(Phd) in LIBRARY and INFORMATION SCIENCE

TITLE PAGE

BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF POSTGRADUATE RESEARCH REPORTS IN LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE IN NIGERIAN UNIVERSITIES

A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (PhD) IN LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE

NKIRU JOY OTUBELU PG/PhD/2003/35243

DEPARTMENT OF LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA

SUPERVISOR: PROF. VIRGINIA W. DIKE

NOVEMBER, 2010

APPROVAL PAGE

This work by NKIRU JOY OTUBELU (Reg. No.: PG/Ph.D/2003/35243) has been approved for the Department of Library and Information Science, by:

______Prof. V. W. Dike Prof. V. W. Dike Supervisor Head of Department

______Internal Examiner External Examiner

______Prof. . S.A Ezeudu Dean of Faculty

CERTIFICATION PAGE NKIRU JOY OTUBELU, a postgraduate student in the Department of Library and Information Science with Registration number PG/Ph.D/2003/35243, has satisfactorily completed research requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D) in Library and Information Science. The work embodied in this thesis is original and has not been submitted in part or in full for another degree of this or any other university.

...... Student (Name and Signature)

…………………………………………………………… Supervisor (Name and Signature)

DEDICATION To my late mother – Mrs. Lucy Ijeoma Okafor who passed unto eternal glory on Tuesday, 30th March, 1999. A devoted mother indeed, who laid the solid foundation which formed the basis for my continued academic pursuit.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The researcher is grateful to the Almighty God, for his guidance and protection upon her life. She appreciates his love and care during the period of this programme. May glory, honour and adoration be unto His holy name. A research work of this nature is usually a product of a careful, thorough, analytical and articulate work, usually made possible not only by the intellectual input of the student but by the remarkable contributions of many intellectuals. First among these is Prof. (Mrs) V. W. Dike, the thesis supervisor, for her excellent and immeasurable contributions towards the successful completion of this work. Her accessibility and readiness to help, led to the completion of this thesis in particular and the programme in general. Her high sense of understanding, dedication, encouragement, conscientiousness and unassuming character, have endeared me to her. Indeed, Prof. Dike is a rare gem, a workaholic, highly patient and a special breed of an academician. I appreciate her greatly. The researcher also owes profound and immense gratitude to Prof. M. Afolabi, for his invaluable contributions towards the success of this thesis. He critically went through this work at each stage and proffered useful suggestions. He is always accessible at all times and always ready to help. Again, Prof. A. Nwosu, for her useful contributions and criticisms which helped to put the work in shape. She conscientiously read my work and gave useful suggestions. She deserves a lot of gratitude. Dr. K. O. Usman whose useful contributions and criticisms s encouraged me to work hard also deserves a lot of gratitude. He also made immeasurable contributions towards the completion of this thesis. The researcher also wishes to appreciate the contributions made by Dr. R. E. Ozioko, who assiduously, meticulously and painstakingly read the work and proffered useful corrections. Also Dr. U. N. Eze, Mr. E .O. 6

Omeje and Dr. V. N Nwachukwu for their useful corrections and contributions which gave me an insight to the nature of the study during this period of struggle. They deserve a lot of gratitude. Dr.(Mrs) Ifeoma Echezona needs a special mention for her encouragement and useful contributions towards the completion of this study. Some academic colleagues of the researcher – Julie Udensi, Comfort Onyeneho, Peter Umukoro, Austine Mole, Cyril Ugwu etc. whose exchange of ideas and company gave me the identity during this programme deserve to be mentioned. The researcher is indebted to all the Heads of Departments of Libr ary and Information Science and other staff in all the universities visited for data collection, for their co-operation for availing me the necessary information in my research area and gave relevant suggestions too. Also worthy of mention is late Prof. B. E. Edoka who contributed immensely towards the completion of this study. Prof. O. M. Okoro, Dr. F. A. Okwo, Dr. (Mrs) F. O. Ezeudu, Mr. F. C. Ekere and Dr.(Mrs) V. N. Okafor are worthy of appreciation for their numerous contributions towards the preparation of the manuscript. The researcher’s unreserved gratitude goes to her beloved spouse, Dr. Obi Otubelu for his advice, useful suggestions, encouragement, moral and financial support towards the successful completion of this programme and for bringing me up to this level through the grace of our Almighty God. Indeed, Obi is my mentor and motivator. Finally, my children for their prayers, love and moral support, deserve my recognition in this regard. The researcher wants specially to mention Kenechi, Chinazom and Izuchukwu for their contributions at one stage or the other towards the completion of this work. To all my numerous friends and well wishers who in one way or the other contributed to the success of this work. I hereby acknowledge. To all of you, I say thank you so much.

Nkiru Otubelu Dept. of Library and Information Science University of Nigeria, Nsukka

TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page ------i Approval Page------ii Certification Page ------iii Dedication ------iv Acknowledgements------v Table of contents ------vii List of Tables ------ix List of Figures ------xi List of Appendices ------xii Abstract ------xiv

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION - - - - - 1 Background to the Study ------1 Statement of the Problem ------8

Purpose of the Study ------10 Research Questions ------11 Significance of the Study ------12 Scope of the Study ------14

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW - - - - - 16 Conceptual Framework ------17 Meaning and Scope of Bibliometrics ------17 History of Bibliometrics ------22 Bibliometric and Bibliography ------27 Bibliometrics as Inter-disciplinary and Multi-disciplinary Science - 30 Objects of Bibliometrics ------31 Applications of Bibliometrics ------32 Research in Library and Information Science as a Field of Study - 37 Theoretical Foundations of Bibliometrics - - - - - 42

Empirical Laws of Bibliometric ------43

Empirical Review of Related Studies - - - - - 51 Studies on Bibliometric Analysis of Postgraduate Theses in Library and Information Science ------51 Summary of Literature Review ------56 CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODS - - - - 58 Research Design ------58 Area of the Study ------59 Population of the Study------59 Sample and Sampling Technique ------61 Instrument for Data Collection ------61 Validation of the Instrument ------64 Method of Data Collection ------65 Method of Data Analysis ------67

CHAPTER FOUR: PRESENTATION OF DATA - - - 69

CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION - - 111 Discussion of Results------111 Summary ------120 Implications of Study ------120 Recommendations ------121 Suggestions for Further Research ------123 Limitations of Study ------124 Conclusion ------124

REFERENCES ------127 APPENDICES ------131

LIST OF TABLES Table 1— Annual distribution of postgraduate research reports in library and Information science in Nigeria 1993-2006 ------71 Table 2— Distribution of postgraduate research reports in library and information science in Nigeria 1993-2006 by individual

university ------73 Table 3— Distribution of master’s research report in library and information science in Nigeria 1993-2006 ------76 Table 4— Distribution of master’s research reports in library and information science in Nigeria from 1993 to 2006 by individual university - 77 Table 5— Distribution of doctoral research reports in library and information science in Nigeria from 1993-2006 ------79 Table 6— Distribution of doctoral research reports in library and information Science in Nigeria from 1993 to 2006 by individual university - 80 Table 7— Distribution of master’s research reports in library and information science in Nigeria from 1993 to 2006 by geographical areas - - 83 Table 8— Distribution of doctoral research reports in library and information Science in Nigeria from 1993-2006 by geographical areas - - 87 Table 9— Differences in master’s and doctoral research reports output in

Nigerian universities from 1993 to 2006 by geographical areas 91 Table10— Distribution of masters’ research report in library and information science in Nigeria from 1993 to 2008 by type of library - - - 94 Table11— Distribution of doctoral research reports in library and information science in Nigeria from 1993 to 2006 by type of library - - - - 96 Table12— Differences in masters’ and doctoral research reports outputs in Nigerian universities from 1993-2006 by type of library - - 98 Table13— Distribution of masters’ research reports in library and information science in Nigeria from 1993 to 2006 by subject - - - - 101

Table14— Distribution of doctoral research reports in library and information Science in Nigeria from 1993 to 2006 by subject - - - -- 104 Table15— Differences in masters’ and doctoral research reports output by subjects ------108

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1— Frequency bar chart of postgraduate research reports in library and information science in Nigeria on yearly basis 1993 to 2006 ------72

Figure2— Frequency bar chart of postgraduate research reports in library and information science in Nigeria 1993 to 2006 by individual university ------74

Figure3— Frequency bar chart of masters’ research reports in library and information science in Nigeria from 1993 to 2006 by individual universities ------78 Figure4— Frequency bar chart of doctoral research reports in library and information science in Nigeria from1993 to 2006 by individual university ------81

Figure5— Bradford-Zipf ‘bibliograph’ showing cumulation of masters’ research reports by geographical areas ------85

Figure6— Bradford-Zipf ‘bibliograph’ showing cumulation of doctoral research reports by geographical areas ------89

Figure7— Bradford-Zipf ‘bibliograph’ showing cumulation of masters’ research reports by subjects ------103

Figure8-- Bradford-Zipf ‘bibliograph’ showing cumulation of doctoral research reports by subjects ------107

LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix 1 —Bibliographical data base - - - - - 131 Appendix II—Chronological list of Bibliometrics articles and their historical importance------204

Appendix III—Letter of introduction ------205 Appendix IV—Request for research data - - - - - 206 Appendix V—Document analysis guide of annual distribution of postgraduate research reports in library and information science in Nigeria from 1993 to 2006 ------207 Appendix VI—Document analysis guide of distribution of masters’ research reports in library and information science in Nigeria, 1993 to 2006 by geographical areas - - 208

Appendix VII—Document analysis guide of distribution of doctoral

research reports in library and information science in Nigeria, 1993 to 2006 by geographical areas - - 209 Appendix VIII—Document analysis guide of distribution of masters’ research reposts in library and information science in Nigeria, 1993 to 2006 by type of library - - - 210 Appendix IX— Document analysis guide of distribution of doctoral research reports in library and information science in Nigeria, 1993 to 2006 by type of library- - - 211

Appendix X— Subject distribution of masters’ research reports in library and information science in Nigeria, 1993 to 2006 - 212

Appendix XI— Subject distribution of doctoral research report in library and information Science in Nigeria, 1993 to 2006 - 215

Appendix XII—Cumulation of geographical areas in masters’ research reports in library and information science in Nigeria, 1993 to 2006------218

Appendix XIII—Cumulation of geographical areas in doctoral research reports in library And information science in Nigeria, 1993 to 2006------219

Appendix XIV— Cumulation of subjects in masters’ research reports in library and information science in Nigeria, 1993 to 2006------220

Appendix XV— Cumulation of subjects in doctoral research reports in library and Information science in Nigeria, 1993 to 2006 ------221

ABSTRACT The research study is a Bibliometrics analysis of post graduate research report in Library and Information Science in Nigerian universities, from 1993 to 2006. The survey research technique was used and the design of the study is cross-sectional survey design. The population was made up of 747, postgraduate research reports. Seven research question were raised and four null hypotheses formulated to guide the study. Related literature were reviewed in order to explore all facets of Bibliometrics studies. The instrument for data collection is Document Analysis Guide (DAG). The instrument was validated through expert opinion. Documentary research methods, frequency tables, bar charts, Bradford-Zipf ‘bibliograph’ {R(n)=and b (1≤n≤c), N log n/s C1≤n≤N)} were used to provide answers to the research questions. The findings of the study were: there are variations in the productivity output of masters’ and doctoral research reports in library and information science in Nigeria universities, no research was carried out on the states - Gombe, Jigawa, Katsina, Sokoto, Taraba and Zamfara, museums and private libraries were the least researched, no research was carried out on these subjects – manuscript collection, thesaurus, patents etc, library management, information management, information recourses, library resources were the core subject studied, Oyo State, Enugu State, Lagos State, Akwa-Ibom State, Delta State and Edo State were the core geographical areas studied. The implications of the findings were discussed. The recommendations based on the findings were that: research centres for Library and Information Science or departmental libraries should be established to improve organization, management and documentation of these research reports, there should be a documentation librarian in the list of staff at postgraduate schools of various universities whose duty should be tracking down these research reports, ensure proper documentation and upward delivery to the university libraries, efforts should be made to carry out

20 research on the states, subjects and libraries that have not been studied in order to shed light into their situations for better effective coverage on and management and to direct better future researches.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background to the Study

Research is a systematic observation of events or reality in order to

determine the validity of an idea. According to Best and Kahn (1998:228)

“research is the systematic and objective analysis and recording of controlled

observation that may lead to the development of generalizations, principles,

theories resulting in predication and ultimate control of many events that may

be consequences or causes of specific activities”. Hence, the ultimate aim of

any research is to increase knowledge of the subject and to use the results of

the research to improve on the existing situation or to seek solutions to

problems. Ivowi (1999) lists three uses of research: research leads to further

studies and knowledge, serves as a powerful tool for solving problems through

better understanding of a given situation, and normally leads to development

and then actual production of goods or services for societal improvement.

Research, particularly in the sciences and social sciences, is considered

to be a formal, systematic and intensive process of applying the scientific

method of analysis. Research can be of various types: applied, historical,

empirical, state of the art review, basic, descriptive and theoretical. The major

21 reason for any type of research is to discover, reinforce or refine knowledge and ultimately develop new knowledge. The new knowledge is valuable because it will lead eventually to the improvement of the whole system.

Research develops and broadens the mind of the researcher, especially in higher degrees, and the researcher in turn makes available his discovery or new knowledge. Stressing the importance of higher degrees, Whyte in Afolabi

(1997:94) pointed out that one reason why universities offer higher degrees in any subject is to advance knowledge in that subject. She also stressed that

“through the study and discipline necessary to complete a piece of research successfully (be it historical or empirical research) the student contributes directly to the total body of knowledge, and also learns to write and investigate”. The student may decide to spend the rest of his life working on the subject, but even if he does not, should be able to understand and interpret the research of others and should appreciate its importance. Another reason for higher degrees is to produce academic staff that are capable of teaching and research at an advanced level. For instance the holder of a Doctor of

Philosophy (Ph.D) degree has in fact completed a piece of research ,

Research is accompanied by a written account of the research procedure, an outcome known as research reports. In academics, at higher degrees, a research report is a document that presents the author’s research findings and is submitted in support of candidature for a degree or professional qualification.

It is an original work that addresses a problem and sometimes offers a solution to that problem. It is the main idea of one’s research and is normally the

22 culmination of a candidate’s research; submission of the research report represents the completion of the final requirement for the postgraduate degree being pursued. The research reports for the purpose of this study include thesis, dijssertation and project. Websters English Dictionary (2005) defined thesis, dissertation and project as follows: A thesis is a proposition, a reasoned argument, which involves a comprehensive research on a theme connected with the speciality of a candidate for any of certain academic degrees. A dissertation is a formal discourse, written or spoken, a treatise, especially an original piece of research together wih course work where research predominates over coure work and constitutes not less than two-third of the toal credit load. A project is a course of action intended or considered possible, a systematic planned undertaking together with course work where course work predominates over research and constitutes not less than two-third of the total credit load. There are some differences existing between the three ie. thesis, dissertation and project. The name given to each of them depends on the proportion of research work to course work. A thesis is a comprehensive research work without coursework while dissertation entails one-third coursework and two-third research work and finally project involves two-third coursework and one-third research work. In Nigeria theses and dissertations are written at doctorate degree level while projects are written at masters’ degree level.

A thesis or dissertation should be a contribution to the body of knowledge in a subject. Afolabi (1997) observed that it might be read and cited for purposes of teaching, learning and research. It should represent a

23 university’s contribution to the advancement of knowledge. The more research reports a university has produced, the more influence it may have on the advancement of knowledge and greater influence it has in the subject field.

Afolabi also noted that some dimensions of influence exist based on the ideas of Hollander and Willis. First, a thesis may be read by others and the ideas expressed in it accepted. Second, a thesis may be read by others, but the ideas expressed in it rejected because of poor research design, wrong choice of statistical method, or wrong interpretation of findings. Third, a thesis may be read by others and the ideas in it modified to advance knowledge.

Researches carried out at postgraduate level have much to offer to the development of the society. Most postgraduate research reports are not mere partial fulfilment for degree awards but are aimed at providing answers to questions envisaged in our society. Postgraduate research reports are reflections of areas of interest of researchers in a field of study. Researchers are being supervised and guided by academic staff members who are themselves familiar with the research methodology and the area chosen by the students for research. Therefore the research reports also reflect the intellectual base of the discipline and extent of research coverage of the course content in the field.

Since a research report (project, thesis or dissertation) is one major requirement for fulfilling postgraduate degree requirements, there is need to analyze these research reports in order to determine the extent of research coverage in

Library and Information Science using bibliometrics techniques.

Bibliometrics is the application of mathematics and statistical methods to recorded sources of information to determine extent of research coverage, to demonstrate historical movements, to improve scientific documentation and to understand the mechanism of scientific research. Bibliometrics is also a type of research method used in Library and Information Science. It utilizes quantitative analysis and statistics to describe patterns of publication within a given field or body of literature. Researchers may use bibliometric methods of evaluation to determine the influence of research in a given field. The goal of

Bibliometrics is to contribute to the analysis and the evaluation of research by shedding light on the processes of research, and of the nature and course of development by means of counting and analyzing the various aspects of the research works. Bibliometrics can provide tools for ranking publications according to importance or quantitative output, identifying core literature, measuring the impact of publications, studying subject inter-relationship, investigating the structure of knowledge and improving bibliographic control of documents, documenting the publication performance of people and institutions, ascertaining retrospective bibliographies, to study patterns of research and also used in quantitative research assessment of academic output.

Bibliometrics has become a standard tool of science policy and research management in the last decades. Osareh (1996) quoting Braun, Soper,

Nicholas and Ritche noted that the aim of bibliometrics is to measure national research performance in the international context or to describe the development of a science field with the help of bibliometric means.

Bibliometrics is one of the rare truly interdisciplinary research fields to extend to almost all scientific fields. Bibliometric studies could be grouped into two broad areas: productivity analysis and citation analysis. The productivity analysis strives to determine the core of these bibliometric constructs: geographical location (country or city), time period and the subject. Citation analysis analyzes the citation patterns and measures citations, references in order to establish authorship pattern and preferred literature. Bibliometrics employs bibliomterics techniques to analyze quantitative data.

The field of Library and Information Science relatively a new field of study in the country, needs to be studied in order to shed light on the pattern, nature and development of research. Aina and Mooko (1999) noted that convenient adaptation like pattern of research development and tools to determine resources and services relevant to the field needs to be done constantly to ensure that the profession is relevant to its immediate environment. They also observed that understanding the pattern of research and extent of research coverage is crucial for information professionals in this area,since the profession itself was imported wholesale from Western

Europe.There is a great need for analyzing research outputs in library and information science in order to have insight into the state of the discipline, its strengths and weakness as well as charting future direction. “American Library

Association (ALA) Policy paper on library education and manpower (2004), recognizing the importance of library research analysis, stated that understanding the pattern of research and extent of research coverage has an

26 important role to play in the educational process as a source of new knowledge both for the field of librarianship in general and for library education in particular.”

Line (1991) observed that because of the pressure for increased efficiency and effectiveness in the application of limited resources, the role of research is assuming greater significance in the management of libraries, both in investigations that precede policymaking, and in evaluation of current activities. The teaching of research methodoloies is therefore assuming greater importance. At the same time, greater emphasis is being placed on understanding the pattern of research and extent of research coverage in order to develope new skills for the users of libraries to research information needed for their education and personal development or to support strategic decisions on public policy issues or business development. Postgraduate research work provides a forum for training researchers to adapt to changes in the field of research in various fields of knowledge. Cline (1981) observed that bibliometric techniques could certainly be applied to the research reports collections in academic libraries in order to identify changes that had occurred through the years. It is, therefore, against this background that this study examines postgraduate research reports output in Library and Information

Science in Nigeria to determine the extent of research coverage, the core geographical areas and subjects researched, the least researched geographical areas and subjects, ranking of research reports of the individual university based on the number produced and finally compiles retrospective bibliography

27 of research reports in Library and Information Science. This will help to determine the pattern of research and also to direct future researches in this academic discipline.

Statement of Problem

Researchers (Best and Kahn 1998, Ivowi 1999) have described research as a driving force for development and basic structures needed for improvement and change. Research results contribute to the body of existing knowledge and enable researchers to discover new ideas. There is need for an analytical study of the research reports in Library and Information Science in

Nigerian universities to determine the extent of research coverage and patterns of research output in the discipline as this will showcase the nature, the trend, the characteristics of research in this discipline, thereby assessing research performance in order to direct better future researches.

A search of the literature shows that few works have been done on the bibliometric analysis of postgraduate research reportss output in Library and

Information Science in Nigerian universities. The scope of the previous related studies differed significantly from the scope of the present study. Nweke

(1985) covered the period of 1973 – 1982 and the study was based solely on the University of Ibadan. Mommoh (1996) carried out a bibliometric study on postgraduate theses in Library and Information Science at Ahmadu Bello

University, Zaria from 1977 to 1992. Igbashal (1994) examined the theses output on Nigeria in Library and Information Science form 1963-1992. The

28 study covered four Nigerian universities, University of Ibadan, Ahmadu Bello

University, Zaria, Bayero University, Kano and Abia State University, the only universities offering Library and Information Science at postgraduate level then. Using the same universities, Afolabi (1997) examined theses output for a twenty year period from 1972 when the first thesis was produced in Nigeria, to

1992. This later study examined the theses output from the point of view of their influence on research in Nigeria. The most recent study analyzed data up to 1992. As at then, some library schools were at their infancy stage while some have not started postgraduate programmes at all and have not produced any postgraduate research report.

The lack of bibliometric analysis of postgraduate research reports in

Library and Information Science in Nigerian universities for fourteen years in the opinion of the researcher suggests that: there is need to update our knowledge on bibliometric pattern of these research reports in order to shed light on the processes, nature and their course of development by means of counting and analyzing the various bibliometric constructs that is distribution, type of library, geographical areas and subject areas covered in the research reports in order to forestall excessive repetition of some areas. There is no current data on which universities are producing projects, theses and dissertations; there is insufficient knowledge of research areas studied in these universities and those areas that are consistently unresearched in order to ensure a better comprehensive coverage of the bibliometric constructs; and there is no current bibliographic control mechanism to provide current

29 bibliography on research reports in Library and Information Science. This study provides the data that facilitate effective bibliographic control. There is therefore a gap in our knowledge that needs to be filled. The gap is to determine the difference among Nigerian universities with regards to postgraduate research reports output by type of libraries, geo-political zones, topical areas and individual universities. This gap is to be filled through the analysis of research reports produced in Nigerian universities in the field of

Library and Information Science.

Purpose of the Study

This study is aimed at analyzing the research reports produced in

Library and Information Science at the postgraduate level in Nigerian

Universities using bibliometric techniques to determine the pattern of research in terms of distribution, type of library, geographical areas and subject areas studied and also determine core geographical and subject areas.

Specifically, the objectives of the study are:

1) To determine the annual distribution of postgraduate research reports in

Library and Information Science in Nigeria from 1993 to 2006 in terms

of quantity produced.

2) To determine the distribution of postgraduate research reports in Library

and Information Science in Nigerian Universities from 1993 to 2006.

3) To determine the difference in the masters’ research reports produced in

Nigerian Universities from 1993 to 2006 by individual university in

terms of quantity produced.

4) To determine the difference in the doctoral research reports produced in

Nigerian Universities from 1993 to 2006 by individual university in

terms of quantity produced.

5) To determine the difference in the number of masters’ and doctoral

research reports produced in Nigerian Universities from 1993 to 2006 by

geographical areas in order to determine core geographical areas.

6) To determine the difference in the number of masters’ and doctoral

research reports produced in Nigerian Universities from 1993 to 2006 by

type of library.

7) To determine the difference in the number of masters’ and doctoral

research reports produced in Nigerian Universities from 1993 to 2006 by

subjects in order to determine core subject areas.

Research Questions

To adequately conduct this study the following questions have been raised to guide the study.

1) What is the annual distribution of postgraduate research reports in

Library and Information Science in Nigeria from 1993 to 2006?

2) What is the distribution of postgraduate research reports in Library and

Information Science in Nigeria from 1993 to 2006 by individual

university?

3) What is the difference in masters’ research reports output of individual

Nigerian University from 1993 to 2006?

4) What is the difference in doctoral research reports output of individual

Nigerian University from 1993 to 2006?

5) What is the difference in masters’ and doctoral research reports output in

Nigerian universities from 1993 to 2006 based on geographical areas?.

6) What is the difference in masters’ and doctoral research reports output

from 1993 to 2006 on type of library in Nigerian Universities?

7) What is the difference in masters’ and doctoral research reports output

based on subject or topical areas in Library and Information Science

from 1993 to 2006 in Nigerian Universities?

Significance of the Study

This study which is a bibliometric analysis of postgraduate research reports titles in Nigeria will be useful to the management of libraries, library schools and also to postgraduate researchers in Library and Information

Science for several reasons. The compilation of all the postgraduate projects, theses and dissertations in Library and Information Science in Nigeria will serve as a bibliographic control for the period under study, that is from 1993 to 32

2006, a period of fourteen years. The compiled bibliography will be useful as it will reveal the patterns exhibited by various characteristics studied such as type of library, geographical area, level of degree, subject etc. and also be used to trace the interrelationships amongst research reports written in various institutions.

The management of libraries will use the result of this study for planning, implementation and evaluation of effectiveness of their stock for the purposes of collection development in addition to improving on management and utilization of research reports to enhance researches. It will also be useful within the framework of the librarian’s daily work as this can help to solve some practical problems of libraries and information centres.

This study would serve as a good tool to the management of library schools in establishing the pattern of academic researches in Nigerian universities and also to analyse the development of researches in Library and

Information Science as this will aid in managing research and development programmes and activities of librarians. The result of this study will produce a comprehensive database which has never existed and it will be used as raw data for operations research and other mathematical models. It will also contribute in advancing new knowledge in this discipline, as the study will review at a glance all the subjects studied so far. Then emphasis should be shifted to least stressed subjects, thereby advancing new knowledge instead of repeated researches on some subjects. This will help to shed light in all aspects of the discipline and it will also contribute to the growth of literature on bibliometric 33 analysis and this facilitates availability of a reliable source of research data.

Information on subject distribution will be a useful guide to postgraduate researchers who are searching for theses, projects or dissertations topics and it will also provide background information for effective research in the discipline.

This study uses bibliometric methods to explore the impact of research in this field; the impact of researchers; impact of types of libraries; impact of geographical areas and impact of different subjects. This study quantitatively assesses the core geographical areas and core subjects in this particular discipline and this also helps to determine the extent of coverage of these bibliometric constructs that were studied.

Scope of the Study

This study on bibliometric analysis of research reports titles of postgraduate students in Library and Information Science in Nigerian

Universities was carried out to examine the patterns of academic researches by postgraduate researchers in Library and Information Science within the 14 years stipulated period of 1993 to 2006. This fourteen-year period was chosen in order to determine a stable trend and continuity in the patterns of postgraduate research reports analysis in Library and Information Science. This study on postgraduate research reports covers all the projects, theses and dissertations in Library and Information Science.This study specifically focuses on the study of distribution of the titles of the research reports as regards years.

Subjects, type of library, level of degree sought and geographical areas in order to examine the characteristics and pattern of Library and Information Science research in Nigerian universities. Nigeria is the geographic area of the study and the study focused on the ten Nigerian universities that have produced postgraduate research reports in Library and Information Science.

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The purpose of this chapter is to review literature related to the subject of this study, which is, productivity analysis component of bibliometrics. The review is done under the following subheadings:

Conceptual Framework

Ø Meaning and Scope of Bibliometrics

Ø History of Bibliometrics

Ø Bibliometrics and Bibliography

Ø Bibliometrics as Inter-disciplinary and Multi-disciplinary Science

Ø Objects of Bibliometrics

Ø Applications of Bibliometrics

Ø Research in Library and Information Science as a field of study.

Theoretical Framework

Ø Empirical Laws of Bibliometrics

Empirical Review of Related Studies

Ø Studies on Bibliometric Analysis of Postgraduate Theses in Library and

Information Science.

Summary of the Literature Review

Meaning and Scope of Bibliometrics

There is an area of Library and Information Science called bibliometrics that deals extensively with quantitative analysis and statistics. Bibliometrics has two roots, “biblio” and “metrics”. Osareh (1996) noted that the word

“biblio” is derived from the combination of a Latin and Greek word “biblion” meaning book. The term “metrics”, which indicates the science of meter, (i.e. measurement), is derived either from the Latin or Greek word “metricus” or

“metrikos” respectively, each meaning measurement.

Harrod’s librarians’ Glossary (1995) defined bibliometrics as the application of mathematical and statistical methods to the study of the use made of books and other media within and between library systems. Hertzel

(2003: 288) quoting Pritchard observed that the term bibliometrics was coined by Alan Pritchard and defined as “the application of mathematics and statistical methods to books and other media of communication”. According to her, this was paraphrased by Fairthorne as “qualitative treatment of the properties of recorded discourse and behaviours appertaining to it”.

Hertzel also observed that apart from Alan Pritchard and Robert A.

Fairthorne, many other people also defined bibliometrics. The British Standard

Glossary of Documentation of terms explained bibliometrics as the study of the use of document and pattern of publications in which mathematical and statistical methods have been applied. Potter defined bibliometrics as the study and measurement of the publication patterns of all forms of written communication and their authors. Also Schrader defined bibliometrics more explicitly as “the scientific study of recorded discourse”.

Osareh (1996) noted that some other people also defined bibliometrics in various ways. Raisig cited by Lawani (1981) defined bibliometrics as the demonstration of historical movements, the determination of national or universal research use of books and journals, and the ascertainment in many local situations of the general use of books and journals is possible by assembling and interpretation of statistics relating to those books and periodicals. Hawkins defined bibliometrics as the application and quantitative analysis in the bibliographical reference of the body of literature. Lancaster described it as the study patterns of authorship, publication and literature used by applying various statistical analyses. Also White and McCain stated that bibliometrics is the quantitative study of literatures as they are reflected in bibliographies. Diodato (1994) described bibliometrics as the study of publications and communication patterns in the distribution of information by using mathematical and statistical techniques, from counting to calculus. Otlet in Carrizo-Sainero (2004) defined bibliometrics as the ensemble of methodological knowledge that will serve the application of quantitative techniques in order to evaluate the processes of production, communication and

38 use of scientific information. Its goal is to contribute to the analysis and the evaluation of science and research. The researcher however agrees with the definition of bibliometrics by Raisig.

Pritchard in Hertzel (2003:288) also stated purposes of bibliometrics as:

Ø to shed light on the processes of written communication, and of the

nature and course of development (in so far as this is displayed through

written communication); by means of counting and analyzing the

various facets of written communication.

Ø the assembling and interpretation of statistics relating to books and

periodicals…to demonstrate historical movement, to determine the

national or universal research use of books and journals and to ascertain

in many local situations the general use of books and journals.

Ø to improve scientific documentation, information and communication

activities by collections and services.

Ø to contribute to a better understanding of the mechanism of scientific

research as a social activity.

The common theme through these definitions and purposes of bibliometrics is measurement, and the things that we are measuring when we carry out bibliometric study are the process variables in the information transfer process. Pritchard in Hertzel (2003:288) noted that bibliometrics is therefore the “metrology of the information transfer process and its purpose is

39 the analysis and control of the process”. Bibliometric studies involve some definite methods such as:

Ø users’ surveys, i.e. knowing our users

Ø bibliometric analysis i.e. knowing our literature or other information

sources,

Ø library surveys, i.e. knowing the overall information structure within a

discipline.

The present study is in the sphere of bibliometric analysis.

Borgman, Ritchie, Stevens and Potter in Osareh (1996) indicated the scope of bibliometrics in various ways. Borgman indicated scope of bibliometrics as when scholarly communication can be studied by bibliometric methods using one or more of the three theoretical variables, producers of the communications, artifacts of communication and communication concepts.

Ritchie noted that bibliometric studies could be divided into two broad groups, descriptive studies (dealing with characteristics or feature of a body of literature) by country, time period and discipline. For example, a researcher might count the number of authors who produce one, two, three or more articles. Another example would be to analyze the number of articles in a given field that appear in a set of journals. The second is behavioural studies, sometimes referred to as citation studies but not restricted to them (dealing with the relationship formed between components of the literature). This is more

40 evaluative and attempts to study how a body of literature is used, usually by analyzing patterns of footnoting or citations. For example, if one paper in a field is cited by a large percentage of subsequent papers, it might be concluded that this paper is of great importance to the field. Another example is identifying two or more papers that are often cited together. Such instances of co–citation provide a natural grouping of related publications.

On the other hand, Stevens divided bibliometric studies into two basic areas and several sub-areas as follows:

1) Productivity count or Descriptive area.

a) Countries (Geographic Locations)

b) Different periods of time.

c) Different disciplines (Subject fields)

2) Literature usage count or Evaluative area

a) Reference

b) Citation

Similarly Potter divided bibliometric studies into two categories, firstly, descriptive, which attempts to study the body of a literature by counting its contributing countries, authors, journals year of publications, and disciplines.

For example, a researcher may count and rank a body of literature according to the frequencies of documents produced by each author, country, journal, year

41 of publication and/or discipline. The second category of bibliometrics, which is more evaluative, attempts to study the use of body of literature by using citation analysis. For example, it can be concluded that in a specific field and period of time the most cited papers are useful or important papers, and also the most related papers.

However, in the view of Diodato (1994), these are major areas in bibliometric research. They are:

1) Bibliometric Laws of distributions, such as Bradford’s law, Lotka’s

law and Zipf’s law.

2) Citation analysis.

3) Indicators of research performance.

Hertzel (1987:156) points out that, although all the descriptive studies are not evaluations, but all the evaluative analyses are first descriptive, with the evaluative aspect taking the data one step further, providing “data on the literature as a whole” (Nicholas and Ritchie 1978:10). Furthermore, Nicholas and Ritchie (P. 11) believed that the major areas of bibliometric studies complement each other.

History of Bibliometrics

Historically, bibliometrics had its origin in the west, and it has arisen from statistical studies of bibliographies. Sengupta (1992) noted that although the coinage of the term bibliometrics by Alan Pritchard in 1969 is fairly recent, 42 its usage and practice can be traced back to the 1890’s. Campbell’s work in

1896, which used statistical methods for studying subject scattering in publications, is probably the earliest attempt at bibliometric studies.

In 1917, Cole and Eales conducted a statistical analysis of the growth of literature in comparative anatomy during 1850 – 1860, through bibliographical citations to show the fluctuations in interest over the period. They also showed the distribution of the literature among countries within periods and by divisions, of the animal kingdom. Following this in 1923, E. Wyndham

Hulume, a former librarian of the British patent office used the term statistical bibliography to describe how the process of the history of science and technology can be made more understandable by counting documents. His analysis was based on the journal entries in the seventeen sections of international catalogue of scientific literature (Hertzel 2003).

In 1926, a statistician Alfred J. Lotka, published a paper “Statistics the

Frequency Distribution of Scientific Productivity”. This was especially important because it developed a productivity formular, which became known as Lotka’s law, one of the empirical laws of bibliometrics. Another bibliometric study is that by Gross and Gross in 1927. They counted and analysed the citations appended to articles in chemistry journal titles according to the number of citations received, they produced a list of journals they considered “indispensable in chemical education”. This is the first recorded study based on counting and analyzing citations that is citation analysis. It should be noted that the studies by Campbell, Cole and Eales and Wyndham 43

Hulme were based on entries in bibliographies not on citations. Citation analysis has now become an area of bibliometrics with applications in many fields of knowledge (Hertzel 2003).

Samuel Clement Bradford, another pioneer of bibliometrics, should be considered for his special article “Sources of information on specific subjects” in 1934 which is the first papers among journals in Applied Geophysics and in

Lubrication Research which led to what is now called Bradford’s law of scatter-one of the empirical laws of bibliometrics. This law has provided the theoretical framework for subsequent bibliometric research (Hertzel 2003).

George Kingsley Zipf, a scientist in 1935 in his book Psycho-Biology of

Language has in its preface the kernel of what later was called Zipf’s law. This

Zipf’s law is considered a bibliometric law and has been used in many bibliometric papers. Also H.H. Henkle in his article “Periodical Literature of

Biochemistry” in 1938 used the expression “statistical bibliographies were applied to an evaluation of the periodical literature of biochemistry. He believed that this research would help in the “problem of selecting periodicals for the library (Hertzel 2003).

Gosnell used statistical bibliography in 1944 in his article

“Obsolescence of Books in College Libraries” purports to discover lines of trend or curves of distribution by means of which this rate of obsolescence may be expressed in mathematical form. The degree of such obsolescence may be

44 expressed in mathematical form and may also be discovered by statistical analysis (Hertzel 2003).

Herman H. Fussler in 1949 published his article “Characteristics of the

Research literature used by chemists and physicists in the Soviet Union.

“Fussler wrote that the study is a form of statistical bibliography that used journal references to develop a core of journals in a field. Also in 1955, there was the first presentation of “impact factor” in “Citation Indexes for Science” by Eugene Garfield. Garfield also explained how the relative impact factor was determined “by dividing the number of times a journal has been cited by the number of articles it has published during some specific periods of time. The journal impact factor will thus reflect an average citation rate per published article (Hertzel 2003).

Raisig in 1962, used statistical analysis in his Statistical Bibliography in

Health Science. Raisig, claimed there was a “potential utility of statistical bibliography as a method of analyzing information needs”. He defined statistical bibliography and stated that bibliographical statistics are collected for three main purposes. Kessler also in his paper “An Experimental study of

Bibliographic Coupling between Technical papers” published in 1963 stated that bibliographic coupling is “a new method for grouping technical and scientific papers. Also in Williams Goffman and Vaun A. Newill’s report “A generalization of the theory of epidermics: An application to the transmission of ideas, published in 1964 is a technique explaining the transmission of ideas by means of the literature and the purpose of this “epidermic theory report was 45 to help to describe the publication activity within a given discipline” and to determine the necessity for an information retrieval system (Hertzel 2003).

The next article in the chronological arrangement of papers is that of

Alan Pritchard who advocates the use of the new word “bibliometrics” in place of statistical bibliography”. This was contained in his paper “Statistical

Bibliography or Bibliometrics: published in 1969. Pritchard’s reason for his choice was the ambiguity of the phrase statistical bibliography, for example, it could mean a statistical analysis of bibliographies or bibliographies on statistics. Fairthorne also in his article “Empirical Hyperbolic Distributions for

Bibliometric Description and Prediction” published in 1969 supported Alan

Pritchard for the choice of the term bibliometrics and also paraphrased it

(Hertzel 2003).

Another innovative paper, this one on analysis of citations, was presented by Henry Small. Small proposed a new method of analyzing citations in 1973 in the first of a group of articles bearing on the subject co-citation. In his article “Co-citation in the Scientific Literature: A new measure of the relationship between two “documents”, Small stated that in co-citation

“patterns change as the interests and intellectual patterns of the field change” and also co-citation can also be used to depict a literature especially core or cluster. Finally, he concluded that co-citation provides a tool for monitoring the development of scientific fields, and for assessing the degree of interrelationship among specialties. (Hertzel 2003).

(See Appendix 1 for Chronological List of Bibliometric Articles and their Historical Importance)

Bibliometrics and Bibliography

Otlet in Carrizo-Sainero, (2004) was the first who applied the term bibliometrics to the technique pursuing the qualification of science and scientists. A pioneer in information science and its theory, Otlet insists in the difference between bibliometrics and statistical bibliography, on the basis that, from the very origin, science was measured or quantified by applying statistical methods to information sources.

Lopez Yepes in Carrizo-Sainero, (2004) underlines Otlet’s ability to organize knowledge, and his on-going pursuit of a synthetic explanation of how concepts are formed and developed. He credits Otlet, above all, for his ability for rational organization. Otlet’s standpoint is that bibliography establishes itself as a general science that collects and classifies systematic and totality of data relative to the production, conservation, circulation and use of writings and documents of every sort.

In this treatise of information Science, Otlet puts forward a number of ideas about bibliometrics, most notable:

a) In any order of knowledge, measure is a superior document that this

knowledge takes. Measures about books and documents can be

constituted into a coordinate ensemble, bibliometrics.

b) Measures relate to objects, phenomena or facts, relations or law. They

concern particulars (metrics, proper) or ensembles (statistics, which

deals with what is, or should be, unity and normalization). A measure of

the main relation of a science becomes indexes (geographers, for

example, when considering the relationship of water and rain to land,

have created the aridity index).

c) When doing bibliometrics, we must take into account the findings of

metrics (in general) and sociometrics (in particular). The maxim

“Omnia in measure”, everything in due measure, has been erected as the

main guideline of any science that tends to have developed from the

quantitative to the qualitative stages.

After, Otlet analyzes the reason why sciences like astronomy, biology, sociology and others tend to have a quantitative character. They establish methods of measurements that obtain results. As to books, the author points out that:

1) Things related to books are hardly ever measured: neither in terms of

their materials and operative reality nor the terms of their subjective

and intellectual one. Efforts in this direction are, therefore, desirable.

2) Books in sciences must introduce the idea of measurement to the

research they promote. In as much as books are objects of

psychology, sociology and technology, their phenomena are

susceptible of being measured.

3) Bibliometrics will be the part of bibliopoly that deals with the

application of quantity or measure to books (arithmetic or

mathematical bibliopoly).

4) Every element dealt with by bibliopoly should, in principle, be

measurable. It is advisable that research should treat data precisely,

that is in the form of numbers, thus passing from a quantitative or

descriptive stage to a qualitative one.

Otlet proposes a number of bases for the field of bibliometrics, by bearing in mind a number of factors affecting or surrounding a text. These include language, spaces it contains, and coefficients referred – among other things – to formats and unit prices, as well as those borrowed from statistics, including comparison indices. He also pays attention to the frequency with which a given author or work is read; from this data, a “utility frequency” curve can be drawn, by considering the number of editions of a text published as a function of its author, of its content, or of the social content in which it appears.

Bibliography aims at the complaint of repertories, as well as the study of their uses. It gives notice of existing bibliographic materials – documents or texts that have been located using different systems. Hence bibliography provides an account of bibliographic material of the present as well as the past.

From the bibliographic description of documents, bibliometrics borrows the information it needs to carry out studies: author(s), general title of the

49 periodical or monograph, publication year, type of document (article, monograph, biography…), language, abstract- if the bibliography is analytical

– and key words or descriptors.

To summarize, bibliographic references provide research with a great quantity of information, without which they would not be able to do their bibliometric analyses.

Bibliometrics as Inter-discipline and Multi-disciplinary Science

A subject is interdisciplinary when it borrows literature from disciplines of its same scientific branch through citation; it is multidisciplinary when it lends or borrows knowledge or techniques to, or from, beyond its general field.

Bibliometrics, as an interdisciplinary subject, takes on an auxiliary or instrumental role in measuring the different fields that make up its general branch of science, that is, disciplines integrating the curriculum of library and information science. Otlet in Carrizo-Sainero, (2004) observed that these subjects act like links of a chain, in that, should be one of them fail, the other could hardly function together in a satisfactory way.

He also stressed that bibliometrics work in patnership regularly with the field of Library and Information Science, in order to detect lacunae in bibliographic collections, maintain the collections and facilitate corrections and the occasional removal of objectionable materials. Moreover, its analyses rely on the descriptive fields of primary documents that have been developed by the area of documentary analysis: cataloguing, classification or indexing. When

50 unable to find a given documents due to the increasing quantity of them- it has recourse to bibliography and information sources, either printed or mechanized, in order to obtain the necessary documents needed to analyze a given topic or its researchers.

Recent developments in the methods of library and Information Science have contributed significantly to the consolidation of bibliometrics. In turn, the latter has also played an important role in the exposure and application of

Information Science, thus establishing symbolisms between the two sciences.

He also went further to observe that bibliometrics is also a multidisciplinary science. It borrows statistical methods to carry out its analysis; it serves itself of the surveys and tests elaborated by sociologists and, finally, uses computer science to process data by means of spreadsheets, statistical applications and database. Originated in other fields of study, all these tools serve bibliometrics in its goals of analyzing the work of scientists and researchers in the different branches of knowledge.

Objects of Bibliometrics

Bibliometrics finds its epistemological basis in bibliography; it works as a measurement factor of the information sources and, finally, it appears as a method (or ensemble thereof) to be used by the scientific inquiry. Hence Lopez

Yepes in Carrizo-Sainero, (2004) observed the following:

Bibliometrics studies the organization of technological sectors from the standpoint of the information sources which group the documents that, once analyzed, provide data or bibliographic fields that facilitate the accounting, analysis and statistical treatment that are employed in bibliometrics.

It measures scientific growth by applying statistical method to the production of scientists. In this way, it establishes the degree of development of the different disciplines. It performs studies on information consumption based on the documents used by scientists. These analyses are carried out by use of bibliographic references of publications contained in bibliographies and information sources, during a set time period. These bibliographic instruments provide enough data about the primary document to allow for meaningful bibliometric research, serve the application of quantitative techniques in order to evaluate the processes of production.

Applications of Bibliometrics

Bibliometric data are derived from many sources such as bibliographies or bibliographic databases and citations. Bibliometric analysis can be conducted on the basis of any sufficiently large publication list compiled and issued or from citations from selected journals and also from citation indexes.

These bibliometric techniques utilize quantitative analysis and statistics to describe patterns of publication within a given field or body of literature.

Osareh (1996) observed that bibliometric techniques as descriptive and

52 evaluative tools of publications have found their way through a wide range of applications in different areas.

Lawani in Osareh (1996) observed that the analogy of bibliometrics to such well-known and widely accepted terms as biometrics, econometrics, scientometrics, resulted in its quick and wide application in the field of information science. Moreover, he asserts that bibliometric studies have a range of applications to such fields as selection of materials, study of communication patterns, identification of specialties, obsolescence of the literature, identification of influential authors and papers and assessment of the quality of materials. He also stated that in another discussion, Lawani states more explicitly that bibliometrics is applicable in many fields such as selection of books and periodicals, characteristics of subject literatures, evaluation of collections and bibliographies, and historical and sociological studies. He also continued that Borgman confirms the ideas of Belkin and Croft and Smith which refer to the various applications of bibliometrics to scholarly communication, evaluation of a library collection and as a basis for information retrieval algorithms.

Haiqi (1994) claims that among the quantitative descriptions of documents, bibliometrics has recently become a well-established part of information research, which could be applied in various facets of information work. In the recent years, bibliometric techniques have to identify the characteristics of literature of various subject areas, to determine the influence

53 of a single writer, for example, or to describe the relationship between two or more writers or works.

Lancaster (1991) gives a comprehensive definition of bibliometrics applications in saying that, in general, the word bibliometrics is applicable to any form of quantitative analysis relating to the production, distribution and use of the published or semi-published literature. Bibliometric studies include studies of the growth of the literature in some subject; how much literature is contributed by various languages; how the literature on some subjects is scattered (e.g. over documentary type, languages, journals); and how quickly the literature on some subjects become out of date (studies of obsolescence).

Ravichandra Rao (1993) identifies the more important applications of bibliometrics in area such as collection management and library and information services. He asserts that how well a country is performing relative to others in various fields also can be evaluated by using informatric techniques. Diodato (1994) also point out to the wide application of bibliometrics even to daily newspaper articles.

Bibliometrics has become a standard of science policy and research management in the last decades. Many extensive bibliometric studies of important science fields appeared during the last two decades and the aim of these studies was to measure national research performance in the international context or to describe the development of a science field with the help of bibliometric means. Bibliometrics has been useful in studying the linkage

54 between science and technology, or applications to related fields such as

Library and Information Science. Most recently, it is also one of the rare truly interdisciplinary research fields to extend to almost all- scientific fields.

Bibliometric methodology comprises components from mathematics, social sciences, natural sciences, and engineering and even life sciences. Its methods however give opportunities to describe the content structure and development of research, and bibliometrics is becoming more important as a basis for the collection development in research libraries.

Librarians who develop library collections, databases or information services, will have difficulties in knowing which material should be included, especially in cases where there is little consensus even among the scientists about the definition of the field. In these cases, bibliometrics can provide a tool for identifying the core for a local collection in such field, offers insight into the scholarly record bibliographically and sociologically and represents the quantitative analysis of publication. Soper et al (1990) described bibliometric techniques clearly and in a very simple language. They state that bibliometric techniques often use citation analysis and are used in a variety of collection evaluation and use studies; they state particularly that ranking publications according to their importance, identifying core literature, tracing the diffusion of ideas, measuring the impact of publications, studying subject interrelationship, investigating the structure of knowledge and improving bibliographic control are possible by using bibliometric techniques.

Nicholas and Ritchie (1978) noted some more pragmatic applications of this information includes the planning of retrospective bibliographies, “giving some indications both of the age of material used in a discipline, and of the extent of which more recent publication supercede the older ones”, indicating through high frequency of citation which documents should be archived; comparing the coverage of secondary services which can help publishers gauge their achievements and competitions that can aid librarians in evaluating the effectiveness of their stock. Wikipaedia (2007) noted that other bibliometric applications include: creating thesauri: measuring term frequencies; exploring grammatical and syntactical structures of texts; and measuring usage by readers.

Bibliometrics is a valuable research method that can be used to study the regional patterns of research, the extent of cooperation between research groups and national research profiles and also extent of research coverage in various fields of knowledge. Henderson, Shurville and Fernstrom (2009) observed that bibliometrics are now used in quantitative research assessment exercises of academic output. Meho and Spurgin (2005) also noted that it has gained wide acceptance in evaluating institutions research performance as well as in providing evidence for academic tenure and promotion decisions.

Finally, the concept of bibliometrics builds up on these pillars;

Ø Bibliometric finds it epistemological roots in bibliography.

Ø Bibliometrics, as applying bibliography, constitutes a factor of

measurement and evaluation of information sources.

Ø Bibliometric consists of a method, or set of methods, that can be

employed to evaluate research.

Ø Bibliometrics as quantitative and qualitative tool of data analysis can be

used to analyse research data.

Research in Library and Information Science as Subject Field of Study:

Libraries have existed since ancient times, but the vision of library since the dawn of history has been to preserve recorded human activities and knowledge in any media for posterity. Libraries are established as social institutions to acquire, preserve, process, organize and disseminate recorded information for use through their various operations. In the second half of the

19th century, library science (the principles and practices of library operation and administration and their study) emerged as a separate field of study.

Harrold’s Librarian Glossary (1995) defined Library science as a discipline concerned with creation, recording, transmission, storage, retrieval and use of information. With the knowledge explosion in the 20th century, it was gradually subsumed under the more general field of information science and it then became Library and Information Science.

By the second half of the 19th century, western countries had experienced such a proliferation of books of all sorts that the nature of the

57 librarian’s work was radically altered; being well read was no longer a sufficient characteristic for the post. Then there came a need for library education. Encyclopedia Britannica (2005) noted that Melvil Dewey was one of the earliest pioneers in establishing a library programme for librarians. In

1887, he established the first library school for training librarians. These training programmes in the United States evolved into graduate programmes in library education accredited by the American Library Association. The

Association set up standards for accreditation of library schools and stated thus:

Ø that for junior and senior undergraduate library schools and graduate

library schools; “library facilities, quarters and equipment shall meet the

approval of the Board of Education for librarianship”

Ø for advanced graduate schools the requirement was “library facilities

adequate for research”.

In the 20th century, advances in means of collecting, organizing and retrieving information changed the focus of libraries, enabling a great variety of institutions and organizations, as well as individuals, to conduct their own searches for information without the involvement of a library or library staff.

As a result, universities began to offer combined graduate programmes in

Library and Information Science. These programmes usually provide a master’s degree and may provide more advanced degrees including doctorates.

The scope of Library and Information Science education increased and the Library and Information Science literature also increased. Library school

58 libraries or library science laboratories began collecting research materials for students and facilities and making them available by utilizing modern methods of storage and retrieval of information. Therefore, research in this area is needed if there is to be effective bibliographic control.

Research and publications are important for this field of knowledge.

Alemna (1998) noted that research and publications not only enhance the prestige of the profession, but also contribute to the body of knowledge in the profession. He also went further to note that a more efficient and effective approach to expand knowledge in librarianship and information science is the conduct of special, planned and structured investigation, a process that Busha and Harter refer to as research. Research has been the driving force of development in Library and Information Science in particular and in the world in general. It has also been described as infrastructure for improvement and change. According to Cathro (2004), research generates primary outputs (such as data sets, images, video files and sound recordings) and secondary outputs

(such as books, pre-prints, journal articles, conference papers, theses, technical reports, unpublished papers and web sites), which interpret and summarize the research findings.

Blake (2003), noting the importance of research in Library and

Information Science (LIS), observed that any examination of the place of research in LIS education in higher education, places research at the centre of library education. Research also helps to determine faculty research productivity in relation to other responsibilities, and the cultivation of a 59 leadership cadre for the LIS educators. Steig (1992) also observed that

“research has become the god of library education”.

Library and Information Science as a field of study is service oriented as the discipline is expected to train librarians who are charged with the responsibilities of providing information to scholars in other disciplines through the processes of acquisition, cataloguing, classification etc. in order to ensure that the functions of the profession, which mainly border on information collection, organization and dissemination, are effectively carried out. The discipline is said to be a multidisciplinary field of study, drawing heavily on research methodologies from other fields. For any discipline to grow, research must constantly be carried out as these will extent the frontiers of the disciplines (Aina, 2004).

Fatoki and Obinyan (2005) observed that library and information science research is useful to a broad spectrum of people including those who have a role in the future of services-politicians at national and local level, policy makers and advisers, service heads, media authors, as well as all levels of staff and scholars. Therefore, research in library and information science is essential in the development of Library Science as a discipline and other disciplines.

The on-going revolution in the world at present with regard to the use of

Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) influences the pattern of research and services in Library and information science through effective

60 information search and data analysis in research programmes and has helped facilitating acquisition of international information and knowledge. Henderson in Annunobi (2005) stated that Information and Communication Technologies

(ICTs) provide numerous benefits and advantages to library users and they include:

Ø provision of speedy and easy access to information;

Ø provision of remote access to users;

Ø provision of round-the-clock access to users;

Ø provision of access to unlimited information from different sources;

Ø provision of more up to date information;

Ø provision of information flexibility to be used by an individual

according to his or her requirements;

Ø facilitation of reformatting and combining of data from different

sources;

Ø serves as a tool, which provides opportunity for full organizational

restructure (i.e. to provide enhanced users satisfaction, cost

effectiveness, integration, faster and simple programmes, rapid

responses and easier operational procedures).

Information and Communication Technologies no doubt lessen the burden of information search and accelerate the entire research process and also

61 contribute in arriving at viable results as they are used in data analysis and interpretation. Information and Communication Technologies also improve dissemination of national and regional research findings and enhance skills in the preparation, production and management of research outputs. Documents delivery is available providing online searching and hard-copy document delivery via electronic market and also increased accessibility and visibility to research findings became an added advantage.

To ensure the quality and quantity of research in library and information science, there is need to harness research findings in postgraduate research reports in the Departments of Library and Information Science in Nigerian universities in order to establish the subjects, geographical areas, types of libraries etc so far covered. Therefore, bibliometric analysis of these research reports offers the way out.

Theoretical Foundations of Bibliometrics

Bibliometrics has been very closely related to both bibliography and information sources. It is, moreover, a relation of dependence, since bibliometric studies measuring scientific production are carried out on the basis of the results obtained from analyses of information sources. Carrizo-Sainero

(2004) observed that the field of bibliometrics itself has, from its very origin, pointed to bibliography as the main basis of its development. Indeed, researchers themselves have not hesitated to refer to the field of information sources as the medium in which bibliometric techniques are applied. These

62 techniques or empirical laws of bibliometrics are, in turn, very closely related to statistical methods.

Empirical Laws of Bibliometrics

These laws are bibliometric techniques or methods used to describe the phenomena of a science and to try to establish tenets to explain and predict bibliometric phenomena. Bibliometric data are found to conform rather closely to these empirical laws and mathematical distributions. The three most frequently encountered in the literature are the following:

i) Lotka’s law of scientific productivity (Authors publishing in a

certain discipline).

ii) Bradford’s law of scattering (Distribution of publications).

iii) Zipf’s law of word occurrence (Ranking of word frequency).

The last two laws are the most relevant to the present study.

Bradford’s Law of Scattering

Bradford’s law of bibliographic scattering was the second bibliometric law which was propounded by Samuel Clement Bradford in 1934. Bradford’s law states that documents on a given “subject” is distributed (scattered) according to a certain mathematical function so that a growth in papers on a subject requires a growth in the number of journals/information sources. The number of the groups of journals to produce nearly equal numbers of articles is

63 roughly in proportion to 1:n:n2, where n is called the Bradford multiplier which is a constant.

The law explains that journals in a single field can be divided into three parts, each containing the same number of articles:

i) A core of journals on the subject, relatively few in number, that

produces approximately one - third of all the articles;

ii) A second zone, containing the same number of articles as the first,

but a greater number of journals, and

iii) A third zone, containing the same number of articles as the second,

but still greater number of journals.

The mathematical relationship of the number of journals in the core to the first zone is a constant n and to the second zone the relationship is n2.

Bradford expressed this relationship as 1: n: n2. Bradford formulated his law after studying a bibliography of geophysics, covering 326 journals in the field.

He discovered that 9 journals contained 462 articles, 59 contained 499 articles, and 258 contained 404 articles. So it took 9 journals to contribute one third of the articles, 5 times 9, or 45, to produce the next third, and 5 times 5 times 9, or

225, to produce the last third. As may be seen, Bradford law is not statistically accurate, strictly speaking but it is still commonly used as a general rule of thumb (Potter, 1988).

Lawani (1981) noted that the law may be stated differently: if periodicals contributing to a subject are ranked and then grouped in such a way that each group increase geometrically. He also noted that the mathematical formulation of this law by Brookes is the one that is most easily applied in practical situations. It is expressed in two parts:

R (n) = anb (1≤ n ≤ C) - - - - (1)

= N log n/s (1 ≤ n ≤ N) - - - - (2)

These parameters have the following meanings: a – is the number of articles contributed by the highest – ranking periodical. n – is the rank order of periodicals

R(n) - is the cumulative sum of articles contributed by the most productive n periodicals (i.e. the periodicals of rank 1-n). b – is a constant if the publications considered cover only a short time–span. Its value is always less than 1.

N – is the total number of periodical titles that would be expected to publish papers on the subject. The scope of the linear portion of the Bradford –Zipf bibliograph gives it.

C - is the value of n at the point where curve runs smoothly into the straight line portion of the ‘bibliograph’. Periodicals ranked I – C constitute the “core” periodicals on the subject.

S – is the value of n at the intersection of the straight portion of the bibliograph with the log n axis.

The Bradford law was later corrected by B. C. Vickery who found that about a third of the articles on a subject are printed in the journals devoted to related subjects, a further third appear in a large number of journals devoted to related subjects, and the remaining third in an even larger number of journals in which such articles would not normally be expected to be published. According to this law, if TX represents the number of journals having x references, T2x the total number of journals having 2x references, and T3x the total number of journals having 3x references, etc then: TX: T2: T3x = 1: n: n2 where n may be any number depending on the value chosen for x (Harrods’s Librarian glossary

1995).

Bensman (2001) noted that the Bradford’s law of bibliographic scattering is actually a conflation of two concepts of vast importance in the utilization of statistical techniques in library analyses. He also noted that

Bradford’s main aim in the research, which led to the law of scattering, was to improve the coverage of science literature by the indexing and abstracting services. He was particularly disturbed by the gaps in this coverage, estimating that approximation of 500,000 of the 750,000 scientific articles published each year were missed by the abstracting and indexing journals. The reason for this oversight was suspected to be manner in which the literature of a subject was distributed among the periodicals containing it.

Potter (1988) claimed that Bradford’s law of scatter has been used in various ways and they include:

i) serves as a general guideline to librarians in determining the number

of core journals in any given field;

ii) to test the completeness of a bibliography;

iii) to describe the interaction between book users and books available

for use in a library;

iv) aids in selection and collection developments,

v) to estimate the frequency of authors and their publications.

Bradford’s law focuses on subject scattering. Hjorland and Nicolaisen

(2005) presents three kinds of scattering:

Ø Lexical scattering is the scattering of words in texts and in collections of

texts.

Ø Semantic scattering is the scattering of concepts in texts and in

collection of texts.

Ø Subject scattering is the scattering of items useful to a given task or

problem.

Other kinds of scattering may also be considered, for example:

Ø Disciplinary scattering is the scattering of relevant items on different

disciplines.

Ø Geographical and organizational scattering is the scattering of relevant

items across geographical, national and organizational borders.

Ø Linguistic scattering is the scattering of relevant items on different

languages.

Ø Idea scattering is the scattering, influence, reception and diffusion of

ideas as studied in mainly non-quantitative fields like the history of

ideas and cultural history of knowledge.

Bradford’s law has been regarded as identical with other bibliometric laws and also with laws in quite different domains. B. C. Brookes considered the Bradford-Zipf distribution which shows relationship between Bradford’s law and Zipf’s law. Zipf’s law is about word distribution in a given text, while

Bradford’s law is about subject distributed over a range of sources. Bradford’s law also related to “the law of the vital few” or “the phenomena of the few generating the many” which is also known as Pareto’s principle after the Italian

Economist Vilfredo Pareto, who observed that 80% of property in Italy was owned by about 20% of the Italian population.

Zipf’s Law of Word Occurrence

The third bibliometric law was that of George Kingsley Zipf in 1935.

The law states that in a relatively lengthy text, if you “list the words occurring

68 within that text in order of decreasing frequency, the rank of a word on that list multiplied by its frequency will equal a constant”. The equation for this relationship is: r x f = k where r is the rank of the word, f is the frequency, and k is the constant (Potter, 1988a). Zipf showed that the tenth most frequent word occurred 265 times, the two hundredth word occurred 113 times, and so on.

Zipf found out that the rank of the word multiplied by the frequency of the word equals a constant that is approximately 26,500 (Potter, 1988b). Zipf’s law, again is not statistically perfect, but is very useful for indexes and is also often used to predict the frequency of words within a text. The application of this law in practical documentation has usually been in association with

Bradford’s law.

Brookes in Otubelu (2003) made a point when he observed that a theoretical point to note about the Bradford distribution is that the second part is closely related to Zipf’s second law. Zipf was not interested in cumulating frequencies of words but Bradford was concerned with the cumulative totals of papers constituting his bibliography. So the Bradford law can be said to generate a Bradford-Zipf distribution, a description, which stressed the double nature of the distribution and the fact that it is essentially a Zipf distribution modified by the Bradford nucleus.

The Bradford-Zipf distribution or bibliograph is a mathematical model that has been used in bibliometric studies for the analysis of subject literature as an aid of useful journals to specific subjects fields, but its use has been extended to library circulation of items, the use made of items, indexing and 69 abstracting coverage of journal articles and productivity output rates of authors.

The Bradford-Zipf distribution arises in situations in which a large number of independent ‘sources’ each contributing at random, ‘item’ to a particular

‘field’. Applications of the complete Bradford-Zipf ‘bibliograph’ according to

Lawani in Afolabi (1980) in rationalizing library and documentation work include:

a) Ascertaining that an allegedly complete bibliography is in fact complete

or that an abstracting or indexing service that claims comprehensiveness

for a subject is indeed so.

b) Ascertaining the titles, which constitute the “core” periodicals of a

subject in so far as quantity (not quality) of paper is concerned.

c) Determining the number of periodical titles required to cover a specified

fraction of the total periodical literature of a given subject.

d) Determining at what point substation of photocopies of relevant paper in

periodicals relating to a subject is cheaper than subscribing to the

periodicals.

e) Planning the acquisitions of periodicals within a hierarchical network of

libraries and should facilitate the optimum use of the resources of any

information or library service thereby helping to determine the core

information sources in the collection.

These two empirical laws act as guiding theories to the present study.

Clement Samuel Bradford applied Bradford law to analyze the distribution of articles in journals in a bibliography to determine journals in order of productivity, in order of frequency of citation, frequency of actual usage of journals. This enabled him to determine the core journals. The present study generated a comprehensive database (a bibliography) on postgraduate research reports in Library and Information Science in Nigeria. The database was analyzed to determine core areas as regards the geographical location, time period and the subject. George Kingsley Zipf applied the Zipf’s law to produce the ranking of words in a lengthy text, in the present study, the database revealed the output of postgraduate research reports by individual university thereby producing ranking of universities in terms of research reports output.

These theories have been applied to many fields of study as indicators of research output including Library and Information Science as a field of study.

Empirical Review of Related Studies

Some empirical studies that are related to bibliometric analysis of postgraduate research reports titles in Library and Information Science were reviewed. They are Nweke (1985), Igbashal (1994), Afolabi (1997),

Abodoulaye (2002) and Ucak. (2004).

Nweke (1985) undertook an analytical study of Ibadan library school higher degree dissertations/theses titles from 1973 to 1982 using documentary research method. Data were gathered from lists of theses and were analyzed

71 through frequency tables and percentages. The findings were that students studied aspects of librarianship using (the type of library which they had experiences in and public libraries emerged as the most researched typed of library (24.43%). Subjects related to librarianship as well as non-library subject literature were also studied. Library use, information needs and resources availability emerged as core subjects researched. This study found that Oyo state which is the state in which the university is located, accounted for 58

(42.65%) of all theses produced. Besides, Nigeria was the most researched country with 14.71%. Out of the higher degrees taken, MLS was the most pursed degree with 97.63%. The methodology used for this bibliometric study was appropriate to the study. The method of data analysis is also suitable for the present study as both studies are related in content and they only differ significantly in scope.

Igbashal (1994) carried out a study on quantitative analyses of master’s and doctoral theses on Nigeria in Library and Information Science from 1963 to 1992. The study was intended to compile and analyze a bibliography of postgraduate theses in Library and information Science on Nigeria from 1963 to 1992 that is a period of 30 years. Titles of completed theses and dissertations in Library and Information Science from Nigerian and foreign universities constituted the population of the study. Documentary research method was used to compile and analyze 695 titles of theses and dissertations. The objective was to determine the frequencies of geographical and subject areas, types of libraries and degrees investigated on Nigeria between 1963 and 1992.

The result showed that Oyo state was the most researched geographical area with 206 scores representing 29.94% while library use and users emerged the most studied subject area with 138 scores representing 15.45%. Academic library featured as the most investigated type of library 223 (32.45%) while the

Master of Library Science (M.L.S) was the most pursued degree with 651 titles representing 92.34%. The year 1991 had the highest frequencies of 88 titles representing 12.48% of the total titles. The methodology used for this study was appropriate to the study. The method of data analysis is also suitable for the present study as both studies are related in content. They only differ in scope in that the present study covered more Departments of Library and

Information Science that offer postgraduate programmes in Library and

Information Science than the earlier studies.

Afolabi (1997), carried out a study on the structure of influence in

Library and Information Science research in Nigeria. The purpose of this study is to determine the influence exerted by Library and Information Science

Departments of Nigerian Universities in terms of theses output. It examined the distribution of masters’ and doctoral theses in library, archival and information science from 1972 to 1992 by university, level of degree, geographical area, type of library and subject. The documentary research method was adopted.

Data were gathered from list of theses in each of the four Nigerian universities that had so far produced masters and doctoral theses in Library and Information

Science. Data were analyzed through the use of percentage, chi-square statistical, and Bradford-Zipf ‘bibliograph’. The findings were that the

University of Ibadan accounted for the most theses output (79.3%), followed by Ahmadu Bello University with 17.3%. University of Ibadan produced theses on more states than any other university, and was also the most productive on all types of libraries except public libraries. Oyo state, Lagos State and Nigeria were the entities that emerged as core, while Library use, Information needs and availability of research were the core subjects investigated.

This study was purely a bibliometric research that studied four Nigerian universities, two from the north and two from the south, there was a basis for comparison, so the methodology used was suitable for the study. However, such method of data analysis by the use of chi-square statistical is not appropriate for this study since in this present research, there is no basis for comparism as the results of the assumptions are obvious. Bradford – Zipf distribution ‘bibliograph’ is applied to the present study in order to determine core subjects and core geographical areas studied.

Adboulaye (2002) investigated and identified research trends of the

Masters in Library and Information Science (MLIS) students’ theses at

International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) for period of seven years.

The study also investigated features and characteristics of MLIS students’ theses. A total of 20 theses approved from 1994 to 2000 were analyzed using documentary research method, frequency tables and percentages. Findings showed that, information technology (OPAC, CD-ROM and the Internet) was the most popular research area (50 percent) among MLIS students. Other areas such as information needs, library management, library use, and 74 publishers/publishing only received one research each, while none of the students explored the history of libraries, cataloguing and classification, indexing and abstracting, cooperation or documentation. On the other hand, a majority of the theses targeted universities or academic libraries, faculty members, job design and reference services, while a small number of the students targeted other areas as Islamic economy, biomedical scientists, copyright etc. The methodology used for this study was appropriate to this study. The method of data analysis is also suitable for the present study as both studies are related in content and they only differ in scope as this study only investigated the subject or the research area of the theses.

Ucak (2004) presented a picture of the recent situation of user studies in

Turkey and made evaluation of higher degree dissertations for a period of 44 years. The research population encompassed theses completed from 1958-2002 in the Department of Librarianship or Information Management. A total of 33 dissertations were investigated in terms of the year when they were completed, research methods and data collection techniques and types of research - system oriented or user – oriented using documentary research method, frequency table and percentages. The findings revealed that user studies in Turkey are usually evaluated in relation to the information centre, that the number of studies increased in the last 10 years, and that users in the field of education

(students, academicians etc.) are preferred as the focus of study. The theses usually describe the existing situations and problems. Quantitative methods are the most frequently used.

The methodology used for this study was appropriate to the study. The method of data analysis is also suitable for the present study as both studies employ the use of documentary research method, frequency tables and percentages. They only differ in scope in that the present study investigated the titles of research reports determining these bibliometric constructs; the year the study was completed, geographical areas covered, the subjects of the theses and the types of library studied. While this study investigated the year the study was completed, research methods, data collection techniques and types of research-system oriented or user-oriented.

Summary of Literature Review

It is evident from both the theoretical and empirical review of literature that there exists relevant literature on bibliometric analysis generally and in

Library and Information Science in particular. The review dealt on the importance of research in Library and Information Science as a field of study.

It was also revealed that advent of Information and Communication

Technologies (ICTs) had boosted research in Library and Information Science and had contributed in the improvement of research and information services. It was also adduced from the review that in order to ensure quality and quantity of research in Library and Information Science, there is need to study pattern of postgraduate research findings in Nigerian library schools. To determine the extent of research coverage to know what has been done in various aspects of the field, then bibliometric analysis of research reports becomes imperative.

The review looked at the concept of bibliometrics by explaining the meaning 76 and scope. History and development of bibliometrics from statistical bibliography was traced and chronological list of articles and their historical importance was compiled. The review also discussed the applications of bibliometrics in library and information services and the empirical laws of bibliometrics as bibliometric techniques that are used to predict and interpret bibliometric phenomena.

Related empirical studies in postgraduate research reports output were reviewed and the patterns of postgraduate research as regards core subjects, core geographical areas, level of degrees were revealed. The literature reviewed showed that little work has been done on the bibliometrics of postgraduate theses output in the departments of Library and Information Science of universities. The scope of the five related studies reviewed covered the periods of 1973-1985, 1963 -1992, 1972-1992, 1994-2000, and 1958-2002. The most recent related study in Nigeria analyzed data up to 1992. Therefore, there is a gap in our knowledge that needs to be filled. The present study fills this gap by analyzing postgraduate research reports in the last fourteen years that is from

1993 to 2006 using bibliometric techniques.

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODS

This chapter deals specifically with the procedure for conducting the research work. The researcher describes the methodology for data collection, the instruments and the analysis of data. It is organized under the following headings: Research design, Area of study, Population of the study, Sample and sampling technique, Instruments for data collection, Method for data collection and Method of data analysis.

Research Design

This research is a census survey since the entire population was studied and there is nothing like sampling. The survey is designed to estimate future researches and the needs in Library and Information Science. Anikweze (2009) noted that surveys are applicable to the assessment of attitudes, achievements, feelings, opinions and perceptions of a large number of people at a particular time. West and Khan(1995) categorized most assessment and evaluation studies as surveys. The scope of survey study could be limited and specific but could also be broadened to national, regional or even global levels. The study employs cross-sectional survey design for it involves the collection of data from uniform subjects at different places or locations within a uniform time.

Area of Study

The area of study for this research is Nigeria. This study was conducted in all the Nigerian universities that offer postgraduate programmes in Library and Information Science. They consist of three universities in the north and seven in the south and they are as follows:

1) Abia State University, Uturu.

2) Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.

3) Bayero University, Kano.

4) Delta State University, Abraka.

5) Imo State University, Owerri.

6) University of Calabar.

7) University of Ibadan.

8) University of Maiduguri.

9) University of Nigeria, Nsukka.

10) University of Uyo.

Population of the Study

The population for this study is made up of all the research reports in

Library and Information Science in all the Nigerian Universities offering postgraduate programmes in Library and Information Science. The Universities are ten in number. Preliminary investigations done in the universities either through visits or phone calls in 2007 revealed that the total number of research reports is seven hundred and ten (710). The universities are ranked chronologically according to the period of commencement of postgraduate programmes in Library and Information Science. The distribution of research reports by individual university is presented in Table 1:

Table 1: Distribution of Research Reports Output by Nigerian Universities from 1993 to 2006.

S/NO UNIVERSITY FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

1 University of Ibadan 407 57.3

2 Ahmadu Bello University 104 14.6

3 Abia State University 15 2.1

4 Bayero University 27 3.8

5 University of Nigeria 59 8.4

6 University of Maiduguri 21 2.9

7 University of Uyo 30 4.3

8 Delta State University 25 3.6

9 Imo State University 12 1.6

10 University of Calabar 10 1.4

Total 710 100%

Sample and Sampling Technique

The sample size for this study was the same as the population size. All the postgraduate research reports in the ten universities offering Library and

Information Science at postgraduate level were used as sample.

Instruments for Data Collection

The main instrument used in data collection is document analysis guides, which were used to list the data. The document analysis guides are data collection instruments that can be employed effectively for distinguishing certain types of information. The document analysis guides facilitated frequency and intensity of the data, as they served as task inventories to determine data comparability. For the purpose of this study, seven document analysis guides were constructed to elicit the desired information.

Document Analysis Guide I-Annual Distribution of Postgraduate

Research Reports in Library and Information Science in Nigeria from 1993 to

2006. This guide contains data on yearly basis, by individual university and by the level of degree sought. (See Appendix V). It was used to identify and record the yearly research outputs of these universities based on the level of degree sought. This guide was used to collect data for providing answers to research questions 1-4.

Document Analysis Guide II A-Distribution of Masters’ Research

Reports in Library and Information Science in Nigeria from 1993 to 2006 by

Geographical areas (See Appendix VI). The document analysis guide which contains geographical areas (States) within Nigeria that could be studied in the masters’ research reports. This means that this document analysis guide was used to identify all states covered by the research reports so that emphasis should be laid on those geographical areas that have not be researched in subsequent researches. This guide was used to collect data from masters’ research reports for answering research question 5.

Document Analysis Guide II B- Distribution of Doctoral Research

Reports in Library and Information Science in Nigeria from 1993 to 2006 by

Geographical areas (See Appendix VII). The document analysis guide contains geographical areas (states in Nigeria) within Nigeria that could be studied in the doctoral research reports. This means that this document analysis guide was used to identify all towns, cities or countries covered by the research reports so that emphasis should be laid on those geographical areas that have not been researched in subsequent researches. This checklist was used to collect data from doctoral research report for answering research question 5.

Document Analysis Guide III A – Distribution of Masters’ Research

Reports in Library and Information Science in Nigeria from 1993 to 2006 by type of library. This document analysis guide contains the list of different types of libraries such as academic libraries (University, College and Polytechnic libraries), School libraries, Private libraries, National libraries, Archives,

Museums etc. that were studied in the masters’ research reports. (See Appendix

VIII). It was used to collect data from masters’ research reports in Library and 82

Information Science to identify libraries that have been used for research and those that have not been used for any research. The data collected with this guide was used to answer research question 6.

Document Analysis Guide III B – Distribution of Doctoral Research

Reports in Library and Information Science in Nigeria from 2003 to 2006 by type of library.This document analysis guide contains the list of different types of libraries such as academic libraries (University, College and Polytechnics libraries), School libraries, Private libraries, National libraries, Archives,

Museums etc. that were studied in the doctoral research reports. (See Appendix

IX). It was used to collect data from doctoral research reports in Library and

Information Science to identify libraries that have been used for research and those that have not been used for any research. The data collected with this guide was also used to answer research question 6.

Document Analysis Guide IV A – Subject Distribution of Masters

Research Reports in Library and Information Science in Nigeria from 1993 to

2006. This document analysis guide contains the list of subject headings in

Library and Information Science as it is contained in the Library of Congress

List of Subject Headings. (See Appendix X). This was used to collect data from masters’ research reports to determine the extent of subject coverage. The data collected with this guide was used to answer research question 7.

Document Analysis Guide IV B – Subject Distribution of Doctoral Research

Reports in Library and Information Science in Nigeria from 1993 to 2006.

This document analysis guide contains the list of subject headings in Library and Information Science as it is contained in the Library of Congress List of

Subject Headings. (See Appendix XI). This will be used to collect data from doctoral research reports to determine the extent of subject coverage. The data collected with this guide was also used to answer research question 7.

Validation of the Instruments

The initial drafts of the instruments made up of many items were constructed in consultation with the supervisor of this study. The instruments were subjected to face validity. Three experts, two in Library and Information

Science and one in Science Education did the face validation. They were requested to check the relevance, adequacy and comprehensiveness of the bibliometrics constructs in the document analysis guides ie. distribution of geographical areas, type of library and the subjects. Their expert observations, comments and suggestions were incorporated in the modification of the items in the guides. The document analysis guides were certified to be valid for this purpose. The items in the guides are certified to measure what they are intended to measure. (See Appendix XXII) can be applied to determine the distribution of the bibliometric constructs of these postgraduate research reports. The document analysis guides show internal consistency and are therefore said to be valid.

Method of Data Collection

The researcher used the instruments constructed (document analysis guides) for data collection. The document analysis guides were used for inspecting and recording against the items on the list of postgraduate research reports in Library and Information Science from 1993 to 2006 that were collected from Departments of Library and Information Science in Nigerian

Universities.

In view of the prevailing situation in most Nigerian universities, there were no compiled lists of these postgraduate research reports in Library and

Information Science Departments. It therefore becomes imperative that the data required were compiled from the research reports themselves for the purpose of this work. The researcher visited the relevant universities where the lists of research reports were collected. The visit ensured direct, accurate and comprehensive data collection by the researcher. The researcher collected a letter of introduction from her Head of Department (See Appendix III) and also a letter for data collection was written by the researcher (See Appendix IV).

These letters were dispatched to various Heads of Departments of Library and

Information Science in relevant Nigerian universities to notify them about the visit and mode of data collection before the actual visit.

For research question I, data was collected yearly, by individual relevant

Nigerian University and by the level of degree sought in order to identify

85 annual distribution of postgraduate research reports in Library and Information

Science in Nigeria from 1993 to 2006. Document analysis guide I was employed for this. For research question II, data was collected and organized from document analysis 1 inorder to determine the number of postgraduate research reports produced in Library and Information Science in Nigeria from

1993 to 2006 by individual university.

For research question III, data was collected and organized from document analysis guide I and recorded by relevant individual Nigerian

University in order to determine the distribution of masters’ research reports in

Library and Information Science in Nigeria from 1993 to 2006 for the purpose of comparing these theses in terms of number produced by each university. For research question IV, data was collected and organized from document analysis I and recorded by relevant individual Nigerian University to find out the distribution of doctoral research reports in Library and Information Science in Nigeria from 1993 to 2006 for the purpose of comparing these research reports in terms of number produced by each individual university.

For research question V, data was organized from document analysis guides II A and II B and recorded by geographical areas to determine the extent of coverage of postgraduate (masters and doctoral) research reports in Library and Information Science in Nigeria from 1993 to 2006 to find out the state that have been effectively researched and those that are yet to be researched. For research reports that covered more than one state, the researcher gave a

86 frequency score for each of the state. For example a study that covered Edo and

Delta States was given frequency score of one for each of the two states.

For research question VI, data was collected and organized from document analysis guide III A and III B and recorded based on different types of libraries that were researched to determine the extent of coverage of postgraduate (masters’ and doctoral) research reports in Library and

Information Science from 1993 to 2006. For research question VII, data was collected and organized from document analysis guides IV A and B and recorded based on various subjects in Library and Information Science in order to find out the distribution of postgraduate (masters’ and doctoral) research reports from 1993 to 2006 by subject. This enabled the researcher to identify the subjects that have been sufficiently researched and those subjects yet to be researched. For research reports that covered more than one subject, the researcher gave a frequency score for each of the subject. For example a study that covered cataloguing and classification was given a frequency score of one for each of the two subjects.

Methods of Data Analysis

For the purpose of this research, the data were organized and analyzed around the research questions and the hypotheses using documentary research method, frequency tables, percentages and Bradford-Zipf ‘bibliograph’. These descriptive statistical techniques were used to summarize or describe the data collected in answering the research questions. Finally, the data collected and

87 recorded were analyzed and the titles of research reports compiled constitute the bibliographic database for this study. The analyses of frequencies of occurrence of geographical areas, subjects and types of libraries were done using percentages and frequency tables. The Bradford-Zipf ‘bibliograph’ or distribution was used to determine core geographical areas and subjects researched. The compiled list of research reports in Library and Information

Science in Nigeria from 1993 to 2006 is arranged in alphabetical order by the authors’ surnames to produce a bibliography of research reports in Library and

Information Science in Nigeria from 1993 to 2006. The bibliography was arranged according to the geographical areas, subjects and years covered by the research reports and the level of degree sought by the researchers.

CHAPTER FOUR

PRESENTATION OF DATA

This chapter presents the analyses of the data collected in the course of the study. Titles of postgraduate research reports produced in Library and information Science in the ten Nigerian Universities under study from 1993 to

2006 which constitute the institutional population of this study were collected.

The data collected from the universities were titles of research reports for

Masters of Library and Information Science (MLS) and Doctor of Philosophy in Library and Information Science (PhD). The analysis of the data collected and presented focused on five main characteristics. They are as follows:

Ø Annual Productivity output of the Nigerian Universities;

Ø Differences in annual productivity output based on level of degree

sought;

Ø Differences in masters’ and doctoral research reports based on

geographical areas covered;

Ø Differences in masters’ and doctoral research reports based on type of

library and allied institutions studied;

Ø Differences in masters’ and doctoral research reports based on subjects

studied.

In the presentation and analysis of data based on geographical areas covered, different locations of places studied were identified and recorded.

Specific subjects were enumerated and analyzed, using Library of Congress

List of Subject Headings. Types of libraries and other disciplines covered by the researches were also determined and analyzed by the author. Finally, the analyzed data were used for answering the research questions and determining the core geographical areas and core subject areas covered using “Braford-Zipf bibliograph.

Research Question 1

What is the annual distribution of postgdraduate research reports in Library and

Information Science in Nigeria from 1993 to 2006?

Frequency distribution of Postgraduate Research Reports in Library and

Information Sciences in Nigeria on yearly basis from 1993 to 2006 was done.

The distribution is presented in Table 1 and Figure 1.

TABLE 1

Annual Distribution of Postgraduate Research Reports in Library and

U I ABU ABS BUK UNN M UYO DELS IMSU UNI Total Total Grand Year U AI U CAL Total D

MLS Ph.D MLS Ph.D MLS MLS Ph.D MLS Ph.D MLS MLS Ph.D MLS Ph.D MLS PhD MLS MLs Ph.D

1993 36 2 2 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 2 42

1994 5 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 2 9

1995 26 4 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 4 34

1996 29 0 6 0 1 2 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 42 0 42

1997 41 3 8 0 4 2 0 8 0 1 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 64 3 67

1998 26 1 3 0 1 3 0 21 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 63 2 65

1999 7 3 7 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 3 23

2000 22 2 5 0 1 10 0 8 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 48 2 50

2001 18 3 6 2 0 5 0 3 0 4 1 0 0 0 4 0 0 40 5 45

2002 23 2 2 1 0 6 0 5 1 4 1 0 2 0 5 0 2 49 4 53

2003 5 1 2 0 0 8 1 15 0 2 1 10 7 0 9 0 2 40 2 42

2004 24 4 7 1 1 11 1 11 0 4 6 1 1 0 9 2 6 72 7 79

2005 30 2 4 0 0 4 0 4 0 7 6 10 7 1 9 0 2 73 13 86

2006 36 1 5 1 5 7 1 4 4 10 1 1 1 3 22 2 6 97 13 110

Total 328 30 60 5 15 61 3 86 6 38 18 12 13 4 53 2 13 685 62 747

Information Science in Nigeria from 1993 to 2006.

Figure 1: Frequency Bar Chart of Postgraduate Research Reports in

Library and Information Science in Nigeria on yearly basis 1993-2006.

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Table 1 and figure 1 present the frequency distribution of research reports analyzed by year. University of Ibadan, Ahmadu Bello University, Abia

State University and Bayero University had produced postgraduate research reports in Library and Information Science as at 1993. University of Ibadan produced 36 masters’ research reports and 2 doctoral research reports. Ahmadu

Bello produced 2 masters’ research reports; Abia State University and Bayero

University produced 1 masters’ research report respectively. However, Bayero

University produced its first doctoral research reports in 2003. University of

Nigeria and University of Maiduguri produced their first postgraduate research reports in 1996. University of Nigeria produced 1 masters’ research report

92 while University of Maiduguri produced 3 masters’ research reports. However,

University of Nigeria produced its first doctoral research reports in 1998.

University of Uyo produced its first masters’ research reports in 1998 and doctoral research reports in 2004. Imo State University produced its first masters’ research reports in 2001 and the only doctoral research reports in

2006. However, University of Calabar produced its first masters’ research reports in 2002 while Delta State University produced its first masters’ research reports in 2003 and also doctoral research reports in 2005.The number of research reports in Library and Information science in these Nigerian

Universities has been rising and falling till 2004 when the number of research reports produced was steadily on the increase. Seventy-nine research reports were produced in 2004, Eighty-six in 2005 and One hundred and ten in 2006.

However, One hundred and ten remained the highest number of research reports produced in a year.

Research Question 2: What is the distribution of Postgraduate Research

Reports in Library and Information Science in Nigeria from 1993 to 2006 by individual University?

Table 2- Distribution of Postgraduate research reports in Library and information sciences in Nigeria 1993-2006 by individual University.

Universities Number Percentage University of Ibadan 358 47.9 Ahmadu Bello University 65 8.7 Abia State University 15 2.0 Bayero University 64 8.6 University of Nigeria 92 12.3 University of Maiduguri 38 5.1

University of Uyo 30 4.0 Delta State University 17 2.3 Imo State University 55 7.4 University of Calabar 13 1.7 Total 747 100 Figure 2

Frequency Bar Chart of Postgraduate Research Reports in Library and

Information Science in Nigeria 1993 to 2006 by Individual University

Table 2 and figure 2 reveal the productivity output of research reports in

Library and Information Science in Nigeria by individual University ranging from the highest to the least number of research reports produced. University of

Ibadan produced 358 research reports out of the total output of 747 research reports accounting for 47.9% in the Ten Nigerian Universities. This was followed by University of Nigeria 12.3% then Ahmadu Bello with 8.7%,

Bayero University 8.6%, Imo State University 7,4% University of Maiduguri

94 with 5.1%, University of Uyo with 4.0%, Delta State University with 2.3%,

Abia State University with 2.0% and University of Calabar with 1.7%.

Therefore, it can be concluded that University of Ibadan was the most productive university in terms of the number of research reports produced. It’s

Department of Library, Archival and Information studies is the most productive academic department (in terms of research reports production) in the field of

Library and Information Science in Nigeria while University of Calabar produced the least number of research reports.

Research Question 3: What is the difference in Master’s research reports

output of individual Nigerian universities from 1993-2006?

TABLE 3

Distribution of Masters’ Research Reports in Library and Information Science in Nigeria from

1993-2006.

Year Univ. Ahmadu Abia Bayero Univ. Univ. Univ. Delta Imo Univ. Total Bello State Univ. of State State of of of of Univ. Univ. Uyo Univ. Univ. Ibadan Nigeria Maiduguri Calabar

MLS MLS MLS MLS MLS MLS MLS MLS MLS MLS

1993 36 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 40

1994 5 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7

1995 26 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 30

1996 29 6 1 2 1 3 0 0 0 0 42

1997 41 8 4 2 8 1 8 0 0 0 64

1998 26 3 1 3 21 1 0 0 0 0 63

1999 7 7 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 20

2000 22 5 1 10 8 2 0 0 0 0 48

2001 18 6 0 5 3 4 1 0 4 0 40

2002 23 2 0 6 5 4 1 2 5 2 49

2003 5 2 0 8 15 2 1 7 9 2 40

2004 24 7 1 11 11 4 6 1 9 6 72

2005 30 4 0 4 4 7 6 7 9 2 73

2006 36 5 5 7 4 10 1 1 22 6 97

TOTAL 328 60 15 61 86 38 18 13 53 13 685

Table 4

Distribution of Masters’ Research Reports in Library and Information

Science in Nigeria from 1993 to 2006 by individual University.

University Number Percentage

University of Ibadan 328 47.9

Ahmadu Bello University 60 8.8

Abia State University 15 2.2

Bayero University 61 8.9

University of Nigeria 86 12.6

University of Maiduguri 38 5.5

University of Uyo 18 2.6

Delta State University 13 1.9

Imo State University 53 7.7

University of Calabar 13 1.9

Total 685 100

Fig. 3: Frequency Bar chart of Masters’ Research Reports in Library and

Information Science in Nigeria from 1993 to 2006 by individual University

Tables 3 and 4 and Fig. 3 reveal the number of research reports produced by the ten Nigerian Universities used for this study at masters’ degree level. University of Ibadan produced 328 research reports out of the total output of 685 accounting for 47.9%. This was followed by University of

Nigeria with 12,6% then Bayero University with 8.9%, Ahmadu Bello

University with 8.8%, Imo State University with 7.7%, University of

Maiduguri with 5.5%, University of Uyo with 2.6%, Abia State University with

2.2%, Delta State University and University of Calabar produced 13 research reports respectively accounting for 1.9%.

However, it can be concluded that there are variations in the productivity output of masters’ research reports in Library and Information

Science of the ten Nigerian Universities studied with University of Ibadan as the most productive and Delta State University and University of Calabar as the least productive in terms of number of research reports produced.

Research Question 4: What is the difference in doctoral research reports output of individual Nigerian Universities from 1993 to 2006.

TABLE 5 :Distribution of Doctoral Research Reports in Library and

Information Science in Nigeria from 1993 to 2006.

Year Univ. Ahmadu Bayero Univ. Univ. Imo Delta Total of Bello Univ. of of State State Ibadan Univ. Nigeria Uyo Univ. Univ.

Ph.D Ph.D Ph.D Ph.D Ph.D Ph.D Ph.D 1993 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1994 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1995 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1996 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1997 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1998 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 1999 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2000 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2001 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 5 2002 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 4 2003 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 2004 4 1 1 0 1 0 0 7 2005 2 0 0 0 10 0 1 13 2006 1 1 1 4 1 2 3 13 30 5 3 6 12 2 4 62

Table 6

Distribution of Doctoral Research Reports in Library and Information

Science in Nigeria from 1993 to 2006 by individual University.

University Number Percentage

University of Ibadan 30 48.3

Ahmdau Bello University 5 8.1

Bayero University 3 4.8

University of Nigeria 6 9.7

University of Uyo 12 19.4

Imo State University 2 3.2

Delta State University 4 6.5

Total 62 100

Fig. 4: Frequency Bar Chart of Doctoral Research Reports in Library and Information Science in Nigeria from 1993 to 2006 by individual University

Tables 5 and 6 and Figure 4 show the productivity output of doctoral research reports ranging from the highest to the least. University of Ibadan produced 30 doctoral research reports out of the total output of 62 accounting for 48.3%. This was followed by University of Uyo with 12 accounting for

19.4%, and then University of Nigeria had 6 representing 9.7%, Ahmadu

Bello University had 5 accounting for 8.1%, Delta state University had 4,

6.5%, Bayero University had 3, 4.8% and Imo State University produced 2 doctoral research reports accounting for 3.2%.

Based on the data, it can be concluded that seven out of the ten

Universities studied had produced doctoral research reports. University of

Ibadan was the most productive university as it produced the highest number of doctoral research reports by individual university while Imo State University had the least number of doctoral research reports.

Research Question 5: What is the difference in master’s and doctoral research reports output in Nigerian Universities from 1993 to 2006 based on geographical areas?

Tables 7 and 8, Figs. 5 and 6 present the entire data based on geographical distribution of research reports output both at masters’ and doctoral degrees in Library and Information Science. They present at a glance, the states and other geographical areas in which researches in Library and

Information Science have been carried out.

Table 7

Distribution of Masters’ Research Reports in Library and Information

Science in Nigeria from 1993 to 2006 by Geographical Areas

Geographic Areas Universities

STATES UI ABU ABS BUK UNN MAI UYO DEL IMS CAL TOT U D SU U AL No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. % 1 Abia 2 0 4 0 6 0 0 0 2 0 14 1.4 2 Adamawa 2 4 0 4 0 7 0 0 0 0 17 1.7 3 AkwaIbom 1 1 0 0 0 0 18 0 0 5 25 2.6 4 Anambra 5 0 3 0 18 0 0 0 3 0 29 3.0 5 Bauchi 0 3 0 5 0 3 0 0 0 0 11 1.1 6 Bayelsa 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 8 0.8 7 Benue 1 4 0 3 6 2 0 0 0 0 16 1.6 8 Borno 0 3 0 3 0 18 0 0 0 0 24 2.5 9 CrossRiver 6 1 0 0 2 0 6 0 1 11 27 2.8 10 Delta 6 0 1 0 0 0 3 8 1 2 21 2.2 11 Ebonyi 1 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 2 0 8 0.8 12 Edo 10 0 2 0 1 0 3 5 1 2 24 2.5 13 Ekiti 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0.7 14 Enugu 3 0 3 0 44 0 0 0 2 0 52 5.3 15 Gombe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 Imo 2 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 42 0 47 4.8 17 Jigawa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 Kaduna 2 25 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 35 3.6 19 Kano 0 4 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 1.0 20 Katsina 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 Kebbi 0 3 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0.9 22 Kogi 3 3 0 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 11 1.1 23 Kwara 15 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 2.2 24 Lagos 48 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 49 5.0 25 Nassarawa 0 4 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 0.8 26 Niger 5 7 0 9 2 0 0 0 0 0 23 2.7 27 Ogun 24 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 2.4 28 Ondo 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0.7 29 Osun 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 2.5 30 Oyo 141 1 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 145 14.8 31 Plateau 0 3 0 3 4 3 0 0 0 0 13 1.3 32 Rivers 1 1 1 1 0 0 4 0 5 2 15 1.5 33 Sokoto 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 Taraba 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 35 Yobe 0 3 0 3 0 2 0 0 0 0 8 0.8 36 Zamfara 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 317 73 17 65 91 36 41 13s 59 22 734 100

Table 7 shows the distribution of masters’ research reports in Library and Information Science in Nigeria from 1993 to 2006 by geographical areas.

Oyo State where the University of Ibadan is located had the highest frequency

of 145 accounting for 14.8% of the entire studies followed by Enugu state with a frequency of 52 (5.3%) and Lagos state ranked third with a frequency of 49

(5.0%). Imo state ranked fourth with a frequency of 47 (4.8%) while Kaduna state ranked fifth with a frequency of 35 (3.6%).

Most researchers carried out researches on Nigeria 238(24.4%) as a country and Abuja, its Federal Capital Territory. Some researches were carried out on other countries such as Republic of Sudan 1(0.1%) and this study was done in

Bayero University Kano. The study of Cameroun took place at University of

Ibadan, University of Nigeria, Nsukka and University of Maiduguri and it had frequency of 3(0.3%) while Africa as a continent was also studied. The study on Africa was carried out in Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. It had a frequency of 1(0.1%).

Most of the research reports studied focused on Nigeria and its constituent states. Research reports output are concentrated in thirty- six limited geographical areas. The analysis shows that no studies were carried out on Gombe state, Jigawa state, Katsina state, Sokoto state, Taraba state and

Zamfara state at masters’ degree level. This analysis presents the geographical distribution of research reports output at masters’ degree level in Library and

Information Science in Nigeria. The analysis also shows the number of research reports in each geographical area, number of geographical areas studied, cumulation of the various geographical areas and the logarithm of the geographical areas. (See appendix XI). Cumulation of research reports [R(n)]

and cumulation of geographic areas [log n] were used to determine the core geographical areas.

Fig. 5- Bradford-Zipf ‘bibliograph’ showing Core Geographical Areas in

Masters Research Reports.

600-

R (n)

500-

Research Reports 400-

300-

Cummulation of

200- Core

100-

10 100 1000

Log n (Cumulation of Geographic Areas)

Figure 5 represents the Bradford = Zipf “bibliograph” drawn from the data provided in Table 7 and Appendix XIII, using the total data for each geographical area. Cumulation of research reports R (n) was on Y-axis and was based in hundreds while log n-cumulation of geographical areas was on X- axis. It was found that these three geographical areas emerged as core areas researched: Oyo state which accounted for 145 (or 14.8%); Enugu state where the University of Nigeria is located accounted for 52 (or 5.3%) and

Lagos state had 49 (or 5.0%). The value of scattering (s) represented by the point where the dotted line meets the horizontal line is at 300, this indicates an extremely low scattering of research reports.

TABLE 8

Distribution of Doctoral Research Reports in Library and Information

Science in Nigeria from 1993 to 2006 by Geographical Areas.

Geographical Area Universities

S/NO STATE UI ABU BUK UNN UOY DELSU IMSU TOTAL STATES No No No No No No No No % 1 Abia 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 4 3.5 2 Akwa-Ibom 0 0 0 0 7 1 0 8 7.0 3 Anambra 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 3 2.7 4 Bayelsa 0 0 0 0 5 1 0 6 5.3 5 Borno 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.9 6 Cross-River 0 0 0 0 5 1 0 6 5.3 7 Delta 2 0 0 0 5 1 0 8 7.0 8 Ebonyi 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 1.8 9 Edo 1 0 0 0 5 1 0 7 6.2 10 Enugu 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 1.8 11 Imo 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 4 3.5 12 Kaduna 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.9 13 Lagos 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1.8 14 Ogun 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1.8 15 Ondo 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1.8 16 Osun 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2.7 17 Oyo 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 6.2 18 Rivers 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0.9

TOTAL 23 0 0 0 30 6 10 69 100%

Table 8 shows the distribution of doctoral research reports in Library

and Information Science in Nigeria from 1993 to 2006 by geographic areas.

Most researchers carried out researches on Nigeria as a country and Abuja, its

Federal Capital Territory. Akwa-Ibom State and Delta state had the highest

frequency of 8 frequencies each accounting for 7.0% of the total frequencies.

Then Edo state and Oyo State closely followed with a frequency of 7 each or

6.2%. Then followed by Bayelsa state and Cross River state with a frequency of 6 each or 5.3 percent. The next on the list are Abia State and Imo State with a frequency of 4 each amounted to 3.5 percent of the entire frequencies. Then followed by Anambra State and Osun State with a frequency of 3 each representing 2.7 percent of the entire studies. Then Ebonyi State, Enugu State,

Lagos State, Ogun State and Ondo State had a frequency of 2 each or 1.8 percent. The state that ranked last with 1 frequency or 0.9 percent of the total frequencies include Borno State, Kaduna State and Rivers State

The analysis also shows that no study was carried out on Library and

Information Science at doctoral degree on these states. They are Adamawa

State, Bauchi State, Benue State, Ekiti State, Gombe State, Jigawa State, Kano

State, Katsina State, Kebbi State, Kogi State, Plateau State, Sokoto State,

Taraba State, Yobe State, Zamfara State, Other countries and Africa. As can be seen in the analysis on table 8, there are eighteen geographical entities which include some states from the current thirty-six states of the federation, other countries and Africa are the limited geographical areas. Most of the research reports studied focused on Nigeria and its constitute states.

This analysis presents the geographical distribution of research reports output at doctoral degree level in library and information science in Nigeria.

The analysis also shows the number of research reports in each geographical area, number of geographical areas studied, the number of research reports in 88

the different geographical areas studied, cumulation of research reports in various geographical areas, cumulation of the various geographical areas and the logarithm of the geographical areas (See appendix XII). Cumulation of research reports [R(n)] and cumulation of geographic areas [log n] were used to determine the core geographical areas.

Fig. 6- Bradford-Zipf ‘bibiograph’ showing Core Geographical Areas in

Doctoral Research Reports

110

100

Cummulation of Research ReportsR (n) 40

10 Core 0

10 100 1000

Log n (Cumulation of Geographic Areas)

Figure 6 represents the Bradford=Zipf “bibliograph” drawn from the data provided in Table 8, using the total data for each geographical area.

Cumulation of research reports R (n) was on Y-axis and based in tens while log n cumulation of geographic areas as on X-axis. It was found that these three geographic areas emerged as core areas researched. Nigeria which accounted for 44 (or 38.9%); Akwa-Ibom state and Delta state with 8 (or 7.0%) each. The value of scattering (s) represented by the point where the dotted line meets the horizontal line is at 50, this shows an extremely low scattering of research reports.

TABLE 9

Differences in Masters’ and Doctoral Research Reports Output in

Nigerian Universities from 1993 to 2006 by Geographical Areas

GEOGRAPHICAL PROGRAMMES AREA S/No States Masters Doctoral Difference No % No % No % 1 Oyo 145 14.8 7 6.2 152 23.5 2 Enugu 52 5.3 2 1.8 54 6.72 3 Lagos 49 5.0 2 1.8 51 6.35 4 Imo 47 4.8 4 3.5 51 6.35 5 Bayelsa 35 3.6 6 5.3 41 3.76 6 Anambra 29 3.0 3 2.7 32 2.94 7 Cross-River 27 2.8 6 5.3 33 3.03 8 Ogun 26 2.7 2 1.8 28 2.57 9 Akwa-Ibom 25 2.6 8 7.0 33 3.03 10 Borno 24 2.5 1 0.9 25 2.29 11 Edo 24 2.5 7 6.2 31 2.84 12 Osun 24 2.5 3 2.7 27 2.48 13 Delta 21 2.2 8 7.0 29 2.66 14 Kwara 21 2.2 0 0.0 21 1.93 15 Adamawa 17 1.7 0 0.0 17 1.60 16 Benue 16 1.6 0 0.0 16 1.47 17 Rivers 15 1.5 1 0.9 16 1.47 18 Abia 14 1.4 4 3.5 18 1.65 19 Plateau 13 1.3 0 0.0 13 1.19 20 Bauchi 11 1.1 0 0.0 11 1.01 21 Kogi 11 1.1 0 0.0 11 1.01 22 Kano 10 1.0 0 0.0 10 0.92 23 Kebbi 9 0.9 0 0.0 9 0.83 24 Niger 23 2.7 0 0.0 23 2.11 25 Kaduna 35 3.6 1 0.9 36 3.30 26 Ebonyi 8 0.8 2 1.8 10 0.92 27 Nassarawa 8 0.8 0 0.0 8 0.73 28 Yobe 8 0.8 0 0.0 8 0.73 29 Ekiti 7 0.7 0 0.0 7 0.64 30 Ondo 7 0.7 2 1.8 9 0.83 31 Gombe 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.00 32 Jigawa 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.00 33 Katsina 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.00 34 Sokoto 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.00 35 Taraba 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.00 36 Zamfara 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.00 Total 734 100 69 100 803 100

As can be seen from Table 9, the differences in masters’ and doctoral research reports output in Nigerian universities from 1993 to 2006 by geographical areas were determined by adding the total score in masters’ and doctoral research reports output in each geographical area and dividing it by the overall total of masters’ and doctoral research reports. The percentage was then found to determine the difference. For instance, Oyo State = 145/734+44/69 =

189/803x100/1 = 23.5%. The differences between masters’ research reports and doctoral research reports output are as shown in the table 9.

The analysis shows that more research reports are written at masters’ level than at doctoral level. The doctoral research reports are fewer in number.

The analysis also shows that at masters’ level no study was carried out in

Library and Information Science in six geographical areas while at doctoral level no study was carried out in Library and Information Science in twenty geographical areas indicating that more geographical areas were covered in masters’ research reports than doctoral research reports. Masters’ research reports had a total frequency of 734 which covered 30 geographical areas while doctoral research reports had a total frequency of 69 which covered 18 geographical areas.

Research Question 6: What is the difference in the research reports output from 1993 to 2006 on type of library in Nigerian Universities.

Table 10 and 11 provide historic views of the extent to which postgraduate students have taken interest in studying different kinds of libraries in their research reports in Library and Information Science in Nigeria from

1993 to 2006.

Table 10 Distribution of Masters’ Research Reports in Library and Information Science in Nigeria from 1993 to 2006 by Type of Library.

Library Type Frequency

S/ Library Type UI ABU ABSU BUK UNN MAID UYO DELSU IMSU UNICAL TOTAL N No No No No No No No No No No No %

1 University 105 21 7 11 34 14 9 6 26 6 239 27.9 libraries 2 Special 125 19 1 12 16 4 4 2 7 0 190 22.2 libraries 3 Public libraries 53 5 0 6 10 6 5 3 9 2 99 11.6 4 School libraries 56 3 0 2 6 2 3 0 7 3 82 9.6

5 College 25 2 3 4 8 4 0 2 3 1 52 6.1 libraries 6 Polytechnic 25 4 0 6 6 1 0 1 3 0 46 5.4 libraries 7 Departmental 22 2 0 3 0 3 1 1 4 1 37 4.3 libraries 8 Publishing 10 0 6 2 5 1 0 0 0 0 24 2.8 Houses 9 National 17 3 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 2.6 libraries 10 Archives 15 3 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 21 2.4 11 Private libraries 14 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 17 1.9

12 Children 8 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 9 1.1 libraries

13 Information 6 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 9 1.1 centres 14 Record centres 6 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 8 0.1

15 Museums 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.1

Total 488 62 17 52 88 40 22 15 59 13 856 100

Table 10 shows the distribution of Masters’ research reports in Library and Information Science in Nigeria, from 1993 to 2006 by the type of library.

As can be seen from this table, university libraries became the most researched libraries in Nigeria with a frequency of 239 accounting for 27.9%, followed by by special libraries with a frequency of 190 accounting for 22.2%. Public libraries came next with a frequency of 99 or 11.6% of the entire studies.

School libraries came next with a frequency of 82 or 9.6%, followed by college libraries with a frequency of 52 or 6.1%. Polytechnic libraries came next with a frequency of 46 or 5.4% while others (other libraries that are not listed in this study) followed with a frequency of 37 or 4.3%. Publishing Houses followed with a frequency of 24 or 2.8% and National Libraries came next with a frequency of 22 or 2.6%.

Archives were the next with a frequency of 21 or 2.5% while private libraries had a frequency of 17 or 2.0%. Children libraries and Information centres followed with frequencies of 9 or 1.0% respectively while Record centres came next with a frequency of 8 or 0.9% and museums had a frequency of 1 or 0.1% and finally departmental libraries had a frequency of 37 or 4.3%.

It is very clear from Table 10 that the university of Ibadan was the most productive institution in all types of libraries as the highest frequency of studies in all types of libraries came from university of Ibadan. It was also observed from the table, that museums which are allied institutions to libraries were the least researched. The only study on museums came from university of Ibadan.

The Table also revealed university library as the most researched library in 95

almost all the universities except University of Ibadan and Bayero University

Kano, where special libraries became the most studied libraries. It was also observed from the table that researchers in Library and Information Science in

Nigeria lay more emphasis in institutions such as universities, colleges, polytechnics and schools.

Table 11

Distribution of Doctoral Research Reports in Library and Information

Science in Nigeria from 1993 to 2006 by Type of Library.

LIBRARY FREQUENCY TYPE UI ABU BUK UNN UYO DELSU IMSU TOTAL

S/no No No No No No No No No % 1 University 6 3 0 5 7 3 2 26 33.7 libraries 2 Special libraries 16 0 1 0 2 0 0 19 24.7 3 Public libraries 6 0 1 0 2 0 0 9 11.7 4 School libraries 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2.6 5 College libraries 2 1 0 0 3 1 0 7 9.1 6 Polytechnic 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3.9 libraries 7 Publishing 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 2.6 Houses 8 National libraries 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 Archives 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 Private libraries 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1.3 11 Children 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 libraries 12 Information 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 3.9 centres 13 Record centres 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 3.9 14 Museums 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 15 Departmental 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2 2.6 libraries 16 Total 40 6 4 6 15 4 2 77 100

Table 11 shows the distribution of doctoral research reports in Library and Information Science in Nigeria from 1993 to 2006 by the type of Library. 96

The Table revealed university libraries as the most researched type of library in

Nigeria with a frequency of 26 representing 33.8% of the entire study. This was followed by special libraries with a frequency of 19 accounting for 24.7% while public libraries followed next with a frequency of 9 or 11.7%. College libraries came next with a frequency of 7 or 9.0%. Followed by polytechnic libraries, record centres and the information centres with a frequency of 3 or

3.9% respectively. From the table, next on the list are school libraries, departmental libraries and publishing houses with a frequency of 2 or 2.6% respectively. Last came private libraries with a frequency of 1 or 1.3%. The analysis also revealed that no study was carried out on Library and Information

Science at doctoral degree on these libraries; national libraries, children libraries, archives and museums.

It is observed from the table that University of Ibadan was the most productive institution in special libraries, record centres, information centres and school libraries while University of Uyo was the most productive institution in university libraries and college libraries. The only study on private libraries came from Bayero University Kano.

TABLE 12

Differences in Masters’ and Doctoral Research Reports Outputs in

Nigerian Universities from 1993 to 2006 by Type of Library.

S/no GEOGRAPHICAL PROGRAMMES AREA Masters Doctoral Total No % No % No % 1 University libraries 239 27.9 26 33.7 265 28.4 2 Special libraries 190 22.2 19 24.7 209 22.4 3 Public libraries 99 11.6 9 11.7 108 11.6 4 School libraries 82 9.6 2 2.6 84 9.0 5 College libraries 52 6.1 7 9.5 59 6.32 6 Polytechnic libraries 46 5.4 3 3.9 49 5.2 7 Publishing Houses 24 2.8 2 2.6 26 2.7 8 National libraries 22 2.6 0 0.0 22 2.3 9 Archives 21 2.4 0 0.0 21 2.25 10 Private libraries 17 1.9 1 1.3 18 1.9 11 Children libraries 9 1.1 0 0 9 9.6 12 Information centres 9 1.1 3 3.9 12 1.28 13 Record centres 8 0.9 3 3.9 11 1.17 14 Museums 1 0.1 0 0.0 1 1.07 15 Departmental Libraries 37 4.3 2 2.6 39 4.18 Total 856 100 77 100 933 100

Table 12 shows differences in masters and doctoral research reports output in Nigerian Universities from 1993 to 2006 by type of library. The table revealed that university libraries are the most researched libraries in both masters’ and doctoral research reports. As can be seen from Table 12, the differences in masters’ and doctoral research reports output in Nigerian universities from 1993 to 2006 by the type of library studied were determined by adding the total scores in masters’ and doctoral research reports output by different libraries and other allied institutions and dividing it by the overall total scores of masters’ and doctoral research reports. The percentage was then

found to determine the difference for instance, university libraries = 239/856 +

26/77 = 265/933 x 100/1 = 28.4. The differences between masters’ and doctoral research reports output by type of library studied are as shown in the table.

The analysis shows that more research reports are written at masters’ level than at doctoral level. The doctoral research reports are fewer in number, therefore more libraries are studied in masters’ research reports than in doctoral research reports. The analysis also shows that at masters’ level all the different types of libraries and other allied institutions were all studied while at doctoral level no study was carried out on four (4) different types of libraries. Masters’ research reports had a total frequency of 856 which covered 15 different types of libraries and other allied institutions while doctoral research reports had a total frequency of 77 which covered 11 different types of libraries and other allied institutions.

Research question 7: What is the difference in masters’ and doctoral research reports based on subject or topical areas in Library and Information Science from 1993 to 2006 in Nigerian Univeristies?

Table 13 shows subject distribution of research reports output at masters’ degree level in library and information science in Nigeria from 1993 to 2006.

100

TABLE 13 Distribution of Masters’ Research Reports in Library and Information Science in Nigeria from 1993 to 2006 by Subject.

S/n UI ABU ABSU BUK UNN MAID UYO DELSU IMSU UNICAL TOTAL o

No No No No No No No No No No No %

1 Library Management 187 25 11 47 94 47 35 17 80 27 570 21.5

2 Information 216 38 07 70 44 26 03 20 10 453 17.1 Management

3 Information resources 139 45 11 74 59 42 12 04 33 32 451 16.9

4 Information 162 08 01 32 29 14 0 04 19 06 275 10.4 technology

5 Personnel 85 09 06 24 26 31 21 05 27 18 252 9.4 management

6 Libraries and Allied 79 07 08 20 25 03 01 03 07 02 155 5.8 Institutions

7 Circulation services 20 0 04 15 10 11 01 0 16 0 77 2.9

8 Research 15 4 1 12 12 13 3 3 5 0 68 2.6

9 Technical services 32 1 0 15 5 4 0 0 9 0 66 2.5

10 Comparative 25 02 0 01 05 02 03 02 06 0 46 1.7 librarianship

11 Record management 22 0 0 4 2 3 0 0 0 0 31 1.2

12 Preservation 09 04 02 03 02 02 04 0 04 0 30 1.1

13 Library instruction 10 01 01 03 06 03 0 01 02 0 27 1.0

14 Copyright protection 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 0.9

15 Mutilation/Security 04 0 02 04 0 04 0 0 6 0 20 0.8

16 Library skills 09 01 0 01 01 03 02 02 0 01 20 0.8

17 Bibliometrics 7 8 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 18 0.7

18 Collection 5 2 0 2 2 0 2 0 0 0 15 0.6 development

19 Bibliography 10 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0.5

20 Science and 04 03 0 0 01 0 0 0 0 1 10 0.4 technology

21 Library budget 04 01 0 0 02 0 0 0 01 1 9 0.3

22 Grey literature 03 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 06 0.2

23 Bibliotheraphy 05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 05 0.2

24 Library equipment 04 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 04 0.2

25 Reporgarphy 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0.1

26 Library Associations 01 0 0 0 0 01 0 0 0 0 02 0.1

27 Current Awarness 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 02 0.1 services

28 Thesaurus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

29 Book aid 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

30 Subject Heading 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 1085 161 55 327 331 209 106 44 238 98 2654 100

101

The table revealed that University of Ibadan was the most productive in

23 (Twenty-three) or 76.7% of subjects listed in the table. University of

Nigeria, Nsukka, Imo State University, Owerri and Ahmadu Bello University,

Zaria was the most productive in one subject area each. The findings of the study further confirmed the leading and influential role of the university of

Ibadan in carrying out research in many subject areas in Library and

Information Science in Nigeria.

The analysis also revealed that Library Management had the highest frequency of 570 of the entire studies; the analysis also showed that

Information Management came second with a frequency of 453 and

Information resources came third with a frequency of 451. Three subject areas came last with a frequency of two scores. They include the following:

Reprography, Library Associations and Current Awareness Services. The analysis also showed that no research was carried out on Library and

Information Science at masters’ degree level on some subject areas and they include Thesaurus, Manuscript collection, Patent, Book aid and Subject headings. The subject areas analyzed were 30 subjects and had a frequency of

2654. The analysis presents subject distribution of research reports output at masters’ degree level in Library and Information Science in Nigeria. The analysis showed the number of research reports, number of subjects studied, cummulation of subjects, cummulation of research reports and subjects, cummulation of research reports and the logarithm of the cummulation of subjects(See Appendix XIV). Cumulation of research reports R(n) and

102

cumulation of geographic areas log n were used to determine core subject areas using Bradford-Zipf ‘bibliograph’.

Fig 7:

Bradford-Zipf ‘bibliograph’ Showing Core Subject Areas in Masters’

Research Reports.

1800

1600

1400

1200

1000

Research Reports R (n) 800

600

400 Cumulaiton of

200

0 10 100 1000

Log n (Cumulation of subjects)

This represents the Bradford-Zipf bibliograph drawn from the data provided in Table 13, using the total data for the subjects. Cummulaiton of theses R (n) is on the Y-axis and was based in hundreds while log n-

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Cummunlation of subjects is on the X-axis. Three subjects were determined as core. These are Library management, Information management and

Information resources. The value of scattering (s) represented by the point where the dotted line meets the horizontal line is 50 which indicates low scattering of research reports among specific subjects. Research reports are concentrated on 30 subjects.

TABLE 14

Distribution of Doctoral Research Reports in Library and Information

Science in Nigeria from 1993 to 2006 by Subject.

S/No SUBJECT UNIVERSITIES UI ABU BUK UNN UYO DELSU IMSU TOTAL No No No No No No No No % 1 Information 61 2 7 2 9 6 3 90 30.8 management 2 Information 22 4 3 0 15 8 3 55 18.8 resources 3 Library 26 4 3 0 14 3 2 52 17.8 management 4 Personnel 12 3 1 4 6 2 2 30 10.3 management 5 Research 11 2 0 0 6 2 0 21 7.2 6 Information 11 0 0 4 3 0 0 18 6.2 technology 7 Libraries and 2 0 1 0 3 0 0 06 2.1 Allied Institutions 8 Bibiotheraph 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 06 2.1 y 9 Technical 0 1 0 2 1 0 0 04 1.6 services 10 Sciences and 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 04 1.6 technology 11 Circlulation 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 03 1.0 services 12 Library skills 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 01 0.3 13 Library 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 01 0.3 budget 14 Book aid 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 01 0.3 Total 154 18 15 14 58 22 11 292 100

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Table 14 shows the distribution of doctoral theses in Library and

Information Science in Nigeria from 1993 to 2006 by subject. The table revealed that University of Ibadan was the most productive in twenty-two or

73.3% of subjects listed in the table. Ahmadu Bello University, University of

Nigeria and Imo state University became the most productive in 1 or 3.3% subject areas. The findings of the study further confirmed the leading and influential role of the University of Ibadan in carrying out research in many subject areas in Library and Information Science in Nigeria.

The analysis also revealed that Information management had the highest frequency of 90 representing 30.8% of the entire studies. The analysis also showed that information resources came second with a frequency of 55 or

18.8% of the entire studies. Library management came third with a frequency of 52 or 17.8%. Personnel management came fourth with a frequency of 30 or

10.3% while research followed with a frequency of twenty-one or 7.2%. Three subject areas came last with a frequency of one each representing 0.3%. They include the following: Library skills, library budget and book aid.

The analysis also showed that no research was carried out on Library and Information Science at doctoral degree level on these subjects. They include Bibliography, comparative librarianship, record management, preservation, library instruction, copyright, mutilation, bibliometrics, collection development, grey literature, library equipments, reprography, current

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awareness services, thesaurus, subject headings. The subject areas analyzed were 14 subjects that had a frequency of 292.

This shows subject distribution of research reports output at doctoral level in Library and Information Science in Nigeria. The analysis shows the number of research reports per subject, number of subjects studied, cumulation of subjects, cumulation of research reports and subjects, cumulation of research reports and logarithm of cumulation of subjects (See

Appendix XV). Cumulation of research reports R(n) and cumulation of geographic areas (log n) were used to determine the core subject areas studied using Bradford-Zipf ‘bibliograph’.

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Figure 8 –Bradford-Zipf ‘Bibiograph’ Showing Core Subject Areas in

Doctoral Research Reports.

120

110

100

Research Reports R (n) 60

Cumulaiton of 30

20 Core

10 100 1000 Log n (Cumulation of Subjects)

Figure 6 represents the Bradford-Zipf bibliograph drawn from the data provided in Table 14, using the total data for each subject. Cumulation of research reports R(N)is on Y-axis and based on tens while (log n)cumulation of subjects is on X-axis, three subjects were determined to be the core and they include information management, library resources and library management.

The value of scattering represented by the point where the dotted line meets the

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horizontal line at 1, this show an extremely low scattering of subjects among the research reports.

TABLE 15

Differences in Masters’ and Doctoral Research Reports Output by

Subjects.

S/No Subjects Masters Doctoral Total No % No % No % 1 Library management 570 21.5 52 17.8 622 21.1 2 Information management 453 17.1 90 30.8 543 18.4 3 Information resources 451 16.9 55 18.8 469 15.9 4 Information technology 275 10.4 18 6.2 330 11.2 5 Personnel management 252 9.4 30 10.3 282 9.6 6 Library and Allied Institutions 155 5.8 6 2.1 161 5.5 7 Circulation services 77 2.9 3 1.0 80 2.7 8 Research 68 2.6 21 7.2 89 3.0 9 Technical services 66 2.5 4 1.4 70 2.4 10 Comparative librarianship 46 1.7 0 0 46 1.6 11 Record management 31 1.2 0 0 31 1.1 12 Preservation 30 1.1 0 0 30 1.0 13 Library instruction 27 1.0 0 0 27 0.9 14 Copyright protection 26 0.9 0 0 26 0.9 15 Mutilation/Security 20 0.8 0 0 20 0.7 16 Library skills 20 0.8 1 0.1 21 0.7 17 Bibliometrics 18 0.7 0 0 18 0.6 18 Collection development 15 0.6 0 0 15 0.5 19 Bibliography 13 0.5 0 0 13 0.4 20 Sciences and technology 10 0.4 4 1.6 14 0.6 21 Library budget 9 0.3 1 0.3 10 0.3 22 Grey literature 06 0.2 0 0 6 0.2 23 Bibliotheraphy 05 0.2 6 2.1 11 0.4 24 Library equipment 04 0.2 0 0 4 0.1 25 Reporgarphy 02 0.1 0 0 2 0.06 26 Library Association 02 0.1 0 0 2 0.06 27 Current Awareness services 02 0.1 0 0 2 0.06 28 Thesaurus 0 0 0 0 0 0 29 Book aid 0 0 1 0.3 1 0.03 30 Subject Heading 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 2654 100 292 100 2946 100

Table 15 shows differences in masters’ and doctoral research reports output in

Nigerian universities from 1993 to 2006 by subjects. Library management

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being the most researched subject in Library and Information Science in

Nigeria at masters’ degree level accounted for a frequency of 570 or 21.5% while in doctoral research reports information management became the most researched subject with a frequency of 90 or 30.8%. The differences were determined by adding the total score in masters’ and doctoral research reports output in each subject and dividing it by the overall total of masters’ and doctoral research reports. The percentage was then found to determine the difference. For instance, library management = 570/2654 + 52/292 = 622/2946 x 100 = 21.1.

The analysis shows that more subjects are studied at masters’ level than at doctoral level. The doctoral research reports are fewer in number. The analysis also shows that at masters’ level no study was carried out in Library and Information Science in three subject areas while at doctoral level no study was carried out in Library and Information Science in sixteen(16) subject areas indicating that more subject areas were covered in masters’ research reports than in doctoral research reports. Masters’ research reports had a total frequency of 2654 which covered twenty-seven(27) subject areas while doctoral research reports had a total frequency of 292 which covered fourteen(14) subject areas.

The major findings from the study are as follows:

1) The postgraduate research reports in Library and Information Science in

Nigeria are steadily on the increase.

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2) There are variations in the productivity output of both masters’ and

doctoral research reports in Library and Information Science of the ten

Nigerian universities studied.

3) Seven out of the ten universities studied had produced doctoral theses.

4) No research was carried out on states like Gombe, Jigawa, Katsina,

Sokoto, Taraba and Zamfara.

5) Museums and private libraries were the least researched libraries in both

masters’ and doctoral degrees respectively.

6) No research was carried out on manuscript collection, thesaurus, patent

and subject heading.

7) Library management, information management and information

resources emerged as core subject areas in masters’ research reports,

while information management, library resources and library

management were determined to be the core subject areas in doctoral

research reports.

8) Subjects related to librarianship as well as non-library subject literature

were studied.

9) Oyo State, Enugu State and Lagos State emerged as the core

geographical areas in masters’ research report, while Akwa-Ibom State,

Delta State and Edo State were determined as the core geographical

areas in doctoral research reports.

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CHAPTER FIVE

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

This chapter presents the discussion of results, conclusion and recommendations. Also the implications of the study was discussed.Finally the limitations of the study, suggestions for further studies and summary were presented.

Discussion of the results:

It was discovered that from 2004 to 2006, the postgraduate research reports in Library and Information Science in Nigeria are steadily on the increase. From 1993 to 2006, the postgraduate research reports output in

Nigerian universities was rising and falling. Igbashal (1994) and Afolabi

(1997) also observed the same trend in their studies. Since 2004, the research reports output in Library and Information Science in Nigeria has been on the increase; this could be attributed to the emphasis on higher degrees in Nigeria.

National Universities Commission (NUC) has emphasized promotion to higher levels based on acquisition of higher degrees and this has influenced the pursuit of higher degrees in that many scholars want to rise to higher level.

University of Ibadan being the most productive university in terms of research reports output could be attributed to the fact that it is the oldest library school in Nigeria. University of Ibadan started diploma programmes and

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postgraduate diploma programmes in 1959. However, the first doctorate degree was awarded in 1973 in Library Science at the University of Ibadan for a study on bibliometric and documentation characteristics of geographical literature in

Nigeria (Afolabi, 1997). University of Ibadan having established a well organized system of administration and a stable academic calendar as a result of its age could be one of the reasons why many postgraduate students prefer it to other universities. It’s Department of Library and Archival Studies also has a better provision for students. Another reason for University of Ibadan being the most productive university could be absence of any other library school in south-west geo-political zone hence university of Ibadan enjoys the monopoly of being the only library school in the zone. Finally, Ibadan is surrounded by many big cities thereby attracting scholars from these cities to the library school in the university. The University of Ibadan being the highest ranked university in terms of research reports output could be attributed to the fact that

University of Ibadan Library School was among the 1st generation library schools in Nigeria. Another reason could be the organization and a stable academic calendar of its Department of Library, Archival and Information

Studies. This result corroborates the result of Afolabi (1997), where University of Ibadan was the highest ranked university in research reports output.

There are variations in the research reports output of the Nigerian universities in Library and Information Science at both masters’ and doctoral degrees. For instance, from 1993 to 2006, University of Ibadan had a frequency of 328 for masters’ research reports and 30 for doctoral research reports which

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is the highest number of theses produced by individual university. The number of research reports produced by a university depends on the number of students in that university. The implication of this is that University of Ibadan had more students than other universities in its department of Library, Archival and

Information Studies. University of Nigeria, Nsukka came second in terms of research reports production as it had a frequency of 92 in both masters’ and doctoral research reports. Considering the age of commencement of Library and Information Science at the University of Nigeria, Nsukka as a course of study, its research reports output is quite commendable. This could be attributed to the fact that in South-East geopolitical zone, University of Nigeria,

Nsukka has a better structured programme in Library and Information Science.

Also it enjoys the monopoly of being the only library school in its immediate environment ie. Enugu, Anambra, and Ebonyi States that offers postgraduate programme in Library and Information Science.

Ahmadu Bello University came third in terms of research reports production as it had a frequency of 65 in both masters’ and doctoral research reports. Considering the fact that Ahmadu Bello University being one of the oldest library school which produced the first postgraduate research report in

Nigeria in 1972, its research report output from 1993 to 2006 is poor. This could be attributed to its internal crisis which affected most academic staff

(especially the non-indigenes) thereby destabilizing its Department of Library and Information Science. Location of two other old library schools in the north could also be one of the reasons because this could deplete the number of

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students that seek admission into the university. Finally, western education is more embraced in southern than in northern Nigeria, and so the consciousness to get educated is more in the south than in the north thereby affecting admission rates. Variations in the research reports output from 1993 to 2006 by these ten universities could be attributed to the following: age of the Library and Information Science Departments in the various universities, the influencial roles of these departments in organizing formidable programmes, location of these universities and the researchers’ choice of institutions.

Nigeria is the most researched country. This could be attributed to the fact that most of the students are Nigerians who researched a Nigerian-based topic as their contribution towards solving national problems. Additionally, students especially at doctoral degree level are encouraged by their teachers to research Nigeria-based topics. Those whose studies are funded are instructed by their sponsors to do research on problems relevant to Nigeria.

The findings of this study show that Oyo state was the most frequently researched state at the University of Ibadan. Enugu state was the most researched state at University of Nigeria, Nsukka. Kaduna state was the most frequently researched state at Ahmadu Bello University. Imo State was the most researched state at Imo State University, Owerri. These findings corroborate those of Nweke (1985) and Afolabi and Mohammed (1984). In a study of the MLS and Ph.D theses/dissertations produced at the University of

Ibadan, Nweke (1985) found that Oyo state, which is the state in which the university was located, accounted for 58 (or 42.65 percent) of all theses 114

produced. Afolabi and Mohammed (1984), in a study of the undergraduate projects produced in the Department of Library Science, Ahmadu Bello

University, found that Kaduna state, where the library school is located, was a subject of 155 or 38.08 percent out of a total of 371 projects. On the other hand studies on states that are remotely located from the library schools have very few frequencies. One likely reason why students research their immediate geographical environment is finance. Many of them finance themselves in the programme. They wish to avoid high travel expenses, and do not want to travel to distant places to collect data. Another reason is that they can meet the requirements for graduation on time. They prefer to study familiar places so that data cojllection will be easier for them. Most of these research reports focused on Nigeria as a whole and or on its constituent states. Studies in other countries are carried out by foreign students who are from those countries studied. Mostly, they are few in number and this could be the reason why studies in other countries are very few. There is also the problem of finance. A student who plans to compare library practices in two or more African countries or in Africa as a whole may be handicapped by lack of funds to travel to those countries to collect data.No research had been carried out on six states either in masters’ degree or doctoral degree. They include Gombe state,

Jigawa state, Katsina state, Sokoto state, Taraba state and Zamfara state. This could be attributed to the fact that there are no library schools in these states.

University libraries are the most researched typed of library in both masters’ degree and doctoral degree in Library and Information Science in

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Nigeria from 1993 to 2006. This could be attributed to the fact that university libraries are the most developed libraries in Nigeria, in terms of having librarians with relevant library science qualifications, varieties of library and information services, and large collections that are regularly developed. In addition, the use of modern technology in information sourcing in Library and

Information Science is commonly found in universities and special libraries.

Also most jobs and better conditions are available there. They are more sought after than other libraries. The result of this study is in contrast to Nweke’s

(1985,45) where public libraries became the most researched library, followed by university libraries. However, the result of this study corroborate those of

Afolabi (1997), Igbashal (1994) and Abdoulaye (2002), where university libraries emerged as the most researched library.

Museums and private libraries are the least researched libraries in masters’ degree and doctoral degree respectively. There is need to beef-up information sources collection in museum and private libraries in order to have enough information sources that could be used in research. Museums collections have not received priority attention from the government. This finding corroborate that of Afolabi (1997) where private libraries became the least researched library by postgraduate students in Library and Information

Science in Nigeria from 1972 to 1992. However, no study was carried out on these libraries in doctoral degree and they include national libraries, children libraries, archives and museums. The reasons could be attributed to the fact that national libraries are not open to the public and so researchers cannot easily

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carry out research about national libraries and they tend to avoid them. There are not well developed children libraries in Nigeria and therefore researchers tend to avoid them too at this level. Archives and museums are overlooked by researchers because they are outside library mainstream therefore they tend to be avoided. Finally, at doctoral level, researchers are fewer and are more interested in carrying out researches in libraries with large collections and whose collections are also constantly updated.

Three subjects were determined as core subjects in masters’ degree: library management, information management and information resources.

Three subjects were also determined as core subjects in doctoral degree and they are information management, information resources, and library management. The result of this study coincided with the finding of Afolabi

(1997) where the core subjects are the same with this study. Two of these core subjects also appeared on the top three subjects in Nweke’s (1985,47) list of frequency of occurrence of the subject areas investigated in MLS/higher degree dissertations/theses titles in library science in the University of Ibadan from

1973 to 1982.However, based on the list of subjects studied, no study was carried out on manuscripts collection, patent and thesaurus either at master’s degree or at doctoral degree level. This could be attributed to researchers’ interest and possibly scarcity of literature on these subjects.

The Master of Library and Information Science research reports titles being dominant was as a result that ten universities offer programmes at masters’ degree level, while only seven universities offer programmes at 117

doctoral degree level. The analysis shows that masters’ research reports were more in number, accounting for 685 titles while doctoral research reports accounted for 62 titles. Most students were involved in masters’ degree than in doctoral degree programme. Doctoral degree also takes longer time and has more difficult admission conditions which makes it harder to get into. This result agrees with the result of Igbashal (1994), where the analysis showed that

MLS theses titles were more in number, accounting for 641 titles while doctoral theses titles accounted for 34 titles. Knowledge of the distribution of these research reports is highly desirable because of the use to which they can be put. Igbashal (1994) observed that these research reports are so important in academic programmes and therefore should not be wasted by under-utilization.

Yet there is a great difficulty in gaining access to these research reports. The bibliographical database emanating from this study provides knowledge of the existence and the likely possibilities of obtaining them.

The ‘Bradford-Zipf bibliograph’ which was used for this study identified the following:

1) The core subject areas in both masters’ and doctoral theses.

2) The core geographical areas in both masters’ and doctoral theses.

3) The low scattering of subjects among both masters’ and doctoral theses.

4) The low scattering of geographical areas studied.

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The core subject areas in both masters’ and doctoral theses are small or few in number i.e. three subject areas out of the thirty subject areas studied in masters’ theses and also three subject areas out of fourteen subject areas studied in doctoral research reports and yet they have reasonable number of theses when compared with other subject areas. This could be attributed to the fact that the most productive subjects are also the best subjects or the most valuable subjects in the discipline and thus many students studied them. The low scattering observed among the subjects indicated that the subjects are related closely since they are all subjects in the same discipline and could be studied using almost the same equipments.

The core geographical areas in both masters’ and doctoral research reports are small in number i.e. three geographical areas out of the thirty-six and eighteen geographical areas studied in both masters’ and doctoral research reports respectively. The core produced a reasonable number of research reports at masters’ level and more research reports at doctoral level. This could be attributed to the fact that the most productive geographical areas had more research reports output which indicated concentration of many students in those geographical areas and thus those geographical areas were studied by many students. The low scattering observed among the geographical areas could be based on underlying norms, cultures, interests and constraints of the students.

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Summary

This study examined the bibliometric analysis of postgraduate research reports (projects, theses and dissertations) in Library and Information Science in Nigeria by examining research reports production output. The University of

Ibadan accounted for the most research reports (358), followed by University of Nigeria, Nsukka (92), followed by Ahmadu Bello University (65) and

Bayero University (64). The University of Ibadan produced the highest number of masters’ research reports (328) and doctoral research reports (30), followed by University of Nigeria, Nsukka (86) in masters’ degree and (06) in doctoral degree. University of Uyo produced (18) in masters’ degree and (12) in doctoral degree. Moreover, the University of Ibadan produced research reports on more states than any other university and was the most productive on all types of libraries. The data collected using the data analysis guides were analyzed.

Implications of the study

This bibliometric study on postgraduate research reports in Nigerian

Universities has many implications to research in this academic discipline. If this study was not done, the nature, trend and influence of research and interest of researchers in Library and Information Science for the period under study will not be known. There would be continued repetition of areas that have been

120

over-researched and some areas will be neglected and this will cause lopsided research in this field of knowledge.

There will be no current bibliographic control mechanism and no research data to compile a complete retrospective bibliography in Library and

Information Science. There will be no data for evaluating library stock for purposes of collection development and this also can result in lopsided collections in academic libraries as librarians will have difficulties in knowing which material to be included. This invariably will have influence on research especially now that National University Communication (NUC) has earmarked

60:40 admission rates for postgraduate and undergraduate programmes respectively to some universities based on the age and academic performance of the institutions.

There will be no tool to identify the core geographical areas and subject areas studied, ranking the research productivity output of the ten Nigerian

Universities that have postgraduate programmes in Library and Information

Science and finally determining the pattern of research, extent of research coverage and making quantitative research assessment exercises of academic research output.

Recommendations

Based on the findings obtained in this study, a number of recommendations are made:

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1) More doctoral research reports (theses and dissertations) should be

encouraged as they are more detailed and more revealing and are likely

to offer more information on the issues in this academic discipline.

2) Research has not been conducted on such states as Gombe, Jigawa,

Katsina, Sokoto, Taraba and Zamfara. An effort should be made to

conduct studies on such states, to shed light on their library situations.

States such as Oyo and Kaduna, which have been over-researched,

should be de-emphasized in future studies in order to extend research to

other areas for a better coverage.

3) More researches should be carried out in other types of libraries apart

from academic, special and public libraries in order to shed light on their

situations. This will help policy makers show more interest in improving

these types of libraries and also de-emphasize studies on academic,

special and public libraries.

4) The information on subject distribution will be a useful guide to

potential masters’ or doctoral candidates who are searching for problem

areas.

5) Research centers for library and information Science or departmental

libraries should be established in all departments of Library and

Information Science in Nigerian universities to improve documentation

of theses.

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6) Articles derived from the theses should be published in professional

journals by their authors or in collaboration with their supervisors to

ensure that research findings are widely disseminated.

7) Students should be encouraged to carry out researches on subjects of

least emphasis for a better coverage of all subjects in Library and

Information Science and emerging issues like Information and

Communication Technologies (ICTs).

8) Funding bodies should provide current research tools, current resources

and modern infrastructure and facilities in Library and Information

Science to facilitate and to ensure proper organisaiton and bibliographic

control of these research reports.

9) There should be a documentation librarian in the list of staff at

Postgraduate schools of various universities whose duty should be

tracking down these research reports, ensure proper documentation and

upward delivery to the university libraries.

Suggestions for further research

The researcher thereby suggests that other researchers could explore the following areas for further research.

1) Bibliometric analysis of researches (undergraduate and postgraduate) in

departments of Library and Information Science in any individual

Nigerian universities.

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2) Methods of defining and assessing interdisciplinary collaboration and its

impact on research and communication in science.

3) An analytical study of methods of disseminating research findings in

Library and Information Science in Nigeria.

4) A survey of users’ attitude to and utilization of services in university

libraries in Nigeria.

5) Student characteristics and use of library services in the University of

Nigeria Nsukka.

Limitations of the study

Lack of proper organization of research reports in most Nigerian

Universities made data collection difficult. This causes inability to track down all the research reports in order to copy their titles. The research reports were scattered in many places: departments of library and Information Science, university libraries and postgraduate schools and probably not all the titles were copied and this could affect the result of this study. Bibliometrics analysis of the titles of these research reports is quite a herculean task as it is cumbersome and time-consuming especially when the analysis is done manually. Finally, the scope of the subject areas studied is wide and for convenient handling subject areas were merged and this diffuse the individuality of the subjects.

Conclusions

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This analytical study of postgraduate research reports in Library and

Information Science in Nigeria studied the pattern and extent of research coverage as regards distribution, geographical area, type of library and subjects researched by researchers. A retrospective bibliography of the titles of these research reports is compiled for use.

The universities were ranked and the ranking reflects their research reports output with university of Ibadan having produced more research reports than the other universities. This study has broad intellectual influence in many fields of research in this discipline by providing evidence for evaluating research reports output from 1993 to 2006 using bibliometrics analysis. The results of which are used to rank the institutions based on their research productivity. The ranking is indicated as follows:

University of Ibadan (358), University of Nigeria, Nsukka (92), Ahmadu Bello

University, Zaria (65), Bayero University, Kano (64), Imo State University,

Owerri (55), University of Maiduguri (38), University of Uyo (30), Delta State

University, Abraka (17), Abia State University, Uturu (15), University of

Calabar (13). The above ranking also reflects their research reports output in

Library and Information Science research in Nigeria. Although the number of masters’ and doctoral research reports produced in Nigeria in Library and

Information Science is increasing steadily. The heavily researched areas continue to be researched while scarcely researched areas continue to be neglected. Students should be guided in selecting topics on least researched areas in order to shed light in all aspect of Library and Information Science. 125

Therefore, the findings of this study if implemented by library schools in

Nigeria will help to direct better future researches as well as shedding light in all aspects of the discipline in every state in Nigeria.

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147

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154

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155

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156

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157

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159

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Ezejiofor, Victoria Obianuju. Assessment of information resources and services of central bank of Nigeria research library Abuja and first bank research library, Lagos. M.L.S. UNN 1999.

Ezema, Jonas, Ifeanyichukwu. Health Information needs of the rural women in Nigeria: A study of Nsukka Zone. UNN. 1998.

Ezema, Jones Uwakwe. User satisfaction among Libraries: A comparative study of University of Nigeria Nsukka and Institute of Management and Technology Libraries. UNN.

Ezukwuoke, Nelson, Ezike. Information needs of staff and students of command secondary school, Ibadan and command day secondary school, Ibadan M.L.S. UI. Ibadan, 1996.

Fabunmi, Francis Adesoji. Information needs of the senor personnel of brewing and bottling companies in Oyo and Osun states. M.L.S. UI. Ibadan, 1997.

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160

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Gadawga, Aliyu Tsafe. A study of the resources and services of selected special libraries in the Northern states of Nigeria. MLS Thesis, University of Ibadan, 2000.

Garba, Habiba Kate. A study of statistical methods in Education and library and Information science postgraduate Theses and dissertations of Ahmadu Bello University Zaria. 1987-1997. MLS Thesis ABU, Zaria 1999.

161

Gasper, Josephine Perpetual. Eradication of women and children trafficking in Nigeria: the role of Information. MLS Thesis, University of Ibadan, 2004.

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Gold, Ibrahim Duro. Microcomputers utilization and software vendors’ support services to libraries in Lagos Nigeria, MLS Thesis, University of Ibadan, 1997.

Gongchi, Patrick Maru. Information needs and Resources utilization by users of the National Library of Nigeria, ABUJA. MLS Thesis, Bayero University, Kano, 2004.

Goseh, Lawrence Abraham. An Assessment of users’ motivation and satisfaction with library and information science in Colleges of Education in Nigeria. Ph.D Thesis, ABU, Zaria, 2004.

Grema, Muhammed Bulama. Private Arabic and Islamic Collections in Maiduguri: An Exploratory study MLS Thesis, University of Maduguri, 2006.

Gupiyem, Gungsat Gupiyem. Library resources in senior secondary schools in plateau state of Nigeria. MLS Thesis, ABU, Z aria, 1997.

Gwang, James Mato. Information needs and seeking behaviours of legal practitioners in plateau state. MLS Thesis, ABU, Zaria, 1995.

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162

Habila, Jeremiah Rutshi. Records Management Practices in Colleges of Education: A study of Federal College of Education, Yola and College of Education. Jalingo. MLS Thesis, University of Ibadan, 2003.

Haruna, I. Professional effectiveness attributes of legal practitioners as correlates of information utilization in Lagos Nigeria. Ph.D. Thesis University of Ibadan, 2000

Haruna, Mary Malgwi. Serials management in Colleges of Education Libraries in Borno state of Nigeria. MLS Thesis, University of Maiduguri, 2006.

Haruna, Zainab (Mrs). An assessment of information services to the users in Academic libraries in Nigeria: A case study of university of Benin and Ambrose Alli university libraries. MLS Thesis, DELSU, Abraka, 2005.

Haruna, Umar Ibrahim. Kano state library services and information needs of women in the state. MLS Thesis, Bayero University Kano, 2001.

Hashim, Fahima Abdelhafiz. Attitudes of undergraduate students toward user Education Programmes in selected universities in the Republic of Sudan. MLS Thesis, Bayero University Kano, 1993.

Hassan, Garba. Information Needs and Resources utilization by Medical Doctors in Selected Teaching Hospitals in the Northern States of Nigeria. MLS Thesis, Bayero University Kano, 2007.

Ibraheem, Ibiodun Ismail. Health Information needs of the people of the Ibaapa local government. MLS Thesis, University of Ibadan 1996.

Ibrahim, Rosaki Oluwadare. Potentials of computerized library and information services in unity school in south western Nigeria. MLS Thesis, University of Ibadan 2005.

Ibrahim, Umar. References and information inquires, Wait-time and staff patterns in the Reference Divisions of Nigerian Universities Libraries Ph.D Thesis, ABU, Zaria, 2001.

163

Idachaba, Joy Asibi. Availability and use of information Technologies in universities of Agriculture Libraries in Nigeria. MLS Thesis, Bayero University Kano, 2003.

Idakwo, Mary Edogbo. Effectiveness of library services during strike action in Ramat libarary, University of Maiduguri. MLS Thesis, University of Maiduguri, 2004.

Ide, Christian Esezi. Application of the social system sub-element of beslo’s model of communication to staff communication in academic libraries. MLS Thesis, University of Ibadan, 1993.

Idowu, A.O. Use of computerized information systems. An analysis of the experiences and attitudes of Research and university librarians in Nigeria Ph.D Thesis, university of Ibadan, 1997.

Idris, Abdulkadir Ahmed. The Effects of sap on Private (commercial) Book Publishing in Nigeria: A survey of selected publishing companies. MLS Thesis, Bayero University Kano, 2004.

Ifidon, Elizabeth Ijose. Fee-based library and information services as a factor in the availability of teaching, learning and research support material and services in Nigerian university libraries. Ph.D. Thesis, DELSU, Abraka, 2006.

Ifijeh, Ohiotare. The availability and use of audiovisual media resources in the faculty of education’s instructional media centre of the university of Benin. MLS Thesis, University of Ibadan, 2004.

Ifukor, Mary Omogor. Analysis of information Network of rural women in Ukwu-ani local government area of Delta state of Nigeria. MLS Thesis, University of Ibadan 1998.

Igbashal, Anthony Agonwua. Quantitative analyses of masters’ and doctoral theses on Nigeria in library and information science, MLS Thesis, ABU, Zaria, 1994.

164

Igbeka, J.U. Information-seeking behaviour and information utilization as correlates of agricultural engineers’ productivity in Nigeria. Ph.D Thesis, University of Ibadan, 2001.

Igbeneghu, Ifaorumhe Bruno. A survey of photocopying activities and violation of copyright in Nigerian universities. MLS Thesis, University of Ibadan, 1993.

Igboejesi, Angela Chinwe. Management of Audio-Visual resources in Academic Libraries in the South Eastern Nigeria. MLS Thesis, IMSU, Owerri, 2003.

Iguwa, Wendy Ndidi. The description and design of an automated information system for circulation sub-system of the Nigerian institute for oil palm research (NIFOR) library, Benin City Nigeria. MLS Thesis, University of Ibadan 1993.

Igwe, Uzoma Alexander Chinedu. A Comparative study of theft and mutilation of library resources at the Abia state and Imo university libraries. MLS Thesis, ABSU, Uturu, 2006.

Ihediwa, Gabrieline .Onyedikachi Training needs and methods in information technologies in the oil industries libraries. MLS Thesis, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 2000.

Ijatuyi, OIuremi Adenike. Awareness of use of information as predictors of women’s management of the physical environment in Ondo state, Nigeria. Ph.D Thesis, University of Ibadan, 2005.

Ilori, Otufemi Olubunmi. Information dissemination activities of selected international non- governmental organizations in Nigeria. MLS Thesis, University of Ibadan, 1997.

Imam, Abayomi. Information needs and utilization by teachers: A study of Ogun state college of Education. MLS Thesis, University of Ibadan, 1993.

Inok, Charles. Motivation and work attitude of library staff in CRS libraries, Nigeria. MLS Thesis, University of Calabar, 2002.

165

Inyang, Aniebiet. Accessibility of information for blind persons in Cross River state. MLS Thesis, University of Ibadan, 1997.

Inyokwe, Fidelis Etungre

Evaluation of medical library collections in universities in south-south zone of Nigeria. MLS Thesis, University of Calabar, 2006.

Irehovude, Mchael Osunde. Perceptions of Academic Libraries by the undergraduates of the University of Ibadan. MLS Thesis, University of Ibadan, 1991.

Irivwieri, Joseph. The impact of public libraries on children’s Reading Habits in Ughelli and Agbor, Delta State. MLS Thesis, DELSU, Abraka, 2005.

Isa, Ahmed. Leadership style of librarians and staff performance in selected federal polytechnic libraries in Northern Nigeria. MLS Thesis, BUK, 2006.

Isa Sali Song. Information need and resources provision for the Nomadic Fulani’s in Adamawa state. MLS Thesis, Bayero University Kano, 2006.

Isah, L. Regina. Government involvement in the provision and development of secondary school libraries in Maiduguri. MLS Thesis, University of Maiduguri, 1997.

Isah, Rakiya Azumi. The utilization of Resources of the National library of Nigeria: A study of users and use patterns. MLS Thesis, BUK. 1998.

Isesele, E. Annastasia. Guidelines for the development of computer-based cataloguing systems in Nigerian university libraries. MLS Thesis, Bayero University Kano, 1996.

Ishaya, Joseph Luka. Budgeting in Federal Polytechnic libraries in Nigeria. MLS. Thesis, ABU, Zaria, 1996.

Isok, Anne Joho. Public library legistration and implementation strategies in Abia, Akwa- Ibom and Cross River states. MLS Thesis, University of Uyo, 1998.

166

Issa, Abdulwahalo Olarewaju. Dissemination of information in rural areas in Kwara state. MLS. Thesis, ABU, Zaria, 1996.

Itedjere, Andrew Oghenruemu. A survey of collection development activities at the college of Education Library Warri. MLS Thesis, University of Ibadan, 1996.

Iwe, Nnanna Chioma. Assessment of school library Information Resources and services in Dirty International Secondary School, Aba. MLS. Thesis IMSU, Owerri, 2005.

Iweha, Chris. Chijoke. Networking library services for the visually handicapped in south western Nigeria. MLS Thesis, University of Ibadan 2001.

Iwuagwu, Paulina Ifeoma. Clientele use of card catalogue in Imo state public Library Owerri. MLS. Thesis, IMSU Owerri. 2004.

Iwuji, H.O.M. A survey of bibliographic control in Nigeria. MLS. Thesis ABSU, Uturu, 2000.

Iwuoha, Christian Uchenna. Cataloguing and classification of library materials: A case study of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike library. MLS Thesis IMSU Owerri, 2006.

Iyortsunn, Jessica Ahemen. An evaluative study of Readers Services in university of agriculture library, Makurdi. MLS Thesis, University of Maiduguri, 2004.

Izang, Naomi Anne. Media resources and services in state public libraries in Nigeria. MLS Thesis ABU, Zaria. 1993.

Jacob, Oyeleke. A comparative study of the publishing capacities of university of Ilorin, St. Andrew’s College, Oyo and the polytechnic Ibadan. MLS Thesis, University of Ibadan, 1998.

167

James, Nseobot Etim. Strategies for Acquisition of Information Handling Skills among Senior Secondary School students in Akwa-Ibom state. MLS Thesis, University of Uyo, 1998.

Jibril, Dalhatu Usman. Co-operation among polytechnic libraries in Nigeria MLS Thesis, BUK. 1997.

Jimba, S.W. Accessibility to information technologies, their values-in-use and user attitudes among scientists using agricultural libraries in Nigeria. Ph.D Thesis, university of Ibadan, 2000.

Joda, Michael Duro. User education as a correlate of quality readers services in polytechnic libraries in Nigeria. MLS Thesis, University of Ibadan, 1996.

John-okeke, Rita Chinelo. Preservation and access: Managing serial collections in selected research institutes libraries in Lagos state. MLS Thesis, University of Ibadan, 2006.

Kari, Hudron Kingdom Provision and Accessibility of Information communication Technology in the Rural communities of Bayelsa state, Nigeria MLS, DELSU, Abraka, 2005.

Kayoma, Patience. Motivation as a factor of employee performance in two selected university libraries. MLS Thesis, University of Ibadan, 1996.

Kazurue, Usman Muhammed. Design and Development of an Automated Library Application software for Samaru Public Library, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. MLS Thesis, ABU, Zaria, 2001.

Kolawole, Funke Tina. The prospects and constraints of information dissemination in public libraries. Oyo state public library: A case study. MLS Thesis, University of Ibadan. 2004.

Kolawole, Joseph Adeniyi. Availability, accessibility and utilization of information as correlates of career decision making of library and information study in the university of Ibadan Nigeria. MLS Thesis, University of Ibadan, 2006.

168

Kolawole, L. Folasade. Media and information technology use for Health Education programmes in selected Health Institution in Ibadan, Nigeria. MLS Thesis, University of Ibadan, 2005.

Kolawole, Moses Olusegun. Bibliographic control of book and non-book materials in Nigeria. MLS Thesis, University of Ibadan, 1993.

Korie, Sybil A. The Impact of indigenous Academic publishing on the educational development of Nigeria. MLS Thesis, ABSU, Uturu, 1997.

Kuyinu, Kofoworola Funke. The information needs and uses of a largely non-literate community in Oyo state. The Ilora community. University of Ibadan, 1994.

Lakan, Lydia Endaben. Accessibility and Utilization of Agricultural Information Database by the Research Committee, Ahmadu Bello University MLS Thesis ABU, Zaria, 2008.

Laoye, Omolola Abiola. Impact of Automation on management structure: A case study of some selected academic libraries in the south west of Nigeria. MLS Thesis, University of Ibadan, 2005.

Lawal, Ojo Kassim. A study of the information needs and information seeking behaviour of commercial vehicle drivers in Ibadan, Oyo state Nigeria. MLS Thesis, University of Ibadan, 1997.

Lawal, Wasiu Olayide. Organizational communication and information services in Ogun State University library, Ago-Iwoye, Lagos state university of agriculture library. MLS Thesis, University of Ibadan, 2001.

Lemu, Ahmed Aliyu. Assessment of job stress among librarians working in university libraries in Nigeria. MLS Thesis, ABU, Zaria, 2006.

Libani, Owah Joshua. A study of the idea and state of presidential libraries in Nigeria: 1966- 1996. MLS Thesis, ABU, Zaria, 2000.

169

Madu, Ijeoma Doris. A comparative study of the performance of fisheries research libraries in Nigeria MLS Thesis, University of Ibadan, 1999.

Maduagwu, David Kanayochukwu Iroegbulam. Information need and utilization by senior employees of agency for adult and non-formal education: The case of Cross River state. MLS Thesis, University of Ibadan, 1993.

Madubuike, Uluocha. Preservation of non-book materials in selected broadcasting station libraries in Oyo, Ogun, Kwara and Lagos states. MLS Thesis, University of Ibadan, 1998.

Maduekwe, Ebele Nkiru. Information service development for environmental management: A study of industries in Nnwei. MLS Thesis, 1997.

Magaji, Isa Bappa. Information needs and resource utilization by national legislators in Nigeria MLS Thesis, BUK, Kano, 2001.

Mahmud, Ashafa. A. Information needs and use by the National Health planners in Nigeria. MLS Thesis, BUK, Kano 2000.

Maidabino, Abashe Atiku. The management of information resources in public Archives in the North-Western zone of Nigeria. MLS Thesis, BUK Kano, 2003.

Maimo, Mary Mah. An assessment of computer usage in the libraries and documentation centres of some Nigerian institutions Ibadan, 1993.

Majinson, Henry Yisa. The economics of micro computers utilization in Nigeria academic libraries: A case study of university of Ibadan library. MLS Thesis, University of Ibadan, 1998.

Makama, Musa Zarmai. Information needs and resources utilization by rural dwellers in selected local government areas of Kaduna state, MLS Thesis, BUK Kano, 2005.

170

Makinde, Aderonke Olufemi. Influence of availability and use of electronic resources on information services delivery in academic and research libraries in Ibadan metropolis, Oyo state, Nigeria. MLS Thesis, University of Ibadan, 2002.

Makon, Markus Jiriko. Redundancy and it’s incidence on the science and Humanities collection of the library, college of Education Akwanga. MLS Thesis, ABU Zaria, 2003.

Margima, Joslim Anthony. Management of documents from Nigerian government and international organization Kenneth Dike Library. University of Ibadan. MLS Thesis, University of Ibadan, 1996.

Maru, Isaac Mamo. Library and information resources of police officers training: A case study of police staff college, Jos. MLS Thesis, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 2005.

Mathew, Fibi vigia. Involvement of faculty members of Science and Humanities in resource selection practices in some Nigerian university libraries. MLS Thesis, ABU. Zaria, 2005.

Maxwell, Charity Ezinne Chima. Postgraduate students’ perception and use of the information resources and services of the departmental libraries of Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. MLS Thesis, ABU Zaria, 2004

Mbaekwe, E.C. Evaluation of reference services in academic libraries: A comparative analysis of UNN., ESUT and IMT. MLS Thesis, UNN, 1997.

Mbaekwe, Joan Celestina. User satisfaction in Nigerian university libraries: A case study of UNN law library and ESUT law library. MLS Thesis, UNN, 2003

Mbagwu, Francisca Chinyeaka. The preservation of information sources in Nigerian university libraries. MLS Thesis, IMSU, Owerri, 2001.

Mbashir, Abdulateef Lanre. Information needs and dissemination for rural dwellers in Kogi state. MLS Thesis, BUK. Kano, 2002.

171

Mbat, Grace David. Information sourcing and utilization of library resources by medical personnel at the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital Cross River state, Nigeria. MLS Thesis, University of calabar, 2006.

Mberu, A. Ngozi. A survey of technical services in Academic Libraries in Imo state. MLS Thesis, IMSU, Owerri, 2003.

Minin, Nagya. Analytical survey of the issuance of international standard book numbering to publishers in Nigeria. MLS Thesis, University of Ibadan, 1998.

Mkena, Rosaline Acumber. Analysis of Benue state public library users and the effectiveness of the libraries in meeting their needs, MLS Thesis, University of Ibadan, 1995.

Mohammed, Bainze Haruna. Library services in command staff school college Jaji and I Mechanized Division Headquarters. MLS Thesis, ABU, Zaria, 1996.

Mohammed, Hamza Adamu. An assessment of Bauchi state public library services. MLS Thesis, University of Maiduguri, 2006.

Mohammed, Hadiza Talatu. Use of indexes and abstracts in special libraries in Kaduna and Zaria Metropolis. MLS Thesis, ABU, Zaria, 2001.

Mole, Austin- Jude Chikodi. Factors affecting the use of references materials by postgraduate students in academic libraries: A comparative study of Enugu state university of technology library and university of Nigeria Nsukka library. MLS Thesis, UNN, 2002.

Molokwu, Ugochi Esther. A survey of book availability at university of Lagos library Akoka, Lagos. MLS Thesis, University of Ibadan, 2006.

Mommoh, Rose Lade. Computer Application to Information services in selected special libraries in Abuja. MLS Thesis, BUK Kano, 2004.

172

Momoh, Oluyemisi. Information needs of Federal Road safety Corps members in RS41 Oyo state command. MLS Thesis, University of Ibadan, 2001.

Moneke, Peter Obiora. Preservation and conservation of library materials in Nigerian Academic Libraries: A case study of Federal University of Technology Owerri Library. MLS Thesis, IMSU, Owerri, 2006.

Moitu, John Oluwaseyi. The reading habits and the utilization of library among the people of Badagry area of Lagos state: A case study. MLS Thesis, University of Ibadan, 2004.

Muhammed, Gambo Ahmad. A study on information resources and use of selected medical libraries in Nigeria. MLS Thesis, BUK, Kano, 2002.

Nachie, Duniya Jesse. A comparative study of audio-visual resources and utilization in the two college libraries in plateau state MLS Thesis, University of Nigeria Nsukka, 2003.

Ndams, Samaniah Samuel. A study of information resources and services in guiness Eye Hospital and National Eye centre Libraries, Kaduna. MLS Thesis, ABU, Zaria, 2004.

Ndiulor, Onyebuchi, Friday. The utilization of information technologies in crime detection, preservation and control by the police in Nigeria. MLS Thesis, BUK Kano, 2000.

Ndulaka, Ogechi. Availability and utilization of Information Technologies in Abia and Imo state university libraries. MLS Thesis, IMSU Owerri, 2004.

Ngwang, Michael Gwanyi. The effectiveness of copyright administration in Nigeria with particular reference to the metropolis of Ibadan and Lagos. MLS Thesis, University of Ibadan, 1996.

Njoku, C.P.U. Problems and prospects of providing indigenous cultural information by public libraries in developing countries: A study of Enugu state of Nigeria|: MLS Thesis, UNN. 1997.

173

Njoku, Ifeoma. Factors militating against the automation of Federal University of Technology Owerri (FUTO) library. MLS Thesis, IMSU Owerri, 2006.

Nkanu, William Ofem. Utilization of information and Communication Technology and Provision of Library and Information Services in Nigerian University Libraries. Ph.D Thesis, Universtiy of Uyo. 2006.

Nkiko, Christopher. Information availability, accessibility and utilization as factors influencing political participation: A case study of Ibadan North Local Government. MLS Thesis, University of Ibadan, 2002.

Nnadozie, Chukwuma Opara. User satisfaction in Nigeria public libraries: A study of Imo state public library, Owerri. MLS Thesis, IMSU Owerri, 2002.

Nnadozie, A. Nkeiru. Factors affecting availability and utilization of internet facilities by undergraduate students in university libraries in Imo state. MLS Thesis, IMSU, Owerri, 2006.

Nnajekwu, O.K. An evaluation of selection policies in Anambra state secondary school libraries based on the National Policy on Education and ideas of three educators. MLS Thesis, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 1998.

Nnodim, A. Chizomam. User Education in Imo state university, Owerri; problems and prospects. MLS Thesis, IMSU, Owerri. 2005.

Nobis, Patricia Nneke. Students’ utilization of library resources in selected schools in Owerri Municipal council. MLS Thesis, IMSU, Owerri 2005.

Numkwen, Shahutur Nzukun. Leadership styles and job performance in Federal Polytechnic Libraries in Nigeria. MLS Thesis, ABU, Zaria. 2004.

Nwabueze, Anthonia Ukamaka. Desktop publishing in selected Nigerian organization. MLS Thesis, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. 1999.

174

Nwachukwu, Victor Ndubisi. Evaluation of Tin-Lib Software utilization among federal university libraries in Nigeria. MLS. UNN. 1997.

Nwachukwu, Victor Ndubisi. Utilization of computer Technologies in Nigerian Federal University Libraries. Ph.D. Thesis, university of Nigeria Nsukka, 2006.

Nwachukwu, Chinoyerem Nnenna. Assessment of Information Resources and services of Imo state. Public library, Owerri. MLS Thesis, IMSU, Owerri, 2006.

Nwagwu, Chinoyerem Rosemary. Acquisition and use of local material in academic libraries in Lagos. MLS Thesis, University of Ibadan, 2001.

Nwakanma, Chukwuemeka Dean. Bibliographic database systems management and effective information retrieval: A comparative study of databases in SS peter and Paul Catholic Major seminary and Dominican institute library Ibadan. MLS Thesis, University of Ibadan, 1997.

Nwalo, K.I.N. Measures of library effectiveness in Nigerian Polytechnic libraries with emphasis on user satisfaction. Ph.D Thesis, University of Ibadan, 1997.

Nwanguma, Adaku Joy. Photographs as sources of information, their preservation and management in selected university libraries South-West Nigeria. MLS Thesis, University of Ibadan, 2006.

Nwegbu, Mercy. U. Availability and utilization of audio-visual resources in Nigerian University libraries. MLS Thesis, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 1998.

Nweke, K.M.C. Information technology in Nigerian special libraries: patterns of availability and problems of application Ph.D Thsis, University of Ibadan, 1991.

Nwizugbo, Roseline Fumilayo. Users satisfaction with the methods of organizing and disseminating information in Imo state public library Owerri, MLS, Thesis, IMSU, Owerri, 2001.

175

Nwofor, Florence Amaka. Alternative sources of funding for university libraries in Nigeria: A case study of Nnamdi Azikiwe Library, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Federal university of Technology [Owerri Library and Nnamdi Azikwe university library Awka. MLS Thesis, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 1999.

Nwogu, I. Chris. The effectiveness of public relations. Publications strategies of the Nigerian Army. MLS Thesis, University of Ibadan, 2002.

Nwokedi, Victor Chukwuka. Information Needs and Seeking Behaviour of medical Doctors in Jos University of Teaching Hospital. (JUTH). MLS Thesis, University of Maiduguri.

Nwosu, Samuel Kelechi. Library users education in Nigerian universities: A case study of Federal university of technology, Owerri. MLS Thesis, IMSU, Owerri. 2005.

Nyam, Vaachia, S. Information Needs of Researchers at the National Cereals Research Institute Badeggi. MLS Thesis, University of Maiduguri, 1998.

Nyam, Samuel Shaorga. A comparative study of African political crises in selected Nigerian and other African serial publications. MLS Thesis, ABU, Zaria. 2004.

Nzurike, Stella Amarachukwu. Effective communication as a determination of organizational effectiveness of academic libraries. MLS Thesis, University of Ibadan, 2005.

Obada, Agnes Mola. Acquisition of library resources through legal deposit by the National library of Nigeria. MLS Thesis, University of Ibadan, 2001.

Obadare, Sunday Ourotimi. Information needs and dissemination of rural development-based NGOs in South west, Nigeria. MLS Thesis, University of Ibadan, 1999.

Obaitan, Dominic Oyemaise. Examination of collection development practice in Ambrose Alli university library, Ekpoma and the university of Benin Library: A comparative study. MLS Thesis, University of Ibadan, 2000.

176

Obaje, Alfred Michael. The use of CD-ROM, databases by staff and students in University of Jos Library. MLS Thesis, University of Maiduguri, 2005.

Obaseki, Tony Ikponmwosa. Attitudes of librarians towards applications of information and communication technologies in polytechnic libraries in Northern states of Nigeria. MLS Thesis, Bayero University Kano, 2008.

Obayi, Augustina Oodoma. The implication of the application of bibliotherapy to moral education in Oyo state secondary schools. MLS Thesis, University of Ibadan, 2004.

Obi, Bonia Beatrice. Library administration and users’ services in colleges of Education libraries in Eastern states of Nigeria. Ph.D Thesis, University of Uyo, 2005.

Obi, Rose Chioma. Human resources training in research institution libraries in Zaria Metropolis. MLS Thesis, ABU Zaria, 2002.

Obialor, Doris Chinyere. Problems affecting library and information services to prisoners in Owerri prisons. MLS Thesis, IMSU, Owerri 2005.

Obijiofor, V.U. Manpower development needs for effective job performance in academic libraries in Anambra and Enugu states. MLS Thesis, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 1998.

Obiudu, Nwakaego C. The impact of CD-ROM in bibliographic services in Kenneth Dike, British Council, NIIA, and USIS libraries. MLS Thesis, University of Ibadan, 1993.

Obiwusi, B. Idowu. A comparative study of computerized information services in selected medical libraries in Lagos. MLS Thesis, University of Ibadan, 2000.

Oboh, Ransome Abdulrahman. Perception of copyright law as a correlate to its infringement in Nigeria. MLS Thesis, University of Ibadan, 1996.

177

Obokoh, Nathaniel Patrick. Effects of Geographical location on use of port Harcourt central Library. MLS Thesis, IMSU, 2003.

Odem, Elijah Ojowu. Utilization of Management Information System (MIS) in Nigerian Federal universities. MLS Thesis, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 2004.

Ode, M. Ijoko. Strategies for the effective utilization of the school library resources by secondary school students in Oju local government area of Benue state MLS Thesis, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 2005.

Obiba, Salome Egburu. Book theft and mutilation of library materials in selected secondary schools in Abuja: Federal Capital Territory (FTC) Abuja. MLS Thesis, University of Ibadan, 1996.

Odiorl, Edewede Frederick. Information technology usage by the clients of three selected special libraries in Ibadan, Nigeria, MLS Thesis, unveristy of Ibadan, 2002.

Oduagwu, Matilda Chiatu. Human relations strategies for improving productivity among professional and non-professional libraries in Alvan Ikoku College of Education Owerri and Federal University of Technology, Owerri Libraries. MLS, Thesis, IMSU Owerri, 2001.

Odutola, Opeyemi Remi. Information needs and utilization in Iwaya community in copying with the Lagos urban environment. MLS Thesis, University of Ibadan, 2005.

Oduwole, Adebambo Adewale. Assessment of resources and services of the Ogun state university libraries at Ago-Iwoye Ikenne, Sagamu and Ijebu-Igbo. MLS Thesis, University of Ibadan, 1996.

Offeem, Nkanu, Willian. The role of Information utilization in effective policy decision-making in Cross River state. MLS Thesis, University of Uyo, 1998.

Offor, J.N. Nigerian parliamentary libraries: a descriptive survey. MLS Thesis, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 2000.

178

Ofre, Erick Taiwo. Motivation and productivity among paraprofessional staff of selected Nigerian university libraries. MLS Thesis, University of Calabar, 2002.

Ofurie, Julie Ufuoma. Environmental factors as primary causes of paper deterioration: A case study of the National Archives office and Kenneth Dike library. University of Ibadan, Ibadan, MLS Thesis, University of Ibadan, 1997.

Oga, Helen Uzoezi. Protection of authors’ rights and intellectual creativity in Nigerian universities. MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 1997.

Ogar, Christopher Eje. Students’ attitude to and use of library services in the universities of Calabar and Uyo. MLS Thesis University of Calabar, 2006.

Ogbewe, Taiye Helen. Preservation and conservation of non-book materials in university of Benin and Delta state university libraries. MLS Thesis Abia State University Uturu, 2006.

Ogbonna, Isaac Maduabuchi. The status of microforms in the university libraries of South-East Nigeria. MLS Thesis University of Nigeria, Nsukka 2004.

Oguji, Godson Nnamdi. Information needs and use pattern of scientists within the university environment: A case study of university of Ibadan, MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 1995.

Oginni, Olubukola Motunrayo. Disaster preparedness and management in libraries: A case study of three selected libraries in Oyo state. MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 2005.

Ogundiran, Olaniyi Oyeleye. Evaluation of reference services at the Federal College of Education (special) library, Oyo. MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 2006.

Oguniyi, Samuel Oke. Perception of cataloguing and classification courses by undergraduate librarian students: Case study of university of Ibadan and Abraka library school. MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 2006.

179

Ogunsola, Olufunke Olufunmilayo. Knowledge and practice of the people in Ibadan metropolis on the

Ogunyade, Taiwo Oladele. Utilization of Information resources in some selected health science libraries in Lagos, Nigeria. MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 2001.

Ojamo, Oluwaseun Babatunde. The information needs of the managerial cadre of the N.N.P.C. MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 1998.

Ojebode, Felicia Iyabode. Map collection and preservation in three selected university libraries. MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 1993.

Ojo, Joshua Onaade. An assessment of the information resources of NGOs working in the areas of human right and gender in Nigeria. MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 2005.

Okafor, Victoria Nwamaka. The utilization of Circulation statistics for collection development plan. MLS Thesis University of Nigeria, Nsukka 2000.

Okani, Ernest George A. Problems of user education programmes in academic libraries in Anambra state. MLS Thesis UNN. 2003.

Oke, Olajide Michael. A study of records management in Oyo state ministries of finance and industry and health. MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 1993.

Okede, Godbless Walson. A survey of the availability and needs of audiovisual media resources at some polytechnic libraries in southern Nigeria. MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 2002.

Okeh, E.G. Information needs and chance agents characteristics as factors in information utilization by rural dweller in Obioma-Ngwa Area, Abia state. Ph.D Thesis University of Ibadan, 1999.

Oketunji, Sarah Funmilayo. Information services for accountants and bankers in Nigeria: Case of ICAN and CIBN libraries, Lagos. MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 1998.

180

Okigwe, John Ede. Community information services: Nigerian Army Barracks Experience MLS Thesis UNN. 1999.

Okike, Stella Ngozi Ifeoma. The Utilization of audiovisual materials by community health workers in Lagos state. University of Ibadan, 1995.

Okiy, Rose Bini. Availability and utilization of occupational information as correlates of occupational income of rural women in the southern part of Delta state, Nigeria. Ph.D Thesis UI. Ibadan, 2003.

Okocha, Evelyn Nkechi. University of Ibadan students’ awareness of Nigeria’s environmental problems. MLS Thesis UI. Ibadan, 1997.

Okoli, Assumpta Chioma. A study of material resources in two research institute libraries in Zaria. MLS Thesis A.B.U. Zaria, 2006.

Okon, Effiong Emmanuel. Personal characteristics of merchant Naval cadets and their information utilization in Maritime Academy of Nigeria, Oron. MLS Thesis University of Uyo.

Okon, Henry Itohowo. Students’ Characteristic and the utilization of library services in the University of Uyo. MLS Thesis University of Uyo, 2005.

Okon, Michael E. The role of multinational corporations in library development in Nigeria unlimited. MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 2000.

Okonkwo, Esther Ekene. An assessment of the utilization of serials in Kenneth Dike library by postgraduate students of the university of Ibadan. MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 1999.

Okonkwo, Grace Ada. User education and the effective use of books and libraries: A case study of students at students at the international school and Abadina College, University of Ibadan. MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 1993.

181

Okonkwo, Liza Obiageli. User education and effective library utilization in College of education libraries in Anambra state. MLS Thesis ABSU, 2004.

Okonkwo, Nwanneka Ugonwa. The role of computer in the management of film archives and film libraries in Nigeria. MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 2004.

Okoroafor, Christie Ngozi. The effect of digital divide on research productivity of scientists at FIIRO and NTIA, Lagos. MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 2004.

Okorie, Alice M. Use of government documents and United Nations publications: A case study of Nnamdi Azikiwe library, university of Nigeria, Nsukka 1998.

Okorie, Juliet Uchechi. Evaluation of the use of Electronic learning by information professional and users in British Council and Cardinal e-library in Lagos. MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 2006.

Okoro, Clara Chinenye. Personality and Environmental factors of doctors’ information sourcing and utilization in Teaching hospitals in South Eastern States of Nigeria. Ph.D Thesis, IMSU, Owerri, 2006.

Okoro, Okee. Funding and growth of library collections of universities in Eastern states of Nigeria. Ph.D Thesis, IMSU, Owerri, 2006.

Okoro, Patricia O. A critical assessment of the relevance of public and rural libraries on rural development in Delta state. MLS Thesis, DELSU, 2005.

Okoroma, Francisca Nwakego. A comparative study of retrospective conversation of card catalogue in tow Nigerian university libraries: A case study of Kenneth Dike library and Obafemi Awolowo university library MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 2006.

Okotie, Enor Rose. Users’ evaluation of library collection. A case study of Delta state university Abraka, MLS Thesis, DELSU, 2004.

182

Okoye, Ifeyinwa Blessing. Evaluation of school library resources in Imo state: A case study of secondary school libraries in Owerri metropolis. MLS Thesis, IMSU, Owerri, 2006.

Okoye, Michael O. Non-career tenure of university librarians and staff development of Librarians in Nigerian universities. Ph.D Thesis University of Nigeria, Nsukka 2002.

Okoye, Reuben Chukwuemeka. An assessment of training and development practice in National library of Nigeria. MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 2005.

Okpala, Lily Oluebube. A comparative analysis of the Micro CDS-ISIS and Tinlib application softwares for bibliographic database development at Kenneth Dike and Latunde Odeku libraries. MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 1997.

Okpeh, Sylvester Chinedu V. Acquisition and management of serial materials in two academic libraries in Eastern Nigeria. MLS Thesis University of Nigeria, Nsukka 2003.

Okunnu, Hamid Olumide. Photocopying activities and copyright awareness in the tertiary institutions in Nigeria. MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 2004.

Okwilagwe, Oshioke. A survey of awareness and application of communication theories and models by information professions in Nigeria, MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 1993.

Okwor, Roseline N. Problems of supplying indigenously published books to academic libraries in Enugu state. MLS Thesis University of Nigeria, Nsukka 2006.

Okwori, Robert Ogbanje. Information needs of indigenous wood works in Benue state. MLS Thesis, A.B.S. Zaria, 1997.

Okwueze, Eucharia Ukamaka. Funding and Journal collection development in university libraries in the South-South Geo-political zone of Nigeria. MLS Thesis University of Calabar, 2004.

183

Olabisi, Adepoju. The provision of information needs and library services for rural community development in Orelope local government area of Oyo state Nigeria. MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 2005.

Oladel, B.A. An assessment of the perception of national information policy by government policy makers and information professionals in Nigeria, Ph.D Thesis, University of Ibadan, 1998.

Oladipupo, Festus Ige. Information needs of and information utilization by public health workers in Osun state. MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 1993.

Oladotun, O.A. Kayode. Role of information brokers as correlate to alien understanding of immigration law in Nigeria. A case study of Oyo state command. MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 2006.

Olagunju, Asimiyu Moyosore. Cost-benefit and analysis of computerized library systems: a case study of Kenneth Dike library, university of Ibadan, Ibadan Nigeria. MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 2000.

Olakanmi, Ayo Elijah. An analytical study of the development and management of decentralized library systems in two Nigerian universities: university of Ibadan, Oyo state and Obafemi Awolowo University Ile-Ife Osun state. MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 1998.

Olalude, Francis Oluwole. Comparative study of the management of audiovisual media resources in two Nigerian Medical institutions. MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 1996

Olamigoke, Olubukola Agnes. The effectiveness of information in development programme for rural women in Ogun state, Nigeria. Ph.D Thesis University of Ibadan, 2004.

Olanusi, Adewola Edward. A study of utilization of information technologies by academic librarians in Kenneth Dike library, university of Ibadan. MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 2005.

184

Olaojo, Pius Olatunji. LARIS Curricula as determinant of professional job performance in librarianship in Nigeria. MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 2002.

Olaotan, Catherine Enobong. The effectiveness of library services to users: A case study of Ondo state public library, Akure. MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 1998.

Olarinde, Michael Adekunle. Users problems in retrieving information in academic library: A case study of federal polytechnic Ede library. MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 1997.

Olasina, Gbolashan. A user requirement analysis of internet resources at Cyber-cafes in Ibadan. MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 2004.

Olatinwo, Tolase. Study of internet use by secondary school students as an educational leisure information medium. MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 2004.

Olayande, Ibiyemi, Olanireti. A comparative study of information resources and services at Federal institute of industrial research Oshodi (FIIRO) Lagos and Raw materials and Research Development Council (RMRDC) Abuja libraries. MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 1997.

Olorunda, Olufunmilola Olufunmilayo. Communication skill as a correlate of effective reference service in academic library. MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 2000.

Olorundare, Elizabeth. A study of the use of media resource for instruction at the polytechnic Ibadan. MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 1995.

Olorunfemi, Dareen Yemisi. Family work conflict, information utilization and social competence of the married postgraduate students in the faculty of education, university of Ibadan. MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 2004.

Olorunsola, Richard. The use of Nigerian news magazines at the university of Ilorin library. MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 1996.

185

Olowosejeje, Ebenezer Bola. Retrospective catalogue conversion in a computerized library. A case study of NIIA, IITA and FIIRO. MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 1995.

Olugbenga, Isaac Ajala. Postgraduate students’ attitude to university library utilization: A comparative study of Ibadan and Ilorin university libraries. MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 1995.

Olujobi, Grace Yemisi. Best practices in the management of archives in an emerging digital environment. MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 2006.

Oluwabiyi, Modupe Olayemi. Assessment of the school library collection to the information needs of secondary school teachers in Akinyele local government. MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 2005.

Omede, Rebecca Alami. Archival preservation practices at the National Archives, Enugu. MLS Thesis University of Nigeria, Nsukka 2004.

Omega, Unah Ejeh Paul. Assessment of personnel policies and practices in Benue state university library, Makurdi. MLS Thesis University of Maiduguri, 2000.

Omeje, E.O. The availability and management of grey literature for agricultural research in Nigerian university libraries. MLS Thesis University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 1998.

Omeje, Michael Okafor. A comparative study of application of New Information Technology in Agricultural Research Institutes and universities of Agriculture libraries. MLS Thesis University of Nigeria, Nsukka 2004.

Omekwu, Charles Obiora. Information dissemination and utilization through research extension farmer system interface in Osun state, Nigeria. MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 2002.

Omirin, A.G. Effect of information availability and use on creativity: Case study of cottage industries in Ilesa and Osogbo in Osun state of Nigeria. MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 2003.

186

Omoba, Rosnold Ogie. Copyright law as a determinate of utilization of information science products in Nigeria. MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 2004.

Omogbai, Clara Egbealele. Gender issues in special librarianship in Ibadan. MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 2002.

Omolegan, Abosede Olusola, Information needs and sources of management staff of the oil producing industry in Nigeria: A survey and comparative study of four oil producing companies. MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 1993.

Omomoh, Lucy Agbenya. Personnel Requirements in special libraries in Nigeria. MLS Thesis, B.U.K. Kano, 1996.

Omonijo, Temitayo Yemisi. The Challenges of information technology in two selected Nigerian special libraries International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) and E. Latunde Odeku Library, College of Medicine, (UCH), Ibadan. MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 2006.

Omopupa, Kamal Tunde. Information seeking behaviour and utilization of medical practitioners at university of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin. MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 2006.

Omoregie, G. Ise. Comparative analysis of manpower development in Nigerian university libraries: A case study of Kenneth Dike library university of Ibadan, Ibadan and Ladoke Akintola University of Technology library, Ogbomoso. MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 1998.

Onasote, Ayoola Olusegun. Information requirements, use and job performance of co-operation farmers of the Diocesan Agricultural Development Programme (DADP) in Ogun state, Nigeria. MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 2001.

Oni, Folashade Adeyemi. Utilization of internet facilities among library and information science academics and Nigerian universities. MLS Thesis, A.B.U., Zaria, 2005.

Onifade, Gabriel Olatunde. Using electronic information services in Banks and insurance companies in Ibadan a challenge to library services. MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 1995.

187

Onowhakpor, Eruterior Josephine. The Evaluation of resources and services of Delta state branch libraries, Orerokpe, ughelli and sapele. MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 1997.

Onu, Blessing Chika. The role of the Technical Services Department (TSD) in Nigerian university libraries. MLS Thesis University of Nigeria, Nsukka 1988.

Onumara, Patience Amaka. Acquisition of Information Resources in A New University library. A case study of Africa state university of science and technology Umunzi. MLS Thesis, IMSU, Owerri, 2005.

Onuoha, U.D. Staff perception of performance appraisal as a tool for enhanced productivity and career advancement in three university library in Ogun state. MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 2006.

Onuoha, Vivien Oluchi. Information Needs, resources utilization and factors influencing use of Resources among Shell Petroleum Development Company (SPDC) Engineers in Port Harcourt MLS BUK 2004.

Onwameze, Esther Ukamaka. The role of current awareness services in law libraries: An evaluative study of the university of Nigeria Nsukka and Nnamdi Azikiwe law libraries. MLS UI. Ibadan, 1996.

Onwuama, Chinedum Ngozika. Management of serial in Imo state public library, Owerri. IMSU. 2004.

Onwuasoanya, Eugenia O. Implications of inadequate use of library resources by undergraduates: A case study of Nnamdi Azikiwe university Akwa. MLS Thesis ABIA 1998.

Onwuazo, Edward E. The Impact of CD-ROM and on-line services in college libraries in Nigeria: A critical review.MLS UNN.

Onwubikao, C.P.C. The application of management by objectives (MBO) approach to Nigerian public libraries personnel administration. UNN 1997.

188

Onyeacho, Chike. Acquisition and organization of information sources in selected secondary schools in Okigwe Local Government Area of Imo state. IMSU. 2001.

Onyebinama, Collette O. Availability and use of Information and Communication Technologies (ITCs) by students in universities in Imo State.

Onyeche, Atta Ramatu. Card catalogue use in the retrieval of library Resources in three colleges of Education in Northern Nigeria MLS BUK 1998.

Onyenemere, Blessing Chika. A comparative study of collection management practices in selected college libraries in Lagos state. MLS UI. Ibadan, 2006.

Onyewendo, Justina Chienye. Serials management in ministry libraries in Imo State. 2006.

Opalake, Joseph Sunday. Students’ use of multi media recourses library Nigerian university libraries MLS ABU. 2000.

Opara, Evelyn O. Financial management in Nigeria public libraries: A case study of Imo state public library, Owerri. IMSU, 2006.

Opara, Umunna Nnemeka. Personal and socio-economic determinants of agricultural utilization by farmers in the agricultural development programme zones of Imo state, Nigeria. Ph.D UI. Ibadan, 2004.

Oparaji, Emmanuel Onyebuchi. The public image of the National Archives. A case study of the perception of searchers at its zonal office in Ibadan MLS UI. Ibadan, 1997.

Oparaji, John Ugochukwu. An appraisal of service delivery system in university libraries in Lagos state MLS 1998.

Oputa-Ekpagha, Yoma. Records management of newspaper organizations in Nigeria: A case study of Daily Times of Nigeria Plc, Lagos MLS UI. Ibadan, 1996.

189

Orbih, David Egbailenamhe. Utilization of book advertisements in Nigerian daily newspapers by acquisition libraries MLS UI. Ibadan, 1996.

Ordumah, Frank Arloe. The role of International Aid Agencies in Academic Library Development in Nigeria? A case study of university of port Harcourt library. IMSU January, 2006.

Oroko, Rose Francis. Legal resources in high court libraries of Akwa-Ibom, Cross River and Kaduna state MLS ABU. 1996.

Osagie, Joseph Mosa. The Potentials of national information and documentation centre. MLS UI. Ibadan, 1995.

Osasola, Joseph A. A study of the Resources of Anglican Theological Colleges Libraries in Nigeria. MLS Thesis, B.U.K Kano, 2006.

Oseghale, Osagie. Awareness, Access and use of information communication technology facilities in Kenneth Dike library by Academic staff and postgraduate students in university of Ibadan. MLS UI. Ibadan, 2006.

Oshafi, Lucy Omoalethe. Effectiveness Evaluation of serials management at Kenneth Dike library. University of Ibadan. MLS UI. Ibadan, 2006.

Osuagwu, Ifeanyi Sylvester. Prospects of establishing vital records management programme in Nigerian parastatals: A study of the Nigerian ports Plc. MLS UI. Ibadan, 1998.

Osueke, Eucharia Oluchi. Medical library services in support of Primary Health course programme in Nigeria? A study of ABIA STATE UNIVERSITY, UTURU TEACHING HOSPITAL LIBRARY. IMSU. 2004. Osuji, Genevieve Chinedu. Implementing records management programme in IMO state: some guidelines. MLS UI. Ibadan, 1994.

Otobo, Paul Tunde. Records management practices in National Electrical POWER Authority (NEPA) Ibadan. MLS UI. Ibadan, 2000.

190

Otonihu, Lucy Aduaugo. Inter library cooperation among special libraries and resources centres in Lagos state. MLS UI. Ibadan, 2004.

Ottong, Eno J. Library-use-instruction and information literacy competence of undergraduates in selected Nigerian universities. Ph.D Thesis, university of Ibadan, 2005.

Ottong, Eno Joseph. Job performance and career advancement among women libraries in the University of Ibadan library.

Otubelu, Nkiru Joy. Citation Analysis of postgraduate researches in the life sciences: The case of university of Nigeria Nsukka. MLS UNN 2003.

Otuonye, Ikedikachi Michael. Evaluation of digital computerized library services in selected special libraries. A case study of shell and RMRDC libraries. MLS UI. Ibadan, 2005.

Ovwsuor, Roseline Enifome. An appraisal of the infrastructures for effective records management in the department of national archives of Nigeria. MLS UI. Ibadan, 2001.

Owolabi, kehinde Abayomi. The availability and utilization of audiovisual resources in two colleges of educioatn in Ogun state. MLS UI. Ibadan, 2004.

Owolabi, Toyosi Abidemi. Evaluation of information technology application in academic libraries: A comparative study of Hezekiah oluwasanmi and Kenneth Dike. MLS UI. Ibadan, 2004.

Oyadonghan, Joyce C. Factors affecting students use of Information Technology. A comparative study of River state university of Port Harcourt libraries. February, 2006. Oyebamiti, Adejumoke Sarifat. Automation from the seratch: a case study of Ladoke Akintola University of Technology Library, Ogbomoso MLS UI. Ibadan, 1997.

Oyedipe, Wuralo Janet. A survey of client utilization of CD-ROM databases for information retrievals in some selected libraries-IITA, Kenneth Dike and the British Council. MLS UI. Ibadan, 1993.

191

Oyekale, John Oyewole. Modern library skills possessed by librarians in university libraries in south-western Nigeria MLS UI. Ibadan, 2006.

Oyekanmi, Is-Heg Salih. Management of Arabic manuscripts, Kenneth Dike library university of Ibadan: A case study. MLS UI. Ibadan, 1997.

Oyelekan, G.O. Library of Congress Subject Headings Adoption and use in Nigerian university services in two selected Nigerian Academic libraries MLS UI. Ibadan, 2006.

Oyeniyi. Janet Oluwakemi. The Relationship between author collaboration and Author productivity on sorghum literature in the institute of agriculture Research library: MLS ABU 1910-1997 (1999).

Oyewole, Godwin Olusegun. Inter library co-operation in five print media libraries in Nigeria MLS UI. Ibadan, 1993.

Oyewumi, Olatundun Olawelogin. Prospects for the introduction of micro graphic system for managing the newspaper of Ladoke Akintola unveristy of Technology library. Ognomirso. MLS UI. Ibadan,

Oyin Loye, Ajibola Maxwell. Cataloguing and circulation control systems at the IITA and UCH libraries: A comparative study of manual and on line library processes. MLS UI. Ibadan, 1995.

Oyovwevotu, T.O. Luke. Constraints to effective management of Academic Libraries in Nigeria: A case study of Delsu, Uniben and A.A.U. 2005.

Ozigbo, Obiageri. C. Availability of Nigerian journals in library in information science in selected university libraries in Eastern Nigeria.

Ozioko, Reuben Ejike. Delinquent leadership problems in Academic libraries in Enugu state. MLS (UNN)1996.

Ozoene, Loveth Ogoegbunam. Interpersonal communication effectiveness in Academic libraries, MLS UNN.

192

Pelemo, Grace Dolapo. Comparative study of collection development practice and procedure in selected academic libraries. MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 2004.

Philip, Kathayn Jameb. Information needs of the clergy in Uyo local government area. MLS Thesis University of Uyo, 2004.

Pisagih, Hajaratu Clara. Quality information as an indicator of success in women cooperation activities in Bauchi state. MLS Thesis University of Maiduguri, 2000.

Poko, Omawumi Orighomisan. Students’ perception of the role and image of the librarian in Federal government College. MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 1997.

Popoola, Sunday Olanrewaju. Organizational communication and information needs of civil servants in the office of planning and budget, secretariat Ibadan, Oyo state. MLS Thesis University of Ibadan.

Popoola, Ola S.O. A cost model approach to records management systems in the civil service of Oyo state, Nigeria. Ph.D Thesis University of Ibadan, 2000.

Popoola, Temilade Victoria. The availability and extent of utilization of audio-visual resources in selected secondary schools in Ibadan. MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 2000.

Quadir, Romoko Opeyemi. The literature cited in Nigerian Journal of Economic and social studies and its availability in centre for social and economic research in Nigeria. MLS Thesis, A.B.U Zaria, 1997.

Quadric, Razaq Babafemi. A Comparative study of collection development procedure in four selected special libraries. MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 1993.

Raji, Amina A. Staff perception of the effectiveness of communication system in university of Maiduguri library. MLS Thesis University of Maiduguri 2000.

193

Ribadu, Maryam Bakari. Relevance of information sources to policy makers. MLS Thesis University of Maiduguri, 2002.

Sali, Maryan Isa Bello. Use of presidency library in Abuja by government personnel. MLS ABU Zaira, 2002.

Salisu, Is’haq Muhammed. Availability and use of Arabic resources in Nigerian university libraries. MLS Thesis, ABU Zaria, 2005.

Saliu, usman Ajisafe. Computer Application to Cataloguing operations in the libraries of the university of Agriculture Abeokuta. MLS Thesis, B.U.K. Kano, 2005.

Salma, Joel Hamman. Disaster management in selected libraries in Maiduguri, Borno state. MLS Thesis University of Maiduguri 2002.

Salman, A.A. Appraisal of retrospective conversion in Nigerian academic libraries: A case of university of Ilorin automated system. MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 2003.

Sambo, Briskila. A. A comparative study of origin and the development of Jos and Maiduguri Teaching Hospital Libraries. MLS Thesis University of Maiduguri, 2001.

Sani, Lawal Iro. Information needs and resources utilization by agricultural extension workers in selected states of Northern Nigeria. MLS Thesis, B.U.K. Kano, 2003.

Sanuisi, Kareem Adekunle. Perception of libraries on decision making in Nigerian university libraries and its impact on library management. Ph.D Thesis, A.B.U. Zaria, 2002.

Shade, Olujimi Olufemi. The role of public libraries in developing a literate society: A case study of Oyo state library Board Dugbe. MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 2002.

194

Sholola, A.K. Book possession among secondary school students and the effect on their academic performance: A case of selected secondary schools in Ibadan township. MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 1997.

Shuaibu-Adamu, Binta Fadimatu. Deposition of information sources in the National library of Nigeria. MLS Thesis, A.B.U. Zaria, 2001.

Simisaya, Ahmed Olakunle. The perceptions of library staff towards Computer Supported Co- Operative Work System (SCWS) in some selected special libraries in Lagos. MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 2000.

Solaja, Ebenezer Olufunso. A survey of use of Nigeria law reports in the Nigerian institute of advanced legal studies library. Lagos MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 1996

Sonaika, S.E. Abayomi. An evaluative study of the cataloguing procedure employed in the National bibliography of Nigeria and its use by subscribers and libraries. MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 1995.

Sowande, ifeoluwatoro, Ayotunde. The influence of the internet: an aspect of Information Communication Technology on Nigeria Stock Exchange. MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 2002.

Soyinka, Egbinola Opeyemi. Gender perspective in library management: A study of selected female library managers in Ibadan. MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 1997.

Suchukwu, Uche Peter. An analysis of library services in selected military formation in Lagos state. MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 2002.

Sule, John Imokhai. The role advertisement in disseminating health information in Nigeria. MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 1998.

Tanimojo, Francisca Bosede. Organizational information flow as determinate of decision making among librarians: A case study of three selected academic libraries in Oyo state. MLS UI. Ibadan, 2003.

195

Teboh, Elizabeth Anye. Emergent strategies for meeting institutional textbooks need in Nigeria: Centre for external studies university of Ibadan. MLS UI. Ibadan, 1995.

Tella, Adunola Omodele. The study of storage and conservation of the library resources of the Daily Times of Nigeria. MLS UI. Ibadan, 1995.

Tijjani, Abubakar. The impact of world bank loan facilities in resources and services in Nigerian federal university libraries. Ph.D ABU 2001.

Titilola, Temitope Akinbola. Comparing the use of Information Communication Technology (ICT) for library services at the Kenneth Dike library and Ladoke Akintola University of Technology (LAUTECH) library. MLS UI. Ibadan, 2006.

Tobrise, Flora Ufuoma. The use of instructional media by lecturers at the federal polytechnic, Ilaro. MLS UI. Ibadan, 1995.

Tom-Aba, Susan. Availability and use of new information technologies in some Nigerian special libraries. MLS UI. Ibadan, 2001.

Tomc, Mohammed Y. An Assessment of the programme of the Borno state public library in Maiduguri. MLS MAI. 2006.

Towolawi, Kuburat Oluwakemi. A survey of the availability and utilization of library books and journals in Ogun state Tertiary Institutions. MLS UI. Ibadan, 2004.

Tukur, Fatima Mahmud. The use of the library of Federal University of Technology, Yola-1995. MLS ABU.

Tumba, Joseph. Assessment of the implementation of TINLIB software in the Nigerian university libraries. MLS MAI. 1995.

Tumsah, Abubakar Sa’adatu. Scholarly publishing in Nigeria: A comparative study of Ibadan University and university of Maiduguri presses. MLS MAI. 2000.

196

Uche, Iroabuchi. The importance of manpower development in library services in Nigeria: A case study of National library of Nigeria. MLS UI. Ibadan, 2004.

Uche, Rachel Donmokuma. Background variables and utilization of library Resources among secondary school students in southern senatorial district of cross river state Nigeria. UNICAL, 2005.

Uchedili, Esther E. School library services and students’ academic performance: A case study of secondary schools in Aguata local government area. IMSU. 2004.

Udeoji, Caroline Nwaomiko. An evaluative study of the resources, their organization and services of NTA and RSTV libraries in Port-Harcourt. MLS ABU. 1993.

Udofia, Iwat Etim. An evaluation of the resources and services of the federal ministry of education library, Abuja MLS UI. Ibadan, 1999.

Udofia, Emem Paul. Internet utilization and satisfaction of Graduate students in universities of the south-south zone of Nigeria. Ph.D University of Uyo, 2005.

Udoh, Sylva Polycarp. Junior secondary school students reading habits and their Academic performance in Home Economics. MLS University of Uyo, 1998.

Udoudoh, Samuel J. Management factors affecting the development of library services in government ministries and extra-ministerial departments in Akwa-Ibom state. Ph.D University of Uyo, 2005.

Udoumoh, Christian Ndedde. Collection development in academic libraries: A comparative study of university of Port Harcourt and university of Uyo libraries. 2005. Msc (Ed) Educational Technology. Uyo.

Udoumoh, E.N. Library policies, user factors and Book overdue in selected south-south university libraries in Nigeria in university of Calabar and Uyo. Uyo, 2003.

197

Uduakobong, Oscar Udoh. Lecturer’s perception of utilization of library services in universities of Calabar and Uyo. MLS (Uyo) December, 2003.

Ugah, Akobundu Dike. Security and Crime prevention of Michael Okpara university of agricultural library, Umudike Abia state of Nigeria. May, 2002.

Uganneya, Solomon A. Agricultural Information Resources and library user needs in Benue state. MLS UNN.

Ugbagir, Nancy Ngunan. Serials management in university of Agricultural Libraries in Nigeria MLS. UNN.

Ugorji, B. Ifeanyi. The use of library by teachers and students of four secondary school in Lagos. MLS UI. Ibadan, 1996.

Ugwoegbu, Florence. U. A survey of theft and mutilation of material in Abia state university, Uturu and Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Akwa libraries. MLS ABSU 1997.

Ugwu, Ikechukwu Celestine. Government policies and library acquisitions in Nigeria: A case study of Nnamdi Azikiwe library university of Nigeria, Nsukka. MLS UNN 1998.

Ugwuanyi, Chijioke F. The extent of cooperation between the library schools and their university libraries in Nigeria. MLS. UNN 1998.

Ugwuanyi, Richard Clement. N. Preservation of traditional library material in academic libraries in Enugu state. MLS. UNN. 2004.

Ugwuanyi, Adolphus A. Students’ utilization of academic libraries in Nigeria: A case study of two colleges of education in Anambra state. MLS. UNN. 1998.

Ugwuanyi, Adolphus A. Information flow among lecturers in Biological Sciences at University of Nigeria, Nsukka. PhD UNN 2006

198

Ugwoke, Benjamin U. Meeting the information needs of users of Michael Okpara University of Agricultural, Umudike and Anambra State College of Agriculture Igbariam Library. UNN 2001.

Ugwuona, Simeon Chigozie. Strategies for improving the Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI) services in some research libraries in the federal capital territory Abuja, Nigeria MLS UNN 2001.

Ukanide, Ogluji Ukanide. Environmental Variables and Reading Habits among Junior secondary school (JS 3) students in Akw-Ibom state of Nigeria. (UNICAL) October, 2001.

Ukasoany, Eucharia Nkechi. The impact of information services on social and economic policy research in Nigeria MLS UI. Ibadan, 2000.

Ukejianya, Chinyere Roseline. Management of medical records in selected public hospitals: The case of Lagos University Teaching Hospital and National Orthopedic Hospital Igbobi MLS UI. Ibadan, 2000.

Ukwoma, Chizor Scholastica. Training and development of library personnel: A comparative study of Imo state university Owerri and Federal University of Technology, Owerri. IMSU February, 2006.

Umar, Adamu Mohammed. Evaluation of the collections of polytechnic libraries in the Northern states of Nigeria. MLS ABU 1998.

Umar, Abdulkareem. Library and information needs of the legislative and executive members of some selected local government areas in Kogi state. MLS UI. Ibadan, 1993.

Umeji, Celestina E. The problems and prospects of staff development programmes in Nigerian public libraries: a comparative study of two library systems. MLS UNN 1997.

Umo, Akon Isreal Nelson. Knowledge of library utilization and undergraduate students use of the university of Uyo library. MLS University of Uyo 2005.

199

Unomah, J.I. Management of business records in selected organizations in Edo and Delta states of Nigeria. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Ibadan. 1997.

Unuebui, Mamudu, Obiakemhe. A survey of University of Ibadan staff school book buying habit for their children. MLS UI. Ibadan, 2001.

Urban, Chinwe Unamma. The application of New Information Technology in Nigeria special libraries. A case study of special library in Owerri. IMSU, 2006.

Urunmatosoma, Carol Aghankaragho. A comparative study of reference services in three colleges of education in Bendel state. MLS UI. Ibadan, 1995. Usainikwa, Sale. The availability and management of Archival services in banking institutions in Northern Nigeria. MLS BUK. 2003.

Usanga, Eboro Effiong. Records management and administration effectiveness in universities in Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. Ph.D University of Uyo, 2005.

Usman, Mahmud Nefene. Factors affecting publication output of librarians in college of Education in Northern states of Nigeria. MLS BUK 2003.

Usond, Ima-M Patrick. Management variables and information sources availability in Nigerian university libraries in the south-south zone. Ph.D University of Uyo 2005.

Uwa, Edward Onwuemebere. A survey of publishers and authors relationship; management implications for the Nigerian book industry MLS UI. Ibadan, 1993.

Uwakwe, P. Newspaper preservation in the Archives: A study of National Archives, Ibadan and the Benin branch. MLS 1997.

Uwaoma, Onyemache Anthony. Identifying and satisfying the information needs research historians. MLS (UI) 1995.

200

Uwokwo, P. Newspaper preservation in the Archives: A study of National Archives, Ibadan and the Benin branch. MLS 1997.

Uyo, Etim Benjamin. Librarians leadership styles and the management of the libraries in tertiary institution in south-south zone in Nigeria. MLS University of Uyo July 2005.

Uzoagba, Ngosi Celestina. Institute for development studies resources services and problems. MLS UNN.

Uzoigwe, Comfort. U. The impact of computer technology on publishing industries: A case study of five publishing industries in Enugu urban. MLS ABSU Thesis 1997.

Wahabi, Abubakar. An evaluation of selected medical school library services in Nigeria MLS ABU 2001.

William, Aniedi, Francis. Characteristics of the information sources cited in music, Religious studies, fine and industrial Arts research projects and their availability in the university of Uyo library. September, 2006.

Wyorkson, Monday Auta. Library and information utilization by scientists in selected research institutes in Nigeria. MLS (UI) 2002.

Yaji, Gagus S. Preservation and conversation of library materials in polytechnic libraries in Northern Nigeria. MLS Thesis, B.U.K Kano, 2002.

Yakubu, Emmanuel. A catalogue of foreign office dispatches to the consul calprof 2/1 volumes 29-30 (1877-1878) in the National Archives of Nigeria Ibadan. MLS Thesis University of Ibadan, 1997.

Yakubu, Reuben. Information Needs and Resources utilization by students in the federal polytechnic Mubi, Adamawa state. MLS Thesis University of Maiduguri, 2000.

Yani, Sarah Danda. Reading Habits of Senior secondary students in Zaria local government area. MLS Thesis, A.B.U. Zaria, 2001.

201

Ya’u, Usman. The study of users’ response to the resources and services of Abdullahi Muhammed Public library, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. MLS Thesis, A.B.U. Zaria, 2006.

Yelwa, Idris Mohammed. The university of Maiduguri library as an agency for teaching research and knowledge dissemination. MLS Thesis University of Maiduguri, 2002.

Yoloye, Abimbola. Textbooks, reading, skills and use of library among students in the faculty of education university of Ibadan, Ibadan.,

Yusuf, Abdul-Rahman. Assessment of preservation methods in Ramat library: University of Maiduguri MLS Thesis University of Maiduguri, 1996.

Yusuf, Adamu S. Utilization of public library resources by urban and rural communities in three Northern states of Nigeria. MLS Thesis, B.U.K. Kano, 1997.

Yusuf, Altine Baba. Management of government documents in selected federal university libraries in the Northern part of Nigeria. MLS Thesis, B.U.K. Kano, 2004.

Zauro, Mahe Dikko. An evaluative study of library collections in selected senior secondary schools in Kebbi state. MLS Thesis, B.U.K. Kano, 2004.

Zubair, Muhammed Salinu. Resource sharing among federal university libraries in the Northern states of Nigeria. MLS Thesis, B.U.K. Kano, 2006.

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APPENDIX II

Chronological list of Bibliometric Articles and their Historical Importance Year Author (s) Title Historical Significance 1896 Campbell, F. “Theory of the National and Statistical methods first international Bibliography” used in Bibliography 1917 Cole, F.J. and “History of Comparative First Publication Count, Ealse, N.B. Anatomy” by Country 1842-1860 1923 Hulme, E.W “Statistical Bibliography in Term “Statistical Relation to the Growth of Bibliography” first used. Modern civilization” 1926 Lotka, A.J “Frequency Distribution of Inverse Square Law, Scientific Productivity” Relationship of authors to papers. 1927 Gross, P.L.K and “College Libraries and Citation Count Gross, E.M Chemical Education” Technique. 1934 Bradford, S.C. ‘Sources of Information on Scattering Observations Specific Subjects: Published. 1935 Zipf, G.K “Psycho-Biology of Word rank frequency Language” distribution. 1938 Henkle, H.H. “The Periodical Literature of Help solving problem of Biochemistry” selecting periodicals for the library. 1944 Gosnell, C.F. “Obsolescence of Books in Predication about College Libraries” obsolescence was made. 1949 Fussler .H.H “Characteristics of Research First to use journal Literature used by Chemists references to develop a and Physicists in the U.S” core of journals in fields. 1955 Garfield, E. “Citation Indexes for Science” 1962 Raisig, I.M. “Statistical Bibliography in the Term “impact factor” Health Sciences” first used. 1963 Kessler, M.M. ‘Bibliographic Coupling Introduced bibliographic between scientific papers” coupling. 1964 Goffman, W and ‘Generalization of Epidemic Epidemic theory applied Newill, V. Theory: An Application to the to literature growth. Transmission of Ideas” 1969 Pritchard, A “Statistical Bibliography or World “Bibliometrics” Bibliometrics” introduced. 1969 Fairthorne, R.A. “Empirical Hyperbolic Paraphrased the word distributions (Bradford-Zipf- “Bibliometrics” as Mandelbrot) for bibliometric “quantitative treatment of and description and properties of recorded predication. discourse and behavour appertaining to it…” 1973 Small, H “CO-citation in the Scientific Introduced co-citation. Literature: A measure of the Relationship between two Documents”.

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APPENDIX III Department of Library and Information Science UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA, NIGERIA.

Our Ref: Your Ref: Date:

The Head Department of Library and Information Science …………………………………………………. …………………………………………………. Sir, LETTER OF INTRODUCTION The bearer, Mrs. Nkiru Otubelu with registration number PG/Ph.D.03/35243. is a doctoral candidate of this department. Kindly grant her audience and access to the data she may require from you. We count on your cooperation.

Felix C. Ekere Ag. Head

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APPENDIX IV Library and Information Science Department University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria. 15 August, 2006.

The Head Department of Library and Information Science …………………………………………………. …………………………………………………. Dear Sir, REQUEST FOR RESEARCH DATA I am a doctoral student in the department of Library and Information Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. My registration number is PG/Ph.D/03/35243. I am carrying out a bibliometric study of postgraduate researches in Library and Information Science in some Nigerian Universities and your university is among those chosen for the study. I require a list of the theses titles written by postgraduate students (masters and doctoral students) in Library and Information Science from 1993 to 2006. The list should include names(s) of the candidates, theses title and year of graduation. Sir I wish to solicit for hour help in facilitating my access to the information needed. Thanks so much for your anticipated co-operation.

Yours sincerely,

………………… Otubelu Nkiru (Mrs.)

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APPENDIX V

DOCUMENT ANALYSIS GUIDE OF ANNUAL DISTRIBUTION OF POSTGRADUATE RESEARCH REPORTS IN LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE IN NIGERIA FROM 1993 TO 2006

UI ABU ABSU BUK UNN UMAID UYO DELSU IM CAL SU

ML Ph. ML Ph. MLS ML Ph. M Ph.D MLS ML Ph. M Ph.D M Ph.D MLS S D S D S D LS S D LS LS 1993 1994 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Tota l

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APPENDIX VI DOCUMENT ANALYSIS GUIDE OF DISTRIBUTION OF MASTERS’ RESEARCH REPORTS IN LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE IN NIGERIA, 1993-2006 BY GEOGRAPHICAL AREA

UI ABU ABS BUK UNN UMAI UYO DELS IMS CA U D U U L S/No STATES No No No No No No No No No No 1 Abia 2 Adamawa 3 Akwa Ibom 4 Anambra 5 Bauchi 6 Bayelsa 7 Benue 8 Borno 9 Cross River 10 Delta 11 Ebonyi 12 Edo 13 Ekiti 14 Enugu 15 Gombe 16 Imo 17 Jigawa 18 Kaduna 19 Kano 20 Katsina 21 Kebbi 22 Kogi 23 Kwara 24 Lagos 25 Nassarawa 26 Niger 27 Ognu 28 Ondo 29 Osun 30 Oyo 31 Plateau 32 Rivers 33 Sokoto 34 Taraba 35 Yobe 36 Zamfara

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APPENDIX VII DOCUMENT ANALYSIS GUIDE OF DISTRIBUTION OF DOCTORAL RESEARCH REPORTS IN LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE IN NIGERIA, 1993 TO 2006 BY GEOGRAPHICAL AREA.

UI AB ABS BU UN UMAID UY DELSU IMSU CA U U K N O L S/No STATES No No No No No No No No No No 1 Abia 2 Adamawa 3 Akwa Ibom 4 Anambra 5 Bauchi 6 Bayelsa 7 Benue 8 Borno 9 Cross River 10 Delta 11 Ebonyi 12 Edo 13 Ekiti 14 Enugu 15 Gombe 16 Imo 17 Jigawa 18 Kaduna 19 Kano 20 Katsina 21 Kebbi 22 Kogi 23 Kwara 24 Lagos 25 Nassarawa 26 Niger 27 Ognu 28 Ondo 29 Osun 30 Oyo 31 Plateau 32 Rivers 33 Sokoto 34 Taraba 35 Yobe 36 Zamfara

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APPENDIX VIII DOCUMENT ANALYSIS GUIDE OF DISTRIBUTION OF MASTERS’ RESEARCH REPORTS IN LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE IN NIGERIA, 1993 TO 2006 BY TYPE OF LIBRARY. UI AB ABS BU UN UMAID UY DELS IMS CA U U K N O U U L S/N No No No No No No No No No No o 1 University Libraries 2 College Libraries 3 Polytechnic Libraries 4 Public Libraries 5 Special Libraries 6 School Libraries 7 Private Libraries 8 National Libraries 9 Children Libraries 10 Publishing Houses 11 Record Centres 12 Information Centres 13 Archives 14 Muséums 15 Others

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APPENDIX IX DOCUMENT ANALYSIS GUIDE OF DISTRIBUTION OF DOCTORAL RESEARCH REPORTS IN LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE IN NIGERIA, 1993 TO 2006 BY TYPE OF LIBRARY. UI AB ABS BUK UN UMAI UY DELS IMS CA U U N D O U U L S/ No No No No No No No No No No No 1 University Libraries 2 College Libraries 3 Polytechnic Libraries 4 Public Libraries 5 Special Libraries 6 School Libraries 7 Private Libraries 8 National Libraries 9 Children Libraries 10 Publishing Houses 11 Record Centres 12 Information Centres 13 Archives 14 Museums 15 Others

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APPENDIX X Subject Distribution of Masters Research Reports in Library and Information Science in Nigeria, 1993 to 2006. UI ABU ABSU BUK UNN UMAID UYO DELSU IMSU CAL No No No No No No No No No No Library Use Information Needs Resources Availability Library Inter- Library Co-Operation Library Education Library Building Library Legislation Library Funding Bibliometrics Information Services Collection Development Record Management Archives Library Development In-Service Training Library Unions Comparative Librarianship Reading Habits Book Publishing Classification Conservation References Services Information Management Information Resources Research Bibliography Cataloguing Personnel Management Circulation System Mutilation

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Preservation Government Document Abstracting and Indexing Job Satisfaction Library Instruction Children’s Services Library Management Communication Documentation Libraries Mobile Library Services Library Evaluation Gifts And Exchange Manuscripts Collection Copyright Protection/Violatio n Bibliographic Control Information Networks Library Administration Library Standards Library Survey Books Binderies Book Depots Branch Libraries Library Budget Library Location Grey Literature Information Retrieval Library Role Mass Literacy Public Relation Information Technology Digital Libraries Information Science Library And Information Science Legal Deposit Librarians Publishing Output Databases Reading Ability

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Career Choice Library Statistics Libraries And Communities Bibliotherapy Book Theft Censorship Information Management Personnel Management Library Catalogue Selection process Library System

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APPENDIX XI DOCUMENT ANALYSIS GUIDE OF SUBJECT DISTRIBUTION OF DOCTORAL RESEARCH REPORTS IN LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE IN NIGERIA, 1993 TO 2006. UI AB ABS BU UN UMAI UY DELS IMS CA U U K N D O U U L No No No No No No No No No No Library Use Information Needs Resources Availability Library Inter- Library Co-Operation Library Education Library Building Library Legislation Library Funding Bibliometrics Information Services Collection Development Record Management Archives Library Development In-Service Training Library Unions Comparative Librarianship Reading Habits Book Publishing Classification Conservation References Services Information Management Information

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Resources Research Bibliography Cataloguing Personnel Management Circulation System Mutilation Preservation Government Document Abstracting And Indexing Job Satisfaction Library Instruction Children’s Services Library Management Communication Documentation Libraries Mobile Library Services Library Evaluation Gifts And Exchange Manuscripts Collection Copyright Protection/Violati on Bibliographic Control Information Networks Library Administration Library Standards Library Survey Books Binderies Book Depots Branch Libraries

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Library Budget Library Location Grey Literature Information Retrieval Library Role Mass Literacy Public Relation Information Technology Digital Libraries Information Science Library And Information Science Legal Deposit Librarians Publishing Output Databases Reading Ability Career Choice Library Statistics Libraries And Communities Bibliotherapy Book Theft Censorship Information Management Personnel Management Library Catalogue Selection process Library System

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APPENDIX XII

CUMULATION OF MASTERS’ RESEARCH REPORTS IN LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE IN NIGERIA 1993-2006 BY GEOGRAPHICAL AREAS. I II III IV IV VI No. of Theses No. of Geographic 1x11 Cumulation Cumulation Logarithm Per Areas of Theses of of column geographical Geographic V Area Areas 238 1 238 238 1 0 145 1 145 383 2 0.3010 52 1 52 435 3 0.4771 49 1 49 484 4 0.6021 47 1 47 531 5 0.6990 35 1 35 566 6 0.7782 29 1 29 595 7 0.8451 27 1 27 622 8 0.9031 26 1 26 648 9 0.9542 25 1 25 673 10 1.000 24 3 72 697 13 1.1139 23 1 23 720 14 1.1461 21 2 42 741 16 1.2041 17 1 17 758 17 1.2304 16 1 16 774 18 1.2553 15 1 15 789 19 1.2788 14 1 14 803 20 1.3010 13 1 13 816 21 1.3222 11 2 22 827 23 1.3617 10 1 10 837 24 1.3802 9 1 9 846 25 1.3917 8 4 32 854 29 1.4555 7 2 14 861 31 1.5051 4 1 4 865 32 1.5185 1 1 1 866 33 1.5315 0 6 0 866 39 1.6021

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APPENDIX XIII CUMULATION OF DOCTORAL RESEARCH REPORTS IN LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE IN NIGERIA 1993-2006 BY GEOGRAPHICAL AREA I II III IV IV VI No Of Theses No. of Geographic 1x11 Cumulation Cumulation Logarithm Per Areas of Theses of of column geographical Geographic V Area Areas 44 1 44 44 1 0 8 2 16 52 3 0.4771 7 2 14 59 5 0.6990 6 2 12 65 7 0.8451 4 2 8 69 9 0.9542 3 2 6 72 11 1.0414 2 5 10 74 16 1.2041 1 3 3 75 19 1.2788 0 20 0 75 39 1.6021

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APPENDIX XIV CUMULATION OF SUBJECTS IN MASTERS’ RESEARCH REPORTS IN LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE IN NIGERIA 1993 TO 2006 I II III Iv I x ii IV VI No Of No. of subject Cumulation Cumulation Logarithm of Theses of subject of theses column III 570 1 1 570 570 0 453 1 2 453 1023 0.3010 451 1 3 451 1474 0.4771 275 1 4 275 1749 0.6021 252 1 5 252 2001 0.6990 155 1 6 155 2156 0.7782 77 1 7 77 2233 0.8451 68 1 8 68 2301 0.9031 66 1 9 66 2367 0.9542 46 1 10 46 2413 1.0000 31 1 11 31 2444 1.0414 30 1 12 30 2474 1.0792 27 1 13 27 2501 1.1139 26 1 14 26 2527 1.1461 20 2 16 40 2567 1.2041 18 1 17 18 2585 1.2304 15 1 18 15 2600 1.1761 13 1 19 13 2613 1.2751 10 1 20 10 2623 1.3010 09 1 21 9 2632 1.3222 06 1 22 6 2638 1.3457 05 1 23 5 2643 1.3617 04 1 24 4 2647 1.3802 02 3 27 6 2653 1.4314 0 3 30 0 2653 1.6515

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APPENDIX XV

CUMULATION OF SUBJECTS IN DOCTORAL RESEARCH REPORTS IN LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE IN NIGERIA 1993 TO 2006 I II III IV V VI No Of No. of Cumulation I x II Cumulation Logarithm of Theses subjects of subject of theses column III 90 1 1 90 90 0 55 1 2 55 145 0.3010 52 1 3 52 197 0.4771 30 1 4 30 227 0.6021 21 1 5 21 248 0.6990 18 1 6 18 266 0.7782 6 2 8 12 272 0.9031 4 2 10 8 276 1.0000 3 1 11 3 279 0.0414 1 3 14 3 280 1.1461

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