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The Characteristics of Academic History on the Studies of Chinese Islam by Western Academic Circles Annals of Language and Literature Volume 4, Issue 4, 2020, PP 24-32 ISSN 2637-5869 The Characteristics of Academic History on the Studies of Chinese Islam by Western Academic Circles Alimu Tuoheti* Assistant Professor at Tohoku University, Japan *Corresponding Author: Alimu Tuoheti, Assistant Professor at Tohoku University, Japan ABSTRACT Western studies on Islam and Muslims in Mainland China can be divided into two parts according to geographical and linguistic boundaries: ○1Research in British and American, written in English; and ○2The European continent, mainly the research written in French, Russian, and German. Regarding the collection of academic achievements in these aspects and the staging of Western Islamic studies, the main purpose of my research is to comment on the key academic achievements in each period. This research mainly deals with the study of Islamic Chinese literature. Generally speaking, foreign scholarly research on Islam and Muslims in Mainland China clearly includes the Uyghur and other Turkic languages and the Hui nationality in Chinese. Due to the differences in history, language and culture of these nationalities, inevitable variations occur in research results and methods. The study of Chinese Islam in Western academic circles can be roughly divided into four stages, which will be discussed in chronological order and its characteristics. BEFORE THE 20TH CENTURY ○1Religious people, including Christian missionaries. Before the 19th century, there was no academic research in today’s sense. In the 19th century, the ○2Scholars, including Orient lists. development of natural science and the emergence Subsequently, when Western missionaries entered of enlightenment gradually gave birth to social China, they found the presence of a large Muslim science in modern Europe. As Europe opened the group, so they began to study them and organize th door to China in the middle of the 19 century, missionary work. Although this missionary activity Western academia began to pay attention to China, proved unsuccessful in terms of the number of and Western theories and methods progressively converts to Christianity, it maintains a certain entered China and were accepted by Chinese positive significance regarding religious and scholars. cultural exchange, and cross-civilizational intera- ction. Most saliently, some Christian missionaries and Orient lists have completed more serious studies of Documents recording the encounters between Islam in China, and published several correspond- Christianity and Islam in China since modern ing works and research results on this basis. times are scattered in journals such as Chinese Repository ―中国丛报,‖The Chinese Recorder In one regard, the missionaries’ attention to ―教务杂志,‖Friends of Moslems ―穆斯林之友,‖ Islam in China derives from the needs of The Moslem World ―穆斯林世界,‖ and China’s missionary work; simultaneously, missionaries Millions ―亿万华民.‖ were familiar with Islam and regard it as an important competitor to Christianity. Russian Missionaries’ foreign travel once gave birth to Orthodox missionaries were the first to collect modern anthropology, whose mission involved information about Chinese Islam. studying different cultures. They studied the local Aboriginal societies and cultures based on During this period, those who studied Islam and the requirements of missionary work. Muslims in China could be divided into two categories. Russian Orthodox missionaries as an example: Annals of Language and Literature V4 ● I4 ● 2020 24 The Characteristics of Academic History on the Studies of Chinese Islam by Western Academic Circles The development of the studies of Chinese Islam College (Ecole Pratique des Haute Etudes) in is closely related to the activities of missionaries 1889. This system greatly facilitated resource from myriad countries. In the 19th century, as one of sharing and academic mobility. the three major Christian factions and the first to These Mainland China-related research institutions gain the privilege of preaching in China, the also conducted academic research on the Chinese Russian Orthodox Church, although its religions, including Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, development scale did not reach that of Protestant among others. Darby de Thiersant (梯尔桑), churches. However, the Russian missionary mission still made considerable achievements in the studies Gabriel Deveria (德韦理亚), and other contem- of Chinese Islam. In this context in which the poraries are representative Oriental scholars of Russian Orthodox Church entered China, the Islam and Muslim issues in China. missionaries launched successive popular research The value of French materials lies in the about the country. The representative scholars in collection of some inscriptions on mosques in studies of China include a group of outstanding China, including Arabic rubbings and photos, sinologists, and for Russia, the development of which vividly describes the life of Chinese modern sinology in China laid a solid foundation Muslims at that time. and a bright future. Among them, scholars on the In the first of the 20th century, the missionary study of Islam and western regions in China are work of the Western Christian Church in 尼基塔 雅科夫 Hyacinth Yakovlevich Bichurin ( · China reached a climax. For example, China 列维奇·比丘林斯基), Vasili P. Vasilev（瓦西 Inland Mission, or CIM (a transnational 里·帕夫洛维奇·瓦西里耶夫), and Archiman- missionary organization) was founded by drite Palladusu (彼得·伊凡诺维奇·卡法罗夫). English missionaries in 1865, including Hudson 戴德生， After the turn of the 20th century, British and Taylor ( 1832–1905). The missiona- American missionaries also paid attention to this ries sent to China came from different sects, aspect. mainly from Britain, the United States, Canada, and New Zealand. Some missionaries were also In the field of Orientalism, the French have from Germany, Austria, and Northern Europe made great achievements regarding the study (such as Sweden, Norway, Finland, and of Chinese Islam. Denmark). CIM asked missionaries to devote Although the cultural communication behavior themselves regardless of payment and try to be of Jesuit missionaries was mainly intended to Chinization. As a result, they became the enable the European upper class to learn more vanguard of missionaries in Mainland China. about China—a remote country—and, in turn, Every time they arrived, they set up missionary stations, and then expanded rapidly to the most strongly support their missionary activities. th Considering the setbacks of the previous remote areas. By the end of the 19 century, missionary activities, and in a country with a CIM had about 650 missionaries, 270 missions, great civilizational history like China, many and 5000 believers, becoming the largest Jesuit missionaries’ flexible approach proved Protestant group in China. In this context, favorable. missionaries began to investigate and study Islam in China from the perspective of Muslim Under such a premise, the Jesuits' missionaries missionary work. During this period, the study attained the greatest convenience to understand of British and American missionaries in the the local conditions and customs of China, and field of Islam in China reached a peak. the translation of Chinese works will be more like a fish in the water. In this way, the Many research papers on Chinese Islam and missionary activities of Jesuits were not only an Muslims were published in The Chinese opportunity for China to understand the West, Recorder and Missionary Journal. Hence, but also a great opportunity for the West to learn the relationship between this journal and the from the East. study of Chinese Islam requires exploring. The establishment of French sinology can be The Chinese names of the source of materials in traced back to the first European sinology chair the overseas literature library in The Chinese set up in France College (College de France) in Recorder and Missionary Journal are ―教务杂志.‖ 1814. Meanwhile, the launch of a religious Protestant missionaries in China founded this research chair in sinology is marked by the English-language journal in 1867 and it ran for 75 establishment of "Far East and Indian American years. It was the predecessor of the The Missionary Religion‖ chair of the Higher Research Practice Recorder, published one year earlier. It was Annals of Language and Literature V4 ● I4 ● 2020 25 The Characteristics of Academic History on the Studies of Chinese Islam by Western Academic Circles reprinted in Shanghai in 1874 two years after its The main characteristics of this period are as suspension. The first to write about Muslims in The follows: 艾约瑟 Chinese Recorder was J. Edkins ( ), a ○1The establishment of important academic famous missionary and sinologist, who visited the journals and their research mosque in Beijing and published "Notes on Mahommedanism in Peking‖ in 1868. This paper ○2The establishment of various structures and introduced the layout of the mosque, worship, publication of the first important research works. 1 Muslim customs Imam's duties, and so on. One of the most important symbols, The Furthermore, some missionaries introduced Moslem World (《伊斯兰世界》), was Muslims in the uprising of the Hui Muslim people founded by the Christian Church in 1911. Since in the northwest, in addition to opium and alcohol its inception, it became the longest lasting and prohibition. With the deepening of missionary most influential publication among Muslim activities in the mainland, the differences in missionary journals. Before the publication of missionaries’
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