Adoption of Software Packages in University Libraries in Nigeria Margaret B
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University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal) Libraries at University of Nebraska-Lincoln April 2016 Adoption of Software Packages in University Libraries in Nigeria Margaret B. Edem Dr (Mrs) University of Calabar, Nigeria, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac Part of the Library and Information Science Commons Edem, Margaret B. Dr (Mrs), "Adoption of Software Packages in University Libraries in Nigeria" (2016). Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal). 1342. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/1342 Adoption of Software Packages in University Libraries in Nigeria Dr (Mrs) Ruth Simon Bassey University Librarian, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria [email protected] Abstract This study used a survey design to investigate the adoption of software packages in Nigerian university libraries. The study was guided by seven research questions. The population included all the 127 University Librarians in Nigerian university libraries; while the sample used for the study included 58 university librarians cutting across the six geopolitical zones in the country and reflecting the ownership status of federal, state and private universities. An instrument called Software Adoption Questionnaire (SAQ) was developed by the researcher for this study. This SAQ was validated by three librarians from the University of Calabar. The data gathered and collated was analysed using percentages, pie chart and bar chart. The findings of the study indicated the software packages adopted in Nigerian university libraries. The findings also indicated that KOHA is the most widely adopted software package and the most widely used presently; and that the level of automation of university libraries in Nigeria is very low. The findings also indicated the level of automation of the core library modules; how the different levels of automation of the core library modules differ amongst the different modules; how the level of automation of the university libraries in Nigeria differ amongst the private, state and federal universities in Nigeria, amongst others. Recommendations were made to the different stakeholders on the adoption of software packages in libraries in Nigerian universities. Keywords: software, libraries, automation, library modules Introduction Globally, the nature of human beings is that of constantly looking for ways of making things easier and making life comfortable. This underlying universal factor, which drives inventions, innovations and strategies, is also applicable in the library setting where deliberate steps are taken to make the use of the library easier and more comfortable for both the library staff and the users. Automation of the library is a step that is in sync with this global craving for ease and comfort. 1 Software packages are relevant in a library that is automated. According to Nwalo (2002), automation of the library refers to the use of computers in rendering library services which were hitherto executed manually. Sharma (2007) sees library automation as the use of computers, associated peripheral media such as magnetic tapes, disks, optical media etc and utilization of computer based products and services in the performance of all types of library functions and operations. Giving an operational definition to the concept, the author of this paper defines automation of the library as the application of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in the operation of the different processes and functions of the library to attain efficiency, accurate reporting and improved services. Core services of the library like circulation, cataloguing, acquisition, serials management, reference services and special collection readily benefit from automation. A computer system which is the core component of ICT runs on software, which can be system software or application software. Software is a generic term for the various programmes used to operate computer systems and related devices. While the system software provides the platform for the computer to function and communicate effectively with the application software, application software on its part is a computer programme designed to use a computer system to perform specific functions (Wikipedia Encyclopedia). There is a vast array of application software packages as a result of the assortment of tasks and functions executed using a computer system. However, what determines the choice of software is the relevance, user-friendliness, adaptability, inter-operability, general efficiency, amongst other considerations (Ukachi, Nwachukwu and Onuoha, 2014). 2 There is an avalanche of software available for use in the library. These range from the proprietary software, which are subscription based, to the Open Source Software (OSS). The software available for selection also includes foreign brands and indigenously developed brands. In India for example, some library software of foreign origin that are well known include ALICE for Windows, Virtua, Techlib Plus etc, while the Libsys ranks high amongst the indigenous packages. Other software packages indigenously developed and used in India include Granthalaya, Maitreyi, Sanjay, DELMS, DELDO, TLMS etc (Husain and Ansari, 2007). Some of the software packages adopted by libraries in Nepal include CDS/ISIS, Lib Info, WINISIS, LMS, ALICE for Windows, SOUL etc (Sharma, 2007). The concept of library automation is also embraced by university libraries in Nigeria. University of Lagos and Covenant University are reported to have achieved full automation of their libraries, while University of Agriculture, Abeokuta and Lagos State University attained partial automation (Okewale and Adetimirin, 2011). This gives a picture of the possibility of having some libraries that are not automated at all. This picture justifies the need to conduct a study to ascertain the level of automation of the core library modules of the universities in Nigeria, which is one of the objectives of the current study. Researchers have conducted studies on the use of software packages in some universities in Nigeria. Some of the software packages used in libraries in universities in Nigeria include TINLIB, ALICE, X-LIB, GLAS, CDS/ISIS, KOHA, SLAM, Liberty 3, Docuware etc (Adogbeji, Onohwakpor and Sylvester, n.d; Okewale and Adetimirin, 2011; Udoh-Ilomechine and Idiegbeyan-ose, 2011; Obajemu, Osagie, Akinade and Ekere, 2013). These studies were however 3 limited in scope as they involved a fewer number of sampled universities. The current study sought to fill this gap by expanding the sample size to establish the software packages adopted in university libraries in Nigeria. Furthermore, Obajemu et al (2013) conducted a study on the use of library software products in Nigeria. The study covered 50 libraries in Nigeria including 22 federal, state and private universities; 11 polytechnic libraries; 3 colleges of education libraries, and 14 research institutions’ libraries. The researchers reported in their findings that “some of the respondents are quite aware of the various types of software being paraded in Nigerian markets.” This study did not establish the specific software packages adopted by these 50 libraries as it merely established whether or not the librarians were aware of the existence of such software packages. The present study focused on the universities and sought to identify the specific software packages adopted by university libraries in Nigeria. In a study on library automation and virtual library development in four academic Libraries in Oyo State, Gbadamosi (2011) reported that none of the four libraries investigated was fully automated. The academic libraries used for the study included those of Emmanuel Alayande College of Education, Oyo; Federal College of Education (Special), Oyo; Federal School of Surveying, Oyo; and Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo. This finding presents yet another justification for a similar study to be conducted to establish the status of automation of the libraries in universities in Nigeria. 4 More so, demographic variables, like ownership and location etc, have been established to have influence on dependent variables being studied (Horowit and Spector, 2005; Maliki and Uche, 2007; Awoleye, Siyanbola and Oladipo, 2008). The present study also considered the demographic variables, such as ownership of the university and location, on the adoption of software packages in libraries in universities in Nigeria. Research questions: i. What are the software packages adopted in libraries in universities in Nigeria? ii. What is the level of automation of university libraries in Nigeria? iii. What is the level of automation of the core library modules of the universities in Nigeria? iv. How do the different levels of automation of the core library modules of universities in Nigeria differ amongst the different modules? v. How does the level of automation of the university libraries in Nigeria differ amongst the private, state and federal universities in Nigeria vi. How does the level of automation of the core library modules differ amongst the private, state and federal universities in Nigeria? vii. How does the level of automation of the core library modules differ amongst universities based on geopolitical zones? Research method This study adopted survey design; it was situated in the Federal Republic of Nigeria. There are 41 federal universities, 25 state universities