I ., I I PRESENT POLICIES OF THE INI.AND lUSSION I CO}WARED WITH THE POLICIES OF MISSIONS ESTi-lBLISHED BY JAl'1J~S HUDSON TAYLOll

I by I Merilie Robertson B. A., University of California I Santa Barbara College I I I I A Thesis I SUbmitted in Partial Fulfillment of the lequirements for THE DEGREE OF 11ASTER OF RELIGIOUS EDUCATION in I The Biblical Seminary in New York New York, N. Y. I 1955 I BIBLICAL SCIUU1L Of TUEUU.HiY LffJUARY. I HATFIELD"' P.A. ~ M ~ I I I I, I I I I TABLE OF CONTENTS I I I I I I I I I BIIlUl:AL 5CIIOOL Of I Tl!:tULUGY I.IBUAI-lY HATFIELD .. PA.. I ~ I I I TABLE OF CONTENTS ~~~ ~e I INTRODUCTION • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • iii A. The Problem Stated • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • iv B. The Subject Justified • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • v I C. The Subject Delimited • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • v D. The Method of Procedure • • • • • • • • • • • • • • vi I ~ E. The Sources of Data • • • • • • • • • • • • • vi t I. THE POLICIES OF MISSIONS ESTABLISHED BY JAMES • • 1 A. Introduction • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 2 1: B. James Hudson Taylor, the • • • • • • • • • • • 2 :p 1. His Qualifications • • • • • • • • • • • • 2 a. Personal Qualifications • • • • • • • • • • • 3 I~ b. Specific Training • • • • • • • • • • • • 5 2. His Life on the Field • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 9 '""'- The Operational Principles Established by James Hudson Tay- ~ c. lor . • . . . . . • . • . . • • . . . . . • . • . . . . . 12 I \5 1. Aim and Scope • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 12 2. Administration • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 13 a. Finan.ce . . . • . . . • . . . . • . . . • . • 13 I b. Plan of Work • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 14 c. Personnel • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 16 D. The Mission Program • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 19 1. Direct Evangelism • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 19 I 2. Medical Work. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 19 3. Educational Work • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 20 4. Use of Literature • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 21 I~ E. The Relationship Between the Mission and the Churches in Chma • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 22 .~ F • S'U.mnlary • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 2 3 II. THE POLICIES FOLLOWED BY THE CHINA INLAND MISSION IN RECENT I 'YlfARS • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . . 25 A. Introduction • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . . . . . 26 B. The Operational Principles of the Mission ...... 26 1. Aim and Scope • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 26 I 2. Administration • • • • • • • • • • • • • 28 a. Fina11ee • ...... • 28 b. Plan of Work • • • • • • • • • • • • 28 I~ c. Personnel • • • • • • • • • • • • 30 - C. The Mission Program • • • • • • • • • 33 1. Direct Evangelism • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 33 ll 2. Medical Work • • • • • • • • • • 35 3~ Educational Work • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 36 4. Production and Use of Literature • • • • • • • • • 31

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I D. The Relationship Between the Mission and the Churches • • 39 1. Recognition of the Need for an Indigenous Church 39 2. Means of Encouraging the Growth of the Indigenous I~ c:2lurch • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 39 E • Sumnla.ry' • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 45

I III. A COMPARISON OF THE POLICIES OF MISSIONS ESTABLISHED BY JAMES HUDSON TAYLOR AND THOSE OF THE CHINA INLAND MISSION IN RECENT YE:A.RS • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 46 I A. Introduction • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 47 B. Comparison of Operational Principles • • • • • • • • • • 47 1. Aim and Scope • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 47 I 2. Administration • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 48 a. Finance • • • • • • • • • • • • 48 b. Plan of Work • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 49 c. Personnel • • • • • • • • • • • • ->SO I C. Comparison of the Mission Program • • • • • • 51 1. Direct Evangelism • • • • • • • • • • • 51 2. Medical Work • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 52 I 3. Educational Work • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 52 4. Use of Literature • • • • • • • 52 D. Comparison of the Relationships Between the Mission and the I Churches in Hudson Taylor's Time and at Present • • • 53 E. Summ.acy • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 54 I IV. SIDfMARY AND CONCLUSION • ...... 56 A • Sulnm.ary- • • • • • • • • ...... 57 I B. Conclusion • • • • • • • • ...... 57 I BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... I I I I I I I I I I I I I I INTRODUCTION I I I I I I I I I I I I I I PRESENT POLICIES OF THE CHINA INLAND MISSION I COMPARED \UTH THE POLICIES OF MISSIONS I ESTABLISHED BY JAMES HUDSON TAYIDR I INTRODIDTION

I A. The Problem stated I Until the year 1866 all Protestant efforts to evangelize China were ·limited to regions near the coast and in the Yangtze

I Valley, leaving almost the entire country h$ving never heard the name of Christ. In that year a new society, the China I.nlanti Mission,

I under the leadership of James Hudson Taylor, began a work which was I to change the picture of Christian missions in China. 1 This society entered the land with a definite goal and I with carefully laid plans for achieving that goal. 2 The aim of the society grew out of the experience of its founder, Hudson Taylor, 3

I one of the IOOst outstandjng in the history of the I Christian church. The work of the China Inland Mission was carried • • • • • • I 1. Cf. Kenneth Scott Latourette: A History of Christian Missions in China, P• 382. 2. Cf. Ibid., p. 382. 3. Cf. Dr. and Mrs. Howard Taylor: Hudson Taylor in Early Years, I p. 292. I I -iv- I I -v- I out as planned and continues to this present t:iJD.e. The Society was I to have eventually' more missionaries than any other missionary group 1 in China, Protestant or Roman Catholic.

I .Alloost a century has passed since the founding of the Chin.a I Inland Mission. The world has changed radically in that time. Mis- sions have changed radically in some respects. The China Inland I Mission itself (now having added to its name ttQverseas Missionary Fellowship" ) bas been forced to leave China and has e~tablished work I in other areas. Have there been changes in the basic policies of the I mission or have they remained the same? The aim of this thesis will be to answer this question.

I B. The SUbject Justified I Many' lllOVements retaining the names of their founders change over a period of years. It is significant to know whether or not it I is possible in the passing of time for a missionary movement to remain basically the same :in its policies. The China Inland Mission is not 2 I only interdenominational, but international. In addition to this, the I area of service of the mission bas had to be changed completely in the last few years. 3 These factors make the study of policy, in its begin.. I nings and at present, of particular significance. • • • • • • I 1. cr. Latourette, op. cit., p. 382. 2. Cf. M. Geraldine Guinness: The Story of the China Inland Mission, vol. I, p. xi. I 3. Cf. Pushing Back Boundaries, p. 2. I I I I -vi-

I C. The Subject Delimited I TO explore all the policies established by Hudson ~lor and those of the China Inland Mission at present in detail is beyond I the scope of this study. The discussion will be lindted, therefore, to those policies which relate universally to a greater or lesser

I extent to a.lmost every mission program. I "Present policies" of the China Inland Mission will be de- fined as those policies which are indicated in their publications over I the last ten years.

-, I D. The Method of Procedure In qrder to show the extent to which the policies of the I China Inland Mission today are similar or dissimilar to those estab- I lished by Hudson Taylor a comparative study of the two will be made. The first c~pter will present policies of missions as set forth by I Hudson Taylor in his writings and as implied by his life. A presenta­ tion of the policies of the China Inland Mission in its present func­ I tioning will be made in the second chapter. A comparison of the find­

ings of t.he first two c~pters will comprise the third. A final chap-

I ter will draw the facts of the study t.ogether in a summary and con- I elusion. I E. The Sources of Dat.a The sources to be used for the chapter concerning James Hud­ I son Taylor will include his own writings, reliable biographical ma- teria.l, and historical data relating to the China Inland Mission. I The sources to be used which concern the China Inland I I I I Mission at present will include the official field manual, yearbooks, I periodicals and pamphlet material of the China Inland Mission, and I books written by members of the Mission which relate to policy. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 'CHAPTER I THE POLICIES OF MISSIONS ESTABLISHED BY JAMES HUDSON TAYLOR I I I I I I I I I I. I I I

I CHAPTER I I THE POLICIES OF MISSIONS ESTABLISHED BY JAr1ES HUDSON TAYLOR

I A. Intreduction I It would be impossible to discuss the policies established by the founder c£ the China Inland Mission apart from the founder him­ I self. Therefore the first part of this chapter will be devoted to a I consideration of the character of James Hudson Taylor (called Hudson Taylor) .•· himself. The chapter will then move to a discussion of the I principles of operation which were established at the time of the founding of the China Inland Mission and during Hudson Taylor's time

I as its director. The type of lO rk carried out in the program of the Mission will next be presented. Finally, there will be a discussion

I of the relationship of the Mission to the churches in China.

I B. James Hudson Taylor, the Missionary

I 1. His Qualifications Do we not generally find men who have been much used by God to I be those who have passed through not a little spiritual preparation'/ And necessari~ so; for whatever is to be worked out must first have bien wrought in; and those only who have learned can truly I teach. So wrote Geraldine Guinness with specific reference to Hudson Taylor, I ...... 1. M. Geraldine Guinness: The story of the China Inland Mission, vol. I, I pp. 47-48.

I -2- I I -3- I who was to be so uniquely used by God in the work to which he was called.

I The qualifications of Hudson Taylor and the experiences which influenced I his character will now be considered. I a. Personal Qualifications The account of the preparation of Hudson Taylor for his work I is a fascinating story of the providence of God and must indeoed begin at a point maey years before his birth. Preceding him were three gen- I erations of Taylers whose lives reflected their full consecration to I Christ and dedication tq His service.1 His father, James Taylor, was deeply moved by what he learned of the spiritual darkness which char­ I acterized China. Unable to go to China himself, he prayed that if he should be given a sen, he would be sent to China as an ambassador for 2 I Christ. Before Htldson Taylor was born his parents set him apart for I God, and as he grew up, they had a real sense of his belonging, not to them, but to a power and love far beyo~d themselves.3 I The early years of his childhood had the most profound in- nuence on the life of Hudson Taylor. Christ was in living reality a

I welcome occupant of the ~lor home. Hudson could not help but see the influence of the Spirit-filled lives of his parents on other persons

I in their i.llnled.iate surroundings. He was early conscious of the earnest 4 I and effectual prayer which permeated the atmosphere of his home. Perhaps one of the most valuable traits fostered by his I ...... 1. Cf., Dr. and Mrs. Howard Taylor: Hudson Taylor in Early Years, pp. 3~34 I 2. Cf., Guinness, op. cit., p. 4. 3. Of., Dr. and Mrs. Howard Tayler, op. cit., pp. 33-34 I 4. Cf., ,lJ)i_p.., pp • .53-.54 I I -4- I I parents was that of obedience. A quality of particular importance in a servant of God, it was so considered by James Taylor in the raising I of his children. "Happy ••• the children so trained in habits of obed- ience to their earthly parents that they learn almost instinctively t>

I obey and honor God. nl I &wever, all was not austerity in the Taylor home. The fam­ ily spent many an hour in happy companionship together. Their varied I activities afforded Hudson a wide variety of interests which not only enriched his you:th, but were also to be of value to him in later years.

I The atmosphere of love in this home made a permanent ilnprint on the life of Hudson Taylor.2

I The concerns of his parents were of such a genuine nature that I they were readily caught by their children. When Hudson was as young as four or five years, he was concerned about what he heard about the I state of lands where Christ was not known. He even announced frequently his intention to be a missionary to China, though he lmew nothing of his

I parents • early prayers to this end. 3 I But as the years grew on, Hudson • s spiritual enthusiasm began to decrease, and he himself was aware that being a Christian did not I come by inheritance. He grew in the assurance that salvation could not be for him and therefore was ready to receive the views of his sceptical

I friends. 4 But when he was fifteen years of age, in answer to patient and I ...... 1. Dr. and Mrs. Howard Taylor, op. cit. p • .54. 2. Cf., Ibid., pp. 55-57. I 3. Of., Ibid., p. 31. 4. Cfl, J. HudsonTaylor: A Betrospect, p. 3. I I I -5- I fervent prayer on the part of his family, the light of God dawned in

I his life, and he was genuinely converted.1 I There is one significant contribution which this period of scepticism made to his life. He was, during that time, critical of I Christians who did not put the teachings of the Bible into practice. He felt, at that time, that if he believed the Bible, he would surely put

I it "to the test.n .And that he had the opportunity to do many t.imes in 2 I later years. Be wrote, "I have never had a~ reason to regret the con- fidence I have placed in its promises or to deplore following the I guidance I have found h its directions. u3 Madson T~lor•s conversion was followed by a time of spirit-

I ual conflict and defeat. In time, however, this painful experience I caused him to throw himself in more complete dependence upon the sus- taining p0wer of God. It was at this point in his life that he gave I himself over entirely to God, to serve Him in whatever way He should cho0se. Concerning this experience he said, trFor what service I was I accepted I knew not, but a deep consciousness that I was no longer my I own took possession of me, which has never since been effaced. u4 b. Specific Training

I A few months time brought to HUdson T~lor the conviction

that God was calling him to China. 5 His preparation for China was now I ...... I 1. Cf., J. Hudson T~lor, op. cit., p. 5. 2. Cf., Ibid., p. 3 3. Ibid., P• 4 4. Ibid., pp. 7-8 I 5. Cf., Dr. and Mrs. Howard T~lor, op. cit., p. 83. I I I -6- I to begin in a very practical and specific sense. "· •• he began to pray I at once for guidance and to learn all he could as to his future field. Ill He availed himself of such information relating to missions

I in China as he could obtain, including a copy of Luke in the Mandarin I dialect and Medhurst's book on China. 2 He began i:mmediately to learn Chinese, using the copy of Luke, and to study other subjects which I would better equip bi:m £or China) Discovering in Medhurst t s book that medical missions were of I value in China, he decided to apply himself to the study of medicine. 4 I His first medical training was obtained in his working for his father, a. chemist, and in his own private study at home in Ba.rnsley • .5 I 1he immediate responsibility which he felt for the Chinese took concrete form in his own prayer and giving for the work in China I and in his encouragement. of others in the same. 6 In connection wi. th this I activity, he began to correspond with the secretary of a missionary society (later to be called the Chinese Evangelization Society), ask- I ing for information and indicating his desire to raise £Unds for the work of the society. At this time he also expressed his conviction I concerning his own call to China.7 During this correspondence the so­ ciety began t0 grow interested in the young man with so single a. heart

I toward China., and to inquire more Gf him.. 8 I • • • • • • 1. Dr. and Mrs. Howard Taylor, op. cit., p. 83. 2. Cf.' Ibid., pp. 84-8.5. I 3. Cf., Ibid., p. 87. 4. Cf., J. H. Taylor, op. cit., p. 9. .5. Cf., Dr. and Mrs. Howard Taylor, op. cit., pp. 24, 99 • I 6. C£., Ibid., p. 87. 1. Cf ., Ibid., pp. 90-91. I 8. Cf., Ibid.' p. 101. I I -7- I Seeing the need .for further training, be became an assistant 1 I to a doctor who was an instructor in a medical school in Bull. During his three years at Hull he grew spirituall.y, .finding in Bible study and

I prayer a grow.i.ng joy.ful .fellowship with the I.Drd. His time there was I characterized by trial, heart searching, and an increasing trust in God. 2 I For a boy o£ nineteen, Hudson Taylor .faced ver.y realistically the kind of life which was before him in China. While at Hull, he deter- I mined to live as simply and economically as possible, and to cast him- I self upon God .for evecy need, as he would surely need to do in China. In remembering that period o£ his life be wrote, "I f'elt that one•s I spiritual muscles needed strengthening .for such an undertaking. n.3 Hudson Taylor was well aware of the .fact that if he was to be I a missionary to China, his mi.ssionacy life must start at home. Years I later be was often beard to say, "A voyage across the ocean does not make any man a soul winner. n4 One of his rich experiences during his I years at Hull was that of visiting lodging houses in the poorer section of town, to share with the occupants the Good News of Christ.5 I In Hull he associated himself' with a group of consecrated Christians who helped him greatly in his spiritual deepening. The open­

I ing of the Scriptures in their meetings and their .fellowship in Christ I provided the spiritual nurture which he so needed during these years of • • • • • • I 1. C£. J. H. Taylor, op. cit., pp. 9-10. 2. Guinness, op. cit., vol. I, pp. 64-65 • .3. J. H. Taylor, op. cit., p. 1.3. 4. Dr. and Mrs. H:>wa.rd Taylor, op. cit., F

I The testing in Hudson Taylor 1 s life at Hull has been mentioned. Deep personal lmrt, uncertainty with regard to his fu:ture in China due

I to a major failure on the missionary society in which he was interested,2 I and financial strin~ncy3 give some indication of what he went through. At every point he met the trials which came his way and was strengthened I in spirit. Of him it was written, "As test came after test that might have been avoided he chose the pathway of self-emptying and the cross 114 I ••• I In time Hudson Tay"J.or felt it necessary to leave Hull and to go to London for further medical training.> His life in London afforded I him opportunities to win people to Christ under more difficult circUlll- stances than he had ever before encountered. Again he was driven to

I seek a more intimate knowledge of Christ, such an imperative to the I work of soul-winning. 6 Although his experiences with the Chinese Evangelization I Society were somewhat discouraging, he remained undeterred in his in­ tention to gG to China. 7 Finally, all barriers to his going were re­

I moved, 8 and in S,ptember of 1853 he sailed for China. 9 I ...... 1. Of .. , Dr. and Mrs. Howard Taylor, op. cit., pp. 112-113. 2. Cf., :ibid~.¥clp. 123. 3. Cf., J. H. Taylor, op. cit., p. 14. I 4. Dr. and Mrs. Howard Taylor, op. cit., p. 122. 5. Cf., Ibid., p. 146. 6. Cf., J. H. Taylor, op. cit., p. 35. I 7. Ct., Dr. and Mrs. Howard Taylor, op. cit., p. 159. 8. Cf., Ibid., p. 180. I 9. Ct., Ibid., p. 184. I I I -9-

I 2. His Life on the Field I His pathway in these first lllOnths of missionary life was paved w.ith trial. He had arrived in Shanghai in March of 18,54.1 The I Tai Ping Rebellion then in progress2 not only brought the horrors of war within close vision3 but also endangered his own life. 4 His inabil-

I ity to co:mm.unicate the Gospel as he had been accustomed to formerly was I a constant agony to him. Thus he was driven to diligent study of the language,5 working at it an average of five hours a day.6 I Difficulty in finding a place in which to live and financial need were used by God tq prepare Hudson Taylor to cope with the greater

I challenges which lay ahead of him in the responsibility which was to be I his in guiding young missionaries. In financial matters he early de- veloped a sensitivity to the hal'Bpering effect of indebtedness to the 7 I work of a mission. upon procuring quarters in which to live, Hudson ~lor was

I able to open a small school. Here, though he was able only to do a I little teaching himself, he was given much opportunity to develop slcLil in the language and even more he was provided with an outlet for Chris­ I tian service for which he so longed. In his new quarters he was able also to set up a dispensary and to help a few patients each day. In

I addition he held services in the mornings and evenings which were attended 8 I by the servants and others who wished to attend. • • . • . . I 1. cr., Dr. and Mrs. Howard Taylor, op. cit., p. 201. 2. Cfl., Ibid.' p. 202. 3. cr., Ibid., P• 208. 4. cr., Ibid.' p. 242. I cr., Ibid., p. 210. 6. cr., Ibid., p. 219. '·7. cr., Ibid., pp. 240-241. I 8. cr., Ibid.' pp. 234-23.5. I I -10- I Of course Ho.dson Taylor was eager to engage in evangelistic I work inland and availed himself of every opportunity to do so. .Af'ter packing the supplies and equipment needed for the duration of the jour­

I ney he and another worker would set out, going from city to city preach- 1 I ing, usually to great crowds of people. Where possible, the evangelists made contacts with leaders I and officials of the city and were often enabled, not onlY' to explain their mission and so gain certain privileges in their work, but also to 2 I be very influential in their witness. The evangelists visited schools I and left literature there/ for teachers and pupUs. 3 Medical work proved of value on these journeys, opening up I doors which might otherwise have been closed. These early evangelistic journeys impressed Ho.dson Taylor with the great need for medical missions

I and planted the desire within him to establish a hospital. h I These first evangelistic journeys made deep and lasting im- pressions on Ho.dson Taylor's life. In the first place he was able to I see with his own eyes the multitudes lirl.ng in darkness. Concerning these experiences it was written, "It was a sight to change a life, and 5 I Ho.dson Taylor's life was changed." In addition to this the experience of actually being able to share the gospel with a fraction of these I 6 multitudes increased his vision of what could be done. Finally the I • • • • • • 1. Ct. Dr. and Mrs. Howard Taylor, op. cit., p. 255. 2. cr. Ibid., pp. 259-279. I 3. cr. Ibid., p. 28o. 4. Cf. Ibid., pp. 275-276. 5. Ibid., p. 286. I 6. cr. Ibid., pp. 286-287. I I I -11- I missionaries were permitted to share in the sufferings of Christ, being I badJ.y mistreated physically in one city. 11 Thus the vision was clenched 1 by suffering,'• wrote Dr. and }lrs. Howard Taylor.

I To identify himself more .f'ul.ly with the people, Hudson Tay­ I lor adopted Chinese dress and allowed his hair to grow into the "queue11 of the Chinese. This step opened to him new doors of opportunity with I the Chinese. He began also to live and eat as one o£ them and to adopt 2 their point of view.

I In 1855 he made an attempt to settle inland but was soon I forced back to Shanghai./ On his return. to Shanghai he came into con- tact with William Burns with whom he did evangelistic work in ma.cy I cities. Hudson Taylor learned much from this experienced soul winner in middle and south China. 3

I After his work with vlilliam Bums, Hudson Taylor was able to I settle in Ning Po for three and a h.a.lf years. N:i.ng Po was a treaty port, and this experience .further groomed him :for the. leadership which I was to be given him. There he devoted himself to evangelistic work and to care of the hospital. During this time at Ning Po he met .·and

I married :Maria Dyer who proved to be a great helper and companion to I him. Due to the strain of work and sickness, Mr. and Mrs. Taylor were forced home in July, 186o, where God was to prepare them :for a greater I work ahead. 4 • • • • • • I 1. Dr. and Mrs. Howard Taylor, op. cit., p. 291. 2. Cf. ll:>id., pp. 316-317. 3. Cf. :: The Jubilee story of the China Inland I Mission, p. 14. 4. Cf. Ibid., pp. 15-17. I I I -12-

I c. The Operational Principles Established by James Hudson Taylor I After a period of great spiritual struggle, Hudson Taylor answered in obedience the call of God to undertake the leadership of I a movement into inland China with the gospel of Christ.1 At this point the principles of operation of the new mission, to be called the China I Inland Mission, began to take concrete form. 2

I 1. Aim and Scope The China Inland Mission was formed under a deep sense of China's pressing need, and with an earnest desire, constrained by the love I of Christ and the hope of His coming, to obey His command to preach the Gospel to every creature. 3 '

I wrote Hudson Taylor with regard to the aim of the Mission. The stress I on. obedience in the motive is emphasized by him in another instance: ••• in our privileged position of fellow-workers with Him, while fully recognizing all the benefits and blessings to be bestowed on a sin-stricken worUl through the proclamation of the Gospel and the I spread of truth, we should never lose sight of the h!Lgher aspect of our work--that of obedience to God, of bringing glor.y to His name, of gladdening the heart gf our GOD and FATHER by living and serving I as His Beloved children. I The objectives of the China Inland Mission from the outset were clear-cut. The aim was to evangelize in a minimum amount of time I the entire Chinese empire.5 The Mission did not in anyway consider the efforts of other groups to build up the Christian community to be un- I important. But Hudson Taylor believed that the China Inland Mission was called to the particular work of sowing seed throughout China.6 I ...... 1. Of., Guinness, op. cit., p. 224. I 2. Of., Ibid., P• 226. 3. Marshall Broomhall: By Love Compelled, p. 13. 4. J. H. Taylor, op. cit., p. 1. I 5. Of., D. lfa.cGillivray: A Century of Protestant Missions in China, .p. 136. 6. 01., Kenneth Scotlj Latourette: A History of Christian Missions in I China, p. 386. I I -13-

I It was Hudson Taylor's desire to help and supplement the work of the I denominational societies but not to compete with them. His goal was not that the China Inland Mission should evangelize China, but that I China should be evangelized by whatever means possible.1 I 2. Administration The administration of the work, which was very simple, was 2 I set up according to Scriptural principles.

I a. Finance The policy with regard to finance departed radically from the

I policy of established missionary societies. First of all it was de- I cided that the mission should never go into debt. Consequently the missionaries were guaranteed no regular salary. As money came in it I would be portioned out prayerfully to the various phases and areas of the work. 3 I Hudson Taylor determined not to make personal solicitations I for funds.4 Appeals were to be brought directly to God Himself, no collections to be made at meetings.5 The purpose of this was two-fold. I First, it was desired that no funds would be diverted to the new move­ ment which would deprive any other. 6 In the second place, men and wo- I men were wanted for China who were nwilling to prove their faith by I ...... 1. Of., Latourette, op. cit., p. 385. 2. Of., Dr. and Mrs. Howard Taylor, op. cit., p. 41. I 3. Cf., Guinness, op .. cit .. , pp. 235-236. 4. ~£ .. , J. H. Taylor, op. cit., p. 121. 5. Of., Guinness, op. cit., p. 239. 6. Of., Marshall Broomhall: The Jubilee- Story of the China Inland I Mission, p. 231. I I I -14- I going to inland China with only the guarantee they carried within the I covers of their pocket Bibles.n1 I b. Plan of Work A unique feature of the newly founded mission was that its I activity was to be controlled not from a "home base" but from the field itself. Hudson Taylor, "like a. General in active service,• was to di- I rect from the field. He realized from his own experience the advantage I of having leadership with fresh firsthand experience on the field. 2 Eventually, during Hudson Taylor's directorship, there came into being I directors who served as superintendents of the work in the different provinces. These in turn were advised by a council of experienced I missionaries. a I , The China Department worked in cooperation with a Home De- partment whose .function it was to receive and train candidates, to stim- I ulate interest in the Mission by means of literature and meetings, to receive and forward to China contributions to the llission,: to have

I audited and published its reports and accounts, and to carry out other I miscellaneous duties. 4 Home Departments were established in all coun­ tries from which missionaries came.5 I It was the plan of the Mission to begin its work in a pa.rti- • • • • • • I 1. Of., Dr. and Mrs. Howard Taylor, op. cit., p. 42. 2. Cf. , Dr. and Mrs. Howard Taylor: Hudson Taylor and the China Inland Mission, p. 43. I 3. Ct., MacGillivray, op. cit., p. 136. 4. Cf. , Marshall Broomha.ll: The Jubilee Story of the China. Inland Mission, p. 314. I 5. Of., Ibid., P• 319. I I I -15- I cular province by opening a mission station in the capital of the pro- I vince. From there the missionaries would branch out to the prefect- ural cities and then to the smaller cities and so on. This type of I evangelism would not, of course, be as initially fruitful as if the I work were begun in a country district. However, city converts, though slower to make, would eventually have a wider influence than those f~om I country areas. 1 No provision was made in these original plans with respect I to protection of the missionaries by the government or by treaty rights. I MOreover, the missionaries were to enter into the unknown areas of China without arms. Again it was felt that in this area as well as the I others referred to, it was imperative that the workers be completely dependent upon Divine protection.2 At the time of the , I when the loss of life and property of missionaries was so great, and I greatest of all to the China Inland Mission, Hudson Taylor made the decision to refuse compensation by the Chinese Government, even if I offered. Although this was not in general the policy of the other missions, Hudson Taylor believed that it was the only attitude com-

I patible with "the meekness and gentleness of Christ" in view of the I great sufferings of the Chinese Christians.) In one sense the basis established for acceptance of candi- I dates was very broad. The work was to be interdenominational. It would be impossible for one denomination to supply all the workers I ...... 1. Cf., MacGillivray, op. cit., p. 136. I 2. Cf. , Dr. and Mrs. Howard Taylor: Hudson Taylor and the China In­ land Mission, p. 43. I 3. Cf., Latourette, op~ cit., p. 522. I I -16-

I needed for the proposed movement.l MOreover, such a boqy would bear wit­ I ness to the unity of the Christian Church.a It was the policy of the Mission to group the missionaries in the various provinces or districts I according to denomination. Thus differences on mrunor points of disci­ pline could be avoided.~ The personnel of the ltission were to be drawn I during Hudson Taylor's time from many countries. Thus the China Inland I Mission became established as an international as well as interdenomi­ national organization.4 I c. Personnel I The missionary" candidate must, of course, have had full assur- ance of his personal salvation. His life was to reflect full consecra- I tion to God. WOrkers were desired who had been used to influence others I for Christ. Unselfishness, consideration and sensitivity to others were desired in the candidate. In addition, he needed to be able to stand I patiently under opposition and be steadfast and persevering. It was required, of course, that he be completely free from race prejudice.$ I Since the life of the missionary requires certain adjustments, I such as intense study, acclimatization, and sometimes isolation, emo- tional stability was considered to be essential. Calmness, ability to I throw off depression, and ability to adjust were required. A healthy body in every way was desired in the candidate. 6

I • • • • • • 1. Cf., Dr. and Mrs. Howard Taylor: Hudson Taylor and the China In­ I land Mission, p. 41. 2. Cf., Guinness, op. cit., p. 234 • .3. Cf., Dr. and Mrs. Howard Taylor: Hudson Taylor and the China In- land Mission, p. 416, footnote 1. I L. cr., MacGillivray, op. cit., P• 136. 5. Cf., J. Hudson Taylor: The :Missionary Candidate, p. 9. I 6. Cf., Ibid., p. 10. I I -l.7- I Mental stability was considered to be of utmost importance I since the viork of the missionary was taxing. A good mind, sound judg­ I ment, ready tact, and teachability were essential. Qualities of leader­ ship and the ability to attract were considered to be valuable gifts I ~en used to the glory of God.l No special training lias required for the candidates, only that

I they be 11 willing skillful rrorkers. u2 Mis"sionaries ldth diversified skills I irere desired. Special education was considered to be valuable, but Hudson TCo/lor was convinced that any educational lack should not be I allowed to keep a person /from the field. He l>Trote, 11 God has His own universities and His vmys of training men for service ••• n3 When Hudson

I Taylor spoke of training he included training of the body, mind, heart, I and soul.4 He suggested the vital necessity of one•s engaging actively in Christian service while still at home. J.n so doing, he would not I only test his calling, but would also be developing abilities which would be :much used later.5

I The screening proces.s for spiritual qualifications was much I finer than for the qualifications referred to above. 6 1'he: battle to be fought on the field was to be a spiritual one, not against circumstances, I but against spiritual opposition. Therefore it was necessary that a candidate be equipped with spiritual povrer. It was necessary that he

I • • • • • •

l. Cf. J • Hudson Taylor! The YJ.is sionary Candidate, p • 12. I 2. Dr. and Mrs. Howard Taylor: Hudson Taylor and the China Hission, p. 234. 3. Guinness, op. cit., pp. 234-235. 4. Cf. J. Hudson Taylor: The Missionary Candidate, p. 15. I 5. cr. Ibid., p. 7. 6. cr. Guinness, op. cit., p. 235. I I I -18- I love the Word of God and live in and by it, and that he lmow power in I prayer. The love of God must literally have been in him, love for those without Christ.1 Hudson Taylor desired workers for the new mis­ 2 I sion who had been used by God at home to win men and women to Christ. I The acceptance of the following doctrinal standard was re- quired by the Mission of its first members: I {1) the inspiration of the whole Scripture; (2) the Bible as the uJ.­ timate and onl.y rule and guide of the Christian; (3) the Trinity• (4) the pollution of the whole race through the fall of Adam; (5~ the atoning merit of the death ~ resurrection of Jesus Christ; I (6) future rewards and punishments; (7) the limitation of probation to this life.3 I The importance which was placed upon the learning of Chinese is indicated by the fact that Mr. and Mrs. Taylor began language classes I with the first group of missionaries on board the ship enroute to China. 4 I Hlldson Taylor was convinced that the missionary's identifi- cation with the people to whom he was called was of the utmost impor­ I tance, as surely as was the complete identification of Jesus Christ with man. The main complaint against , he said, was that

I it was a "foreignn religion. Therefore the missionaries were advised to I adopt native dress, avoid foreign appearance in houses and chapels, and in anything religious. In short, the missionaries were to confom them­

I selves socially to the Chinese completely, except as efficiency was ~ I paired or health endangered. 5 •••••• 1. Cf. J. Hudson Taylor: The Missionary Candidate, pp. 13-14. I 2. Of. Guinness, op. cit., p. 237. 3. Latourette, op. cit., footDfte 119, p. 386. 4. Cf. Dr. and Mrs. li:>ward Taylor: Hudson Taylor and the China Inland I Mission, p. 51. 5. Cf. Marshall Broomhall: The Jubilee story of the China Inland Mis­ \I sion, pp. 31-33. ll\ I -19-

I D. The Mission Program

I 1. Direct Evangelism I The aim of the Mission, to diffuse as quickly as possible the Gospel in all parts of China where it had not yet been heard, de­ I termined the direction of evangelistic emphasis. Described by one of Her Majesty's Consuls as 'being "always on I the move,• the chief work of the Mission was directly evangelistic, I ever carrying its laborers, men and women, into new areas.1 Visitations were planned, methodical, and thorough.2 Party after party set out for I unknown country, openi~g doors for reinforcing laborers to follow up the work. 3 I The specific ways in which the evangelistic work was carried I out was similar to that described in the discussion of HUdson Taylor's life on the field. Distribution of Scriptures and Tracts, contact with I government officials where possible,4 preaching to crowds, and meeting 5 I with inquirers, characterized the evangelistic work. 2. Medical Work I HUdson Taylor wrote, If our medical missions draw people to us, and we can present to them the Christ of God, medical missions are a blessing; but to I substitute medicine for the preaching of the Gospel would be a I ...... 1. Cf., Dr. and Mrs. Howard Taylor: Hudson Taylor and the China Inland Mission, p. 350. I 2. Cf., Ibid., p. 351. 3. Cf., Ibid., P• 352. 4. Cf., Ibid., p. 285. I 5. cr., Ibid., PP· 286-287. I I I -20- I pro£ound mistake.1 I Medical work aided so greatly in the breaking down o£ barriers in other­ wise dilficult situations that it was defined as an agency for evan­ 2 I gelism. Hudson Taylor himself, for many years the only medical man of I the China Inland Mission, gave much of his time to the work, both in 3 treating and serving as advisor for the other missionaries. Gradually I other men were added to the force. 4

I 3. Educational Work The principle followed by the China Inland Mission with re- / I gard to institutional work, with the exception of medical work, was that I evangelization should precede institution. It follows then that the purpose of opening a school was to give Christian education to the I children of converts. The schools, then, were not to be a means of evan­ 5 gelizing children of the heathen. In Hudson Taylor 1s own words: I If' we put schools or education in the place of spiritual power to change the heart, it will be a profound mistake. If we get the idea that people are going to be converted by some education­ I al process, inste~ of a regenerative-re-creation, it will be a profound mistake. I The £irst school was at Ha.ngchow, started shortly after the arrival of the first missionaries. Fruit was born in this £irst at-

I • • • • • • 1. Dr. and Mrs. Ibward Taylor: Hudson Taylor and the China Inland I Mission, p. 350. 2. Cf. Marshall Broomha.ll: The Jubilee story of the China Inland Mission, p. 292. 3. Cf. Ibid., p. lhl.. I h. Cf. Ibid., PP• lhl.-143, 296-297. $. Cf. Ibid., p. 291. 6. Dr. and Mrs. Howard Taylor: Hudson Taylor and the China Inland I Mission, p. 407. I I I --21- I tempt as ev:tdenced by changes of heart and reception into the church of I some of the pupils. To mention another exrunple, the Boarding School started in Wenchow in 1868 ii'as considered to be 11 the most important

I part of the work" there, and through the ;,rears many riho have passed I through its: doors have become Christians and Church leaders.l Eventually, mos.t of the central stations vrere to have schools. I Chinese responsibility for these schools in outstations was encouraged and in some cases no responsibility feD. directly on the Mission for 1h e I schools.2 I As Churches developed and it became desirable for the Chinese to assume :more leadership, it was necessary that provision be made for I the training of pastors and evangelists. In some places this training took its form in the holding of Bible classes in the stations and in

I winter Bible Schools. The germ of leadership training was planted during I Hudson Taylor's. time, which was to grow and develop in later years.3 I 4. Use of Literature In his early days as a missionary Hudson Taylor began to make I use of printed material. He and a co-worker gav-e out over 1800 Ne-rr Testaments and parts of Scripture and 2200 tracts in less than three

I months in journeys to v:Ulages outside the city. 11 These have been given I with all possible care 11 wrote Hudson Taylor to the Committee, 11 and in most cases to men whom 1re knew rrere able to read. A considerable number

I • • • • • • 1. Marshall Broomhall.: The Jubilee Story of the China Inland 11ission, p. 292. I 2. cr., Ibid., PP· 292-293. 3. cr., Ibid., pp. 294-295. I I I -22- I were taken on junks traveling to the northern provinces.•1 In another

I three-mont~ period he distributed 3000 New Testaments and portions of the Scripture and over 7000 other tracts and books. 2 I The China Inland Mission produced literary works of its own. I Hudson Taylor himself, with some other help, collected and revised the Ningpo colloquial New Testament. Translations of other Christian lit- I erature, including books, tracts and Scripture portions aided in the I work during the lifetime of Hudson Taylor. 3 E. The Relationship Between the Mission and the Churches in China I In the early 1870's, Hudson Taylor wrote: I look on foreign missionaries as scaffolding round a rising build­ I ing; the sooner it can be dispensed with the better--or rather, the sooner it can be transferred to other places to serve the same te~ I porary purpose. He strongly felt that the future of the Christian Church in China de- I pended upon the native leadership. Although the greatest thrust of the Mission was in its work of itineration much time was spent in the help I and instruction of the native workers.4 He wrote, "I am aiming at such I organization of our forces as will enable us to do more work with fewer foreign missionaries, by the more thorough training of our native I helpers.•' ...... I 1. Dr. and Mrs. Howard Taylor: Hudson Taylor and the China Inland Mission, p. 254. 2. cr. Ibidl, P· 216. I 3. Ct. Marshall Broomhall: The Jubilee Story of the China Inland Mission, pp. 300-301. 4. Dr. and Mrs. Howard Taylor: Hudson Taylor and the China Inland I Mission, p. 232 • . ). Marshall Broomhall: The Jubilee Story of the China Inland Mission, I P• 90. I I -2.3- I When the gospel was first carried into inland China, there I were, of course, no Chinese Christians to work among their own people. It was natural, then, that the work among the Chinese be started and I maintained by the foreign Christi.an.1 As has been stated before, sta­ tions were set up in areas, moving from the more greatly populated to

I the less. From these stations there developed out-stations. All of 2 I these were missiona:r,r initiated and controlled and were under the super­ vision of the church in the large center) However, it was in Hudson I Taylor's view that eventually there would be an increasing amount of responsibility given over to the Chinese. 4 The converted Chinese were

I encouraged to evangelize themselves, and thus to establish churches in I their own neighborhoods.5 I F. Summary The foregoing discussion reveals the qualities and exper­

I iences which equipped Hudson Taylor for the unique task of founding the I China Inland Mission. Lessons "wrought in11 in those early years at home and in China were surely "worked out11 in eve:r,r detail of the Mis­ I sion which he founded. Planned along simple and Scriptural lines the work was carried out methodically and comprehensively. Kenneth SCott

I Latourette pays this tribute to Hudson Taylor and to the work which he I ...... 1. Cf. J. Herbert Kane: The Twofold Growth, p. 25. 2. Cf. Marshall Broomhall: The Jubilee story of the China IDJ.a.nd Mission, I p. 90. 3. Cf. Kane, op. cit., p. 41. 4. Cf. Marshall Broomhall: The Jubil~e Sto:r,r of the China Inland Mission, p. 90. I 5. Cf. Dr. and Mrs. Howard Taylor: Hudson Taylor and the China Inland Mission, footnote, P• 349-350. I I I -24- I established:

••• Hudson Taylor was, if measured by the movement which he called I into being, one of the greatest missionaries of a.ll time, and was certainly, judged by the results of his efforts, one of the four or five most ~luential foreigners who came to China in the nine­ I teenth century. I • • • • • • 1. Latourette, op. cit., p. 382. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I CHAPTER II THE POLICIES FOLLOWED BY THE I CHINA INIAJID MISSION IN REGENT YEARS I I I I I I I I I I I I

I CHAPTER II THE POLICIES FOLL01lfED BY THE

I CHINA INLAND MISSION IN RECENT YEARS I A. Introduction I The aim of this chapter will be to present the policies of I the China Inland Mission as revealed in their literature during the last ten years. There will be a discussion of the principles under which / I the Mission operates and of the specific types of work which the Mission I carries on. Finally, the policy and practiue of the Mission with re- gard to the development of indigenous Churches will be presented.

I B. '!'he Operational Principles of the Mission

I The following will be a presentation of the purpose of the I Mission, the areas in which it operates, and of the manner in which its work is administered.

I 1. Aim. and Scope I The China Inland Mission considers itself to be a part of a force of m.en and women undertaking the unfinished work of carrying the \ I gospel to the ends of the earth, more specifically, to the Far East.l The Mission does not aim to establish itself as a new denomination. In I ...... 1. Cf. Handbook of the China Inland Mission Overseas Missionary Fellow­ I ship, p. 1.

I -26- I I -27-

I the Field Manual (1947) it is stated that The Mission may decrease or even cease to exist, but the Church of God in China must increase until as a part of the Church Universal I it shall be presented to Him 11 a glorious Church not having spot or wrinkle or any such thing" (Eph. 5:27).

I This policy was re-emphasized in 1951 by the General Director, Bishop I , when he stated that 11 the Mission is important only as God requires it for the growth and completion of His work. u In the recent I years of upheaval in China, the Mission believed it was justified in re­ maining in the midst of the Chinese Churches as long as it could, by

I "humble cooperation11 , encourage spiritual growth. When the presence of the missionaries was no :J.onger an aid to growth, the missionaries were I withdrawn. 2 With the removing of its missionaries from China, the Mission I by no means considered its responsibility to the Church in China to be ended. Heporting the results of the Director's Conference held early I in 1951 the General Director declared that the primar,y work of the Mis­ sion was 11 to mobilize prayer for the work of God in China. 11 3

The Mission was now to pour its workers into new areas of

service. The scope of the Mission was decided upon on the basis of a study made of new areas to determine in which of these the Mission I could best contribute to the evangelization of those without Christ and to the guidance of those in Christ, 4 considering first the unmet needs

I of the Chinese outside the mainland of China.5 The New Outreach of the I • • • • • • l. Field Manual of the China Inland Mission, p. 18. 2. Bishop Frank Houghton: The Future of the China Inland Mission, I China's Millions, Vol. 59, Feb. 1951, p. 20. 3. Bishop Frank Houghton: If It Be Thou:t , China's Millions, Vol. 59, April, 1951, 0. 52. 4. Cf. Fred Mitchell: Let Us Go On, China's Millions, Vol. 6o, Jan., I 1952, p. 4. 5. Cf. Pushing Back Boundaries, p. 1. I I I -28- I Mission extends to Japan, Formosa, The Philippines, Hong Kong, Indonesia, I Thailand, and lfalaya. In these seven areas the tission is officially opening stattons. J. few of the Mission 1 s workers are laboring in other I areas, Ceylon, India, and Indo-China, where the Mission is not opening I up its own stations.l Because of the New Outreach of the Mission, it was decided at a Mission leaders' conference late in 1951 to give a new name I to the Mission, the China Inland Mission Overseas Missionary Fellowship. 2 I 2. Administration a. Finance I It is the policy of the 1Li.ssion that no more money should be spent than is received, it being believed that what is needed will be

I brought in as the needs are laid before God. SUch dependence, it is I believed and has been demonstrated, is a source of spiritual blessing to the members of the Mission. No appeal for funds is ever made, either I spoken or written. In the distribution of the funds rents, taxes, and wages of non-members come before the support of members and the other

I needs of the Mission. The members are provided for according to need I rather than to position or seniority.3 b. Plan of Work

I When the worij:ers of the China Inland Mission were withdrawn I from China it was decided by the Mission leaders that the headquarters ...... I 1. Cf. New Outreach, pp. 1-3. 2. Cf. Mitchell, op. cit., p. 4. 3. C.f. Handbook of the China Inland Mission overseas Missionary Fellow­ I ship, pp. 11-12. I I I -29- I of the Hissi.on sl:l.oult:l remain on the field rather than be at a home I ba.se.l .. The leadership of the Miss:ion is under the General Director whose responsibility it is to coordinate all phases of the work to the end

I that the purpose of the i'iission may be carried out. The residence of I the General Director is at the headquarters. Other directors at home and on the field 1dth their secretaries, treasurers, and advisory boards I help to administer the work. Ail Overseas Director, aided by Assistant Overseas Directors and advised by an OVerseas Council, has complete

I responsibility for work on the field. 2 In addition there is a l·:Iedical

- ~ I Advisor, Secretary, and Treasurer.~ Home Departments are responsible for the activity of the I Mission in the home countries. They encourage missionary interest, consider, accept, and train applicants for service, and serve as a

I channel for contributions made to the 1ti.ssion. 4 I The possibility of physical danger for the missionaries in any situation is not considered to be a sufficient reason for removal I of forces from the field. The policy of the Mission has been to s~ as long as its presence is an aid to the churches.~ The missionaries

I are to understand that they go under God's protection alone. Demands I • • • • • • 1. Cf. l'iitchell, op. cit., p. 4. 2. Cf. Handbook of the China Inland Mission Overseas Missionary Fellow­ ship, p:. 4. I 3. Cf. Field 1-Janual of the China Inland Hission, pp. 10-11. 4. Cf. Thid., p. 2. . Cf. Handbook of the China Inland Hission Overseas l"..issiona.ry Fellow­ I ship, p. 22. 5. Cf. Bishop Frank Houghton: The Future of the China Inland !•fission, I China's Millions, Vol. 59, Feb., 1951, p. 20. I I I

I from the government for protection or help are not to be made under any

circumstances. The Mission emphasizes the importance of showing respect I 1 to and cooperating with autborities. I The Mission is interdenominational in that its membership is drawn from many denominations. In order to simplify matters of church

I government and practice, the missionaries are usually grouped together 2 I by denomination. The Mission also draws its members from many countries, making it international. 3

I c. Personnel I The missionary candidate must have a vital relatiollBhip to Jesus Christ and have a "personal character which reflects and magnifies I the indwelling Christ. 114 Realizing that the task facing the missionary is one of spiritual warfare, the Mission requires candidates who are

I equipped spiritually to combat a very real adversary. The candidate I must have a love for Christ which shows itself in his influencing others for ftim.s I Knowledge and understanding of the truths of the Bible and the ability to present clearlY the basic doctrines of the Christian

I faith are essential in the missionary candidate. The Mission recommends I Bible school or seminary training as a part of the candidate as preparation. Of the greatest importance is 11 the habit of personal, daily study of the

I • • • • • • 1. Cf. Field Manual of the China Inland Mission, p. 8. 2. Cf. Handbook of the China Inland Mission OVerseas Missionary Fellow­ I ship, p. 4. 3. Cf. Field Manual of the China. Inland Mission, p. 1. 4. Handbook of the China Inland Mission Overseas Missionary Fellowship, I p. 19. $. Cf. Ibid., p. 19. I I I -31- I Word !or cleansing and renewing, the beholding of Him into whose image I God the Spirit would fashipn the worker.n1 The missionary on the field

must above all else dr~w continually upon God for spiritual refresh-

I ment and strengthening. In order that the work of the day be of greatest I value, he is encouraged to rise early and "never to begin the day with- out first being anointed as with fresh oil, his soul blessed by a time I of close and happy fellowship with God.n2 Important in preparation for the field is actual experience

I in Christian service. A candidate should know from experience how to I lead another to Christ and to build him up in the faith. Service in the church at home is good preparation for work in the church in the Far I East) With regard to the doctrinal position of the candidate the

I following statement is made:

Soundness in the faith on all fundamental truths is required o! every I member of the Mission, especially regarding the following points: (1) The divine inspiration and consequent authority of the "Whole canon­ ical Scriptures; (2) The doctrine of the Trinity; (3) The fall of man, his consequent moral depravity and need of regeneration; (4} I The atonement through substitutionary death o! Christ; (5) The doc­ trine of justification by faith; (6) Sanctification; (7) The resur­ rection o! the body, both in the case of the just and of the unjust; I and ( 8) me eternal life of the saved and the eternal punishment of the lost. I The acquiring o£ the language is considered by the Mission to be second in importance only to the meeting of spiritual requirements. I ...... 1. Handbook of the China Inland Mission Overseas :Missionary Fellowship, I pp. 19-20. 2. Field Manual o! the China Inland Mission, p. 19. .3. C!. Handbook of the China Inland Mission Overseas Missionary Fel­ I lowship, p. 20. 4. The Millions, Mar., 1955, back cover. I I I -32- I The missionary mu.st be perseverant, diligent, and prayerful in his study, I following the course of study prepared by the Mission.1 I The equivalent of high school education is required by the Mission of its members. 2 MOre education, of course, is considered to be I of value, since in this day the missionary will often be working with well-edaaated nationals.3 I The Mission requires that its candidates be in good physical I health before they can be accepted as members. In this connection the importance of a well-disciplined life is emphasized.4 An even tempera­ I ment and the ability to adjust to new ways of life are essential.$ The ability to mix with people and to enjoy it is an asset to the mission- I ary. He must know how to make the forward move in gaining the friend­ I ship of those with whom he works, without being offensive.6 It is vital that the missionary come to an understanding and I genuine appreciation of the people with whom he works. He must avoid offence in matters of etiquette. In order that he may learn to see I with the eyes of his people and feel with their hearts, he must spend I much time rlth them personally. The behavior standard for the mission- ary should be Christian, not western. The work of the .Mission calls I for close cooperation between the missionaries and the church. It is, • • • • • • I 1. cr. Field Manual of the Chinalinland Mission, pl 19. 2. Cf. Handbook of the China Inland Mission Overseas Missionary Fel­ lowship, p. 20. I 3. Gf. How Shall I Prepare for Missionary Service?, pp. 2-3. 4. Gf. Handbook of the China Inland Mission OVerseas Missionary Fellow­ ship, p. 21. ,5. Cf. How Shall I Prepare for Missionary Service?, p. 4. I 6. Cf. Ibid., PP• 3-4. I I I -33- I therefore, essential that the missionary learn to work harmoniously I with the national Christians.1 With regard to dress, whatever is the most natural is recom-

I mended. In smaller villages, a missionary is least conspicuous if' he I dresses as the people. However, in the larger centers, where there are many in occidental dress, a foreigner in Chinese dress is considered to I be peculiar. 2

I c. The Mission Program I As will be seen in the following paragraphs, the program of the China Inland Mission covers a wide range of work. The various phases I of direct evangelism, medical work, educational work, and work with lit- I erature will be presented. 1. Direct Evangelism I It is the aim of the Mission to work through the church in I its evangelistic outreach. However, there may be instances where the church is indifferent to the unevangelized peoples in its area3 or I where there are no churches.4 In such cases the Mission may take the initiative in evangelistic work, acting, however, as representative of I the church. This leadership on the part of the Mission is temporary I until the church is strong enough to assume its responsibility to evan­ gelize.$ I ...... 1. Cf. Field Manual of the China Inland Mission, pp. 20-21. 2. Cf. Paul Ernest Adolph: Surgery Speaks to China, p. 43. I 3. Cf. Field Manual of the China Inland Mission, p. 17. 4. Cf. Arnold J. Lea: Introduction, Ready Sandals, The Story of the Year 1952, p. 10. I 5. Cf. Field Manual of the ChinaJ.Inland Mission, p. 17. I I -34- I Allyn B. Cook mentions some principles which he believes to I be basic inLthe work of evangelizing in new tribal areas. Where in- I terest is shown, the tribe should be followed up. Frequent visits should be made even if it is not possible for the missionaries to stay long. I Missionaries should avoid trying to cover too much territory, arousing interest, but being unable to follow through. 1 I The types of evangelism carried on are many. The gospel .is I preached in tent meetings,2 in shops,3 and in the streets.4 The Mission reaches young people by evangelistic campaigns> and Bible clubs.6 Wo- I men are reached for Christ in Dbthers~ clubs and are visited in their homes.7 In areas where the people can only be reached by waterways, I river evangelism is carried on from launches. 8 I Evangelism in connection with medical work has proved to be very effective. In hospitals evangelists and Bible-women work on the I wards, teaching the patients how to read and explaining to them the Scriptures. The work of evangelism is shared by the doctors, nurses, I and ward helpers.9 On medical itinerations evangelists and colporteurs I ...... 1. Cf. Allyn B. Cook: Basic Principles of :Entering a New Tribe, The Millions, Feb., 53, p. 22. 2. Cf. W. s. c. Walker: Tent Meeting, China's Millions, Vol. 58, Nov., I 1950, p. 164. 3. Cf. Lawrence Peet: Shop Preaching, China's Millions, Vol. 58, Oct., 1950, P• 149. I 4. Cf. Lea, op. cit., p. 11. 5. Cf. Paul A. Contento: Youth Work in Malaya, The :Millions, Vol. 60, Aug., 1952, P• 120. I 6. Cf. Bible Club Rallies, The Millions, June, 1953, p. 94. 7. Cf. Lily Snyder: A MOther's Club, The Millions, Feb., 1955, p. 29. B. Cf. Cyril Faulkner and Emerson Frey: River Evangelism in Central Thailand, The Millions, Jan., 1953, p. 4. I 9. Cf. Adolph, op. cit., PP• 41-42. I I I -3$- I are sometimes on hand to share the gospel with the ptients.l I Rea.lising the value of radio as a means for evangelism, the China Inland Mission has missionaries working w.i th the Far Eastern

I Broadcasting Company. 2 Gospel recordings are used and aid especially I where many languages are spoken and where missionaries are just begin­ ning to learn the language .3 The !fission also makes use of projected I materials. 4 lkl matter what the condition of the church is or the speci-

I fie duties of the individual missionary, he has a definite personal I responsibility to evangelize by word and deed.$ 2. Y,edica.l Work

I The aim of the China Inland Mission in its medical work lies I in three areas. The primary purpose of the work is to i."llJ?art the Gos­ pel. 6 uAn interest in a person 1 s physical well-being is often the key I into his heart, 11 states Dr. A. J. Broomhall. 7 In addition the l·fi.ssion desires to offer relief to those who are suffering physically and to

I curb such suffering by promoting an understanding of hygiene. 8 Dr. Paul I Adolph, who served with the }tission, considers the medical work to be • • • • • • I 1. Of. Adolph, op. cit., p. 104. 2. Of. Norman and l1avis Blake: Voice of the Orient, The 1-Iillions, June, 19$3, p. 83. I 3. Cf. Don Rulison: Preaching in :Ma:Iv Languages, The l1illions, Jan., 1953' pp. 1.2-13. 4. Cf. Raymond H. Joyce: Visual :Evangelism, China's l~ti.llions, Vol. 56, Nov., 1948, p. 169. I $. Cf. Field Hanual of the China Inland 1-tission, p. 18. 6~ cf. Ibid., p. 17. 7 ~ Dr. A. J. Broomhall: Sent to Heal, p. 1. I 8. Cf. Field I-lanual of the China Inland Hission, p. 17. I I I -36- I a. continuing of the healing ministry of Christ, lrllich lias motivated by I a l

I The medical workers of the China Inland Missi.o:n have found I that their purposes can best be accomplished in a hospital set-up. The response of hospd.tal patients to the gospel has been greater than that I of out-patients.2 Stationary centers have the advantages of more and larger equipment which, of course, results in more accurate diagnosis

I and treatment.3 11 fhe Gospel is best recommended by high standards, 11 I writes Dr. Jaroolllhall. The Mission, therefore, concentrates its efforts in hospital lrork. P.:i..oneer work, however, is r.ot excluded. 4 In order I to reach llla.lV' patients:, mobile medical 'Vcrork is necessary and is carried out. 5 The Mission carries on a program for training national Christians

I for medical work with the aim that they will be able to witness to Christ I in this capacity. 6 3. Educational Work

I No mention is made of a.n:y work being carried on by the His- I sion in schools having a complete curriculum such as is found in secu- lar schools. Their work is apparently confined to Christian education I and to the training of Christian leaders. China Inland J:!'rl.ssion workers I teach in Sunday Schools and vacation Bible schools, 7 hold Bible classes • • • • • • 1. Cf. Adolph, op. cit., p. 42. I 2. Cf. Dr. A., J. Broomhall: Sent to Heal, p. 3. 3. Cf. Adolph, pp. cit., pp. 94-95. 4. Cf. Dr. A. J. Broomhall: Sent to Heal, p. 3. I 5. Cf. Adolph, op. cit., p. 95. 6. Cf. Dr. A. J. Broo:mhall: Sent to Heal, p. 3. I 7. Cf. Fa.nora.ma. of 1950, China's Hillions, Vol. 59, Feb., 1951, p. 18. I I -37-

I in churches and in secular schools and colleges,1 station classes, and 2 week-end Bible conferences and teach in Bible clubs, 3 mothers • clubs, 4 I 1 and short term Bible schools.5 The missionaries sometimes find it neees­ 6 I sar,r to teach reading in connection with their Bible teaching. The Mia- sion realizes the importance of training indigenous leadership and

I therefore aids in the establishing of Bible schools and of theological I seminaries. 7 At present the Mission has workers in the Singapore Theo­ logical Seminary8 and in the Tokyo Theological Seminary, both indigenous I institutions.9 I' 4. Production and Use of Literature Realizing the great hunger of many who are becoming literate I for reading materials, the China Inland Mission has seen the need for producing Christian literature. Not only is this literature a weapon 10 I against the great amount of unwholesome literature which is produced, I but it also serves to give stability to the Christian message~ll Seeing the effective use of literature in the conversion of many to Communism I in China gave impetus to the Mission's production of literature. • • • • • • I 1. Of. Pushing Back Boundaries, p. 6. 2. Of. Panorama of 1950, op. cit., p. 18. 3. Of'. Bible Club Rallies, op. cit., p. 94. I 4. Of'. Snyder, op. cit., p. 29. 5. Of. Field Manual of the China Inland Mission, p. 16. 6. Of. Dorothy Beugler: Only one in Twenty Can Read, China's l'J.issions, Vol. 57, Jan., 1949, p. 69. I 7. Cf .. Field Manual of the China Inland Mission, p. 17. 8. Of. Paul Contento: The Singapore Seminary, The Millions, Vol. 6o, Sept., 1952, p. 138. I 9. Of. Pushing Back Boundaries, p. 6. 10. Of. Mrs. K. A. Price: Literacy on the Increase, China's Millions, Vol. 51, Jan., 1949, p. 7. I 11. Of. Albert E. Grant: In His Mother Tongue, China's Millions, Vol. 59, Jan., 1951, p. 8. I I I -38- I "The Lord gave us a vision of reaching the Chinese and other races of I Southeast Asia with the Qospel through the medium of print. Literature became a priority in the New Outreach.nl I The Mission's publishing house, the Christian Witness Press in I Hong Kong, aims to supply Far Eastern peoples with a variety of Chris- tian literature in their own languages, to promote the work of trans- I lation, and to cooperate with other evangelical groups by supplying them with literature. It is the Mission • s aim t.o get material into print to I supply every area where its own missionaries are working and as many 2 I other areas as possible. In 1950 the number of tracts, booklets, and posters printed by the Mission ran into the millions.3 While the Mission I was still in China, printed material was provided by the Tribal Press in Kunming, lUnnan for almost every tribe where the Mission was working.4 I A statement made in a recent pamphlet of the Mission indicates the vari- 1 I ety of materials produced: Current printing includes three large Bible commentaries, five devo­ tional books, one Bible stuqy book, two literacy primmers, one 6oo­ I page music hymnbook, twenty new evangelistic tracts, and two pictor­ ial posters (all in Chinese); two pictorial posters in Thai, one evan­ gelistic booklet in Tagalog, one book in Lisu, and one catechism and h;nnnbook in Lahu. Other publications, large and small, are in the I course of translation, and we expect that five translatiogs in Thai already completed will soon be committed to the printer. I Other materials which have been printed include the regular quarterly I issue of Scripture Union's Daily Notes, story-coloring books for • • • • • • 1. Literature, p. 1. I 2. Cf. Kenneth Price: The Gospel in Print, The Millions, June, 1953, p. 88. 3. Cf~ Panorama of 1950, China's Missions, Vol. 59, Jan., 1951, P• 18. I 4. Cf. Albert E. Grant: Buy the Truth and Sell It Not, China's Missions, Vol. 59, Feb., 1951, p. 28. I 5. Literature, pp. 4-5. I I -J9-

I children, tracts for children, 1 the li.t'e of Hudson Taylor in Chinese, 2 I story books, flyers, Good News reading lessons, and translations of Christian class.ics. J

I Literature is. distributed to ~~e various fields from the Christian Witness Press almost entirely by mail order. The 11ission

I aims to encourage the distribution of literature by setting up reading I rooms and lending libraries, by the use of mobile book and preaching vans, and in connection ~cd.th mobile medical work. 4 I D. The Relationship Bett~een the !nasion and the Churches I 1. Recognition of the Need for an Indigenous Church I The Mission has recognized the necessity o:t the newly estab­ lished churches to be independent in their support, their government, I and their outreach to their ovm people.5 The rise of nationalism, in- I creased educational opportunities, and the turnover of missi.onary per­ sonnel has made such an emphasis all the m.Ore evident in recent years. 6

I 2. ?ifaans of Encouraging the Growth of the Indigenous Church I llefinite policy was established in 1928 emphasizing the im- porta.nce of establishing indigenous churches. Under this nevT policy I the churChes progressed. However, such complete independence of t.he • • • • •• I 1. Cf. Literature, p. 1. 2. Cf. Panorama of 1950, China's 1•1illions, Vol. 59, Jan. 1951, p. 18. .3. Cf. Kenneth Price: The Gospel in Print, T'ne Ydllions, June, 195.3, I p. 88. 4. Cf. Kenneth Price: Christian Witness Fress, T'ne }tillions, Vol. 60, June, P• 95. I 5. Cf. Field }'1anual of the China Inland !-fission, p. 14. 6. Cf. J. Herbert Kane: Twofold Growth, pp. 15-17. I I I -40- I church and Mission tended to hamper the ministry of the Mission. There- I fore the Mission began to explore new areas for cooperation with the church. The church was to be used as a channel for the :Mission to 1 I minister to the spiritual needs of the land. I Although the emphasis on the importance of the indigenous church is almost universal today, there are different approaches to I encouraging its growth. J. Herbert Kane, of the China Inland Mission, presents three principles which he considers to be important in this I connection: (1) The national Christians should be the policy-makers 'il "! : I of their o.n aburches. The missionaries must exercise great~control in this respect, even when the church appears to be making mistakes. I (2) The missionary must differentiate between that in the native culture which is unchristian and that which is merely different from his own

I culture. The latter must not be tampered with. The native church may I take quite a different form from that expected by the missionary and still not be violating basic Christianity. (3) The missionary must I recognize that the pace of the natives is not the kind to which he is accustomed. He must exercise great patience, allowing the people to I move at their own speed. Kane cites the example of Jesus as He took His disciples where they were and led them along as they were able to I 2 folln. I Kane describes a typical way in which the indigenous method works out. The gospel is carried to a village, perhaps by a resident I ...... 1. Cf. Field Manual of the China Inland Mission, p. 14. I 2. Cf. Kane, op. cit., pp. 19-24. I I I -41- I who has heard and received it while visiting an area where there is a I Christian witness. He may receive much opposition at first, but grad- I ually there gathers a small group of believers. They may decide, after careful planning with the older Christians, that they are now reaqy to I have their own meetings instead of attending those in the place where a church has been established. Such an out-station may require several I years for its establishment, but it has its roots deeply sunk.1 I With the establishment of such an out-station, the purpose of the missionar.y is by no means considered to be complete. Evangelization I is necessary, but not enough, and must be in balance with a program for the strengthening of new converts. In order that the manifold task of I building up the indigenous church may be accomplished, some kind of I simple organization is necessar,r. For example, in the Fowyang district, the groups of believers in an area are classified as being churches, out- I stations, or gospel centers, A gospel center, which is a place where a witness for Christ is beginning, becomes an out-station when it is offi- I cially recognized by the district union of churches. OUt-stat&ons are I under the care of the nearest church. No church may have more than three out-sta.t.ions. The churdl es are responsible for careful super­ I vision of their out-stations.2 In order to qualify as a church, an out-station must have (1) I ten baptized and reliable members, (2) a building given completely to

worship, ~md (3) a board of officers, a chairman, and three or more I ...... 1. Cf. Kane, op. cit., p. 28. I 2. Cf. Ibid., pp. 40-42. I I I -42- I deacons. The congreg~on, not the board, of a church have final au­ I thority in all important matters. The church is encouraged to have a balanced program of worship, evangelism, and teaching •1 The local church I is encouraged to take care of its own problems as they arise, but the I missionaries are available as •under-shepherds of the flock" to help with difficulties beyond the strength or experience of the church.2 I Except in special cases the Mission leaves the support of the ministry to the church. The Mission does assist financially work which is un- I dertaken b.r an association of churches serving a wider area than the I local church.3 In relationship to the church the missionary may be con- I sidered as a resource fo~ the church to use in its own program. The missionary does not plan the program, but fits into it wherever the

I church believes him to be the most needed. He may do direct evangel- I istic work or train others to do so. He may well fit into the program as a Bible teacher, grounding the Christians in the Scriptures by means I of Bible classes. These may serve as a springboard for the establish- ment by a church of its own Bible school. Some missionaries contribute

I to the church program by assisting in the church school work. The ser­ I vices of medical workers is sometimes requested by the churches.4 The Mission may help to establish centers of training for I Christian workers or may give financial aid to recommended students for ...... I 1. Cf. Kane, op. cit., pp. 42-43. 2. Cf. Ibid., p. 117. Ibid., P• 126. I 3. Cf~ Field Manual of the China Inland Mission, p. 15. 4. Cf. Ibid., PP• 16-17. I I I -43-

I such institutions.1 I In the last years of the Mission's work in China their was little mention made of the Mission itself and the missionaries. I Rather, the emphasis was on the church and the indigenous leadership. 2 Concerning the year 1950, John R. Sinton was able to say that most of I the work was;:~ carried out by Chinese Christians. 3 At the time of the I withdrawal of China Inland Mission workers from China, the General Di- rector, Bishop Houghton stated, "In the mercy of God the churches asso­ I ciated with us have for many years (with very few exceptions) ce•sed to depend on us financially, and in any case they have long been self­ I governing."4 The Mission looks forward to the time when its missionaries I can return to China, but would ohly do so at the invitation of the Chi­ nese church, to work under its direction.5 I What has been said up to this point regarding the indigenous church has been in relationship to the work of the Mission during its

I last years in China. A few facts about its emphasis in the New Out- I reach should be mentioned. At a conference of Mission leaders in 1951 it was decided I that the Mission should continue to aim at establishing "churches which

would be from the ~eginning self-propagating, self-supporting, and self- I ...... 1. Of. Field :Manual of the China Inland Mission, p. 17. I 2. Of. Lea, op. cit., p. 10. ). John R. Sinton: The Encroaching Tide, Come Wind, Come Weather, The Story of the Year 1950, quoted in China's Millions, Vol. 59, July, I 1951, p. 111. 4. Bishop Frank Houghton: The Future of the China Inland Mission, China's Millions, Vol. 59, Feb., 1951, p. 20. I 5. Of• Bishop Frank Houghton: If It Be Thou, China's Millions, Vol. 59, April, 1951, P• 52. I I I -44- I govemi.ng.l The emphasis has had to shif't, however, from the national I to the missionary, at least in the beginning stages of the work in new areas. In most of these areas there exists no church and there are

I very few Christians. Where there are churches they are, for the most I part, lacking in spiritual life and in leadership. 2 Concerning the New Outreach Arnold J. Lea, the overseas director, wrote: I It is new work indeed, and is calling for the type of work done in China by the early pioneers: tract distribution, bookselling, street preaching, and telling the message whereever a home is open; yet all the time looking for those who will be convicted sufficient­ I ly of need and brave enough to step out for Christ.3 I" As a result of the work that has been started indigenous churches have been planted. 4 Small groups of believers from the very I beginning decide on their own church government and support themselves. They endeavor to win those around them to Christ.5 They build their own 6 I places of worship. I In describing the growth of the work in the Fo-wyang district in China, J. Herbert Kane gives the following illustration:

In the Fowyang compound, there is a peculiar type of grass which I puts out a runner that grows along the ground for about six inches, and then sends down a root. When that root is firmly fixed the runner continues to grow another six inches, and sends down another I root; and so on indefinitely until the whole plot of ground is cov­ ered with a carpet of grass.7 I ...... 1. Cf. Fred Mitchell: Let Us Go On, China's Millions, Vol. 60, Jan., 1952, P• 4. I 2. Lea, op. cit., p. 11. 3. Ibid., p. 11. 4. Cf. Sound of Abundance, The Millions, Aug.-Sept., 1954, p. 126. I 5. Cf. Annette Harris: Formation of a Church, The Millions, Nov., 1954, p. 155. 6. Of. Winifred Rand: Chaell Christians Build Church, The Millions, I Nbv., 1954, p. 155. 7. Kane, op. cit., pp. 28-29. I I I -45-

I This characterization is fitting for the type of church which the China I Inland Mission aims to encourage, whether laboring in unevangelized areas or in a~eas where the Church of Christ is established.1 I

I Making no appeals for workers or funds, the China Inland I Mission has been able to move from China into seven new areas of the Far East with the gospel. Missionaries, carefully selected by Home I Departments, are directed in their work from a headquarters on the field. They work in the areas of evangelism, medicine, education, and I literature, the last receiving the greatest increase of attention in I the last few years. A striking feature of the China Inland Mission is its desire to retire into the shadow of the church, to help it in its

I growth into maturity, but not to control. I • • • • • • 1. cr. Ante, PP• 39-44. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I / CHAPTER III A COMPARISON OF THE POLICIES OF MISSIONS ESTABLISHED I BY JAJAES HUDSON TAYLOR AND I THOSE OF THE CHINA INLAND MISSION IN RECENT YEARS I I I I I I I I I I I I CHAPTIR III A COMPARISON OF THE POLICIES OF MISSIONS ESTABLISHED I BY JAMES HUDSON TAYLOR AND I THOSE OF THE CHINA INLAND MISSION IN RECENT YEARS I A. Introduction I The mission policies of the China Inland Jlission under Hudson Taylor 1s leadership and those of the Mission in more recent years have I been presented in the first two chapters. It will be the purpose of this chapter to examine the findings of the first two to discover in

I which ways and to what extent they are similar and dissimilar.

I B. Comparison of Operational Principles

I l. Aim and Scope The "deep sense of China's pressing need" which made Hudson

I Taylor desire above all else to take the gospel to Chinal is no less I a factor in motivating the present work of the China Inland Mission. Although the llission no longer has workers in China, the work of GOd I in that land continues to have top priority in the Mission's concern. The Mission considers its most important task to be that of keeping be­ I fore praying Christians the needs of China.2 It is also the desire of I the Mission to return to China when conditions permit.3 It was not Hud- • • • • • • 1. cr. Ante, p. 12. I 2. Cf. Ante, pp. 26-27. 3. cr. Ante, p. 43. I -47- I I -kB- I son Taylor's wish that the China Inland Mission should establish itself I as the exclusive evangelizing agency in. China. His aim was that China should be evangelized.1 Similarly, the China Inland Mission at present

I has not only recognized that the work of the Mission might cease in I China, but aas seen this possibility become an actuality. The :Mission's chief concern is that the work of God in China continue to grow. 2 I Whereas the work of the China Inland :Mission in Hudson Tay­ lor's time was restricted to China,3 the actual labors of the mission- I aries have in the last few years necessarily been transferred to other I parts of the Far East. First preference for their work has gone to Chinese peoples outside the borders of China. The Mission continues to I try to reach areas which have had little or no evangelization.k However, since much more of the Far East has been evangelized than was the case I in HUdson Taylor's time, much of its work now is that of cooperating I with the indigenous churches already in existence.$ I 2. Administration a. Finance I The policy of the China Inland :Mission nth regard to the I financing of its work has remained the same. The Mission continues to operate under the conviction that God will supply what is needed for I • • • • • • 1. Cf. Ante, p. 13. 2. Cf. Ante, P• 27. I 3. Cf. Ante, p. 12. 4. Cf. Ante, PP• 27-28. I $. Cf. Ante, pp. iv, 42-43. I I I -49- I the work which He initiates. Therefore, the Mission never goes into I debt. No solicitations for funds are ever made. The money Which comes I in is distributed carefully according to need.1 The Mission has found this policy to be successful both financially and spiritually.2

I b. Plan of Work I From the time of its beginning to the present time the China Inland Mission has operated from a headquarters on the field, where the I General Director, under whose leadership the Mission is directed, re- sides. Originally, directors serving as superintendents in the pro- I vinces worked under the General Director. These superintendents were I aided by an advisory council. Now, in addition to the General Director, there is an OVerseas Director who is aided by Assistant OVerseas DiFee- I tors and assisted by an Overseas Council. As was originally the case, Home Departments take care of the Mission's responsibilities in each I country from which missionaries are sent. They stimulate missionary I interest, receive and train candidates, and receive and channel funds. 3 In its beginnings, the China Inland Mission was dealing almost I entirely with unevangelized peoples. Its approach was, therefore, uni- formly one of entering into the larger cities of the provinces and I from there branching out to smaller cities.4 In more recent years, as I the church has been established, and the responsibilities of the Mission • • • • • • I 1. cr. Ante, pp. 13-14, 28. 2. Cf. Handbook of the China Inland Mission Overseas Missionary Fellow­ ship, p. 11. 3 •.tf: Ante, PP• 14, 28-291 I 4. ct. Ante, pp~ 14·15. I I I -.50-

I have become more diversified, the Mission approaches its task in a 1 I variety o£ ways. It is still the policy o£ the l'.tission to send its workers to the :field with the understanding that they are to be de- I pendent upon God alone :for well-being. No demands whatsoever are to be made of the government for help or protection.2 I Under Hudson Taylor's leadership, the Mission developed as I an interdenominational and international movement and remains so to the present time. 3

c. Personnel

The qualifications :for membership in the Mission and the re-

quirements of members on the field are much the same now as they were when the Mission began. Knowledge of Jesus Christ, and a character

which reflects that knowledge and results in the influencing of others for Christ are requisites :for membership. The missionary needs to be I armed with such spiritual equipment as will enable him to persevere in the most difficult situations. Knowledge of the Word o:f God, personal I daily application of 'it and the ability to impart its truths to others are essential. A.ny' practical experience in Christian service is con­

I sidered to be o£ value.4 During the period when liberal theological I thought was influential the doctrinal standard of the Mission remained conservativeS and is the same today as it was when the Mission began.6

I • • • • • • 1. Of. Pushing Back Boundaries, pp. 4-6. 2. C£. Ante, pp. 1.5, 29-30. I 3. Cf. Ante, pp. 1.5-16, 30. 4. Of. Ante, pp. 16-18, 30-31. .5. cr. Latourette, op. cit., pp. 38.5-386. I 6. cr. Ante, pp. 18, 31. I I I -51- I 'lhe acquirement of the language now, as in the beglimlil'lg is I considered to be of great importance. The Mission now sends its workers to language school on the field. Higher education now, as formerly, is I not absolutely required. However, it is considered to be more important I now, because the people with whom the missionaries work are apt to be highly educated.1 I Good health, ability to adjust to new conditions, and the abil- ity to mix and to cooperate with other people are essential for an et- I fective ministry on the field. The missionary must be willing to identi­ I fy himself as completely as possible with those to whom he is sent. 2 I C. Comparison of the Mission Program 1. Direct Evangelismt · I As it was in Hudson Taylor's time, it is the aim of the Mis- I sion at present to reach as much unevangelized territory as possible. Many of the methods which were used then such as preaching to crowds, I distributing tracts, and contacting individuals are used today, espe- eially in the New OUtreach of the Mission. The Mission has not neg- I lected to use, in addition, technical equipmen1 such as radio, record- I ings, and visual equipment, which has been developed since Hudson Tay- lor's time. Since churches have been established in the Far East, the I Mission endeavors, as far as possible, to work through the churches in its evangelistic outreach.3 I ...... 1. ct. Ante; pp. 16-18, 30, 31. I 2. ct. Ante, pp. 18, 32-33. 3. ct. Ante, pp. 19, 33-35. I I I -52- I 2. Medical Work I The China Inland Mission now, as originally, considers the primary purpose for its medical work to be that of imparting the gos- I pel. The giving of medical aid is one of the most effective means of I winning hearts to C:.'lrist. The Mission 1 in its beginnings and at present, treats patients within its own hospitals and also carries on work with I ol1t-patients.1 I 3. Educational Work It was Hudson Taylor's conviction that educational institu-

I tio~s should be an outgrowth of evangelism, contrary to the thinking that education can take the place of evangelism. The Mission did estab- I lish schools which gradually came under the control of the churches. I Leadership training for pastors and evangelists was provided in the form of Bible classes and Bible schools.2 I The educational work of the Mission continues to be limited to actual Christian teaching in a variety of ways. The Mission lays a I strong emphasis on leadership training, a phase of the work with which I Hudson Taylor was also vitally concerned.3 I 4. Production and Use of Literature · Hudson Taylor early realized the value of using printed ma.­ I terials.4 Production and use of literature is carried on today on a ...... I 1. Cf. Ante, pp. 19-20, 35-36. • Marshall Broomhall: The Jubilee Story of the China Inland Mission, PP• 297-299. I 2. Cf. Ante, PP• 36-37. 3. Cf~ .Ante, pp. 21, 36-37. I 4. cr. Ante, pp. 21-22. I I -53- I much larger scale. Many types of material in 1lla.lV languages are being

I printed in great quantity right on the fi~ld. The increasing rate of literacy and the closing of China to missionar.y enterprise have made a I new emphasis on literature necessary.1

I D. Comparison of the Relationships Between the Mission and the I Churches in Hudson Taylor's Time and at Present Although the concept of the indigenous church received little I emphasis before the end of the nineteenth century and certainly has been I put into practice by most missionary groups only in recent years,2 Bud- son Taylor had in view the establishing of churches which would not be I dependent on the foreign missionary. The missionary, he believed, should be replaced by native leadership as soon as possible. The work naturally I had to be initiated by the missionary, since there was no church.3 I The Mission in recent years has faithfully put indigenous principles into practice. Even work in new areas is initiated by na- I tionals, so that gospel centers and out-stations are, at least in some instances, under the leadership of nationals who live in the same area, I and supervised by the nearest indigenous church.4 This method differs I from the first method of establishing out-stations in that originally they were initiated and controlled by missionaries and were under the I supervision of a central church on the mission compound.$ Although • • • • • • I 1. Cf. Ante, pp. 37-39. 2. Kane, op. cit., P• 1$. 3. Cf. Ante, pp. 22-23. I 4. Cf. Ante, pp. 39-42. 5. Cf. Ante, p. 23. I I I -54- I matters of government and finance are left in the hands of the church, I the Mission has learned by experience that a policy of cooperation with the churches instead of complete separation yields the best results.1 I It is interesting to note that as the Mission is now entering into new I situations which are similar to that whiche~ted in China when mission- aries first went inland, the work is being carried on in much the same I way as it was originally.2 From its very beginning until the present the Mission has I encouraged converts to be evangelists themselves. This, however, does I not exempt the missionary from his personal responsibility to make known the gospel wherever possible.' I

I A comparison of the operational principles established by I Hudson Taylor and those of the China Inland at present reveals simil- arities in basic policies. The scope of the Mission has increased and I some changes in the plan of the work have occurred. The Mission pro- gram is much the same except for an increase in the variety of the work. I Indigenous principles, which had their inception in Hudson Taylor's time, I have been developed through the years and are now wholly put into prac- tice. These minor changes were perhaps anticipated by Hudson Taylor I when, just before retirement from his responsibility as General Direc- • • • • • • I 1. cr. Ante, pp. 39-40, 42-43. 2. cr. Ante, p. 44. I 3. Cf. Ante, pp. 23, 35. I I I -55- I tor he said, After spending no little time some time since in considering the I aonstitution of the Mission, you will remember that we concluded it best not to make the arrangements irrevocable in detail. I think this was the wisest course. If the Living God is among us, we shall I be able to adapt arrangements to circumstances as they arise.l I • • • • • • 1. Bishop Frank Houghton: If It Be Thou, China's Millions, Vol. 59, I April, 1951, P• 53. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I CHAPTER IV SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION I I I I I I I I I I I I I

I CHAPTER IV I SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

I A. Summa:cy I It has been the purpose of this thesis to discover whether or not the policies of missions of the China Inland l~ssion as it exists I today are basica.l.JJ the same or different from the policies of missions established by Hudson Taylor, the founder of the Mission. In order to

I do this the policies of each were examined separately and then compared. I In the first chapter the early life of Hudson Taylor was discussed in­ sofar as it had bearing on the policies of the mission which he was used I to bring into being. This discussion was followed by a presentation of the policies established in the actual formation o£ the. Mission. In the I second chapter the current policies of the China Inland Mission were I presented. The findings of the two chapters were examined and compared in the third. The lines of comparison were as follows: the principles I of operation, the mission program, and the relationship between the Mis­ sion and the churches. The principles of operation compared were those

I concerning aim, scope, and acbninistration--adrninistration including fi­ I nance, plan of work, and personnel. Under the mission program direct evangelism, medical work, educational work, and use of literature were I compared. The similarities and differences were pointed out in each I case.

I -51- I I -58-

I B. Conclusion

I It has been shown that the aim of the Mission has not changed I since Hudson Taylor's time. The Mission still answers in obedience to the call of God to the unfinished task of spreading the gospel. The I scope of the Mission has changed, because the political situation in China necessitated its changing. But the scope has changed only in that

I workers of the Mission have been withdrawn from China. China still has I first place in the thinking and prayers of the Mission. No changes have been made in the financial policy of the Mis­ I sion. Appeals for funds continue to be made only to God. With regard to the plan of the work, the organization of the Mission has remained

I the same except for changes in minor details which have been required by I the New outreach of the Mission. The Mission still enters unevangelized areas with the gospel, but, in addition, it works with and through the I established churches. The qualifications for membership have remained fundamentally the same except for the fact that higher education, though

I not absolutely required, is now considered to be more important. This I change has come about because ma.r:zy- nationals of the Far East are now higbly educated. I Methods of direct evangelism are much the same except that the Mission now is able to make use of a greater variety of methods I because of technological advance. The policy of the Mission with regard I to medical and educational work is the same in that they are not con­ sidered to replace, but rather, to aerve the function of making Christ ~ known. Work with literature, though considered important in Hudson Taylor's time, has received a much greater emphasis in recent years.

') I -59- I This is partially' due to the greater degree of literacy among the I peoples of the Far East. As has been previously' mentioned, Hu.dson Taylor had great in­

I sight into indigenous principles for his day. The Mission has not so I much changed as it has developed these principles to a greater degree. The findings o£ this study show that in its broader outlines I the China Inland Mission today is much as it was in its beginnings under Hudson Taylor's leadership. Such changes as have come about have, for

I the most part, been necessitated by changes in social and political I conditions, or have been made possible by scientific advance. But, basically', the policies having at their foundation the unchanging Christ I have themselves remained unchanged. I I I I I I I ·I I

'··.I\ I I I I I I I I BIBLIOGRAPHY I I I I I I I I I I I BIBLIOGRAPHY

JAHES HUDSON TAT.WH I A. Prim.ary Sources I Books I Taylor, J. Hudson: A Retrospect. China Inland ltlssion, Toronto, n.d. I Pamphlet Taylor, J. Hudson: The J!lissionary Candidate. China Inland Hission, I Philadelphia, n. d. I B. Secondar"J Sources I Books Broomhall, 1-:Iarshall: By Love Compelled. Hodder and Stoughton, I London, 1936. The Jubilee Story of the China Inland Hission. China I Inland lV'J.ission, Philadelphia, n.d. Gu.iness, 11. Geraldine: The Story of the China Inland Mission. J.hrgan and Scott :for China Inland J:>lission, London, vol. I I, 1897; vol. II, 1900. lf.ia.CGil1ivray, D.: A Century of Protestant !'fissions in China. I American Presbyterian Nission Press, Shanghai, 1907. Latourette, Kenneth Scott: A History of Christian Hissions in I China. The Ma.c!•1illan Company, l~ew York, 1929. · Taylor, Dr. and l·irs. HOivard: Hudson Taylor and the China Inland !>Iission, The Growth of a \'lork of God. Luttenmrth Press I for China Inland 1•1ission, London, 1918.

Hudson Taylor in Early Years, The Gro~rth of a Soul. I Lutterro1orth Press for China Inland !'fission, London, 1911. I -61- I I -62-

I CHINA INLA11D UISSION I A. Primary Sources I Books Adolf, Paul Ernest: Surgery Speaks to China. China Inland !fission, I Philadelphia, 1945. Field Hanual of the China Inland I

I Kane, J. Herbert: Twofold Grm'fth. China Inland Nission, Phila­ delphia, 1947. I Palllphlets

I Broomha.ll, Dr. A. J.: Sent to Heal. China Inland Mission Overseas 11issionary Fellowship, Philadelphia, n.d.

I Handbook of the China Inland 11ission Overseas Hissionary Fello1-rsh:i;p. China Inland Hission Overseas JYlissionary Fellotish:ip, I Philadelphia. How Shall I Prepare for J!.lissionar.r Service 't China Inland 11ission, Philadelphia.

I Literature. China Inland l-iission Overseas 1-ti.ssionary Fellowship, Philadelphia.

I New Outreach. China Inland i"lission, Philadelphia.

Pushing Back the Boundaries. China Inland Hission Overseas I l"lissiona:t"'J Fellowship, Philadelphia. Reprinted from. Our Hope, !!arch, 1954.

I Periodicals

I Back cover, The i•tlllions, l'mch, 1955.

Beugler, Dorothy: 11 0nly One in Twenty Can Readfl, China1 s Billions, I Vol. 57, I•Iay, 1949. .

11 Bible Club Rallies 11 , The Millions, June, 1953 •

I 11 Blake, Norman and Havis: nvoice of the Orient , The l1il1ions, I June 1953. I - -6.3- t Contento, Paul A.: 11Youth Work in I'fulaya11 , The l·tillions, Vol. 60, August, 1952.

"The Singapore Seminaryn, The :Hillions, Vol. 60, Septembe-r, • 1952. Cook, Allyn B.: "Basic Principles of Entering a Ne1-r Tribe 11 , The I liDlions, Februar.r, 1953.

Faulkner, Cyril and Frey, Emerson: "River l!."vangelism in Central I Thailandll, The 1-'I:lllions, January, 1953.

Grant, Albert E.: unuy the Truth and Sell It Not11 , China1 s Hillions, I Vol. 59, February, 1951.

llin His Y.10t...lJ.er Tongue 11 , China1 s i"lillions, Vol. 59, January, I 1951.

11 Harris, Annette: 11 Formation of a Church , The l1Iillions, November, I 1954. Houghton, Bishop Frank: Uif' It Be Thou 11 , China's Hillions, Vol. 59, I April, 1951. 11 T'ne l'uture of the China Inland I'1ission11 , Ch:Uk1. 1 s 11illions, I Vol. 59, February, 1951. ' 11 Joyce' Raymond Fr... : Visual Evangelism II' China I s Hillions' Vol. 56' November, 191.~8.

I t1itchell, Fred: 11 Let Us Go ann, China's i'lillions, Vol. 60, January, 1952.

I npanorama of 1950 11 , China's Hillions, Vol. 59, Februa.I"'t.r, 1951.

Peet, Lawrence: 11 Shop Preaching11 , China's }\fillions, Vol. 58, I October, 1950.

Price, Kenneth: 11 Christian Witness Press11 , The Nillions, Vol. 60, I June, l952. · 11 The Gospel in Print", The Millions, June, 1953.

I Price, Mrs. K. A.: ttLiteracy on the Increasen, China's Hillions, Vol. 57, Janua11[, 1949.

Rand, 1vinifred: uChaah Christians Build Church", The Millions, November, 1954.

Rulison, Don: 11 Preaching in l'Ia.ny Languages11 , The Hillions, January, 1953. I -64-

I Sinton, John R.: "The Encroaching Tide, Come Wind, Come Weather, 11 The Story.af' the Year 1950 , China's I'i:illions, Vol. 59, I July, 1951. Snyder, Lily: nA Hother's C1ub 11 , The }'Jillions, February, 1955.

I ttSound of Abundance 11 , The Hillions, luigust~~ptember, 1954.

11 11 Walker, w. s. c.: Tent r1eeting , China's m~lions, Vol. 58, I 1Iovember, 1950. I Yearbook I Hazelton, Anne: Ready Sandals. China Inland Ivlission, London, 195.3. I I I I I I I I I I I I