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Food Culture in the Eastern Himalayas J ISSN 0971-9318 HIMALAYAN AND CENTRAL ASIAN STUDIES (JOURNAL OF HIMALAYAN RESEARCH AND CULTURAL FOUNDATION) NGO in Consultative Status-Category II with ECOSOC, United Nations Vol. 5 Nos. 3-4 July - December 2001 NORTH EAST SPECIAL Mountain Commons in the North East Mahendra P. Lama Migration, Identity and Conflict in Assam Anindita Dasgupta Small Wars and Insurgencies in the North East Binalakshmi Nepram Whither DGHC D. Bhaumik & Dilip K. Sarkar Toy Train of Darjeeling R.P. Lama Food Culture in the Eastern Himalayas J. P. Tamang The United Nations Commission on Human Rights (56th Session): A Report Sharad K. Soni HIMALAYAN AND CENTRAL ASIAN STUDIES Editor : K. WARIKOO Guest Editor : MAHENDRA P. LAMA Assistant Editor : SHARAD K. SONI Copyright©Himalayan Research and Cultural Foundation, New Delhi. * All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electrical, mechanical or otherwise without first seeking the written permission of the publisher or due acknowledgement. * The views expressed in this Journal are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the opinions or policies of the Himalayan Research and Cultural Foundation. The Himalayan Research and Cultural Foundation gratefully acknowledges the support extended by Shri Pawan K. Chamling, Hon'ble Chief Minister of Sikkim in bringing out this special issue. SUBSCRIPTION IN INDIA Single Copy : Rs. 150.00 Annual (Individual) : Rs. 300.00 Institutions : Rs. 500.00 & Libraries (Annual) OVERSEAS (AIRMAIL) Single Copy : US $ 15.00 UK £ 10.00 Annual (Individual) : US $ 30.00 UK £ 20.00 Institutions : US $ 50.00 & Libraries (Annual) UK £ 35.00 Subscriptions should be sent by crossed cheque or bank draft in favour of HIMALAYAN RESEARCH AND CULTURAL FOUNDATION, Post Box : 10541, Jawaharlal Nehru University Post Office, New Delhi - 110067 (India). Printed and published by Prof. K. Warikoo on behalf of the Himalayan Research and Cultural Foundation, BA/1G, D.D.A. Flats, Munirka, New Delhi-110067. Printed at Print India, A-38/2, Mayapuri-I, New Delhi-64 and published at New Delhi. EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Dr. T.N. Khushoo Prof. Harish Kapur Distinguished Fellow Professor Emeritus TERI, Habitat Centre Graduate Institute of Lodhi Road International Studies New Delhi (India) Geneva (Switzerland) Lt. Gen. (Rtd.) Hridaya Kaul Dr. Lokesh Chandra New Delhi (India) Director International Academy of Indian Culture New Delhi (India) Prof. Devendra Kaushik Prof. Amin Saikal Chairman Director Maulana Azad Institute Centre for Arab and Islamic of Asian Studies Studies Calcutta (India) Australian National University Canberra (Australia) Prof. I.N. Mukherjee Mr. Alexender Veigl Dean Secretary General School of International Studies IOV Jawaharlal Nehru University Vienna (Austria) New Delhi (India) Prof. A.A. Aidaraliev Prof. Jayanta Kumar Ray President University of Calcutta International University of Calcutta (India) Kyrgyzstan Bishkek (Kyrgyzstan) Prof. Kalim Bahadur Prof. K. N. Pandita New Delhi Jammu CONTRIBUTORS Dr. Mahendra P. Lama is Professor of South Asian Economics in the School of International Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. He is the author of Sikkim Human Development Report 2001. Dr. Dhrubajyoti Bhaumik is Professor of Political Science, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling. Dr. Dilip Kumar Sarkar is Controllar of Examinations, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling. R.P. Lama, an eminent literary figure from Darjeeling is Member, Executive Board, Sahitya Akademy, New Delhi. Binalakshmi Nepram is a Research Scholar in Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. Dr. Jyoti Prakash Tamang teaches in the Department of Botany, Sikkim Government College, Gangtok. Dr. Anindita Dasgupta teaches in Cotton College, Guwahati. Dr. Sharad K. Soni is Fellow, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Institute of Asian Studies, Kolkata. HIMALAYAN AND CENTRAL ASIAN STUDIES Vol. 5 Nos. 3-4 July - December 2001 CONTENTS Editor’s Page 1-5 Mountain Commons, Mahendra P. Lama 6-32 Underdevelopment and Socio-Political Concerns in the North East : A Policy Perspective Migration, Identity and Anindita Dasgupta 33-53 Conflict in the North East : The Case of Assam The Origin and Impact of Binalakshmi Nepram 54-95 Small Wars and Insurgencies in the North East Whither D G H C : Dhrubajyoti Bhaumik 97-101 Political Fisticuffs and After & Dilip Kumar Sarkar The Toy Train Cynosure R. P. Lama 102-106 of Darjeeling Food Culture in the J. P. Tamang 107-118 Eastern Himalayas The United Nations Commission Sharad K. Soni 119-164 on Human Rights (56th Session) : A Report BOOK REVIEW 166-167 Human Rights and Insurgency: Sharad K. Soni The North-East India Sikkim Human Development Report Mahendra P. Lama (Text in two colours) ISBN 81 87358 04 1, 277x212 mm, 127 pp., Rs 495. Very little is known about Sikkim .This book outlines its development since it became a part of the Indian Union in 1975. Contents Chapter 1: Population, Poverty and Planning Chapter 2: Building Human Capabilities: Health, Education and the Status of Women Chapter 3: Land and Agriculture Chapter 4: Forest and Environment Chapter 5: Infrastructure for Development: Industry, Power and State Finance Chapter 6: Governance for Sustainable HumanDevelopment: The Road Ahead Available at all leading bookstores and with the distributor Sikkim Human Development Report 2001 SOCIAL SCIENCE PRESS TO ORDER: Please write or e-mail to: Distributor : D.K Publisher and Distributors (P) Ltd, 1 Ansari Road, Darya Gunj, New Delhi – 110 002. Telephones: 91-11-3261465, 3278368 Email: [email protected] Publisher and Editor : Esha Béteille, 69 Jor Bagh, New Delhi – 110 003. For Correspondence : D-26, 11 I.P. Extension, Patparganj, Delhi-110092. Telephone: 91-11-2780655, Email [email protected] Editor’s Page The Eastern Himalayas constitute one of the most critical and significant regions of the Indian-subcontinent in terms of its crucial role in conditioning the climatic situations, as custodian of extra-ordinarily rich bio-diversity, as the origin of many a lifelines including the river system and as provider of one of the most extravagantly beautiful panorama. There are core strategic issues in the management of the Eastern Himalayas as it is interspersed by very ancient civilizations including that of India and China. It incorporates in it the very basis of border configurations that determine the national identities and the nation building process of the countries located in and around it. This issue of Himalayan and Central Asian Studies is, however, devoted only to some very specific regions of the Eastern Himalayas that primarily fall in the North Eastern regions of India. The North Eastern parts of India including Sikkim and Darjeeling have been the most potential areas in the development agenda of the country. Despite this popular belief that has characterised the political economy of India, most of the region remained underdeveloped and unharnessed in all sense of the term. Sikkim has of course been an exception in many respects both because of its political history and the development orientation. There are several factors that can be attributed to the present state of affairs in the north-eastern region. Firstly, the very development orientation has been based on a visible mismatch between the thinking of the planning agencies, deployment of resources and institutional back up. Development per se has always been regarded as the pure game of money and finance. The Centre only pumped in money without thinking about the needs and priorities, institutions and development managers. Since the development institutions were never set up in a planned manner, the related issues always remained in the arena of ad hocism, departmentalism and marginalism. There has been no cohesive and scientific attempt to build institutions which could provide Himalayan and Central Asian Studies Vol.5 Nos.3-4, July - Dec. 2001 1 continuance, consistence, effectiveness and sustainability to development actions. Secondly, the entire development issues have been handled in such a way so as to give an instinctive impression that development is a prerogative and duties of only the government and the state machineries. It made people too dependent on the government in every aspect of life. It confiscated their creativity and satiated the existence of traditionally voluntary societies. The community based development ethos which had been the strongest pillar of the North East was thus gradually eroded by the actions of the governments. Therefore, in the daily life of a north- eastern today the government is 90 per cent and his/her own contribution is only 10 per cent. More acutely the modern system of governance backed by better technology and technical inputs were never taken to the North East. On the other hand, the private entrepreneurs and parties also started devouring the public funds for private gains. This ultimately built an unholy nexus between the politicians, some rent seeking bureaucrats and private parties. Every one knows this nexus today, let alone the insurgents. Thirdly, in a society for which the embryo of governance has been the voluntariness based community actions, the modern type of governance based on poor and slow trickle down never suited the people. This became more adversely serious as the transparency and accountability became more and more far fetched. There has been no trace of monitoring and evaluation of any development projects. Once the earmarked fund is spent, it is something like pouring it into a bottomless pit. The other States in India are no less. But the deepening and spread of this problem has been relatively much sweeping in the North East. The total absence of accountability both political and societal is the key issue in the development governance of the North East today. Fourthly, people from outside the North East have always tended to treat the North East as a temporary resort for their rent seeking activities. Private sector participants and merchant capitalists have made maximum returns in the fertile development expenditure int he North East.
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