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History of the Panama Canal; Its Construction and Builders

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History of the Panama Canal; Its Construction and Builders • CHAPTER V SPANISH RULE ON THE ISTHMUS Pedrarias Superseded—Lope de Sosa Appointed Governor of Castilla del Oro— Pedrarias Leaves Antigua—Founds Panama—Espinosa Secures Paris's Gold—Diego de Albites—-His Career—He Re-founds Nombre de Dios —Death of Lope de Sosa—Pedrarias Still Governor—Oviedo's Rule in Antigua—Its Failure—Antigua Abandoned and Burned—Uprise of Panama—Exploration by Pascual de Andagoya—Urraca Defeats Espinosa and Pizarro—Espinosa Founds Nata—Establishment of Alanje —-Gil Gonzalez Davila—-His Search for the Moluccas—He Discovers Lake Nicaragua—He Names the Gulf of Fonseca—His Great Success —His Northern Explorations—He Goes to Mexico—His Return to Spain—His Death—Activity of Oviedo—Pedrarias Again Superseded— Pedro de Los Rios Appointed Governor of Castilla del Oro—Pedrarias Seizes Nicaragua—Foundation of Granada and Leon—Cordoba's Re- bellion—His Negotiations With Cortes—Pedrarias Leaves Panama for Nicaragua—Execution of C6rdoba—Pedrarias's Conflict With Saavedra—Arrival of Pedro de los Rios—Pedrarias Tried and Ac- quitted—Pedrarias Appointed Governor of Nicaragua—Rivalry of Salcedo—Deposition of Salcedo—Exploration of the San Juan River— Pedrarias Deals in Slaves—Holds Gladiatorial Contests—Depletion of the Native Population—Pedrarias Secures Territory in Honduras —Fails in San Salvador—Sells His Interest in Peru—His Death— His Character. THE reports made both by Oviedo, Sea, where he hoped to be independent of the veedor, who had gone back to the new governor of Castilla del Oro. ..With Spain in October, 15 15, and by- this object in view he proposed to his ca- Bishop Quevedo, who had also returned, bildo or council that the capital should be were extremely adverse to Pedrarias, and transferred from its then site to a new one 'it was determined by the Council of the on the other side of the isthmus. There Indies to supersedethim. King Ferdinand were many reasons why this proposal was died on January 23, 1516, and to his suc- unlikely to find favor, not the least among cessor, his young grandson, Carlos I, after- them being the fact that in 151 5 metropoli- wards destined to achieve great fame as tan privileges had been granted to Antigua, the Emperor Charles V, fell the duty of thus making it the first European city on appointing the new governor. He selected the American continent, as well as the seat for the onerous post Lope de Sosa, who was of the first bishopric. To abandon such a then acting governor of the Canary Is- settlement and transfer its privileges else- lands; but apparently de Sosa was in no where seemed little short of desecration, hurry to take over his new command, for as well as being wholly impracticable ; and he did not arrive at Antigua until May, the proposal was accordingly rejected. 1520. Thereupon Pedrarias decided to go to In the meantime, Pedrarias, uneasy in Panama on his own account. With all the mind as to what the rumored change might valuables that could be amassed and as portend for himself, conceived the idea of many troops as could be induced to accom- becoming ruler on the shore of the South pany them, the governor and his alcalde 28 C H a ?.2.§.z<SuppofedStreigbts to the South Sea.Ebbing andflowing ofthe Sea.^iy Sea ,- For this caule they haue called all char Ocean the South which Iyeth on the other iide of the Ea!t Indies, although a great pare otic be leated to the North, as all the coaft of new Spume, They fay, that he that firlt dil'couered ]^Hitrai"ia,Guatimila and T^nnina. this Sea , was called hedid thatparc which call BUjcownneso'i Bilbo , the which by we now Maine Land, where ic Tent fiim. growes narrow, and the two Seas approach Co ne.ere the one to the other, that there isbucfe- uen leagues of diftance : for although they make t he way eighteene from Nambre de Dws to Pa- StraightofIan<3 bucei^ht lcag« nama, yet is it with turning to feefce thecomrnodicieof the way, but drawing a direct line, the betwixt North one Sea (Tullnoc be found more diftanc from the other. Some haue difcourfed and propounded & South Seast to cut through this paffage of feuen leagues, aftd'toioyneoneSea to the other, to make the jjafi lofage from Peru more commodiou; and eafie, for that theft eighteene leagues of Land betwixt Timbre de Dins and Panama, is more painefull and chargeable then 2 500. by Sea , whereupSh fome would Iky, it were a meanes to Jro wne the Land, one Sea being lower then another. As in times pall we finde it written, that for the fame coulideration, they gaue oue'r the enterprizc to winne the red Sea intol^-/!-, in the time of King Sefoftrit ,aild (ince, in the Empire of the O- thorn ws. But for my pirt, i hold luch difcourfes and proportions for vaine, although this mcon- Iomm, uenience (haul J not happen, the which I will not hold for allured. I belceue there is no humaine beat? breakc thole ftrong and jiowerableto and downe impenetrable Mountaines , which God hath placed betwixt the two Seas, and hath nude them molt hard Rockej, to withftand the furieor two Seas. And althougli it were po!TibIe to men, yet in my opinion th-ey fhould feare 20puni(hment from heauen, iuleeking to correct the workes, which the Creator by'his great pro- ukience hachor.hined and difpofed in the framing of this vniuerfall world. 3 Liauing tins difcourfe of opening th; Land, and ioyning both Seas together, there is yec 1. Emperor Charles V, by Titian (Pinacothek, Munich). 2. Philip II, by Titian (Prado. Madrid). 3. Extract from Acosta's History, in Purchas' Pilgrimes, 1625. FOUNDING OF PANAMA 29 mayor, Espinosa, set out, and having was a captain named Diego de Albites, who reached the south coast in safety in Jan- at one time seemed destined to achieve uary, 1519, once more took formal posses- great reputation as a conquistador. He sion of mainland, islands, and ocean. had been with Captain Guzman in 15 15- They found that Hernando Ponce de Leon, 1516, when that commander had discov- whom, as will be remembered, Espinosa had ered the original fishing village of Panama; left in command at Panama in 15 17, had he had been prominent in the ravages and abandoned the post, and that Francisco lootings committed on that celebrated de Companon was still at the Pearl Islands, march; he had been one of those who where Balboa had placed him; but this helped to conduct Guzman's disastrous re- proved no bar to the designs the governor treat, through the disturbed Indian coun- had formed, and accordingly, on August try, back to Antigua; he had been in the *5> I 5 I 9. Pedrarias officially founded the thick of the fighting in 1516, when Espinosa town of Panama, in the name and on behalf worsted Paris; he had helped to establish of Dona Juana the queen and Don Carlos at Panama in 151 7 the southern station of her son. The surrounding lands he divided the line of posts which was to cross the among his 400 followers, with permission isthmus; and in the same year he had to till them by means of any Indian slaves accompanied Espinosa when he returned, they might succeed in capturing. laden with booty but half famished, to Espinosa had by no means forgotten the Antigua. Albites had thus become a sea- great quantity of gold which the cacique soned fighter. A little later he went on Paris had retaken from Badajoz and had a raiding expedition along the north managed to retain, and, as soon as arrange- coast from Chagre to Veragua, and dis- ments could be effected for that purpose, played so much ability in collecting gold he set out in quest of it. Taking with him and captives that the cabildo gave him a 150 men, he sailed to the west as far as license to effect settlements in Veragua. that chieftain's territory, ascended the Accordingly, in 1519, he sailed from An- river in canoes, and found that Paris had tigua to carry out his grand scheme of recently died and that his son Cutara had colonization, but when he had reached succeeded to his position. The village Punta Manzanillo, his vessel sprang a leak, was attacked and plundered, but no gold and he put back to the island of Bastimen- was discovered until a search was made tos, on which he and his men had just time around the body of the dead chief, then to land before the ship went down. This lying in state, and there gold to the value disaster put an end to the Veragua scheme, of 40,000 castellanos was obtained. Es- but amends were made in another direc- pinosa had further luck, for he succeeded tion. Ferried across to the mainland in in securing from a chieftain named Bir- canoes by the natives, Albites and his uquete a large quantity of maize. With party, very much against the wish of Pedra- these two valuable commodities in his rias, who was just then at loggerheads with possession he went back to Panama, where the Cabildo at Antigua and who looked half the treasure was buried, and Pedra- with anything but favor on a possible rival rias and Espinosa returned to Antigua with to Panama, refounded Nombre de Dios, the other half. which had lain derelict since its abandon- By one of those lucky chances which ment by the remnant of Nicuesa's force.
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