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A Primeira Guerra Mundial. Na Batalha De La Lys

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A Primeira Guerra Mundial. Na Batalha De La Lys A Primeira Guerra Mundial. Na Batalha de La Lys Judite Gonçalves de Freitas, João Casqueira Cardoso e Pedro Reis (EDITORES) edições UNIVERSIDADE FERNANDO PESSOA A Primeira Guerra Mundial. Na Batalha de La Lys Judite Gonçalves de Freitas, João Casqueira Cardoso e Pedro Reis (EDITORES) Porto - 2019 FICHA TÉCNICA -- Título: A Primeira Guerra Mundial. Na Batalha de La Lys Editores: Judite Gonçalves de Freitas, João Casqueira Cardoso e Pedro Reis © 2019 - Universidade Fernando Pessoa Edição Suporte (Formato): Eletrónico (PDF) Edições Universidade Fernando Pessoa Praça 9 de Abril, 349 · 4249-004 Porto Tlf. +351 22 507 1300 · Fax. +351 22 550 8269 E-mail: [email protected] · https://edicoes.ufp.pt/ Capa e Paginação: Oficina Gráfica da UFP ISBN: 978-989-643-151-8 CATALOGAÇÃO NA PUBLICAÇÃO -- A Primeira Guerra Mundial [Documento eletrónico] : Na Batalha de La Lys / eds. Judite Gonçalves de Freitas, João Casqueira Cardoso, Pedro Reis. – eBook. – Porto : Edições Universidade Fernando Pessoa, 2019. – 269 p. ISBN 978-989-643-151-8 História – Guerra Mundial – 1914-1918 / Batalha de La Lys – 1918 / Portugal – História Militar CDU 94(100) 94(469) 355.48 A Primeira Guerra Mundial. Na Batalha de La Lys Judite Gonçalves de Freitas, João Casqueira Cardoso e Pedro Reis (EDITORES) edições UNIVERSIDADE FERNANDO PESSOA Índice geral 011 Apresentação 017 Presentation 023 Avant-propos 029 I. A PROBLEMATIZAÇÃO DA PRIMEIRA GRANDE GUERRA 031 Helmut Bley The Impact of World War I on the non-European World 043 Luís Alves de Fraga Portugal e a beligerância na Grande Guerra: Razões de uma intervenção 055 Cláudia Ramos Do paradigma da guerra ao paradigma da paz: O tratado de Versalhes e a génese de organizações internacionais intergovernamentais 065 António Fernando Cascais O gaseamento na imagem médica e na memória histórica da Primeira Guerra Mundial 083 Gonçalo Paixão O Serviço Veterinário Militar na Primeira Guerra Mundial 101 Teresa Toldy Ethical challenges posed by faceless wars. In memory of a combatant in La Lys 109 II. PORTUGAL NA GUERRA - A BATALHA DE LA LYS 111 Guilhermina Mota A Batalha de La Lys e a sua história 123 Luís Alves de Fraga O CEP na Batalha de La Lys: O fim de um objectivo político nacional 135 João Casqueira Cardoso The Battle of La Lys: legal, political and social questions 147 Manuel do Nascimento La participation du Portugal dans la Première Guerre mondiale 159 III. A GUERRA NAS COLÓNIAS 161 Helmut Bley German Mittel-Africa plans and the colonial situation in Angola and Mozambique 171 José António Rodrigues Pereira A Marinha na Grande Guerra. A Defesa Marítima das Ilhas de Cabo Verde (1914-1918) 185 José Soares Martins Para lá do Rovuma mandam os que lá estão: ou o desastre militar em Moçambique durante a primeira guerra mundial de 14-18 191 IV. A HISTORIOGRAFIA DA GUERRA 193 António Paulo Duarte As imagens da 1ª Guerra Mundial, na História e na Historiografia, em Portugal 207 Judite Gonçalves de Freitas The war in History and the History of war: historiographic profiles in the syntheses of Portugal 215 Jorge Pedro Sousa Portugal na Guerra: uma revista de infopropaganda 223 V. POSTERS 231 VI. OUTROS 233 Joaquim Castro Phenomenological exploration of emigration and acculturation: War and peace between the individual position and States 251 Mehdi Jendoubi La chute de l’Empire ottoman et ses conséquences pour le Proche-Orient 261 Aurore Rouffelaers Amours suspendues: Correspondances de guerre 267 Aurore Rouffelaers Exposition Racine: 19 mémoires vivantes Apresentação O livro presentemente disponibilizado em formato e-book, por opção dos editores, cons- tituí o resultado dos trabalhos de autor apresentados e desenvolvidos no âmbito do Con- gresso Internacional sobre a Primeira Guerra Mundial. No centenário da Batalha de la Lys que reuniu, nas instalações da Faculdade de Ciências Humanas e Sociais da Universi- dade Fernando Pessoa, nos passados dias 9 a 11 de abril de 2018, mais de duas dezenas de investigadores nacionais e estrangeiros com o intuito de proceder a uma análise multidis- ciplinar dos motivos, implicações, ocorrências e análises de um dos maiores acontecimen- tos bélicos da primeira metade do século XX. O congresso foi desenvolvido em associação com o Instituto da Defesa Nacional. A estrutura de apresentação dos textos obedece a uma subdivisão orgânica e temática, partindo de unidades temáticas de âmbito geral e problematizante para unidades temáticas específicas relacionadas, mormente com o contexto, o âmbito e as dimensões da partici- pação portuguesa na Batalha de La Lys, estabelecendo uma relação de complementarida- de entre ambas. Por conseguinte, a ordem de apresentação principia com um I capítulo intitulado “A problematização da Primeira Grande Guerra” e um II capítulo, especifica- mente dedicado à participação de “Portugal na Guerra - A Batalha de La Lys”. De igual modo, no III capítulo, intitulado “A guerra nas colónias” inserem-se todos os trabalhos que abordam, nomeadamente, a projeção do conflito nos domínios africanos portugueses, com destaque para a questão esclavagista e as ameaças anglófonas e germânicas, o papel de defesa da armada portuguesa em Cabo Verde, e, finalmente, a intimidação alemã na região de Tanganica (África Oriental). O IV capítulo é inteiramente dedicado à historiografia da guerra, incluindo estudos sobre a construção das imagens da participação de Portugal no conflito, as mudanças concetuais e as direções investigativas do discurso historiográfico, ao longo do século XX, e por últi- mo, as imagens da guerra na imprensa portuguesa. No V capítulo inserem-se os posters apresentados a congresso, abordando respetiva- mente o papel da Cruz Vermelha e o impacto da Primeira Guerra Mundial na cidade de Porto. Para fechar, no último capítulo (VI), foram reunidos todos os trabalhos que abor- dam problemáticas diversas relacionadas com o fenómeno guerra, mas que se encontram de algum modo mais distanciadas do núcleo temático principal do livro. Tratando-se de um encontro científico de âmbito internacional foi concedida total liber- dade aos autores para redigirem os textos finais numa das três línguas oficiais do encontro (português, francês ou inglês). *** O primeiro texto de Helmut Bley procede a uma abordagem problematizante da guerra como um fenómeno mundial, matizando o fenómeno com o crescimento do fervor nacio- nalista e a crise do imperialismo europeu nos continentes africano e asiático; prosseguindo com a análise das repercussões da Revolução Russa de 1917 no mundo, o impacto da guer- ra nas populações civis europeias e extraeuropeias, bem como a instabilidade causada no Próximo Oriente. Por seu turno, Luís Alves de Fraga consigna o seu texto à avaliação das condicionantes internas e externas da entrada de Portugal na guerra, analisando especial- mente as dependências políticas de Portugal, mormente da Grã-Bretanha, e o malogro da política de beligerância nacional na sequência da falta de apoio britânico. Cláudia Ramos salienta as contradições do primeiro quartel do século XX, entre o legado de conflito aci- catado pelas crescentes rivalidades entre as principais potências europeias e o delinear de uma nova ordem internacional no pós-guerra pautada por uma matriz de diálogo, enten- dimento e cooperação. António Fernando de Cascais aflora a questão do uso pioneiro de ar- mamento químico e biológico e as suas vertentes traumáticas e duradouras, quer do ponto de vista humano imediato quer do ponto de vista memorialístico e reincidente posterior. Por seu turno, Gonçalo Paixão procede à análise dos serviços veterinários do Exército Por- tuguês recorrendo a fontes do Arquivo Militar. Descrevendo os contingentes e as condições de envio dos solípedes para as zonas de guerra na Europa e na África Portuguesa, esmiúça as razões da falta de organização dos serviços veterinários. No final deste capítulo, Teresa Toldy, em homenagem ao seu avô, combatente e sobrevivente da Batalha de La Lys, pro- cede a uma reflexão sobre as questões éticas levantadas pela alteração dos padrões bélicos, pelo recurso a mecanismos de “morte à distância”, mormente com os bombardeamen- tos aéreos e a utilização de armas químicas (gaseamentos) que permitiram uma destruição massiva de soldados e “pessoas sem rosto”. No primeiro texto do segundo capítulo, Guilhermina Mota disserta sobre a história da Batalha de La Lys, sublinhando os aspetos da historiográfia portuguesa acerca deste acon- tecimento. A autora enquadra esses aspetos, e contrasta os mesmos com elementos obje- tivos, documentos e evidências conhecidas agora. A Batalha de La Lys, no dia 9 de abril de 1918 e os dias seguintes, inseriu-se num conjunto de ofensivas alemãs do final da Primeira guerra mundial, nas Flandres, nomeadamente na operação alemã chamada “Georgette”. A ofensiva foi caracterizada por duríssimos ataques nas frentes de combate, por parte de tropas bem treinadas e bem equipadas, contrariamente ao Exército Português. As circuns- tâncias que precederam a Batalha de La Lys, como as alterações táticas que diziam respeito ao Contingente Expedicionário Português, são descritas e analisadas com minúcia. A du- reza da Batalha de La Lys é aí patente, em particular quando comparada com outras opera- ções semelhantes. Luís Alves de Fraga, concentrando o olhar sobre as condições políticas, económicas e sociais do envolvimento português na Primeira Guerra Mundial, demonstra a forma como o Contingente Expedicionário Português estava, de facto, abandonado pelo poder político, no período em que a Batalha de La Lys ocorreu. Em Portugal, já havia uma 12 A PRIMEIRA
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