DOCSLIB.ORG

Cambodian Refugee Women Returning Home

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Cambodian Refugee Women Returning Home University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1994 Cambodian refugee women returning home Gry Tina Andersen The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Andersen, Gry Tina, "Cambodian refugee women returning home" (1994). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 1734. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/1734 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Maureen and Mike MANSFIELD LIBRARY TheMontana University of Permission is granted by the author to reproduce this material in its entirety, provided that this material is used for scholarly purposes and is properly cited in published works and reports. ** Please check "Yes " or "No " and provide signature^"^ Yes, I grant permission \! No, I do not grant permission Author's Signature ^ajl^ \'Tjynnij (h/ndpa Date: Any copying for commercial purposes or financial gain may be undeitaken only with the author's explicit consent. CAMBODIAN REFUGEE WOMEN RETURNING HOME by Gry Tina Andersen presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Interdisciplinary Studies The University of Montana 1994 Approved by: UMI Number: EP34333 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent on the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMT DtsMTtition PubMing UMI EP34333 Copyright 2012 by ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This edition of the work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Anthropology and journalism Andersen, Gry Tina, May 1994 Cambodian Refugee Women Returning Home (122 pp.) Director: Frank B. Bessac The study analyzes the reintegration process of thirteen Cambodian returnee women and gauges to what extent their expectations of the repatriation were met. Although labeled a "voluntary repatriation" by the United Nations, the 385,000 Cambodian refugees living in Thai border camps had virtually no other choice but to return to their homeland in 1992-1993. A brief description of Cambodia's geography, demography, languages and history gives a background for the events preceding the launching in March 1992 of the United Nations' largest peace-keeping operation. More than two decades of civil war had devastated Cambodia. The four contending political factions had agreed to a cease-fire, demobilization of soldiers, repatriation of refugees and the holding of a general election in May 1993. One faction, Democratic Kampuchea (the "Khmer Rouge"), withdrew from the peace process in June 1992. A "land and housing materials" package initially offered to the returnees soon became a futile option because of the millions of land-mines and continued fighting in the countryside. Of the returnees, 87 percent settled for a cash grant. The interviewees were grappling with many difficulties, both on the practical and the emotional level. The four widows in the group, all with children, were found to be the most economically vulnerable. Not having any land to cultivate was the main problem of all thirteen, in addition to housing and employment difficulties. Lack of access to birth- control methods was also a major problem. Counterparts to community activities found in the camps did not exist in Kratie. Ten of the thirteen regretted leaving the camps. They were disillusioned with their situation in Kratie and felt that their expectations of repatriation had not been met. The group's situation was similar to that of other Cambodian returnees. Cambodians who did not flee also had similar problems. The thirteen interviewees created a voluntary organization to pool skills and initiate development projects. 11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study would not have been possible without the participation of the thirteen repatriated Cambodian women I interviewed. I remain grateful to them for so readily sharing their life stories and concerns with me. I wish to thank my thesis committee, Frank Bessac (chair), Charles Hood and G.G. Weix for their encouragement and support during this project. My colleague Chhor Kylin has been very helpful in explaining various aspects of Khmer culture and history. I am grateful to itiy employer, the United Nations, for giving me the opportunity to live and work one year in Cambodia. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1: Introduction 1 A. Geography and demography 2 B. Languages 3 C. Early Cambodian History 5 D. Funan (third to sixth century A.D.) 6 E. Chenla (535-802 A.D.) 8 F. Angkor (802-1431 A.D.) 8 G. The post-Angkor period (1431-1864) 12 H. The colonial period (1864-1953) 15 I. Sihanouk in power (1953-1970) 17 J. The Khmer Republic and Civil War (1970-1975) 18 K. Revolution in Cambodia (1975-1979) 20 L. The People's Republic of Kampuchea/ State of Cambodia (1979-1992) 23 M. International intervention (1992-1993) 27 Chapter 2 A. Introduction to the study of returnee women 35 B. Purpose of study 36 C. Kratie province 42 D. Location of interviews 47 E. Limitations of study 48 F. Methodology 49 G. Introduction to interviews 52 G.l. Interview, May 7, 1993 54 G.2. Interview, May 10, 1993 56 G.3. Interview, May 15, 1993 58 H. Economic bases for the returnees 60 H.l. One widow's plight 63 H.2. Working for UNTAC 64 H.3. Personal accounts about the Kratie employment situation 65 I. Training and education of the women and their families 66 I.l. Schooling of children 70 iv J. Religious life 71 J.l. Personal accounts 75 K. Political participation 76 K.l. Personal accounts 77 L. Gender roles 78 L.l. The Cambodian Constitution 81 L.2. Personal accounts 82 L.3. Family planning 83 L.4. Personal accounts 85 M. The women's views of repatriation 86 M.l. Kratie Women's Welfare Association 91 Chapter 3 A. Comparison with UN and NGO surveys of Cambodian returnees 95 B. Comparison with the situation of Cambodians who had not stayed in refugee camps 100 B.l. Economic activities 100 8,2. Education 102 B.3. Religious life 103 B.4. Political participation 104 B.5. Gender roles and family life 104 C. Conclusion and recommendations 105 Appendix A: Questionnaire 111 Appendix B: Glossary 116 Bibliography 119 ILLUSTRATIONS Map A vi Map B vii Map C viii V LAO ii. r^P.D.R" f ^ \ it ( I- Y sixjNC >^ROTAN<!)KIRI ^ PhnufTt TMng ifeNG Sl^R^B M*«nch«v '^Bonu Long PREAH VIH^AR '^StAnii BATDAMBANG KAMP6NG THUM m6N[X^i KIRI » KRACH^H ' (KRATIE) ^KrAchAh IKratial POUTHISAT (PURSAD ICAMP6NG CHAW CHHNANG /'Av 4- f ' • • ' f6na KAMPONG . h K6og A Au SPCP ' pcnh KAmpdnfl PREY GULF Sdci OF ^VAYK THAILAND Rl 'TAK£V I (TAKEOl Provinces ol ChhJk Kimpdmt AMBODI A KAMPOT X Th0 boiM*tUfi»» and namm on thit msp * KAMPONG do not tmpty omeiai attdofwamrnm ot aeofjUncm 'caAj^ •c bv thm Unhmd Hmdona mt MAP NO. 3671 fl«v. 1 UNITED NATIONS JUNf 1M2 MAP OF THAI-CAMBODL^ BORDER REGION Map B THAILAND LAOS Site B (FUNCINPEC) Natrao fDKJ ^ ^ ' Samrong Kiat (DK) ' • • J-LJ- Site 2 (KPNLF) , RANGE / DANGREK Khao I Dang (UNHCmm/" Sisophon Aranyaprathet ; Site 8fOK)a/ N Battambang Chanthabuh Borai (DK) CAMBODIA ^Sok Sann (KPNLF) Pursat •Ta Luan (DK) PHNOM PENH Gulf of Thailand SCALE IN MILES \ ^ Camps holding displaced Cambodians, under the control of: • DK—Democratic Kampuchea • FUNCINPEC—National United Front for an Independent, Neutral, Peaceful and Cooperative Cambodia • KPNLF—Khmer People's National Liberation Front • L/A/HCfl—United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Lawyers Committee for Human Rights vii WORLD FOOD PROGRAMME Map C PRESENCE OF RETURNEES BY PROVINCE Y MEAMCTFEY P«£AM VIHEAB n£MKEAP G KONG TAKEQ RETUKNEE FAMILFES BY PROVINCE BATTAMBANG 26581 PREY VENG 1187 BANTEAY MEANCHEY 20893 KOMPONG THOM BIEMREAP 1660 SVAY RIHNG 589 IKANDAL KRATIE 3-?9 SAT 5881 PREAH VIHEAR 333 TAKEO 3*? 06 OTHER PROVTNCE 180 KOVfPONG CHAM KOH KONG n6 KOMPONG SPEU 2018 STTJNG TRENG 140 KOMPONG CHHNANG 1464 RATTANAKIRI 41 1411 MONDOLKIRI 12 viii Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION The present study is based on interviews with thirteen Cambodian women who have recently been repatriated from refugee camps on the borders of Cambodia. Their return coincided with a United Nations-organized general election which it is hoped will end the more than twenty years of civil war which made the women flee their homeland. There is a great lack of detailed ethnographic information on Cambodia. Considering the chaotic and dangerous conditions in the country while I was assigned there by the United Nations, I could not hope to conduct an in-depth study. This thesis is therefore more descriptive than analytical. I chose to interview women rather than men because I assumed that women with children bear the brunt of the hardships of resettlement, not only in Cambodia, but also in other parts of the world. Some of the questions dealt with in this study are: How are the women trying to cope? How do they find employment and a place to live? Who looks after children, and how do children gain an education? The first part of the study presents a brief overview of Cambodia's geography, demography, languages and history.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Khmer Civilization in Isan Khemita Visudharomn School of Architecture, Assumption University Bangkok, Thailand
    AU J.T. 8(4): 178-184 (Apr. 2005) Khmer Civilization in Isan Khemita Visudharomn School of Architecture, Assumption University Bangkok, Thailand Abstract Follow the footsteps of Khmer civilization from Angkor Wat to the center of cultural heritage in northeastern Thailand, Phimai, Phanom Rung and Mueang Tam. This paper is both an introduction and guide to Khmer temples in Isan. The first part begins with historical details tracing the Angkorean from the 8th to 12th century, and introduces a background to the religious traditions of the Khmer, which both inspired and governed the concept and execution of all their art and architecture. The second part is an emphasis on architecture and decorative art, which appear in Khmer temples. In its heyday the main concentration of Khmer temples extended far west to the border and associated with an area of the middle Mekong River in the southern part of northeastern Thailand. Keywords: cultural heritage, Phimai, Phanom Rung, Mueang Tam, the Angkorean, religious traditions, architecture and decorative art 1. Introduction The other sources of information on this period are Chinese accounts and references, in The name “Isan” refers to the these to tributary states such as Funan and northeastern part of Thailand .It covers an area Chenla. of one third of the Kingdom. Isan, is also th th known as the Khorat Plateau. The Phetchabun 2.1 Angkorean (8 - 12 century) Rage separates Isan from the Central Region while the Dongrek Mountains in the south The art and architecture of the Khmer has separate Thailand from Cambodia. The Mun been classified into periods, by French art and Chi Rivers drain the majority of the historians.
    [Show full text]
  • Cultures Connecting Diversity Calendar 2020-2021
    Cultures Connecting Diversity Calendar 2020-2021 Mission Statement: The purpose of this calendar is to address and support the diversity of students, staff, and families in K-12 education settings and beyond. We recognize that by increasing our understanding of diverse cultures, group experiences, traditions, values and beliefs, we can enhance our relationships with one another and hence, create culturally responsive environments where everyone feels valued and respected. How Dates Were Chosen: Due to the extensive number of cultural holidays, dates for this calendar were determined by the following four criteria: 1) Might a student or staff member be absent as a result of this day? 2) Might a student or staff member be disengaged as a result of this day (e.g., hunger or a negative association with a particular day/date such as Thanksgiving, or a day of remembrance of a tragic event)? 3) Might a student, family, or staff member not be able to participate in a school activity during or after school as a result of this day? (e.g., Many of our students do not participate in Halloween or Valentine’s Day. There are students, families, and staff who cannot participate in district/school events that are scheduled on the evening of an important religious day observed by the Jewish and Muslim communities). 4) Does the day provide an opportunity for a teachable moment regarding ethnic or cultural diversity that might not otherwise be discussed, particularly dates associated with a continued history of oppression, discrimination, or racism? Work in Progress: We ask for your patience in the event that we have missed important dates that apply to the four criteria above.
    [Show full text]
  • Cambodia Laos
    COUNTRY REPORT Cambodia Laos 4th quarter 1997 The Economist Intelligence Unit 15 Regent Street, London SW1Y 4LR United Kingdom The Economist Intelligence Unit The Economist Intelligence Unit is a specialist publisher serving companies establishing and managing operations across national borders. For over 50 years it has been a source of information on business developments, economic and political trends, government regulations and corporate practice worldwide. The EIU delivers its information in four ways: through subscription products ranging from newsletters to annual reference works; through specific research reports, whether for general release or for particular clients; through electronic publishing; and by organising conferences and roundtables. The firm is a member of The Economist Group. London New York Hong Kong The Economist Intelligence Unit The Economist Intelligence Unit The Economist Intelligence Unit 15 Regent Street The Economist Building 25/F, Dah Sing Financial Centre London 111 West 57th Street 108 Gloucester Road SW1Y 4LR New York Wanchai United Kingdom NY 10019, USA Hong Kong Tel: (44.171) 830 1000 Tel: (1.212) 554 0600 Tel: (852) 2802 7288 Fax: (44.171) 499 9767 Fax: (1.212) 586 1181/2 Fax: (852) 2802 7638 e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.eiu.com Electronic delivery EIU Electronic Publishing New York: Lou Celi or Lisa Hennessey Tel: (1.212) 554 0600 Fax: (1.212) 586 0248 London: Moya Veitch Tel: (44.171) 830 1007 Fax: (44.171) 830 1023 This publication is available on the following electronic and other media: Online databases CD-ROM Microfilm FT Profile (UK) Knight-Ridder Information World Microfilms Publications (UK) Tel: (44.171) 825 8000 Inc (USA) Tel: (44.171) 266 2202 DIALOG (USA) SilverPlatter (USA) Tel: (1.415) 254 7000 LEXIS-NEXIS (USA) Tel: (1.800) 227 4908 M.A.I.D/Profound (UK) Tel: (44.171) 930 6900 Copyright © 1997 The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited.
    [Show full text]
  • The Christian History in Cambodia
    The Christian history in Cambodia Refer. http://cafe.daum.net/cambodiaroom blog.daum.net/_blog/hdn/ArticleContentsView.do?blogid...21... A.Chatolic History The first historical record of Cambodia was written by a Chinese official at AD 100 and was called for “Hunan” a part of china territory. After 15 century the Catholic Church was preached gasper da Cruz who was a portucal merchant in the dominion entered into Cambodia and introduced the protestant. In 1719 the missionaries in the Francesco mission Association came to Cambodia, and in 1770 Nichola Levasseur taught the catholic doctrine into the Khmer language. After that the Catholic Church in the day of French could not influence Cambodia. From that independence until now, most catholic Christians were the Vietnam people who dwelled in Cambodia. Actually they did not influence Cambodians. B. the Protestant History According to Missionary Kang, Sung Sam classified the history of Cambodia as follows; prayer and preparation(1900-1922), the beginning and stumbling block (1923-1946), chance and enlargement1946-1965), Eluviation of missionary and trial(1965-1970), repentance and revival(1970-1975), killing and horror day(1975-1979), the invasion of Vietnam communists and the promise of mission(1979-1990), and new beginning of the missionaries of C&MA and the other challenge. (1990-present), The time that the protestant gospel was proclaimed in Cambodia was 1923, in which two families of missionaries of C&MA were permitted by the colonial authority of France. At Kampuchea Craom that was called for Kochin China, the missionaries of C&MA began to preach the gospel and got people repentant, and also the gospel of Luke and the Acts were translated by them.
    [Show full text]
  • Newcambodia 1 HS
    CULTUREGUIDE CAMBODIA SERIES 1 SECONDARY (7–12) Photo by Florian Hahn on Unsplash CAMBODIA CULTUREGUIDE This unit is published by the International Outreach Program of the David M. Kennedy Center for International Studies at Brigham Young University as part of an effort to foster open cultural exchange within the educational community and to promote increased global understanding by providing meaningful cultural education tools. Curriculum Development Richard Gilbert has studied the Cambodian language and culture since 1997. For two years, he lived among the Cambodian population in Oakland, California. He was later priv- ileged to work in Cambodia during the summer of 2001 as an intern for the U.S. Embassy. He is fluent in Cambodian and is a certified Cambodian language interpreter. Editorial Staff Content Review Committee Victoria Blanchard, CultureGuide publica- Jeff Ringer, director tions coordinator International Outreach Cory Leonard, assistant director Leticia Adams David M. Kennedy Center Adrianne Gardner Ana Loso, program coordinator Anvi Hoang International Outreach Anne Lowman Sopha Ly, area specialist Kimberly Miller Rebecca Thomas Special Thanks To: Julie Volmar Bradley Bessire, photographer Audrey Weight Kirsten Bodensteiner, photographer Andrew Gilbert, photographer J. Lee Simons, editor Brett Gilbert, photographer Kennedy Center Publications Ian Lowman, photographer: Monks and New Age Shaman in Phnom Penh, Coconut Vender in Phnom Penh, Pediment on Eleventh Century Buddhist Temple, and Endangered Wat Nokor in Kâmpóng Cham For more information on the International Outreach program at Brigham Young University, contact International Outreach, 273 Herald R. Clark Building, PO Box 24537, Provo, UT 84604- 9951, (801) 422-3040, [email protected]. © 2004 International Outreach, David M.
    [Show full text]
  • Resource Enhancement and Sustainable Aquaculture Practices in Southeast Asia 2014 (RESA)
    Challenges in Responsible Production of Aquatic Species Proceedings of the International Workshop on Resource Enhancement and Sustainable Aquaculture Practices in Southeast Asia 2014 (RESA) Maria Rowena R. Romana-Eguia Fe D. Parado-Estepa Nerissa D. Salayo Ma. Junemie Hazel Lebata-Ramos Editors Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center AQUACULTURE DEPARTMENT Tigbauan, Iloilo, Philippines www.seafdec.org.ph Challenges in Responsible Production of Aquatic Species Proceedings of the International Workshop on Resource Enhancement and Sustainable Aquaculture Practices in Southeast Asia 2014 (RESA) August 2015 ISBN: 978-971-9931-04-1 Copyright © 2015 Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center Aquaculture Department Tigbauan, Iloilo, Philippines ALL RIGHTS RESERVED No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without the permission in writing from the publisher. For inquiries SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department Tigbauan 5021, Iloilo, Philippines Tel (63-33) 330 7030; Fax (63-33) 330 7031 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.seafdec.org.ph On the cover Logo design courtesy of Mr. Demy D. Catedral of SEAFDEC/AQD International Workshop on Resource Enhancement and Sustainable Aquaculture Practices in Southeast Asia (2014: Iloilo City, Philippines). Resource enhancement and sustainable aquaculture practices in Southeast Asia: challenges in responsible production of aquatic species : proceedings of the international workshop on resource enhancement and sustainable aquaculture practices in Southeast Asia 2014 (RESA) / Maria Rowena R. Romana-Eguia, Fe D. Parado-Estepa, Nerissa D. Salayo, Ma. Junemie Hazel L. Ramos, editors. -- Tigbauan, Iloilo, Philippines : Aquaculture Dept., Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center, 2015, ©2015.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Date for the Phnom Da Images and Its Implications for Early Cambodia
    A New Date for the Phnom Da Images and Its Implications for Early Cambodia NANCY H. DOWLING SCHOLARS FAMILIAR WITH SOUTHEAST ASIAN ART HISTORY are well aware of a confusing chronology for early Cambodian sculpture. One reason for this situa­ tion is obvious. For nearly fifty years, Cambodian art history has been wed to the work of George Coedes. Praised as the dean of Southeast Asian history, he was a member of an elite group of French scholars who worked in Cambodia for decades before World War II. In 1944, he wrote Histoire ancienne des hats hindouses d'Extreme-Orient, in which he established a chronological framework for early Southeast Asian history based on an interplay of Chinese texts and indigenous inscriptions. Most Southeast Asian historians readily admit that "his book remains the basic source for early South East Asian history, and while much recent re­ search, based upon new inscriptional evidence or re-readings, modifies some of Coedes' specific conclusions, the structure remains his" (Brown 1996: 3). Such a singular dependency on Coedes had a stifling effect on Cambodian art history. When Jean Boisselier, carrying on the work of Philippe Stern and Gilberte de Coral-Remusat, made a comprehensive attempt to set in order Cambodian sculpture, the French art historian fitted the works of art into Coedes' ready­ made chronology. Unfortunately, this all happened as if it were preferable to adjust Cambodian sculpture to a preconceived notion of history rather than ques­ tioning the model. In this way, some basic mistakes have been made, and these seriously affect the chronology and interpretation of early Cambodian sculpture.
    [Show full text]
  • Grand Tour Report
    Grand Tour Report 5A Group 2 Christine Chan 2 Aster Cheng 3 Chantel Cheung 4 Nicole Wong 21 Rainie Yuen 22 Elmo Fung 23 Tony Ho 25 Canris Yau 26 Contents Chapter 1- Introduction---------------------------------------------------------------------p.3 Chapter 2-Methodology---------------------------------------------------------------------p.4 Chapter 3-Literature review----------------------------------------------------------------p.5 Chapter 4- Photographs Analysis----------------------------------------------------------p.6-12 Chapter 5-Findings of interview-----------------------------------------------------------p.13 Chapter 6 Reflection-------------------------------------------------------------------------p.14-15 Chapter 7- Conclusion-----------------------------------------------------------------------p.16 Chapter 8-Appendix-------------------------------------------------------------------------p.17-10 Chapter 9-Biblography----------------------------------------------------------------------p.21 Chapter 1 Introduction Cambodia is a developing country which is located near the Equator. During the days of our trip, we noticed that during November to April is the dry season whereas raining season starts at May and ends in October. The temperature during our trip was around 38 degree Celsius every day. We are glad to go to two different cities within 5 days – Phnom Penh and Siem Reap. First of all, Phnom Penh is the capital and economic core center in Cambodia. From streets to buildings, they are more innovative than the rural
    [Show full text]
  • Culture & History Story of Cambodia
    CHAM CULTURE & HISTORY STORY OF CAMBODIA FARINA SO, VANNARA ORN - DOCUMENTATION CENTER OF CAMBODIA R KILLEAN, R HICKEY, L MOFFETT, D VIEJO-ROSE CHAM CULTURE & HISTORY STORYﺷﻤﺲ ISBN-13: 978-99950-60-28-2 OF CAMBODIA R Killean, R Hickey, L Moffett, D Viejo-Rose Farina So, Vannara Orn - 1 - Documentation Center of Cambodia ζរចងាំ និង យុត្ិធម៌ Memory & Justice មជ䮈មណ䮌លឯក羶រកម្宻ᾶ DOCUMENTATION CENTER OF CAMBODIA (DC-CAM) Villa No. 66, Preah Sihanouk Boulevard Phnom Penh, 12000 Cambodia Tel.: + 855 (23) 211-875 Fax.: + 855 (23) 210-358 E-mail: [email protected] CHAM CULTURE AND HISTORY STORY R Killean, R Hickey, L Moffett, D Viejo-Rose Farina So, Vannara Orn 1. Cambodia—Law—Human Rights 2. Cambodia—Politics and Government 3. Cambodia—History Funding for this project was provided by the UK Arts & Humanities Research Council: ‘Restoring Cultural Property and Communities After Conflict’ (project reference AH/P007929/1). DC-Cam receives generous support from the US Agency for International Development (USAID). The views expressed in this book are the points of view of the authors only. Include here a copyright statement about the photos used in the booklet. The ones sent by Belfast were from Creative Commons, or were from the authors, except where indicated. Copyright © 2018 by R Killean, R Hickey, L Moffett, D Viejo-Rose & the Documentation Center of Cambodia. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
    [Show full text]
  • S-1 Part I: Immediate Actions for Special Promotion Zone
    The Study on Regional Development of the Phnom Penh-Sihanoukville Growth Corridor in The Kingdom of Cambodia PART I: IMMEDIATE ACTIONS FOR SPECIAL PROMOTION ZONE 1. Conclusions and Recommendations for Special Promotion Zone1 1.01 Role of Growth Corridor Area for Economic Development The Growth Corridor area is where the strength of economic development is highest in Cambodia. The area should accommodate new industries in Cambodia to diversify the export commodities and accumulate new technologies. Particularly, the Municipality of Sihanoukville in the hinterland of the Port of Sihanoukville, the only deep seaport of Cambodia, will be a strategically important area for the future of Cambodia, in parallel with the western suburbs of Phnom Penh around the international airport. Specific development strategies and projects discussed in this Study need to be contemplated as a basis for regional development planning of Growth Corridor area. 1.02 Strong Measures Necessary to Diversify Growth Base To prepare for the probable removal of national export quotas and increasing advocacy of regional free trade, Cambodia must diversify its export commodities and export markets. Cambodia needs to diversify the export industries primarily by Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) with necessary technologies and capital, and enhance domestic industries that could provide interactions. Better utilization of local resources other than labor will have to be promoted to increase the value of the resources. Nonetheless, the climate of investment environment of Cambodia is not bright, with unstable domestic conditions and severe international competition, particularly after the accession of China to World Trade Organization (WTO). Cambodia needs to device strong and effective measures to attract FDI by establishing legal base and pilot area with good infrastructure with competitive prices.
    [Show full text]
  • US-Vietnam Relations in 2013
    U.S.-Vietnam Relations in 2013: Current Issues and Implications for U.S. Policy Mark E. Manyin Specialist in Asian Affairs June 19, 2013 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R40208 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress U.S.-Vietnam Relations in 2013: Current Issues and Implications for U.S. Policy Summary After communist North Vietnam’s victory over U.S.-backed South Vietnam in 1975, the United States and Vietnam had minimal relations until the mid-1990s. Since the establishment of diplomatic relations in 1995, overlapping security and economic interests have led the two sides to expand relations across a wide range of issue-areas and begin to form a strategic partnership of sorts. Perhaps most prominently, in 2010, the two countries mobilized a multinational response to China’s perceived attempts to boost its claims to disputed waters and islands in the South China Sea. This coordinated effort to promote the freedom of navigation has continued. U.S. Interests In the United States, voices favoring improved relations have included those reflecting U.S. business interests in Vietnam’s growing economy and U.S. strategic interests in expanding cooperation with a populous country—Vietnam has over 90 million people—that has an ambivalent relationship with China and that is asserting itself on the regional stage. Others argue that improvements in bilateral relations should be conditioned upon Vietnam’s authoritarian government improving its record on human rights. The population of more than 1 million Vietnamese-Americans, as well as legacies of the Vietnam War, also drive continued U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Bombs Over Cambodia
    the walrus october 2006 History Bombs Over Cambodia New information reveals that Cambodia was bombed far more heavily during the Vietnam War than previously believed — and that the bombing began not under Richard Nixon, but under Lyndon Johnson story by Taylor Owen and Ben Kiernan mapping by Taylor Owen US Air Force bombers like this B-52, shown releasing its payload over Vietnam, helped make Cambodia one of the most heavily bombed countries in history — perhaps the most heavily bombed. In the fall of 2000, twenty-five years after the end of the war in Indochina, more ordnance on Cambodia than was previously believed: 2,756,941 Bill Clinton became the first US president since Richard Nixon to visit tons’ worth, dropped in 230,516 sorties on 113,716 sites. Just over 10 per- Vietnam. While media coverage of the trip was dominated by talk of cent of this bombing was indiscriminate, with 3,580 of the sites listed as some two thousand US soldiers still classified as missing in action, a having “unknown” targets and another 8,238 sites having no target listed small act of great historical importance went almost unnoticed. As a hu- at all. The database also shows that the bombing began four years earlier manitarian gesture, Clinton released extensive Air Force data on all Amer- than is widely believed — not under Nixon, but under Lyndon Johnson. ican bombings of Indochina between 1964 and 1975. Recorded using a The impact of this bombing, the subject of much debate for the past groundbreaking ibm-designed system, the database provided extensive three decades, is now clearer than ever.
    [Show full text]