Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali: A Political Biography (1930-1967)

RESEARCHER

JAMIL AHMAD Roll No. 6 Session: 2013-2015 M. Phil History

SUPERVISOR

Dr. Shahid Hassan Rizvi Chairman Department of History

DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY “Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali: A Political Biography (1930-1967)”

A Thesis Submitted to the Islamia University of

Bahawalpur in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the

Degree of Master of Philosophy in History

BY JAMIL AHMAD

DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY The Islamia University of Bahawalpur February 2015

2 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 Preamble 2 Dedication 3 Acknowledgments 4 Foreword 5 Abbreviations / Acronyms 6 Abstract 7 Chapter No.1 Introduction 8 Chapter No.2

Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali: Political Biography (1930 to 1947)

9 Chapter No. 3

Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali in National Politics (1948-1967)

16 Conclusion 17 Appendices 18 Glossary 19 Bibliography

8 ABSTRACT

Introduction

Holy Quran tells us about the truth of history of ancient generations and accounts of different personalities so that we may recognize the truth of the past. The holy Quran ۱۱هود٠٢١ذمرى للمومىيه .وجآءك في ٌذي الحق وموعظة وومالوقص عليل مه اوبآءالرسل ماوثبت ) :says that

And all that we relate to you (Muhammad PBUH) of the history of the“ .(بً فوأدك ج messengers is in order that thereby We make firm your heart. And herein has come to you the Truth as well as a lesson and a reminder for believers” (11:120).The descriptive narration of bygone nations and personalities both nobles and mean persons is a vital proof of Holy Quran being a Divine written to teach us lesson. Allama Shames-ud-Din Mohammad Bin Abdul Rahman Al-Sakhavi (May Allah merciful to him) wrote in his at page70-71 that Prophet (االعالن بالتوبيخ/book “Al-Ailan-Bitoubikh” (Arabic Mohammad PBUH said that “One who writes an account of a Muslim as if he alive him again and one who reads this account as if he visited to him and one who alive the accounts as if he has given life to the whole humanity”. In this way writing accounts and history is the tradition of Allah and his last prophet Mohammad PBUH and advice for believers.

According to the Longfellow‟s quote that:

“Lives of great men remind us

We can make our lives sublime”.

In the light of above quote, the study of personalities is my favorite subject. During study of different personalities, the Truth, bravery, courage, enthusiasm, struggle for the freedom and liberty of Pakistan, love for Quaid-e-Azam, devotion for Muslim League and Pakistan before and after independence and attempts for uniting Balochistan with Pakistan of Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali has greatly impressed me. But if we want to know about such nobles, we find no scholarly works. But we found major studies available of those personalities who have been at national or international level such as Mohammad 13 Ali Jinnah and Allama Dr. Muhammad Iqbal etc. There are very few studies available about the secondary level leadership of Pakistan movement and political history of Pakistan. Studies for such leadership at these levels have remained more or less ignored by scholars. Some of the scholars, such as: Dr. Inamul-Haq Kausar, Anwar Roman, Ali Hussain Jamali, Akhtar Ali Khan Baloch, Brigadier (Retd.) M. Usman Hassan, and Nasim Hijazi etc. have discussed their contributions in their studies but only generally as a part of their research.

However, in recent years, scholars trend has shifted their attention to the regional studies and it has become an important aspect in historical research, it is apposite for researchers to reconstruct historical development in some detail, to find out relatively unknown facts about the contributions of secondary leadership for Pakistan since freedom struggle and later their services for the nation building after independence. In this way, the gaps in the historical information can be filled out. Therefore, the lack of weight given by scholars in the past in their work necessitated to me to analyze Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali‟s role of immense importance during the struggle for independence and after emergence of Pakistan. He pledged his life for making Balochistan as integral part of Pakistan, constructive politics as leader of Muslim League. He took part in “Tehrik-e-Khilafat”, too. He also issued a weekly periodical “Tanzeem” from Quetta, whose editor was famous historical novelist Nasim Hijazi, for motivating the tribal leaders and people for Pakistan Movement.

Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali was born in 14th of February, 1908, in “Taj Pur” a village near Rojhan Jamali, Tehsil Jhat Pat of district Nasirabad (now Jaffarabad). His father Mir Taj Muhammad Jamali who was the son of Sakhi Dur Muhammad Khan Jamali, was a prominent land lord. He got early education of the Holly Quran and Persian from Maulvi Abdul Raheem Kulachi of the local Masjid. Mir Sahib fluently spoke Sindhi, Seraiki, Balochi, Arabi, Urdu and English languages. From his adolescent years, he set himself apart as a visionary. At the tender age of 16 years he participated in a tribal „Jirga” involving the Mazari tribe. This tribunal was unable to reach a verdict on the matter at hand. It was the suggestion of the young Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali that resolved the matter at hand. Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali at the age of 18 took part in politics. In 1938,

14 he joined the All India Muslim League. He was the closed companion of the Quaid-e- Azam. He was the leader of the both provinces Balochistan and Sindh. He had been elected as the member of the Sindh Assembly in 1946 and 1953 elections from the upper Sind constituency of Jacobabad. In 1942, he was elected as Vice President of Muslim League of Balochistan. Due to his services to Pakistan Movement in Balochistan, Quaid-e-Azam used to say him as “The Gate Way of Balochistan”. He was the right hand of the Fatima Jinnah in the election of the 1965. Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali was expired on 7 April 1967 at Karachi and buried in Rojhan Jamali.

Statement of the Problem

Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali was very notable personality among the leaders of Pakistan Movement. He was a sincere and confident companion of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah and important leader of All India Muslim League. He worked day and night for Pakistan Movement. But it is regretful that educated people of our country in general and young generation in particular, are not well aware of his valued contributions for Pakistan Movement, especially services for inclusion of Balochistan in Pakistan was a big achievement. Indeed, he was a man, who served for the Muslims of the Sub-continent and AIML, and kept on his efforts and work for the establishment of Pakistan. His services and work need to be acknowledged in the true spirit.

Significance of the Study

It is a matter of great concern that a particular school of thought is trying to influence the mind-sets of young generation of Pakistan that this country was created in order to give advantage to some preferred landlords and capitalists and there was no concern of the Islamic Ideology behind the making of Pakistan. Such people are in fact not only denying the purpose behind formation of Pakistan but they are negating the Two Nation Theory. Such people affirm their version with an argument that if behind the creation of Pakistan and inclusion of Balochistan in Pakistan, the real motive was to establish an Islamic state, then why majority of Balochistatn‟s leaders had opposed Tehrik-e- Pakistan? In such state of affairs, it is quite imperative to bring the true concept of

15 Ideology of Pakistan to general public so as to ascertain the role of Muslim leaders in formation of Pakistan.

Among the political leadership of Balochistan who played a vital role in creation of Pakistan, the name of Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali is foremost. In 1938, he joined Muslim League and thereafter left no stone unturned to achieve the desired targets of Tehrik-e- Pakistan in coordination with other leaders of the party. He helped Quaid-e-Azam to his level best; therefore, his services are of significant nature. It is obligatory for us to explore his wisdom, vision, services and work so that coming generations may follow footsteps.

The objectives of the study are:

1. To explore the political services of Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali as for Pakistan Movement. 2. To look into the nature of the development of politics in Balochistan and the part played by Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali particularly those political events when Muslim League has lost his weight in the politics of Balochistan. He struggled hard to popularize the idea of Pakistan in Balochistan and Sindh during struggle for Pakistan. 3. To study his relationship with Quaid-e-Azam and Fatima Jinnah 4. His role for restoring democracy against Martial Law of Ayub Khan. 5. As a journalistic role through issuing weekly, “Tanzeem” Quetta.

Literature Review:

On the services of Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali, no detailed work has so far been done. Prof. Dr. Inam-ul-Haq Kausar elaborated the contribution of prominent political leadership of Balochistan in the Pakistan Movement in his many books, like: “Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali ki Diary kay chand Awraq, 1947-1945 – Tehreek Pakistan ka Aik Aaham Bab”, published in 1998 Quetta by „Muhawra Taleemi Tehqeeq‟ this book consist on partial period from1945 to 1947 of personal diary of Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali, which indicates the political activities of Mir Sahib. A brief life sketch and his political services are 16 described in sequent, that how Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali entered in the politics and how he struggled for the cause of Pakistan and inclusion of the Balochsitan with Pakistan. Beside this a picture gallery is also given at the end of the book as last chapter; in which pictures of Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali and Quaid-e-Azam are also included. Images of “Al-Islam” weekly newspaper of Quetta covering the visit of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah to Balochistan in 1943 also included. In short this book is a summary of life of Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali.

“Tehreek-e-Pakistan Balochistan Mian”, is written by Dr. Inamul Haq Kausr and published in 1988 by „Maktaba-e-Aliya‟ Lahore. It has ten chapters, in which historical background of political development has been described orderly from the 1927 to establishment of Pakistan 1947. Visit of Quaid-e-Azam, establishment of Muslim League, and opposition of Muslim League by the contemporary parties, character of Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali, Qazi Muhammad Issa, Nawab Muhammad Khan Jogezi are the main constituent of the book.

“Jaddo Jehad-e-Aazadi Main Balochistan Ka Kirdar”and “Tehreek-e-Pakistan Main Balochistan Ka Hissa” of Prof. Dr. Inam-ul-Haq Kausar provide glimpses of contributions of multiple political leaders of the Balochistan. This book is published in 1994 in Lahore by „Idara Tehqiqat-e-Pakistan, Danishgah-e-Punjab‟. This book is detailed work on the Pakistan movement in Balochistan. It is comprises on political background, and movement in Balochistan for Pakistan, Muslim League in Balochistan, Congress and pro-Congress parties, Khan of Qalat, Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali, Nawab Muhammad Khan Jogezai, Qazi Muhammad Issa and other contemporaries were discussed in detailed and orderly according to the events occurred.

“Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali” by Ali Hussain Jamali is a biography of Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali. This book is a good attempt to describe the biography of Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali but due to lack of sequence in language and chapters this book does not meet the required standards. “Balochistan Ki Namwar Shakhsiat” is written by a journalist Akhtar Ali Khan Baloch. This book has two parts. This book comprises on the fame personalities of Balochistan.

17 Brig. (R) M. Usman Hasan wrote the book “Balochistan Izla Aur Tareekh” He described the short history of the districts of the Balochistan. The books, Journals, Research Articles and newspapers are included in the literature review. But the available literature is inadequate and does not serve the purpose therefore; it was a dire need of a comprehensive research on the instant topic.

As no systematic study has yet been done on the personal, social and political life of Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali. The significance of this research is that this study is a pioneer work in this field and will help other scholars in their research. An additional significance of the study is that being a biography it supplies an interesting dimension of history. A reader can grasp the events through the activities of Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali and can understand a long period through the achievements of Mir Sahib. Thus this study is not only a political biography of Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali but is a complete history of political development in Balochistan and Pakistan as well.

Research Methodology

There are basically two methods of historical research- quantitative and qualitative. The research of this study is based upon the „descriptive and analytical methodology‟. The data have been collected from interviews, books, research journals, documents, newspapers, public reports, websites and encyclopedias etc.

Organization of the Study

The chapters of the research are organized in the following way:

Study will be structured into four chapters. This research work begins with the justification and introduction of Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali. The statement of the problem, significance of the study, literature review, research methodology and organization of the study are also the part of this. The first chapter consists of Introduction; with Balochistan in Retrospect, Family Background etc. The second chapter consists of political biography of Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali, covering period from 1930 to 1947. The third chapter deals with the political biography of Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali from 1948 to

18 1967 while, the fourth chapter, which is the last one, concern with his social services and conclusion. In conclusion, a profound evaluation of Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali‟s political services for Pakistan Movement has been carried out concisely.

19 Chapter No. 1

Introduction

Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali in Retrospect

In the tribal areas, indeed, there has been a pivotal role of the head of the tribes in the history of the Balochistan in Sub-continent. It is evident from history that the Khanate of Kalat used to seek pieces of advice and opinions from the Nawabs and Sardars in every sphere of governance. Even in every time of trial of the Muslims‟ rule in the especially in Balochistan and generally in Sub-continent, these Sardars and Nawabs played a vital political role. Such political efforts of the Sardars and Nawabs brought positive and effective outcomes and boasted up the esteem of the Muslims as well.

The year 1857 marked the eventual collapse of Mughal Empire. But unfortunately, the War of Independence, 1857 proved to be a plight for the Muslims. At that time, excruciating grievances were rankling in the hearts of the Muslims, which drove them on the course of an all-out rebellion. The consequences of this heroic but unsuccessful revolt, for the Sub-continent in general and for the Muslims in particular, were immeasurably great. 1857 is, therefore, regarded as a watershed in the history of Sub-continent and of the Muslims in particular. However, this war produced far-reaching implications for the history of India. After the failure of 1857 War of Independence, the British made it no secret to wipe out the Muslims. Although this war was a joint effort of the Hindus and the Muslims, its end brought in everlasting troubles and miseries only for the Indian Muslims. They were made the special target of the British wrath. Natives started to face dire difficulties. In these circumstances, it was Sir Syed Ahmed Khan who dared to take up a delicate but highly important task of defending the Muslims and their rights too. Sir Syed‟s first task after 1857 was to rehabilitate the Muslims by bringing about a rapprochement between them and the British Rulers. To accomplish, he has to fight the prejudices deeply ingrained in both the communities against each other. He enumerated with real courage and candor the ills of British Rules. The emancipation of the Muslims from the British rule emerged through the outset of Ali Garh Movement. In

20 1885, A.O. Hume, a retired British bureaucrat, founded Indian National Congress (INC). The foremost purpose to establish such political party was to voice the grievances of inhabitants of the Sub-continent, without any discrimination of caste, colour and creed. Owing to that, some groups of the Muslims also were attracted by the flair and jingle of INC but with the passage of time, INC proved to be a party manifestly tilting in the favour of Hindus. The INC in its early days supported the British Raj. It was a pro-British party. It was not only conceived and brought up by the British but also received support and blessing from several other British leaders. Congress party‟s proclivities were established by the perpetual presence of members of the British parliament and its sessions like W.S. Kasson, Charles Bradlaugh and Samuel Smith. There is almost total consensus on the point that the Congress looked at the British as its benefactor and repeatedly pledged its unconditional fidelity to the Crown. Sitaramaya, the official historian of INC has conceded this fact by saying “congress men loved to parade their loyalty in the earlier days”. Lala Lajpat Rai also affirmed that: “It is an undisputable historical fact that idea of the INC was product of Lord Duferrin”. The operation of the INC was in absolute control of the Hindus, who acted in this exercise with prejudice. Due to biased and discriminatory attitude of Hindu leadership of INC, the Muslims, having no way else, decided to form a separate political party of their own. In the annual session of Muhammaden Educational Conference, All India Muslim League (AIML) was founded at Dhaka on 30th December, 1906. The Muslim leaders of INC were supposed to join the hands of AIML but despite that surprisingly, they started to oppose nascent league on manifold but irrational and fallible grounds. Muhammad Ali Jinnah and many other prominent leaders, after deeply analyzing the biased policies of Hindus, culminated that the Hindus would not only take undue advantage of their numeric and political arenas. The Muslims, as a whole, observed that Hindus had no concern with the wellbeing of the Muslims. Biased behaviour of the Hindus gave more momentum to the Muslim strive for their rights. It further strengthened the idea behind the two nation theory. As expected, Hindu leaders vehemently opposed the Two-Nation-Theory of AIML, and they tactically used the locus of the Balochi nationalist tribal heads for their own cause in Balochistan and these Balochi tribal heads, unfortunately, opposed the Two-Nation-Theory at every front. No doubt, at that time, it was apprehended that Muslims of the Balochistan would be influenced by the status and opposition of the nationalist leaders, but in the meantime, 21 a group of Balochi tribal leaders came to forward and did every effort required to the futile the plan of the nationalist leaders. Among those, the first and foremost name is of Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali alias Mir Sahib. He contributed a lot for the success of AIML especially in Sindh-Balochistan and also affirmed the Two-Nation-Theory. He was considered as the most trusted, sincere and confident collaborator of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah.1

Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali belonged to a very prominent and generous family of Nasirabad Division of Balochistan. (See appendix-I for Shajra-e-Nasab) Sakhi Dur Muhammad one of the forefathers of Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali, was the famous for his generosity, and nobility. These traits are still continuing in their family. Before moving further it is benefitting to have a glance over geo-political profile of Balochistan province in order to grasp the socio-political ideals of Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali.

Balochistan: Geo-Political Profile

Geography:

Balochistan since time immemorial enjoyed a unique strategic position, as it is located at the mouth of the Strait of Hormuz, near the key shipping routes, ins and outs, of the Persian Gulf. Strategic warm-water deep-sea port of Gawadar is main sea port of Balochistan. Balochistan, the largest of the four provinces of Pakistan, spreads over an area of 347,190 Sq, Km, forming 43.6 per cent of the total area of Pakistan.[2] It has clustered population and is the smallest in proportion as compared to that of other provinces. Its population, according to 1998 census, is 6.5 million (6,565,885), having a low density per square kilometer.[3]The coastal-line of Balochistan is 471 miles or 754 Km, border with Iran is 520 miles(832 Km) and border with Afghanistan is 723 miles (1157 Km) long. 4

Physically, Balochistan is an extensive plateau of rough terrain divided into basins by ranges of sufficient heights and ruggedness. Broadly, Balochistan geographic area can be divided in to four distinct zones: Upper high lands, lower high lands, plains, and deserts.

22 The upper highlands, known locally as Khorasan, rise as high as 3,700 meters, with valley floors about 1,500 meters above sea levels. The highlands include Makran, Kharan and Chaghi ranges in the West and Sulaiman, Pab, Kirther in the east. The Upper High Lands fall mainly in districts Zhob, Killa Saifullah, Pishin, Quetta, Ziarat and Kalat. It comprises a number of ranges such as Sulaiman, Toba Kakari, Murdar, Zarghoon, Takatu, and Chiltan ranges. 5 The Lower High Lands have an altitude ranging from 1970 to 3940 ft (600 to 1200 m). They are located in the south-eastern Balochistan, except eastern part of Kachi, the southern end of Dera Bugti and Nasirabad districts. Some are extension of lower high lands that exist at boundaries of Gwadar, Turbat, Panjgur, Kharan and Chaghi districts.6 Balochistan has relatively small area of plains as compared to its total land area. They include the Kachi plain, situated to the south of Sibi and extending into Nasirabad Division, the southern part of Dera Bugti district, and narrow plain area along the Makran coast stretching from Kachi to the Iranian border. The plains of Kachi, Las Bela and that of river Dasht cover sizable area. Mountains dominate the terrain, and valley floors, and piedmont plain make up only 15% of the landscape.7 The Western part of the province, mostly in Kharan and Chaghi districts, consists of vast plains covered with black gravel surface and broad expanses of sand dunes. The coastal-line is about 760 Kilometers long, with a number of peninsulas and promontories. The coastal area is not effectively connected with the interior; the steep hills rise abruptly beyond the narrow coastal plain. Ports, such as Somiani, Pasni and Gwadar are unsheltered. Federal and provincial governments have comprehensive development plans that feature a deep sea port at Gwadar and a coastal highway.8 In short Balochistan is rich in sources, less populated, geo-strategic province of Pakistan.

Political Administration:

Before the creation of Pakistan, politically Balochistan was divided in to two parts.

1. British Balochistan (Chief Commissioner‟s Province) 2. Princely States in Balochistan (Makran, Kharan, Lasbela & Qalat)9

Former was consisted on the areas of Zob, Loralai, Chaman, Naushki, Pishin, Harnai, Sibi and Quetta; the Pushtoon Belt of the area was called British Balochistan and 23 controlled by the British rulers through AGG (Agent to Governor General) of the Subcontinent. Latter was consisted on the areas of Kalat, Khuzdar, Mastung, Kharan, Makran, and Lasbella was called States of Balochistan; which was ruled by Khan of Kalat. Kalat state was a federation of four states namely Kalat, Makran, Kharan and Lasbella. Administratively state of Kalat was further divided into two honorary provinces, Jhalawan and Sarawan. Sardar of Zehri and Nawab of Raisani, were the chief (Chief Minister) of Jhalawan and Sarawan respectively.10

During the reign of the British from 1876 to 1935 in Balochistan, to establish any political organization or participating openly was incredible. Here newspapers were read secretly, and the list of those who had read the article or newspaper was in the hand of C.I.D. First, government did not want to continue any newspaper in the region and even if continued, and then it would be the vanguard of a government policy.11 From Multan, Ubaid-ullah Khan Baloch, on the behalf of fighters of Balochistan Yousaf Ali Aziz Magsi, in 1934, first time came in Balochistan for establishing an educational institute and weekly newspaper. But he writes that in those days press and other sources for public were banned. Furthermore, he states “Quetta railway station seemed to be a jail, for me and other new comers had been thoroughly investigated as they had stepped down the train.”12 Arif Simabi Sialkoti, another witness of those days, wrote that the word “revolution” could not be used even in poetry. In Balochistan, there was neither a council nor legislation, the English Government‟s writ was so enforced that, Anjuman-e-Islamia‟s President was always Quetta City Magistrate.13

In spite of the bad circumstances, it happened many time that, the people of Balochistan rose against British rule. After the first Afghan War, the people of Balochistan rose against the British rule in the leadership of Mir Mehrab Khan of Kalat in 1839, Ghulam Hussain Masori Bugti in 1867 and Shah Jahan Jogezai.14 Moreover, the brave sons of the soil, like, Nawaz Mengal, Nawab Bungul Khan Jogezai, Faiz Muhammad Ghazi, Abdullah Khan Achakzi, Ghazi Gohram, Sardar Muhammad Khan Zarakzai, Abdul Rehman Ghazi, Mir Ali Dost, Wazir Muhammad, Maulana Abdullah Laghari, Bijar Khan and Mulla Mazar Bagulzai are well known freedom fighters.15

24 On the other hand Allama Muhammad Fazil Durkhani established religious front against the Missionaries who started preaching Christianity among the simple and illiterate people of the Balochistan, they hoped to be converted easily. The centre of this religious educational movement was a small village, Durkhan near Dhadar. Now a day‟s Dhadar is the district headquarter of the Districts Kachhi near Sibi. Various publications in local languages, Balochi and Brahvi, revealed the missionaries movement against Islam and the Baloch Muslims.16

Islamia High School Quetta, which was called a little Ali Garh by Quaid-e-Azam, established by Anjuman-e-Islamia in 1890.17 The Islamia High School was the centre of the education as well as cultural programs for the Muslims of Balochistan. Various political and religious activities were organized here and great Ulama and Muslim leaders were invited to address the participants. Quaid-e-Azam and Nawab Bahadur Yar Jang had also been invited here. The Anjuman-e-Islamia represented the Muslims socially, religiously and politically, as there was no home for a political platform in Balochistan.18

All India Muslim League paid its attention to Balochistan in 1927, when the prominent Baloch leader Nawab Yousaf Ali Khan Aziz Magsi started to raise his voice against injustice in Balochistan. Mir Yousaf Ali Aziz Magsi had been in close contact with Allama Iqbal and Maulana Zafar Ali Khan.19 In those days, on the other hand, there was a supportive element for the Indian National Congress that was against Pakistan Movement of the Muslim League. Quaid-e-Azam was aware of the circumstances. So he included Balochistan‟s Provincial self determination in his 14 points in 1929. Anjuman-e-Islamia has a great contribution in Pakistan Movement through its social services that were financially supported by the community, especially by the prominent land lords of Nasirabad.20

Accession of British Balochistan and States of Balochistan with Pakistan was a miracle like creation of Pakistan. There are many heroes of Pakistan Movement, which played vital role for inclusion of Balochistan in Pakistan, like Khan of Kalat Mir Ahmad Yar Khan, Nawab Muhammad Khan Jogezai, Qazi Muhammad Issa, Sardar Ghulam Muhammad Khan Tareen, Maulana Hafiz Abdul Karim, Maulana Ghulam Fareed

25 Sialkoti, Haji Jahangir Shah, Naseem Hijazi, Abdul Ghafoor Durrani, and Al-Haj Maulvi Abdul Rasheed etc.21

But the character of Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali in Pakistan Movement, especially in Balochistan is unforgettable. He was the closest companion of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinah. He was the leader of Balochistan and Sind too. As a Muslim League worker he worked hard for the cause of Muslims of Subcontinent in Pakistan Movement. In the presence of opposition of pro- Congress parties like; “Anjuman-i- Watan” and “Qalat National Party” with the nationalist leadership like Abdul Samad Khan Achakzai (Balochi Gandhi) accession of British Balochistan with Pakistan seemed impossible. On 29 June 1947 in Town Hall Quetta, in the presence of Agent to Governor General in Balochistan Mr. Geoffrey Prior, a referendum was held, in which 54 members of Shahi Jirga voted for Pakistan while 8 non-Muslim members not attended the meeting. This was the major achievement of struggle for Pakistan Movement of Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali and Nawab Muhammad Khan Jogezai as representative of Balochistan. 22 Inclusion of Balochistan in Pakistan makes the Pakistan complete and secure for the Muslims of the subcontinent.

Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali: Family Background:

Jamali Tribe

It is global phenomena that societies comprise of various castes and their sub-castes or clans and tribes. Same is the case here in the subcontinent that the social structure is based on considerations of race, caste, tribe and clans. On the continuum, the people of Balochistan have also been divided and subdivided into tribes and Jamali tribe is one of the prominent tribes the region. The Jamali tribe is said to be a branch of the Rind tribe, and Jamal was the name of their great ancestor, after whom they are now called.23 There are in fact three divisions of this tribe. The north-western border of the Frontier District and part of Kalat territory (Now Nasirabad Division, Balochistan) are occupied by the first division, whose Chief is Wadero Lashkar Khan son of Khair Muhammad Khan, Jamali Sherkhanani, who lived in Bakhero, a village in Kalat territory near the border of taluka Jacobabad (Now District Jacobad, Sind). The second division occupies a portion of 26 the Shahdadpur Taluka (Now a Tehsil in District Sanghar, Sind) in the Frontier District, and their Chief is Wadero Sobedar Khan Alias Shaho Khan Jamali, who live in taluka Shahdadpur. The third division lives in taluka Johi (Now District Dadu, Sind) and other parts of the Karachi District, and their Chief is Wadero Hayat Khan alias Baksho Khan Jamali who lives in Phulji (In District Dadu, Sind).24

According to Mir Fazal Muhammad Khan Jamali, after the death of Sardar Tahir Khan Jamali, due to tribal feuds of Jamali tribe with Buzdar tribe, the ancestors of Jamali tribe migrated from Jamal din Wali, District: Rahim Yar Khan, Punjab to Bail Pat (Qubba Sher Khan, District Nasirabad, Balochistan). At that time area of Bail Pat was held in Sind- Balochistan border line territory, which was ruled under the Kalhora Dynasty. Wazir Khan Jamali uncle of Sardar Sher Khan Jamali defeated the Nawab of Magsies‟ and got a piece of land as manor from Rattau Dero (Larkana, Sind) to Bail Pat (Bhakhtiarabad Domki), Bail Pat to Sibi and from Jhal (Jhal Magsi) to Punj Khabat as reward from the Kalhora.25

On the other hand according to Saeed Naumani Jamal Khan, Laghar Khan and Mazar Khan were three brothers whose descendants are called Jamali, Laghari and Mazarai respectively. Firstly Ancestors of Jamalis‟ migrated from area of Punjab to District Dadu, Sind, afterward they settled in Tehsil Chattar (Qubba Sher Khan) of District Nasirabad, Balochistan. Sardar Sher Khan Jamali got the name of Wadera from the Khan of Qalat.26

Majority people from Jamali tribe lived in Subdivision Nasirabad (Now Divisional Headquarter) in District Sibbi. Before giving on lease Subdivision Nasirabad to Britain Govt. by Khan of Qalat, this tribe (Jamali tribe) was ruled by Government of Qalat. Due to excess supply of water, agriculture boost after opening of Kirthar Barrage (Kirthar Canal from Sukkur Barrage in 1932) from the Britain Govt. Jamali tribe got expertise in agriculture and to abandon the nomadic and permanently settled. This is a great clan. Some people of this tribe lived in Jacobabad and lower Sind‟s districts, some in Punjab too.27

27 Jaffarabad—History and contribution:

Jaffarabad is the famous district of Balochistan Province. The districts‟ name is derived from Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali, who was a Muslim League veteran from Balochistan and a close companion of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah. He contributed towards the promotion of the Muslim League cause in the area. Before the creation of Jaffarabad District, during the “One-Unit” period, this district was known as sub-division Jhatpat and was a part of Jacobabad district (Before 1847, Jacobabad had an original name Khan Garh cause of military defense fort of Khan of Qalat; it was called Khan Garh of Sindh province. City of Jacobabad is also called “Gate way to Balochistan”.28 Jhatpat as a sub division is very old. It was raised to sub-division level on 12 January 1932 with Captain Hoc Bland as the first Assistant Commissioner. On the dissolution of “One-Unit” in 1970 it was included in Sibbi district and remained within the jurisdiction of Sibbi district till January 1975. In 1975, when Nasirabad district came into existence, Jhatpat was included in Nasirabad district.29 In July 1987, Jaffarabad district came into existence; later combined with Nasirabad district but status restored in 2002.30 This district is known for wisdom, educational work and agriculture production of wheat and rice. In the memory of Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali‟s educational services for the people of the area, a cadet college is also flourishing in the district with the name of Cadet College Jaffarabad. From the political perspective, this district entails importance in the history of Pakistan. Jamali family has always played an important role in political terms. Many people of the family rendered their services in all fields of life, i.e. politician, bureaucrats, doctors, etc. Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali also got water from Sindh for irrigating the area. In this way, he enabled the land of the area for cultivating, which played an important role to enhancing the economic conditions of the people of the area.31 Due to Mir Sahib‟s efforts Nasirabad Division had become an important agricultural center in Balochistan.

Birth and early Life:

Date of birth of Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali is controversial. According to Mir Fazal Muhammad Khan Jamali; “Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali was born in Rojhan Jamali at Nasirabad at the beginning of the twentieth century.”32 According to Ali Hassan Jamali

28 “Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali was born on 10th of Muharram ul Haram at the beginning of the twentieth century. It has been estimated that the age of Mir Sahib (Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali) at the occasion of his death on 7th of April, 1967 was between 65 to 67 years.”33According to references provided by Dr. Inam-ul-Haq Kausar; date of birth of Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali is 1909.34 Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali was born in Rojhan Jamali in 1908.35 According to M.U. Qambrani: “Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali was born in 1908.”36Ali Hussain Jamali quotes the reference from the book of G.M. Syed, “Janab Guzarium Jin sein” (Those with whom I spent my life) pages 146 to 150: “Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali born th th on 10 of Muharram 1326 Hijri, 14 of February, 1908. Interestingly Mir Changaiz Khan Jamali the grandson of Mir Sahib tells that: “Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali was born in 1910 at place of present Rojhan Jamali village”.37Hence his date of birth cannot be determined with certainty.

Ruins of old Rojhan Jamali village is also located 5 Km away in the South of the present Rojhan Jamali village. The old Rojhan Jamali village was destroyed by flood. Pakistan Post Office issued a commemorative postage stamp of Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali on 14 August 1991 in its ongoing “Pioneers of Freedom” series. According to this Postage Stamp, date of birth of Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali is 1911 A.D.38 His historical name was “Fida-e-Millat”.39

Parents:

Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali‟s father Mir Taj Muhammad Khan Jamali was prominent land lord and leader of his tribe. The name of Mir Sahib‟s grandfather was Sakhi (Generous) Dur Muhammad Khan Jamali. His grandfather was a pious saint. He was famous for his generosity to the people of the area. His grandfather handed over the responsibilities of the leadership of his tribe to his cousin Lashkar Khan and he himself was engaged in the philanthropy and worship day and night. His shrine is a place of public pilgrimage at Rojhan Jamali, which had been built on a magnificent dome. The dome is adorned with colorful embroidered floral design, which is bizarre pattern of ancient Mughal architecture. 29 Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali was the first offspring of son, who was born in both of brothers‟ family Khan Muhammad Khan and Taj Muhammad Khan. Later on the cousins of Mir Sahib; Nawab Atta Muhammad Khan and Mir Murad Khan Jamali were born in the family of Mir Khan Muhammad Khan Jamali.40 Mir Murad Khan Jamali was a noble and pious politician of Jamali family. He was the member of West Pakistan Assembly. He was martyred when he was going to Jumma prayer from the Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali House, to the nearest mosque in Quetta on 21 July 1978.41 In commemoration of Mir Murad Khan Jamali the name of city „Temple Dera‟ was named „Dera Murad Jamali.‟ Dera Murad Jamali is the district headquarters of the district Nasirabad, Balochistan.42

Being an elder son, Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali, got love and attention for a long time of his father and uncle, Haji Mir Qaiser Khan Jamali and Haji Mir Shahnwaz Khan Jamali were younger brothers of Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali. Ex-Provincial minister of Balochistan Province Mir Faiq Khan Jamali is the grandson of Haji Mir Qaiser Khan Jamali. Ex- Prime Minister of Pakistan, Mir Zafarullah Khan Jamali and Ex-Senator of Pakistan Mir Abdul Rahman Khan Jamali are the son of Haji Mir Shahnwaz Khan Jamali and nephew of Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali.43

Mir Taj Muhammad Khan Jamali (II), the younger son of Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali was a famous politician. He was the Ex-chief Minister of Balochistan and Federal Minister too. Mir Changaiz Khan Jamali the grandson of Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali is also making bright the name of his ancestors in the field of politics and serving the people of the area. He was too Ex Federal Minister of Science and Technology. Mir Jan Muhammad Khan Jamali, Ex-Deputy Chairman, Ex-Chief Minister of Balochistan, now a days working as the Speaker of the Balochistan Assembly is the grandson of Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali.44

Ancestors of Mir Sahib were the famous about giving alms to the poor people of the area. These traits were inherited as if Mir Sahib. They have the tradition of the Batthi. A specified place which was used as a place of cooking food, where people get readymade food was absolutely free. Even today, this tradition is alive in Rojhan Jamali. There were nine Batthies in different places i.e. Taj Pur, Rojhan Jamali, Kashmir Kot, Qubba Sher Khan, Usta Muhammad etc. It was the miracle that in 2010 flood destroyed all Rojhan Jamali except Batthi.45 30 Teachers and Education:

Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali got his early education from Paish Imam (Maulvi Sahib) of the local Mosque. He learned the Holy Quran and Persian education. Urdu and Sindhi learned by himself, while he understood English somehow.46

He had learned the Holy Quran and Persian text books from Maulvi Abdul Rahim Sahib Kulachi, one of learned personalities of his times. When he was at the age of 11 his father had expired. His uncle handed over the land handling and food charity system to him, which he handled in the best way. He had fully command over the Sindhi, Saraiki, and Balochi beside Arabic, Persian, Urdu and English.47 Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali had not taught, not an erudite, not a poet, not a philosopher, but in spite of everything he had all the attributes that were present in all of them combined. 48 He did not possess any educational degree but had political intelligence and patriotic heart too.49

Personality of Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali:

Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali‟s outlook, as narrated by Dr. Nazar Kamrani “Red and white color, medium built, glaring eyes, shiny beard on his face, behind this a fresh face which indicated the glory and beauty too. Behind the slavery broad chest, crystal clean heart, He was tender for friends and forward in forgiving enemies.”50 According to Ali Hussain Jamali that: “Mir Sahib kept a beautiful and impressive personalityand talked with a thundering voice. His dress was also brilliant and stunning; white turban, white shalwar and qameez, wearing Italian shoes and coat in which pocket watch, with beautiful rod in hand. Mean complete model of lavish style.”51

Titles of Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali:

“Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah used to say leading activist of the Pakistan Movement‟s Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali “The Gate Way of Balochistan” and people awarded the title to Mir Sahib as “Fida-e-Millat”.52 Due to high courage, audacity and immense determination of Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali; Quaid-e-Azam called him “the Lion of Balochistan”53

31 Medal and Honour:

Alive nations never forget their leading personalities and those who play vital role in their national history. They not only pay tribute to their adventures abut also introduce them to the upcoming generations to make them aware of their history and of the sacrifices of their elders. Whereby, they keep on getting inspiring and motivations from their tremendous history for the national progress and development.

For the purpose of paying tribute to the freedom fighters, Provincial Government of Balochistan bestowed them with the medals regarding their prominent services in the freedom movement on 14 August 1987. Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali was one of those who were honored with the Gold Medal.54

Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali got the honor of rendering main services for the sake of Pakistan Movement in both the provinces namely Sindh and Balochistan. He used to be elected as Member Legislative Assembly (MLA) from Sindh. He remained active in Sindh for Muslim League and also disseminated the ideology of Pakistan in Balochistan.55These services will be discussed in detail in forthcoming chapters.

32 Conclusion

Due to anti-Muslim activities of Congress, Muslims of India established AIML on December 30, 1906. A new era was started in Pakistan movement when Muhammad Ali Jinnah joined AIML in 1913. In 1934, Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah reorganized the AIML and task was not an easy one. In Balochistan, Qauid-e-Azam has to confront pro- Congress elements like Abdul Smad Khan Achakzai, Abdul Aziz Kurd, Mir Ghaus Bukhsh Bezinjo and Mir Naseer Khan Gul etc.

Politically Balochistan was divided into two parts i.e. British Balochistan and State of Qalat, formerly was ruled by the British through the Agent to the Governor General of India and latterly was ruled by the His Highness Khan of Qalat. Anjuman-e-Watan party was worked for the cause of Congress in British Balochistan under the Khan Abdul Samad Khan Achakzai and on the other hand Anjuman-e-Balochan was also played its role in States of Qalat under the leadership of Mir Ghaus Bukhsh Bezinjo. But Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali, Nawab Muhammad Khan Jogezai, Qazi Muhammad Issa and Khan of Qalat took initiated for the cause of Pakistan in Balochistan and played vital role the Muslims‟ cause.

Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali belonged to a land lord family from Nasirabad of Balochistan. He was the son of Mir Taj Muhammad Khan Jamali who was a great land lord and sardar of Balochistan. His grandfather Sakhi Dur Muhammad was a noble person and famous for his generosity. He entered in politics in the age of 16. For the first time he joined Congress in 1930 but later on he joined AIML in 1938 and proved the right hand man of Quaid-e-Azam in Balochistan. He scarified everything for the cause.

For the first time Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali met to Quaid-e-Azam about his lands‟ cases against the British Government. From joining the AIML, the services of Mir Sahib seemed a lot of achievements like struggle for constitutional reforms in Balochistan, induction for Quetta Municipality, to allocate large sums for education, social services and inclusion of Balochistan in Pakistan. He had not missed any chance and platform where he did not speak for the restoration of rights of the people of Balochistan. Due to close relations with

98 Quaid-e-Azam, he soon established extremely close relations with the other leaders of Pakistan movement like, Liaqat Ali Khan, Maulana Abdul Hamid Badayuni, Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani, Raja Sahib of Mehmoodabad, Haji Abdullah Haroon, Muhammad Ayoub Khuro, Khawja Nazim-ud-Din, Sardar Abdul Rab Nishtar, Hussain Shaheed Suhrawardy, Khan of Qalat, G.M. Syed, Z.A. Bhutto and the other prominent leaders of the Subcontinent. Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali attended the annual session of AIML in 1939 at Madras with his brother Qaiser Khan Jamali and thirty others. In 1940 he attended the annual session of AIML at Lahore, at Karachi in 1942, at Allahabad, in 1943 at Delhi, Jalindhar, in 1945 at Quetta and in 1946 at Delhi. Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali was a devote politician and tried his best for the achievement of mottos of the Muslim League in Balochistan. He organized the Muslim League and made it a prominent political party of Balochistan.

When the Resolution of Pakistan was passed on 23 March, 1940 in Lahore, Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali participated with a delegation of thirty and he supported the Resolution. After passing the Resolution, Maulana Abdul Hamid Badayuni visited the Balochistan on the advice of Quaid-e-Azam. That visit was organized by the Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali and Sardar Rustam Khan Jamali. In 1942, Mir Jaffar Khan was elected the vice president of the Balochistan Muslim League.

In June 1943, Quaid-e-Azam visited the Balochistan on the wish of Qazi Muhammad Issa and Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali. On the arrival of Quaid-e-Azam at Quetta about 5000 people warmly welcomed the Quaid-e-Azam. Quaid-e-Azam became very happy due to the extra ordinary welcome. Mir Jaffar Khan was the only political personality who not only worked the cause of Pakistan in Balochistan but also in the province of Sind and represented the both provinces. In 1944, Mir Jaffar Khan became the president or Jacobabad Muslim League. On September 14, 1945, Quaid-e-Azam visited Quetta with his sister Miss Fatima Jinnah. He welcomed warmly by the Qazi Muhammad Issa and Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali. He informed to Quaid-e-Azam about the present condition of the Balochistan and Sind. On 11 January, 1946, Indian Muslims celebrated the glorious victory in the election. Two day before this, on 9 January, 1946, a delegation led by Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali, a member 99 of Sind Assembly resented a memorandum to the British Parliamentary in Karachi, in which was demanded the provincial autonomy for Balochistan. In June, 1947, a referendum was held about the decision of accession of British Balochistan either with the domain of India or Pakistan. Pro-Congress elements were trying to get favour of Shahi Jirga for accession of Balochistan with India. For this purpose they were utilizing the unfair means in the fiscal and political form. But the Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali with the help of Nawab Muhammad Khan Jogezai, Qazim Muhammad Issa, Arbab Karam Khan and Nasim Hijazi failed the Congress plan and Shahi Jirga decided to accede with Pakistan. At that occasion Quaid-e-Azam said; “Well done Balochistan”. This was the result of hard working of Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali. In 1947, Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali participated in the oath ceremony of the Governor General of Pakistan Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah at Karachi. In 1947, after the creation of Pakistan Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali spent his all energy and resources for stabilizing the Pakistan. He worked for the cause of the country day and night, and from Karachi to Dhaka and from Quetta to Peshawar he did not left any notable political leader which he did not met. In February, 1948, Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah visited the Sibi accompanied by his sister Miss Fatima Jinnah; he loved very much with the people of Balochistan. At the occasion Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali was also there in the Sibbi Darbar Address. Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali was extremely confident friend of His Highness Khan of Qalat, he wanted the early annexation of Qalat with Pakistan. Due to the day and night efforts of Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali the Khan of Qalat decided to annex to Pakistan. Eventually accession of Qalat was held in 1948 with Pakistan. Khan of Qalat‟s tribute to Mir Sahib expressing the truth; that, he respected the Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali very mush, he was Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali followed by Quaid-e-Azam presented him best tribute. Establishment of One Unit System in Pakistan and Martial Law of 1958 was imposed on the country by the dictators. Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali believes that establishment of the One Unit causes irreparable damaging of the national unity of the country and above all to Pakistan Ideology. Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali was the one of those people who openly opposed the One Unit and Martial Law; and when horse trading of politician was going on in support of Ayoub Khan and faith was being sold; that time, having made futile all the conspiracies of the adherents of Ayoub Khan, Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali favoured the 100 benefactor and the mother of nation Miss Fatima Jinnah publicly. At the time of 1965 war, Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali fully supported the government against the war; he gave the money and thousands of tons of wheat in the Defense Fund. Besides these, Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali published a weekly newspaper “Tanzeem” Quetta for the cause of Pakistan under the editorship of famous historical novelist Naseem Hijazi. This newspaper played a vital role in the politics of Balochistan and Sind for the Muslim League cause. Educational and social services of Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali are quite admirable for the people of the Balochistan. Mir Jaffar Khan expired on 7th of April, 1967 at Karachi. Above discussion shows that Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali was a very prominent figure among the leaders of Pakistan Movement, who was a sincere and confident companion of Quaid-e- Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah and important leader of Muslim League. This shows in full, that how Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali served the Muslim League with dedications. The everlasting relationship among the Quaid-e-Azam and other dignitaries of the Pakistan Movement come to the fore.

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