CEASEFIRE centre for civilian rights Lahib Higel Iraq’s Displacement Crisis: Security and protection k&HDVHȴUH&HQWUHIRU&LYLOLDQ5LJKWVDQG 0LQRULW\5LJKWV*URXS,QWHUQDWLRQDO 0DUFK Cover photo: TKLVUHSRUWKDVEHHQSURGXFHGDVSDUWRIWKH&HDVHȴUHSURMHFWDPXOWL\HDUSUR- gramme supported by the European Union to implement a system of civilian-led An Iraqi boy watches as internally- displaced Iraq families return to their PRQLWRULQJRIKXPDQULJKWVDEXVHVLQ,UDTIRFXVLQJLQSDUWLFXODURQWKHULJKWVRI homes in the western Melhaniyeh YXOQHUDEOHFLYLOLDQVLQFOXGLQJYXOQHUDEOHZRPHQLQWHUQDOO\GLVSODFHGSHUVRQV ,'3V neighbourhood of Baghdad in VWDWHOHVVSHUVRQVDQGHWKQLFRUUHOLJLRXVPLQRULWLHVDQGWRDVVHVVWKHIHDVLELOLW\RI September 2008. 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MRG works with over 150 partner organi- zations in nearly 50 countries. It has consultative status with the United Nations (FRQRPLFDQG6RFLDO&RXQFLO (&262& DQGREVHUYHUVWDWXVZLWKWKH$IULFDQ&RP- PLVVLRQRQ+XPDQDQG3HRSOHVȇ5LJKWV $&+35 05*LVUHJLVWHUHGDVDFKDULW\DQG DFRPSDQ\OLPLWHGE\JXDUDQWHHXQGHU(QJOLVKODZFKDULW\QRFRPSDQ\ QR Report designed by Staša Sukic. ,6%1 Material from this publication may be reproduced for teaching or other non-com- PHUFLDOSXUSRHVZLWKDSSURSULDWHDWWULEXWLRQ1RSDUWRILWPD\EHUHSURGXFHG in any form for commercial purposes without the prior express permission of the copyright holders. Published March 2016. Printed in the UK on recycled paper. Table of contents $EEUHYLDWLRQV 4 1 ,QWURGXFWLRQ 5 9XOQHUDELOLW\IDFWRUV 2 'LVSODFHPHQWLQ,UDTȂROGDQGQHZ 8 $QEDU 9 %DE\ORQ %DJKGDG 'L\DOD .LUNXN 6DODKDGGLQ 1LQHZD 3 3URWHFWLRQDQGPLVWUHDWPHQW 18 $FFHVVWROHJDOGRFXPHQWDWLRQ (QWU\DQGUHVLGHQF\ 'HWHQWLRQ 4 3URVSHFWVDQGFKDOOHQJHVRIUHWXUQ 21 (WKQLFDQGVHFWDULDQWHQVLRQVWKHFDVHRI'L\DOD 7ULEDOWHQVLRQVWKHFDVHRI6DODKDGGLQ 0LQRULW\ȂPDMRULW\WHQVLRQVWKHFDVHRI1LQHZD 5 &RQFOXVLRQVDQGUHFRPPHQGDWLRQV 25 (QGQRWHV 28 Abbreviations &553'Ȃ&RPPLVVLRQRQWKH5HVROXWLRQRI5HDO3URSHUW\'LVSXWHV 'DHVKȂ$UDELFDFURQ\PIRU,6,6 ',%ȂGLVSXWHGLQWHUQDOERXQGDULHV )),6Ȃ)XQGLQJ)DFLOLW\IRU,PPHGLDWH6WDELOL]DWLRQ *R,Ȃ*RYHUQPHQWRI,UDT ,'3VȂLQWHUQDOO\GLVSODFHGSHUVRQV ,('ȂLPSURYLVHGH[SORVLYHGHYLFH ,*2ȂLQWHUQDWLRQDOJRYHUQPHQWDORUJDQL]DWLRQ ,20Ȃ,QWHUQDWLRQDO2UJDQL]DWLRQIRU0LJUDWLRQ ,6)Ȃ,UDTL6HFXULW\)RUFHV ,6,6Ȃ,VODPLF6WDWHLQ,UDTDQG$O6KDP .'3Ȃ.XUGLVWDQ'HPRFUDWLF3DUW\ .5,Ȃ.XUGLVWDQ5HJLRQRI,UDT .5*Ȃ.XUGLVWDQ5HJLRQDO*RYHUQPHQW 0R'0Ȃ0LQLVWU\RI'LVSODFHPHQWDQG0LJUDWLRQ 3'6Ȃ3XEOLF'LVWULEXWLRQ6\VWHP 3HVKPHUJDȂ.XUGLVKPLOLWDU\IRUFHV 3..Ȃ.XUGLVWDQ:RUNHUVȇ3DUW\ 30)Ȃ3RSXODU0RELOL]DWLRQ)RUFHV 308VȂ3RSXODU0RELOL]DWLRQ8QLWV 38.Ȃ3DWULRWLF8QLRQRI.XUGLVWDQ 81Ȃ8QLWHG1DWLRQV 81'3Ȃ8QLWHG1DWLRQV'HYHORSPHQW3URJUDPPH 81+&5Ȃ8QLWHG1DWLRQV+LJK&RPPLVVLRQHUIRU5HIXJHHV 81$0,Ȃ8QLWHG1DWLRQV$VVLVWDQFH0LVVLRQLQ,UDT <3*Ȃ3HRSOHȇV3URWHFWLRQ8QLWV 1 Introduction Since the present displacement crisis began in January 2014, following territorial gains by the Islamic State in Iraq and Al Sham (ISIS) in northern and central Iraq, the humanitarian emergency in Iraq has become more severe. According to UN estimates, the number of internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Iraq now stands at 3.2 million, while more than 8 million people are in need of humanitarian assistance.1 With the UN lacking funding2 and the Government of Iraq (GoI) and the Regional Government of Kurdistan (KRG) also under economic strain while battling ISIS, the protection of basic human rights and provision of humanitarian assistance are gravely compromised. &ROODSVHRIWKHUXOHRIODZZLGHVSUHDGLPSXQLW\WHUULWRULDO 7KLV UHSRUW DLPV WR SURYLGH DQ XSWRGDWH RYHUYLHZ RI WKH RUWULEDOGLVSXWHVDQGWKHLQDELOLW\RUVRPHWLPHVXQZLOOLQJ- KXPDQULJKWVVLWXDWLRQRI,'3VLQ,UDTVLQFHWKHRQVODXJKWRI QHVV RI WKH ,UDTL *RYHUQPHQW DQG .5* WR UHVSRQG WR WKH ,6,6DQGWKHRQJRLQJDUPHGFRQȵLFW7KHPDSSLQJRIKXPDQ VKHHUVFDOHRIWKHFULVHVKDYHIXUWKHUFRPSOLFDWHGWKHSUR- ULJKWVDEXVHVLQWKLVUHSRUWLVQRWUHVWULFWHGWRWKRVHFRPPLW- WHFWLRQRI,'3VLQ,UDT WHGE\,6,6EXWLQFOXGHVWKRVHE\DOODUPHGJURXSVLQFOXGLQJ JRYHUQPHQWIRUFHVDVZHOODVLQWHUQDWLRQDODQGORFDODFWRUV 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