQVDWLRQDQGDSSURSULDWHVHFXULW\PHDVXUHV7KLVVKRXOG LQ QHHG RI EHWWHU VHFXULW\ UHFRQVWUXFWLRQ RI EDVLF LQIUDVWUXFWXUH be done in partnership with local civil society organizations and the resumption of public services. promoting reconciliation between communities. 7ZR\HDUVRQVRFLDOWHQVLRQVDUHULVLQJLQERWKDUHDVRIGLVSODFH- ȏ The international community should provide urgent funding ment and areas of return. 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