General Appearances of Turkish Roses Türkiye Güllerine Genel Bakış

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Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi Suleyman Demirel University Journal of Natural and Applied Science

17(1), 29-42, 2013

General Appearances of Turkish Roses

Hasan ÖZÇELİK Süleyman Demirel University, Science and Arts Faculty, Biology Dept., Isparta, Türkiye

(Alınış Tarihi: 06.12.201, Kabul Tarihi: 22.03.2013.)

Keywords: Abstract: This study is carried out in between 2006-2012 years. Materials of it Phytogeography, collected from all over the country and identified by the classic systematic Rosa L., literatures. Voucher specimens are deposited in GUL Herbarium of Süleyman Rose, Demirel University in Isparta. In this paper, important new systematic, Rosehip, geographical and ecological characters, and also economical usage values of all Economic Botany, Türkiye’s roses were determined by literature and field observations. In addition Türkiye. to this, some known characters in the genus were broadened.

In the result, totally 45 taxa as natural and garden roses are being grown in Türkiye. Hybridisation among taxa is very high and an important part of old garden roses of Türkiye are natural hybrids of least two taxa, they may be too hybrided from 3, 4 and more natural taxa or another hybrid. Some cultured varieties have been formed by gene transference in last time. Most of the taxa are distributed in 1000-2000 m from sea level in Türkiye. They prefer limestone, vulcanic and conglomerate rocks. This land structure with three-rocks is being distributed in Mediterranean region of the country in genera L. Orogenic belt of the Mediterranean is being accepted as gene center and differentiation region of the genus by us.

There are almost 30 factories working on extraction and distillation of rose flowers and fruits in the country. Rose oil factories are established in Lakes Region (Isparta, Burdur and Afyonkarahisar provinces) and also fruit factories in Tokat, Gümüşhane and Erzincan provinces. Rose flower production for gaining rose oil is being done only in Lakes Region in nowadays. R. damascena is cultured in nearly 35000 da and its flowers are manipulated in 25 rose oil factories of the region. The fruit collection and manipulation for domestic deprivations are being done by local people in all over Türkiye, especially Gümüşhane, Tokat, Erzincan, Erzurum, Trabzon etc. but there are their industries only in Gümüşhane, Tokat, Erzincan provinces.

Distributions of Turkish roses according to phytogeographical regions, continents, polytical regions, countries, flowering and fruiting times, main rock preferings and elevations are being given and interpreted in the paper.

Türkiye Güllerine Genel Bakış

Anahtar Kelimeler Özet: Bu çalışma 2006-2012 yılları arasında yapıldı. Çalışmanın materyalleri tüm Bitki Coğrafyası, ülkeden toplandı ve klasik sistematik literatüre göre tarafımızdan teşhis edildi Rosa L., Gül, Değerli örnekler GUL Herbaryumu’nda (Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Isparta) Kuşburnu, tutulmaktadır. Bu makalede, Türkiye güllerinin önemli yeni sistematik, coğrafi ve Ekonomik Botanik, ekolojik karakterleri; aynı zamanda ekonomik önem değerleri literatür ve arazi Türkiye. gözlemlerimize bağlı olarak anlatıldı. İlaveten cinsin bilinen bazı özellikleri genişletildi.

* Corresponding author: [email protected] H. Özçelik, General Appearances of Turkish Roses

Sonuç olarak; toplam 45 taksonun doğal ve bahçe gülü olarak Türkiye’de yetiştiği belirlendi. Taksonlar arasında hibritleşme çok yüksektir ve Türkiye bahçe güllerinin önemli bir kısmı en az iki takson arasında doğal hibrittir; hibritler 3, 4 ve daha fazla doğal taksondan ya da bir başka bir hibritle in hibritleşmesinden meydana gelmiş olabilir. Bazı kültür varyeteleri son zamanlarda gen transferi ile oluşturulmuştur. Taksonların çoğu Türkiye’de deniz seviyesinden 1000-2000 m ‘ler arasındaki yükseltilerde yayılış gösterirler. Kireçtaşı, volkanik ve konglomera kayalarını tercih ederler. Bu üç kayalı arazi yapısı genelde ülkenin Akdeniz bölgesinde dağılmıştır. Akdeniz bölgesinin yüksek dağ kuşağı tarafımızdan cinsin gen ve farklılaşma merkezi olarak kabul edilmiştir.

Ülkede gül çiçeklerinin ve meyvelerinin distilasyonu ve ekstraksiyonu üzerine çalışan yaklaşık 30 fabrika vardır. Gül yağı fabrikaları Göller Yöresi(Isparta, Burdur, Afyonkarahisar illeri); kuşburnu fabrikaları ise Tokat, Gümüşhane ve Erzincan illerinde kurulmuştur. Günümüzde gül yağı elde etmek amaçlı gül çiçeği üretimi sadece Göller Yöresi’nde yapılmaktadır. Rosa damascena yörede yaklaşık 35000 da lık bir alanda üretilmekte ve çiçekleri 25 gülyağı fabrikasında işlenmektedir. Tüm ülkede ama özellikle Gümüşhane, Tokat, Erzincan, Erzurum, Trabzon vs.de evsel ihtiyaçlar için meyveleri toplanmakta ve işlenmektedir. Ancak Gümüşhane, Tokat, Erzincan illerinde endüstrisi bulunmaktadır.

Bu makalede, Türkiye güllerinin fitocoğrafi bölgelerine, kıtalara, siyasi bölgelere dağılımları; çiçeklenme ve meyvelenme dönemleri; anakaya tercihleri ve yayılış gösterdiği yükseltiler verilmekte ve yorumlanmaktadır.

1. Introduction the productions are being done from only R. damascena by modern fabrication techniques in Rosa L. taxa are distributed throughout the temperate genera L. Isparta, Trabzon, Rize, Kastamonu, and subtropical regions of the Northern hemisphere. Gümüşhane, Erzurum, Erzincan, Sivas, Ankara, Çankırı, The genus has about 200 species and 18000 varieties Niğde and Amasya are important provinces of diversity belonging to the species. It was divided into four centers for wild roses (Özçelik et a L., 2009). subgenera as Hulthemia (Dumort.) Focke, Platyrhodon (Hurst) Rehder, Hesperhodos Cockerell In the paper, it is purposed to determine ecological and Eurosa Focke (Wissemann and Ritz, 2005). Most of characters, phytogeographical distributions, species Turkish taxa included to the end subgenus R. acicularis number and subtaxa in Turkish roses and also their Lind L., R. borboniana Desp., R. cinnamomea L., R. economically using methods. laevigata Michx., R. moschata Herrm., R. nitidula Besser, R. noisettiana Thory, R. rugosa Thunb., R. 2. Materials And Methods spinosissima L. and R. stellata Woot. have been recorded as new taxa for Türkiye (Özçelik, 2010). On The study was carried out between 2006-2012 years. the other hand, the country have a lot of hybrids, Voucher specimens belonging to Rosa L. genus varieties and cultured forms of these species but most collected from different localities and habitats of of them not published yet(Özçelik et a L., 2009). Türkiye and field observations formed basis of the study. All specimens are deposited at the GUL It was known almost 25 species of the genus grown in Herbarium in Süleyman Demirel University. In this Türkiye (Nilsson, 1972). The number of described Rose paper, valid latinish names, synonims and outhors of all species in Türkiye increased into 42 after our studies. taxa in Türkiye revised in light of present literatures Our studies on natural and cultural populations (Özçelik et a L., 2009; Özçelik, 2010; Nillson, 1972; indicated that there has been a problem in roses for a Mandenova, 1970; Tutin et a L., 2001; Cuizhi, 2003; long time. Insufficient knowledgement on their genetic Gleason, 1963; Boulenger, 1932; Komarov, 1971; conservations is only one of serious problems (Özçelik Feinbrun-Dothan, 1977; Meikle, 1977-1985; Donner et a L., 2009). and Çolak, 2007; Baytop, 2001).

Rose water and oil productions in Anatolia had being Results of the systematical, geographical, phenological made by local people since 19. Century. In nowadays, and ecological observations have been given in table 1 30

H. Özçelik, General Appearances of Turkish Roses at section leve L. Flowering/Fruiting, Habitats and done from R. canina, R. dumalis, R. heckeliana, R. Main Rocks, Elevations (m), Phytogeographical villosa, R. pimpinellifolia, R. gallica, R. beggeriana, R. Regions, General Distribution, Distribution in Grid pisiformis, R. foetida, R. hemisphaerica and R. alba Squares, Origin and Using systematical characters of etc. Other species except for R. alba are being grown species are explanated in the table. Terms which very naturally in Türkiye. R. alba are only planted in rose frequently transcend especially in directions and gardens. R. gallica, R. beggeriana, R. canina, R. regions of Türkiye (E: East, N: North, S: South, W: West, dumalis, R. heckeliana, R. pisiformis, R. foetida and R. C: Central, Middle, m: meter/meters etc.) are hemisphaerica are grown both in nature and cultural abbreviated in its first letter or form of easily areas. Flower production for purposing rose oil understood. The growing areas in the beginningof the obtained only from a hybrid form of R. damascena in taxa numbered in the table 1 as below: nowadays. The species is being cultured almost in 35 ¹: Only grown as natural in Türkiye(not endemic), ha (35.000 da) of Lakes region in nowadays. Farmers of ²: Only grown by the cultivation in Türkiye, Balıkesir(especially Dursunbeyli), Bursa(especially ³: Grown by both natural and cultivation in Türkiye, İnegöl), Antalya(especially Korkuteli) deserted flower 4: Exotic, not indigenous-plant in Türkiye. production from R. damascena, because this production is not economic for them. Rose oil industry All observations and results have discussed and in these provinces could not be established and compared with consideration of all current literature produced oil could not sold. R. damascena; fields in especially(Nillson, 1972; Mandenova, 1970; Tutin et a these provinces turned to cherry, apple, strawberry, L., 2001; Cuizhi, 2003; Gleason, 1963; Baytop, 2001; raspberry and so on fruit gardens. Wissemann and Ritz, 2005; Ercişli, 1996; Roberts et a L., 2003, Ercişli, 2005; Kutbay and Coşgun, 1996; 3.1. General systematical characters of Turkish Wissemann, 2003). roses: Shrubs, erect, diffuse or climbing; mostly prickly, bristly or rarely unarmed; stems and leaves pubescent, 3. Discussion and Results glandular pubescent or glabrous. Leaves alternate; imparipinnate; stipules adnate to petiole and dentate at Roses have been a great influence on cultural sides. Flowers solitary or in a corymb, rarely in a development of human. In the country, many plants are compound corymb, panicle or rarely dicasium; bracts used for medicinal and economical purposes. Genus solitary, several or absent. Hypanthium globose, Rosa L. from Rosaceae family is an important plant urceolate or cupular, constricted or not. group for medicinal and other economical purposes. About 200 species and 18.000 varieties belong to these Cultured taxa of the genus among the public are known species are widely distributed from subtropical to cold- as "Gül" in genera L. And also wild rose taxa are temperate regions(Wissemann and Ritz, 2005). Most of named as “Kuşburnu”. The fruits(hypantium) are very the varieties have been obtained by gene tranfer rich in vitamin C(ascorbic acid); and also the seeds in methods in vitro conditions and named as modern rose. omega fatty-acids. There are almost 25 factories To know origin of the roses is very hard. Flowers of obtaining liquid and solid oils from flowers of Rosa modern roses can not product smell and aromatic oi damascena in Isparta, Burdur and Afyonkarahisar L. But Turkish old garden roses have been made by provinces. Liquid oil (named as thin rose oil), natural selection or hybridisation. Almost 45 taxa (2 congregate (named as solid rose oil) and absolute are taxa; R. pisiformis, R. dumalis subsp. boissieri var. being obtained from R. damascena’s flowers in antalyensis are endemics of Türkiye) in Türkiye are fabrication. The liquid oil is being obtained by being grown as natural and culture. R. dumetorum Thuil distillation of the flowers. The congregate is being L. had recorded as grown in forest, schrub areas and on obtained by exraction with hexane of the flowers and wall of Gaziantep and Kahramanmaraş. R. glutinosa also the absolute by titration with ethanol of the Sibth. et Sm. had recorded from Ziyaret Mountain of congregate. These crude materials are being exported Amanos row mountains as grown in subalpinic from Lakes Region(Türkiye) to France, United States of vegetation (Post and M.A.M.D., 1936; Boissier, 1872). America etc. Rose oil is used in cosmetic, perfume, food The existence in Türkiye of the species can not be sectors and medical industry. Almost 150 products are confirmed. For some species of Turkish roses require prepared from rose oil, congregate, absolute, rose further systematical and ecological studies. It is unable water from R. damascena and rosehip(fruits of R. to treat them in this account because some of them canina, R. dumalis etc.) extracts in Türkiye. There are have not identified by the literature. When all 5 factories obtaining extracts and products of natural systematic studies of Turkish roses were done, it is rosehips in Tokat, Gümüşhane and Erzincan provinces. estimated that there will be totally 70-80 species, 500 The fruit juices, cordials, nectars; cool and hot drinks, varieties (included all natural and cultural forms, teas, marmalades, delight etc. are obtained from these except for modern ones) belonging to the species. It rosehip species. Fruit collectings of rosehips are being 31

H. Özçelik, General Appearances of Turkish Roses may increase numbers of sections and subsections of country is providing % 65 of worlds rose oil roses. requirement. Can not exporting rose products is an another problem also. Putting into practise new Türkiye is one of the most diversity centers of roses. concepts as producing fruit and color roses (theorised Almost 35 % of rose species in the world is being by us) will expand the sector of rose in the country grown in Türkiye and % 25 taxa of them originated producing and will provide economic input. There has from the country and its environs. İzmir, Manisa, not been founded a touristical site introducing the rose İstanbul, Bursa, Antalya, Gaziantep, Kahramanmaraş, producing sector in terms of diversity of products, Gümüşhane, Sivas, Tokat, Erzurum, Erzincan, Malatya, education, researches, social and cultural aspects. It is Çorum, Konya, Isparta and Burdur are important thought that realizing THE ROSE VALLEY PROJECT provinces in production of old garden roses (Özçelik et planned to established in almost 140 da on the Campus a L., 2012). Flowers of R. gallica, R. damascena, R. of Süleyman Demirel University with the collaboration alba, R. centifolia, R. borboniana, R. odorata etc. had of SDU-BAKA, the rose producing sector will leap used for rose oil and rose water producing in last time. forward. It is being thought about the creator actor in tourism of the districts(Göller Yöresi). Our studies indicated that there have been some problems in Turkish roses for a long time. These are: 3.2. Distributions of Turkish roses are as follow: insufficient knowledgement on their genetic  According to Phytogeographical regions: Irano- conservations is only one of serious problems (Özçelik Turanian element: 11 (% 24,4), Mediterranean et a L., 2009). The most problems and their resolution element: 8 (% 17,7), Euro-Siberian element: 5 (% propositions are as follow: 11,1), Pluriregional: 17 (% 37,7) and Unknown: 4 Planting of modern, scentless, harsh leaved roses to (% 8,8). parks and gardens exported from Europea rehabilitated with gene transferring is reducing  According to Continents: Asia 26(% 57,7), interests to roses of people in Türkiye. It is also a Europe 25 (% 55,5), America 16 (% 35,5), Africa 8 genetic pollution because of they replaced to the (% 17,7). original local ones. Local varieties can be improved with saving the original properties are needed. Some of  According to Polytical Regions: Caucasia 14 (% the local roses of Türkiye has been commercialized in 31,1), Transcaspia 2 (% 4,4), Transhazar 2 (% 4,4), other names by another countries. The most typical Balkans 2 (% 4,4) and Carpathians 1 (% 2,2). example is the Halfeti rose (“Siyah gül” in meaning black rose, Arapkızı); this rose commercialized and saled in the name of “Louis XIV” (Baytop, 2001). The  According to Countries: Iran 27 (% 60,0), rose is a local variety of R. odorata named “Yediveren” China10 (% 22,2), Georgia 9 (% 2,0), Japan 4 (% in Turkish. It is needed to register as commercial mark 8,8), Korea 4 (% 8,8), Greece 4 (% 8,8), India 3 (% the local roses of Türkiye immediately. Illegally taking 6,6), Sibiria 3 (% 6,6), Crimea 2 (% 4,4) and them out of the country must be prevented. The Cyprus 2 (% 4,4); 1 (% 2,2) each counrty of countries these roses taken to should contribute the Himalaya, Afghanistan, Italia, Belgium, Russia, subject and it is a necessity of International Biological Jugoslovia, Syria, England, Portugal, Sweden, Diversity Contract for those countries. Because of the Ukraine, Germania, Dalmatia, Scandinavia, Sicilia, natural rose products are very expensive and Kazakhistan, Lebanon, Türkestan, Azerbaijan, insufficient, using synthetics of them in cosmetic, food Armenia, France and Pakistan. and perfume industries is a serious health problem in Türkiye and the World. Türkiye is the gene and According to given above knowledges, Türkiye must differentation centers of genus Rosa L. Hence, the be gene center of roses. If the theory is not true, the biological diversity in Roses is great. While being the diversity center of Turkish roses must be Asia in most important actor in the sector of rose production Irano-Turanian phytogeographical region especialy and industry is the right of Türkiye, it is inevitable to together with Türkiye, Caucasias and Iran. Türkiye use imported ones in modern landscape roses because has almost 1/3 total rose species in the world. of inadequate tissue culture and rehabilititation Habitat and elevation preferings of roses in the laboratories. There is a similar situation too in the oil country prope the communion. Number of wild rose roses. It is needed to modern oil roses with high species in the country is decreased to west from efficiency and quality. Gaining 1 kg rose oil from 4 east regions. The situation is true too roses tonnes of rose flowers is wasting rose source, losing distribution to Europe from Asia. But number of labour and economy. These losses can be decreased culture varieties in roses is very high in Europe, but with modernizing the rose oil factories. The exported not for wild rose species. rose water of Türkiye is less than expected although the 32

H. Özçelik, General Appearances of Turkish Roses

The Mediterranean region is second row in richness of Acknowledgements rose species. At the beginning causes of these is coming rock, soil, habitat, altitude preferrings of roses. Most of This study has been supported by the TUBITAK the roses grow on limestone and vulcanic and (TOVAG 105O627 and SAN-TEZ 01177.STZ.2011-2 distribution of the rocks in Türkiye is in Mediterranean numbered Projects). I present my most sincere firstly, and secondly Irano-Turanian phytogeographical gratitude to the relevant parties and the project team. regions. Gene center of family Rosaceae is accepted as Mediterranean region. But roses don’t like low altitudes References and moist damp humid habitats. Major rocks of Irano- Turanian region in Türkiye are firstly vulcanic, Baytop, T., 2001. Türkiye’de Eski Bahçe Gülleri, secondly limestone and rarely conglomerate. And also 149p., T.C. Kültür Bakanlığı Yayınları, No: 2593. in Mediterranean region, there are firstly limestone and secondly vulcanic, rarely conglomerate. Average Boissier, E., 1872. Flora Orientalis, Genevae. altitude(from sea level) of Europe Mountains is 200 and also 1100 for Türkiye, 1900 m for East Anatolia Boulenger, G.A. 1924-1925; 1931-1932. Les Roses region. Turkish roses prefer elevations 1000-2000 m. d’Europe, Bul L. Jard. Bot. Brux., 10, 12, pp. Causes of the most rich province of Isparta in rose taxa are to be these main rocks(limestone and volcanic) and Cuizhi, G., Tseue-Chih, K., Robertson, K.R., 2003. Rosa 900 to 3300 m from sea leve L. Linnaeus, Sp. P L. 1: 491, 1753, Flora of China, 9pp. 339-381.  Main rock preferings of Turkish Rose taxa are as follow: Limestone: 19 (% 43,1), Donner, J., Çolak, A.H., 2007. Türkiye Bitkileri Yayılış Haritaları (P.H. Davis, Flora of Turkey and Vulcanic: 18 (% 40,0), Conglomerate: 4 (% 8,8) and the East Aegean Islands”, Cilt 1-10’a Göre), Lazer Ofset others: 4 (% 8,8). Matbaa Tesisleri San. ve Tic. Ltd. Şti., Ankara.

 According to Flowering and Fruiting times: Ercişli, S., 1996. Selection and Propagation of Rose Flowering times(months): 4-6: 4 (% 8,8), 5-6: 20 Hips are Naturally Grown in Gümüşhane District, (% 44,4), 6-7: 16 (% 35,5) and 7-9: 5 (% 11,1). 167 p.(Ph.D. Thesis), Atatürk University, Agriculture Fruiting times(months): 6-7: 3 (% 6,6), 7-10: 39 Faculty, Erzurum. (% 86,6) and others: 3 (% 6,6). Ercişli, S., 2005. Rose (Rosa spp.) Germplasm Resources of Turkey, Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, Vo L. 52, pp. 787-795. Old garden roses prefer field, graveyard and garden sides. They prefer sandy soils. It doesn’t prefer naked Feinbrun-Dothan, N., 1977. Flora Palaestina, Vol: 3, rocky places and deep soils. Wild roses having short The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities Press, stems prefer rocky places meadows and slopes in Jerusalem, p. 481. alpinic steppes. Other roses doesn’t choose main rock and soi L. Gleason, H.A., 1963. The New Britton and Brown Illustrated Flora of the Northeastern United States  According to Elevations: 0-500 m: 16 (% 13,0), and Adjacent Canada, Vo L. 2, The New York 500-1000 m: 25 (% 20,32), 1000-1500 m: 39 (% Botanical Garden, New York. 31,7), 1500-2000 m: 29 (% 23,57), 2000-3000 m: 14 (% 11,38). Komarov, V. L.,1971. Flora of U.S.S.R., Vo L. 10, Botanical Instute of Academy of Sciences of the USSR., The situations of distribution are determined as Leningrad, pp.322-380, 1941; Jarusalem. only grown as natural in Türkiye: 11, totally grown as natural in the country: 27, only grown by Kutbay, H.G., Coşgun, M., 1996. Kuşburnu (Rosa L.) cultivation in the country: 16, totally grown as Türlerinin Taksonomik Özellikleri ve Türkiye’deki cultivation in the country: 32, totally grown by both Yayılışı, Kuşburnu Sempozyumu, 5-6 Eylül 1996, natural and cultivation in the country: 16, Gümüşhane, pp.75-83. exotic(not indigenous-plant in the country): 2, endemics for Türkiye: 2, totally taxa for Türkiye: 45; Mandenova, I.P., 1970. A Revision of Rosa in Turkey, estimated total taxa for Türkiye: almost 70 and Notes R.B.G. Edinb., 30, pp. 327-340. estimated total genotypes: almost 500(local 400, exotic 100). Meikle, R.D., 1977-1985. Flora of Cyprus, Vo L. 1-2, Royal Botanic Gardens Press, Kew. 33

H. Özçelik, General Appearances of Turkish Roses

Nilsson, O., 1972. Rosa in P.H. Davis (ed.), Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, Vo L. 4, pp. 106–128, Edinburgh University Press.

Özçelik, H., Gül, A., Özgökçe, F., Ünal, M., Özkan, G., Fakir, H., Orhan, H., Sakçalı, S., Korkmaz, M., 2009. Türkiye Rosa L. (Gül) Taksonlarının Genetik Çeşitliliğinin Tespiti, Ekonomiye Kazandırılma Olanaklarının Araştırılması ve Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Bünyesinde Rosaryum (Gülistan) Tesisi, TÜBİTAK, TOVAG 105 O 627 No.lu Proje.

Özçelik, H., 2010. New Records and Systematical Özçelik, H., 2010. Contributions to Garden Roses of Türkiye, The Herb Journal of Systematic Botany, 17(1): 9-42.

Özçelik, H., Korkmaz, M., Özgökçe, F., Ünal, M., 2012. The Diversity Centers and Ecological Characteristics of Rosa L. (Rosaceae) Taxa in Türkiye, International Research Journal of Plant Science (IRJPS), 3(10): 230- 237.

Post, G.E., D.D.S., M.A.M.D., 1936. Flora of Syria, Palestine and Sinai from the Taurus to Ras Muhammad and from the Mediterranean Sea to the yrian Desert, pp. 308-309, Syrian Protestant College, Beirut, Syria.

Roberts, A.V., Debener, T., Gudın, S.(Edts.), 2003. Encyclopedia of Rose Science, Vo L. I-III, Elsevier Academic Press, Spain.

Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentıne, D.H., Walters, S.M., Webb, D.A., 2001. Flora Europaea, Vo L. II, pp. 25-32, Cambridge Univ. Press.

Wissemann, V., 2003. Conventional Taxonomy (Wild Rose), Encyclopedia of Rose, Vo L. 1, pp. 111-117. Wissemann, V., Ritz, C.M., 2005. The genus Rosa (Rosoideae, Rosaceae) revisited: molecular analysis of nrITS-1 and atpB-rbcL intergenic spacer (IGS) versus Conventional taxonomy, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 147: 3, pp. 275.

H. Özçelik, General Appearances of Turkish Roses

Table 1. Distribution characters of Turkish roses.

Subgenus I. Eurosa Focke

Sect. 1. Synstylae DC.

Rosa

Other Other

Phyto

Region

General General

Habitats

/ / Fruiting

Elevations

in Türkiye

Main Rocks

Knowledges

Distribution Distribution

Flowering

Taxa of

No. Geographical

It was originated

Graveyard and It doesn’t Asia All over from Japan and

field sides, city choose 50–1200 Pluriregional (Türkiye, Türkiye Korea(East Asia).

12)

- Thunb. parks, mosque main rock (-1800) China, It is being grown in

10(

- and shrine and soi L. m Japan, Türkiye for a long 7

gardens Korea), time as a garden 6 /

– Europe, rose. The modern

4 4 America roses are infused to R. multiflora it in general

It may do hybrid

Shrubbery, It can grow Mediterranean Türkiye, Thracian with R. gallica, R. 11) - slopes, along on all rocks Up to c. element N.W. canina, R.

10( the sea side, and soils; 500 m or Africa,S. phoenicia and R.

- 8

field sides and specially on Pluriregional W.Europe arvensis. It is being 7 /

2 sandy hills limestones grown in Türkiye –

6 6 for a long time as a R.sempervirens garden rose.

It may be a hybrid

Shrubbery on On 50–900 Mediterranean Türkiye, C. and S. between R. 11 )

- slopes, banks limestones (-1200) element ? S., W. Anatolia phoenicia and R.

Huds. 8 (

- m and C. regions sempervirens. 7

Europe, It is being grown in 7)/

3 - Balkans Türkiye for a long

arvensis arvensis

6 (

time as a garden

- R.

5 5 rose. Türkiye, It may be a hybrid

Shrubbery on Up to E. Mediterranean S. Europe, W., E. and amongR. arvensis,

slopes, hills, On 1100 m element Cyprus, SE Anatolia R. phoenicia,

11 ) -

Boiss. hedges, sides of limestones N.E. regions R.sempervirensand

8 (

- ditches, ledges Greece, R. canina. It is

7 of fields, S.W. being grown for

4 mosque Asia, their fruits in 7 ) /

- gardens Lebanon, Türkiye for very

6 ( R.phoenicia

- N.W. old time as garden 5 Africa rose

Türkiye, It can do hybrid

Graveyard, Irano-Turanian S.W. N. Anatolia between R. gallica It can grow

field sides; it element Europe, region and R. odorata. 10)

- on all rocks

doesn’t prefer Up to or N. Africa, It is being grown

- and soils; oschata

8 rocky places 200 m Pluriregional W. Asia, for flowers in

5 m specially On

and deep soils Himalaya Türkiye for a long

6 /

J. J. Herrmann

volcanics India, time as a garden Afghanistan rose

Sect. 2. Pimpinellifoliae DC.

H. Özçelik, General Appearances of Turkish Roses

Türkiye,

W. and S. N.E.,E., C. It can do hybrid

11)

- Slopes, stream 1200 – Euro-Siberian Europe, Anatolia with

- banks, hedges 2000 element SW. and regions R. spinosissima

limestone

(-2750) M. Asia, DC.

7 / 7 7 / and volcanic 6 m Sibiria, – rocks 6 6 N. China,

R. pimpinellifolia R. pimpinellifolia N. India

It has

L. Exotic, naturalability to

10 planted in It doesn’t Türkiye, hybridisation

– botanical prefer 1000– Irano- N. S.E. especially with

garden of rocky 1300 Turanian America, Anatolia R.pimpinellifolia 6 / 8 68 /

7 Gaziantep places and m element Europe, It is a –

5 5 University deep soils C. and S. polymorphic R.spinosissima

4 W. Asia, taxon Caucasia

It can do hybrid Türkiye, with R.

Graveyard, On E. hemisphaerica

700 – 10 mosque limestone, Caucasia, and R. - 1300 gardens, volcanic Irano- Iran, All over pimpinellifolia. J. Herrmann J. (-

slopes, sides and Turanian Iraq, Türkiye It is being planted 6 / 8 68 / 1900) 8 – of field, conglomer element Türkestan, for its flowers in

4 4 m garden and ate rocks Afghanistan Türkiye for a long Foetida road, at hills time as a garden R. rose

Graveyard,

mosque On 800- Türkiye, It is being grown

gardens, limestone, 1400 Irano- Caucasia, All over for its flowers in - slopes, volcanic (- Turanian Azerbaijan Türkiye Türkiye for a long

86 / ravines, and 2000) element Armenia, time as a garden

9 – banks, dry conglomer m N., N.W. rose

5 5 J. J. Herrmann

habitats, sides ate rocks and W. R. hemisphaerica

of fields Iran Sect. 3. Elymaiticae Boiss. & Haussk.

Türkiye,

Dry slopes, On 800 - Irano- N. and N., C. and

- & & limestone

scrubs 2000 Turanian W. Iran, S.W.

8 8

and (- element Iraq, Anatolia

7 /

elymaitica volcanic

- 3000) Georgia, regions

Boiss.

Hausskn.

6 rocks m Armenia, 10 Azerbaijan

Sect. 4. Cassiorhodon Dumort.

It doesn’t Türkiye,

- Stream sides prefer 1100– Unknown America, Only East

rocky and 1300 N.E. Anatolia

6 / 76 /

deep soiled m Asia, (in Muş

acicularis acicularis – 11 Lindley

places Siberia province)

5 5

Sect. 5. Rosa

H. Özçelik, General Appearances of Turkish Roses

It may do hybrid Türkiye, with R. canina, Slopes, On (30 –) Irano- America, N. and C. R.moschata,R.se maquis, sandy limestones 400– Turanian S. and C. Anatolia mpervirens and hills and dry in general 1200 or Europe regions R. phoenicia.

meadows (-1700) Euro- (Italia, It had been take

m Siberian Belgium, from Holly Soils

L. 10 10 )

- element C. (Palestine and

- France, Damascus 8

Germani regions) to 6 /

12 a, Europe.

–

R.gallica

5 5 Dalmatia It is being grown ), for its flowers in Caucasia, Türkiye for a long Iraq time as a garden rose and natural in Türkiye.

It is being grown Graveyard, It doesn’t 100– Pluriregional Asia, N., E. and for its flowers in

mosque prefer 1200 America, S.W. Türkiye for a long

gardens, field rocky and (-1700) Europe Anatolia time as a garden

L. 12 12 )

- and garden deep soiled m regions rose

9 ( sides, city places It had been take -

13 parks from Holly Soils 6 / 7 6 /

(Mecca, Taif and –

4 4 Damascus R.centifolia regions) to Europe (Bulgaria etc.).

There are different opinions on its genetic origine. This plant is originated from

Graveyard, It prefer (200-) Pluriregional Asia, All over Damascus (Şam,

mosque sandy 900– Europe, Türkiye Dimeşk(Demşak). 11 )

- gardens, field soils. 1200 America It was taken from

Mill.

9 ( and garden It doesn’t (-1700) Damascus to

- 7 sides, prefer m Europe in 1250

parks; rocky and years.

8) / - cultivated in deep soiled Nowadays, it is

14 6 (

– Lakes Region places. being cultivated )5

- for its flowers in

R.damascena

(4 industry. Firstly Türkiye (Lakes region) and secondly Bulgaria (Kazanlık district etc.). It is base of rose oil industry. Graveyard, It prefer It may be a hybrid

mosque sandy and 800– Euro- Türkiye, W., S. ,C. of R. gallica and

gardens, field moisty 1200 Siberian Georgia, and N. R. canina.

11) -

and garden soils. (-1400) element America Anatolia It has been

9 ( L.

- sides, city It doesn’t m regions cultured in

parks, had prefer Georgia for

8) / cultivated in rocky and flowers in

- 6(

15 R.alba agricultural deep soiled industry. In other

–

)5 lands sandy places countries it is -

(4 soils of Lakes being grown as Region decoration and ornamentation.

H. Özçelik, General Appearances of Turkish Roses

Sect. 6. Villosae Baker

Türkiye,

Stony places, On 800–1100 Euro- Europe, S. and N.,

11)

Sm.

slopes, Limestone m Siberian Scandinavi partly East

10 10 ( shrubbery; in general element a Russia, Anatolia

Sibiria, regions

16 N. Africa,

7) /

- (

Caucasia,

R.tomentosa 6

- Lebanon

Stony places On (1300 -) Irano- Türkiye, E. and S.

in alpinic limestone 1700– Turanian Armenia, Anatolia Tratt. Tratt. 10 steppe, partly and 2300 (- element W. Iran, regions

9 9 shrubbery, volcanic 3000) m Sicilia R. heckeliana is a

slopes, forest rocks polymorphic

7 /

- vanheurckiana

17 edges species.

heckeliana

subsp. (Crepin) Ö. Nilsson

Türkiye,

Stony places On (1300-) Irano- N. Iraq, All over

- in alpinic limestone 1600– Turanian N. Iran, Türkiye

steppe, partly and 2000 (- element S.

7 / shrubbery, volcanic 3000) m Jugoslovia,

- heckeliana

18 orientale slopes, forest rocks N.Albania,

Tratt. subsp.

6 (Dupont) Meikle(Dupont)

edges Greece

Türkiye,

Rocky places On the (1300 -) Pluriregional Europe, N. and E.

8 in alpinic volcanic 1600– Caucasia, Anatolia

L. meadows and and 2000 (- Iran, regions

subsp.

7 /

villosa

- 19 R. villosa slopes; limeston 2700) m Transcaspia 6 6 e rocks Transhazar

On the Türkiye,

Rocky places limestone (1300 -) Pluriregional Europe, N. and E.

L. 10

in alpinic and 1600– Caucasia, Anatolia

ollis

- 8 8

meadows and volcanic 2000 Iran, regions

) Keller 7 /

Gams slopes rocks (-2500) m Transcaspia

- Sm.

20 Transhazar

6 6

(

subsp.

R. villosa

10) Alpinic On Up to Euxine Türkiye, Specially -

meadows, limeston 2000 m or Caucasia, N.and E.

9 ( -

8 opens of es and Irano- Anatolia

Piceaand volcanic Turanian regions

Lonacz 8) /

21 - Abies(fire) rocks in element

R. hirtissima 7 (

- forests general 6

Sect. 7. Caninae (DC.) Ser.

Türkiye,

11) Rocky places On stony 1400– Euro- C. and E. E. -

in opens of places 1700 m Siberian S. Europe, Anatolia

9 ( -

8 forest, element Crimea, region

Besser Shrubbery; S. Russia, 8 /

R. jundzillii R. jundzillii - Caucasia, 7 7 Georgia

H. Özçelik, General Appearances of Turkish Roses

Türkiye,

Rocky places On 400– Euro- W., C. and N.

10) Savi

- in opens of limestone 1400 m Siberian S. Europe, Anatolia 9(

- forest, rocks element C. and S. region 8

Shrubbery; Russia,

6 /

23 - Crimea,

5 5 R. agrestis R. agrestis

NW. Africa

Dry Türkiye,

grasslands, At rocky 700– Pluriregional South East All over Allied to R. Bieb.

11 Artemisia places and 1800 Europe, Türkiye canina ve R. -

steppe, opens stony (-2550) W. Syria, dumalis subsp. 9 (

8 and slopes m Cyprus, boissieri

7 / neighborhood Caucasia,

24 -

s of Juniper, Azerbaijan, 6 6

oak, fire Armenia R. pulverulenta forests.

Dry grasslands,

Artemisia At rocky 900– Mediterrane Türkiye, West 9 )

- Tratt. steppe; opens places and 1700 m an element S. Europe, Anatolia

8 ( and stony W. Syria, region

6 / neighborhoods slopes NW. 25 –

5 5 of Juniper, oak, Africa R. sicula R. sicula fire forests Dry opened

places, On (200-) Pluriregional Türkiye, N.W,

precipice volcanic 1000– Balkans, N. and C.

places, and 1700 m S. Russia, Anatolia 10 10 )

- Fischer grazing limestones Crimea, regions

9 ( - mountain in general Caucasia,

meadows, Armenia 7 / 8 7 /

– brush with

5 5 R. horrida R. horrida

sparsely trees and forests

Stream sides, On

11 ) brushes, volcanic 1200– Irano- Türkiye, N. and E. -

Stev. protected rocks and 2400 m Turanian Caucasia, Anatolia 10(

- places in conglomer element? N. Iraq, regions 9

27 subalpinic ate in Iran

8 /

– zone general

R. iberica R. iberica

7 7 Black pine

forests, On 1700– Euro- Türkiye, N.E. It can do hybrid

11 11 )

Chaix Chaix

- protected volcanic 2750 m Siberian Georgia, Anatolia with R. canina

9 ( places, rocks in element Armenia, region - woronowii woronowii brushes, general Iran

28 Nilsson 7 / 8 7 /

slopes, alpinic

(Lonacz.) Ö. –

6 6 meadows

subsp.

R. montana

Garden, field On 30–1700 Pluriregional Türkiye, All over It can do hybrid

and road limestone, (-2500) Warm Türkiye with

12) -

L. hedges, conglomer m EurAsia, R.pimpinellifolia,

11(

- brushes, stony ate and N.W. R. dumalis,

slopes, alpinic volcanic Africa, R. sempervirens,

7) / / 8 7)

- peaks, opens rocks Europe, R. pulverulenta

6( -

R. canina of forest Asia,

- America

H. Özçelik, General Appearances of Turkish Roses

Stream sides,

brushes, stony On 1500– Pluriregional Türkiye, E., NE. It may do hybrid

slopes, alpinic especially 1800 (- Caucasia, and SW. with R. iberica,

11 ) -

Bechst. peaks, limestone 2300) m Georgia, Anatolia R. pulverulenta

9 ( boissieri boissieri precipice, rocks; Ermenia, regions and R. canina

boissieri 6 /

garden seldom N.W. Iran

30 - var.

5 5 hedges, opens volcanics

subsp.

R.dumalis

(Crépin) Ö. Nilsson (Crépin) Ö. Nilsson of forest

Creek sides, On 1800 Endemic

stony slopes, limestone (-2000) Mediterrane for

subsp. precipice, rocks m an element Türkiye 11 11 )

- opens in

9 (

- forest, Bechst. Bechst. ntalyensis

A crevices

6 / 8 6 / (Crépin) Ö. Nilsson Ö. (Crépin) Nilsson

5 5

var.

(Manden) Ö. Nilsson

R.dumalis

boissieri

Europe

Field and On 1300– Euro- (England, E.

11) -

Besser garden sides, especially 1500 m Siberian N. Anatolia

9 (

- parks. It volcanic element Portugal, region

8 prefer sandy rocks Sweden

32 7 /

soils. Greece),

nitidula –

6 6 Asia, R. Carpathians

Sect. 8. Rubiginosae L. Türkiye, Hedges, On 400–1400 Pluriregional W., S. and N. and

protected especiall m C. Europe, N.W.

places, stony y N. Anatolia

Sm.

10) - slopes, limeston Ukraine, regions,

9 (

- brushes e rocks; America, East

8 seldom Crimea Eagean

33 6 /

volcanics Caucasia, Islands –

5 5 Armenia, R. micrantha Lebanon, NW. Africa

Sect. 9. Cinnamomeae DC. Türkiye, Its fruits are very

Exotic, It prefers Up to 200 Pluriregional East Asia E. important for

gardens with volcanic m (N. China, Anatolia industry and 10) - sandy soils at rocks Korea, region landscape

9 ( -

Thunb. sea shores Japan), architecture

N. It was planted in

7 ) / 77 ) /

- America, Tekke town of 34

6( N., Gümüşhane.

R.rugosa – Georgia, Because it can not 5 5 W., C. grow well in other

Europe districs of Türkiye

Türkiye, It can do easily

10) House 1100– Pluriregional N. Europe S.W. hybrid with R. -

gardens with 1300 (- (Germany, Anatolia gallica. It is

9 ( 9 –

8 sandy soils 1600) m France), region recorded as a

near sea Sibiria, smelling garden 7) 35 - Songaria, rose in Ottoman

6 ( 6 Asia, N. literatures

–

R. cinnamomea 5 America

H. Özçelik, General Appearances of Turkish Roses

10) House It prefers 1100- Irano- Türkiye, E. It was taken from -

Retz. gardens and volcanic 1800 m Turanian Iran, Anatolia East Anatolia to

9 (

8 hedges. rocks element India region West Anatolia

36 6 /

–

R. laxa

5 5

10) Stream sides, It prefers 1600 - Irano- Endemic East - pastures, volcanic 2000 m Turanian for Anatolia

( 9 -

8 house gardens rocks element Türkiye region

37 pisiformis

8 ) / 8

(Christ) D.Sosn. 7 (

Stream sides, It 500 - Irano- Türkiye, Probably it was

slopes doesn’t 1000 (- Turanian Iran, C. and N. been come to

10 10 )

- prefer 2000) m element Afghanist Anatolia Türkiye from

9 ( rocky an regions İran. I grows

- places Mongolia, naturally in Rize

38 Schrenk 6 / 7 6 /

and deep Kazakhista and Erzincan

– R. beggeriana n Pakistan 5 5 soils mountains. and China,

Sect. 10. Indicae Thory

It prefer

12) Graveyard, sandy 100–1300 Pluriregional Europe, All It may do hybrid

- mosque soils (-1800) m Türkiye, Türkiye, with R. moschata

10( -

gardens, It China specially

(Andrews) (Andrews)

fields and doesn’t N.,S. and

garden sides, prefer W.

Sweet 10) / 8 10) /

39 -

city parks rocky Anatolia 8(

- and deep regions

- R. odorata

soiled (4 places

Graveyard, doesn’t 100–1300 Pluriregional Türkiye, N., S. and

11 mosque prefer (-1500) m China W. -

/ gardens, rocky Anatolia

fields and places regions 11) 40 Jacquin

- garden sides, and

R. chinensis

9 (

- city parks deep 4 soils. It

Graveyard, doesn’t 100-1200 Pluriregional Türkiye, N. and

fields and choose m China, S.W.

Thory garden sides, main America Anatolia

8 city parks. rock and

soil; thus

7 /

41 – it can

6 6 grow on

all rocks R. noisettiana and soils.

Graveyard, It doesn’t Europe All over

mosque choose 100–1200 Pluriregional (observed Türkiye, 11)

- gardens, main (-2000) m in Bosnia- except for

Desp. 9 ( 9 - fields and rock and Hersegovi E.and S.E. garden sides, soil; thus na, Anatolia it can

7 11) / city parks North regions - grow on

42 7( Cyprus),

- all rocks America, )5

- and R. borboniana

Georgia, (4 soils. Türkiye. 41

H. Özçelik, General Appearances of Turkish Roses

Sect. 11. Banksianae Lind L. It

Graveyard, doesn’t 100–1200 Pluriregional Europe, W. It is originated

mosque choose m Türkiye, Anatolia from China and

gardens, main China region Türkiye.

Ait. 11 )

- fields and rock and It may do hybrid 9 ( - garden sides, soil; thus with R. laevigata 43 city parks. it can

6 ) / 67 ) / grow on

- R. banksiae R. banksiae

all rocks

5 ( -

4 and soils.

Sect. 12. Laevigatae Thory It

House doesn’t 100–700 Pluriregional America, N. It may do hybrid

gardens choose m China, Anatolia withR. banksiae

11 11 ) - Michx main Georgia, region

- rock and Türkiye

7 soil; thus

44 6 /

it can –

5 5 grow on R. laevigata all rocks and soils

Subgenus II.HesperhodosCockerell Sect. 13. Hesperhodos

Graveyard, doesn’t 1000– Pluriregional America Lakes

11 11 )

- fields and choose 1200 m Türkiye region

9 ( garden sides, main

- Woot

city parks rock and

soil; thus 8) / 8)

45 -

it can

7 ( 7

- grow on

R. stellata

) 6 ) 6 all rocks -

(5 and soils