Cartographic Education in Nigeria: Focus on Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma
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CARTOGRAPHIC EDUCATION IN NIGERIA: FOCUS ON AMBROSE ALLI UNIVERSITY, EKPOMA Ufuah, M.E. Department Of Geography and Regional Planning Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria. E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT The recognition of cartography as a separate discipline has long been achieved, but no bachelor degree programme in the field is available in any Nigerian university. Presently, only three institutions in the country offer pure cartographic programmes at certificate and diploma levels. These institutions are Kaduna Polytechnic, ECA Regional Centre for Training in Aerospace Surveys, Ile- Ife, and Federal School of Surveys, Oyo. Cartography in Nigeria is taught as a part of undergraduate geography or surveying and as area of specialization at post-graduate level in selected universities. Although some cartographers have called for the establishment of full- fledged Departments of Cartography in Nigerian universities, it has not been possible to do so. However, departments of geography in Nigerian Universities of Lagos, and Benin, as well as Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma are presently running post- graduate (M.Sc. and Ph.D.) programmes with specialization in Cartography. Very recently, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma has introduced Post- Graduate Diploma (PG.D) programme with specialization in Cartography within the Department of Geography and Regional Planning. This is the first of its kind in any Nigerian university. The post-graduate diploma programme was introduced in order to satisfy the yearning of many H.N.D. holders in Cartography (and related courses) to further their studies. Thus, this paper, after the introduction, outlined the present situation about Cartographic education and training in Nigeria. It also discussed in detail the Cartographic education at Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma in respect of course structure and personnel. 1. INTRODUCTION In 1949, United Nations’ experts recognized Cartography as an independent science. Since then Cartography has developed so rapidly that it ultimately achieved general recognition as an independent discipline. It was also recognized that this new science belonged to the formal sciences whose objects of investigations are the Cartographic forms of expressions, the methods of which are directed towards perception of the conformity and replication of design process [1,2]. However, several authors have written on the development of Cartographic discipline and curricula in America, Europe and Asia [3-6]. In the same vein, some authors have written on the development of Cartography in Nigeria and noted the sad situation of the non-availability of degree programme in Cartography [2,7,8,9]. The aim of this paper is to outline the present situation about Cartographic education in Nigeria generally and, in particular focus on the Cartographic programmes at Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma. Specifically, the cartographic structure and personnel in the department are discussed. 2. CARTOGRAPHIC EDUCATION IN NIGERIA Presently, only three institutions in the country offer pure cartographic programmes at levels other than the first degree. ECA Regional Centre for Training in Aerospace Surveys (RECTAS) at Ile-Ife runs diploma programme in Cartography, while the Federal School of Surveys, Oyo, runs an advanced level course in Cartography. Kaduna Polytechnic runs national and higher national diploma (O.N.D. and H.N.D.) programmes in addition to other certificate courses in Cartography. These institutions only produce the technicians and technologists who are mostly seen in Cartographic studios accomplishing the task at hand. The universities that should produce the theoreticians and the methodologists, that should research and establish the foundation, and the means whereby the theories can be applied, are not in the scene [10]. Instead, Cartography is taught as a part of undergraduate geography or surveying, and as an area of specialization at post- graduate level in selected universities in Nigeria [11]. Proceedings of the 21st International Cartographic Conference (ICC) Durban, South Africa, 10 – 16 August 2003 ‘Cartographic Renaissance’ Hosted by The International Cartographic Association (ICA) ISBN: 0-958-46093-0 Produced by: Document Transformation Technologies It has been argued, as far back as 1982, that mere extensions of existing degree course in geography and surveying will not serve the needs of tertiary level cartographic education, thereby advocating for an undergraduate degree majoring in Cartography and Computer Science [12]. Others in more recent times have explicitly called for the establishment of full-fledged departments of cartography in Nigerian universities [10]. The establishment of a separate Department of Cartography has not been possible in any Nigerian university. However, Akinyemi [13] suggests in her conclusion that, going by the global initiatives tending towards integration of related disciplines, undergraduate degree in geography should comprise of functional areas of specialization where students can major in Cartography and GIS. Ikhuoria [2] had earlier concluded that “for the avoidance of doubt, a geography department can develop technologist, bachelor of science and/or a post–graduate professional degree programme in Cartography instead of requiring students, according to Robinson [6], to offer one or two Cartography courses in order to meet the requirements for a geography degree.” In a survey of 31 universities in Nigeria by Ikhuoria [2], 12 responded with a list of the Cartography and related courses offered in their geography and surveying curricula. An examination of these programmes based on course structures shows that university of Lagos, Lagos, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, and University of Benin, Benin City are the institutions which offer a wide range of courses in basic and advanced Cartographic techniques and theoretical concepts. He therefore opined that universities of Lagos, Benin, Ekpoma and Minna were “ Better predisposed to commence either an undergraduate or a post–graduate discipline in Cartography”. 3. CARTOGRAPHIC EDUCATION AT AMBROSE ALLI UNIVERSITY, EKPOMA. The Department of Geography and Regional Planning, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma currently runs post-graduate diploma, masters and doctoral programmes in Geography with specialization in Cartography. These programmes are in addition to the Cartography (and related) courses being offered at undergraduate level as part of geography programme. 3.1 Course Structure 3.1.1 Undergraduate Programme This Department does not run bachelor degree programme in Cartography. Instead Cartography courses, as noted earlier, are taught as part of geography programme. The National Universities Commission (NUC) guideline provides that geography departments in Nigerian universities offer at least four undergraduate courses in Cartography in addition to courses in surveying, photo interpretation, remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS). Ufuah [11] had observed that the Cartography (and related) courses only amounted to 18 units out of a minimum of 138 units required for B.Sc. degree in Geography. To this end, this Department, in conformity with NUC guideline, is currently offering the following Cartography and related courses to geography students; GRP 103-Introductory Practical Geography ©-3units GRP 104- Land Surveying ©-3 units GRP204- Introductory Cartography ©-2units GRP 207- Map Analysis ® -2units GRP 217- Air Photo Interpretation ®-2units GRP 314- Cartography & Research Methods-© 2 units GRP 335- Geographic Information System (E) – 2 units GRP 403- Advanced Cartographic Techniques 1© -2units GRP 412- Advanced Cartographic Techniques 11©- 2units GRP 419- Remote Sensing (E) -2units Note: C= Core, R= Required, E- Elective In all, there are 22 units (or about 13.1%) of Cartography and related courses out of 168 units required for bachelor degree in geography. Because of the relatively high Cartographic (and other related courses) contents in geography programme, many students are often challenged and encouraged to take the option of writing their final dissertation on topics in cartography, remote sensing or geographic information system. 3.1.2 Graduate Programmes The basic objectives of the master’s and doctoral programmes in this Department are, first, to inculcate in the students a broad knowledge of the theories and concepts governing the spatial distribution of geographical problems. And, secondly, to provide a basis for the student to apply himself in the formulation, conceptualization and evaluation of geographical problems. In order to meet these objectives, this Department offers programmes for M.Sc. and Ph. D. degrees with specialization in Cartography amongst others. The M.Sc. programme is a minimum of two years involving lectures, practicals, assignments, seminars and final write up (thesis). Also, the Ph.D. programme is for minimum of two years beyond the master’s level. Master’s students in Cartography are expected to register for a minimum of 36units of courses and must pass at least 30units for graduation. The courses being offered are: (a) Master’s Programme in the Area of Cartography The Cartography courses are: ! GRP 720-Theoretical Cartography – 3 unit ! GRP 721- Automated Cartography – 3 units ! GRP 722-History and Applied Cartography –3units ! GRP 723- Cartographic Methods in Research –3Units ! GRP 728- Geographic Information System- Units ! GRP 799- Thesis (on Cartographic topic) –6 units Cartography