Low Emission Development Strategies (LEDS) for Panaji City Final Report

November 2015 Title

Low Emission Development Strategies (LEDS) for Panaji City This document is prepared by: ICLEI - Local Governments for Sustainability- South Asia Secretariat under the “Promoting Low Emission Urban Development Strategies in the Emerging Economy Countries” (Urban-LEDS) project with support from ICLEI - Local Governments for Sustainability – World Secretariat and UN-Habitat and funded by the European Commission.

Contributing Team from ICLEI South Asia Nikhil Kolsepatil, Keshav Jha, Soumya Chaturvedula, Tejas Shinde, Ankit Makvana, Prathyusha Sangem

Acknowledgements: The project team wishes to thank officials of Corporation of the City of Panaji, government departments and stakeholders from Panaji city for their support and contribution to the data collection and successful compilation of the document.

Disclaimer: While every effort has been made to ensure the correctness of data/information used in this report, neither the authors nor ICLEI-SA accept any legal liability for the accuracy or inferences drawn from the material contained therein or for any consequences arising from the use of this material.

No part of this report may be disseminated or reproduced in any form (electronic or mechanical) without prior permission from or intimation to ICLEI-SA. Permission and information may be sought at ([email protected]). Text or content from this report can be quoted provided the source is acknowledged.

Contact: ICLEI South Asia NSIC Bhawan, Okhla Industrial Estate, New Delhi - 110020, India [email protected] http://southasia.iclei.org/

Copyright © ICLEI South Asia (2015)

2 Table of Contents

1. Introduction ------4

2. Past and Ongoing Initiatives to Address Climate Change in Panaji------4

3. Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Inventory for Panaji City------6

3.1. Green House Gas (GHG) Inventory Methodology ------6

3.2. Community Level Energy Consumption and GHG Emissions------7 3.2.1. Panaji City Profile------7 3.2.2. City Level Energy Consumption and GHG Emission for Panaji City (2013-14)------7 3.2.3. Snapshot of Energy Consumption and Resultant GHG Emissions by Sector------8 3.2.4. Snapshot of Energy Consumption and Resultant GHG Emissions by Energy Source ------9 3.2.5. Sectoral Electricity Consumption and Resultant Indirect GHG Emissions ------10 3.2.6. Stationary Fuel Consumption and Resultant Direct GHG Emissions------11 3.2.7. Fuel Consumption in Transport Sector and Resultant Direct GHG Emissions------12 3.2.8. GHG Emissions from Solid Waste Treatment and Disposal------13 3.2.9. Projected Energy Consumption and GHG Emission in 2019-20------13

4. Low-Emission Development Strategies for Panaji City------15

4.1. Community------15 4.1.1. Residential Sector------15 4.1.2. Commercial/Institutional Sector------24 4.1.3. Transportation Sector------31 4.1.4. Solid Waste------36

4.2. Municipal Services and Facilities------42 4.2.1. Water Supply------42 4.2.2. Sewerage------47 4.2.3. Street Lighting------52 4.2.4. Municipal Buildings and properties------56

4.3. Cumulative GHG emission reduction from proposed priority actions------57

3 1. Introduction

Given Panaji’s coastal and ecologically sensitive location, the city has shown leadership by undertaking initiatives to addressing its vulnerability to climate change and improving resilience of infrastructure assets and the services (as outlined in the section 2). It is imperative that Panaji actively plans for and undertakes actions to address its growing energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.

ICLEI South Asia, with financial assistance from the European Commission and in partnership with UN-HABITAT, is supporting the Corporation of The City of Panaji (CCP) in implementing the project - Promoting Low Emission Urban Development Strategies in Emerging Economy Countries (Urban-LEDS). This project is being implemented in four emerging economy countries India, Indonesia, Brazil and South Africa in over 25 plus cities.

Two model cities and six satellite cities are part of this programme in India. The GreenClimateCities process guides the Urban-LEDS project cities in planning for Low Emission Development (LED) by focusing on institutional requirements, assessment of existing energy demand, developing scenarios for future energy demand in different sectors, developing a Green House Gas (GHG) emissions inventory leading to identification of priority sectors and subsequently planning for Low Carbon Development. Under the Urban-LEDS project, ICLEI South Asia is also supporting CCP in technical and financial feasibility assessments and tender documentation for energy efficient street-lighting infrastructure and energy efficiency improvements for the municipal market in Panaji.

Panaji is a unique city where a large proportion of the energy demand is a result of the large floating/tourist population. Taking this into consideration, the average per capita GHG emission for the year 2013-14 for the CCP area is 3.04 tonnes of CO2e, which is understandably higher than the national average of 1.43 tonnes of CO2e tonnes per capita per annum. The analysis of the inventory indicates that Panaji should focus on reducing GHG emissions from on-road transportation, residential, commercial and waste sectors either through energy efficiency improvements, adoption of cleaner/renewable energy, decentralized sustainable solutions and other low emission development planning approaches.

The Low Emission Development Strategies recommended in this document for Panaji city will contribute to India’s Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) submitted to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in October, 2015 which targets a reduction in the emissions intensity of GDP by 33 to 35 percent by 2030 from 2005 level. The strategies have been recommended based on the local priorities and plans and will inform the proposals being developed for Panaji under the Government of India’s Smart Cities Mission. 2. Past and Ongoing Initiatives to Address Climate Change in Panaji

A fast-growing energy demand, climate uncertainty, scarce resources and dependence on imported energy are just some of the challenges and opportunities that call for decisive action and innovation. Panaji is at the forefront among Indian cities for transformation towards a sustainable, low carbon and climate resilient future.

4 Corporation of The City of Panaji (CCP) has undertaken a number of initiatives towards renewable energy, energy efficiency, sustainable transport, solid waste management, low emission development and climate resilience over the past few years.

This project is being implemented in 4 emerging economy countries including Brazil, South Africa, Indian and Indonesia, covering over 25+ cities. Select cities from Europe support the project cities in identifying and implementing Low Emission Development initiatives in cities.

Figure 1: Past and Ongoing Initiatives on Climate Change in Panaji

Development of Solar City

• Panaji was recognized by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India as a Solar City in the year 2008 • The target for CCP considered as a reduction of 10% of the total energy demand which turns out to be equal to 45 Million Units of electricity.

Comprehensive Mobility Plan (CMP)

• The city of Panaji has been selected as one of the 63 cities in India which will receive funds under the JnNURM scheme of the Central Government. The Comprehensive Mobility Plan under the JnNURM needs to be in compliance with the National Urban Transport Policy (NUTP).

Smart Cities Mission

• Panaji has been short-listed to be developed as a Smart City by the Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India’s flagship Smart City mission in August 2015.

Swachh Bharat Mission

• Launched in December, 2014. The programme includes elimination of open defecation, conversion of unsanitary toilets to pour flush toilets, eradication of manual scavenging, municipal solid waste management and bringing about a behavioural change in people regarding healthy sanitation practices.

Urban Low Emission Development Strategies (Urban-LEDS)

• Panaji is one of 8 Indian cities under the Promoting Low Emission Urban Development Strategies in Emerging Economy Countries (Urban-LEDS) project funded by the European Commission, and implemented by UN-Habitat and ICLEI, with an objective of enhancing the transition to low emission urban development by integrating low-carbon strategies across all urban sectors.

Asian Cities Climate Change Resilience Network (ACCCRN)

• Under the ACCCRN project, funded by Rockefeller Foundation, the CCP is applying the ICLEI ACCCRN Process (IAP), a toolkit developed by ICLEI specifically for city governments to help them assess their vulnerabilities to climate change and to develop corresponding climate resilience strategies. As part of this process, 7 urban sectors have been identified to be impacted by climate change along with identification of vulnerability hotspots in Mala, St Inez Creek and Patto area. Based on this assessment a City Resilience Strategy will be developed for Panaji

Climate Change Resilient Development (CCRD)

• A detailed study has been conducted by The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) as part of the Climate Change Resilient Development (CCRD) project’s climate adaptation small grants program in Panaji. The goal of this study was to help plan for and implement climate risk management strategies as an integral part of city development by understanding the existing infrastructure and assessing its vulnerability to climate change

5 3. Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Inventory for Panaji City

Regional Carbon Footprint or GHG Inventory is the accounting of GHG emissions, resulting directly or indirectly from consumption of fossil fuels in various sources such as fuel combustion for industrial or residential purpose, electricity use, mobile combustion in transport, and degradation of municipal solid waste. It is a measure of the impact that human activities have on the environment in terms of the GHG emission over the entire range of activities taking place within the community’s geopolitical boundary.

Assessing the GHG emissions inventory is the first step in developing a plan to reduce the energy use and GHG emissions in the city. The GHG inventory provides the necessary baseline data to understand of the existing trend of energy consumption and GHG emission across sectors and identify the priority sectors where mitigation actions are required to lower the overall GHG emissions from the city. The baseline GHG inventory provides a basis to set targets, compare future inventories and measure any energy and emission reduction achieved through implemented actions.

The GHG inventory for Panaji reported in this document is for the baseline year of 2013-14 and has been developed at the community-wide level within the CCP jurisdiction area.

3.1. Green House Gas (GHG) Inventory Methodology

The GHG Inventory was prepared in accordance with the approved principles and standards of the Global Protocol for Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GPC). This protocol provides internationally agreed methodologies and guidelines to assist local governments in quantifying GHG emissions from activities within the administrative boundaries of cities.

Figure 2: Community scale GHG Emissions Inventory in Panaji

Community

• Single / Multi Direct Emissions (Stationary fuel use) Residential Family Energy Indirect Emissions (Grid electricity)

• Educational Institutions • Facilities • Hotels Commercial/ • Local Government Buildings Direct Emissions (Stationary fuel use) Institutional • OfLices (Private) Energy Indirect Emissions (Grid electricity) • Other • Other Public Buildings • Shops

• Electricity consumption from the Energy Indirect Emissions (Grid electricity) Manufacturing public power grid Industry and • Non-speciLied industry Construction • Other energy use Direct Emissions (Stationary fuel use)

Agriculture, Forestry Direct Emissions (Stationary fuel use) • Agricultural activities and Fishing Energy Indirect Emissions (Grid electricity) Activities

Mobile Units (Transportation) • On-Road Mobile (On-Road) Module • Biological Treatment of Waste Biological Treatment of Waste (Composting) Sector Waste • Incineration and Open Burning of Solid Waste Incineration and Open Burning of Waste Sub-Sector • Solid Waste Disposal LandLill ( Managed or Unmanaged) GHG Emission Source

6 Secondary data has been collected from relevant sources such as the departments for the preceding 5 year time period from 2009-10 onwards to understand the trends of energy use and GHG emission for different end uses and sectors. With the study significantly dependent on secondary data sourced from various government and private agencies, the chosen baseline year 2013-14 represents the reporting period wherein documented information sourced would be available from the data providers.

3.2. Community Level Energy Consumption and GHG Emissions

3.2.1. Panaji City Profile

State Goa Local Government Corporation of the City of Panaji Country India Estimated Resident Population 41,137 Daily Floating Population 6,468 Area 8.12 sq. km Population Density 5,066 persons per sq. km Estimated Households 10,548 Registered Vehicles 70,990 Daily Solid Waste Generation 72 metric tonnes Annual Electricity Consumption 91,804,496 kilowatt hours

3.2.2. City Level Energy Consumption and GHG Emission for Panaji City (2013-14)

Total Energy Consumption1 1,195,018 Giga Joules

Total GHG Emission 144,599 tonnes of CO2e Energy Consumption per capita: Panaji City 10.4 Giga Joules Energy Consumption per capita: India’s National Average 23.1 Giga Joules2

GHG Emission per capita: Panaji City 3.04 tonnes of CO2e

GHG Emission per capita: India’s National Average 1.43 tonnes of CO2e

Note: The per capita emission of Panaji city is substantially high compared to the National per capita average due to considerable tourist influx

1 Includes direct energy use (from combustion of fuels such as kerosene, LPG, petrol, diesel) and indirect energy use (due to consumption of grid electricity) 2 Statistic as of 2012-13 as per National Power Statistics Report 2013, Ministry of Statistics, Government of India

7 3.2.3. Snapshot of Energy Consumption and Resultant GHG Emissions by Sector

Energy Consumption by Sector

Sector Energy Use (GJ) Residential Buildings 207,553 Commercial and Institutional Buildings/Facilities 209,906 Manufacturing Industry and Construction 2,919 Agriculture, forestry and fishing activities 24 Mobile Transportation (On-Road) 774,617

GHG emissions by Sector

Sector GHG emission (tonnes of CO2e) Residential Buildings 36,345 Commercial and Institutional Buildings/Facilities 44,264 Manufacturing Industry and Construction 667 Agriculture, forestry and fishing activities 5 Mobile Transportation (On-Road) 55,406 Waste 7,912

„„ Total Community scale Energy use in 2013-14: 1,195,018 Giga Joules „„ Largest Energy consumers: Transport Sector (64.8%); Commercial and Institutional Buildings/Facilities Sector (17.6%); Residential Buildings Sector (17.4%) „„ Trend of Energy use: Rise of 18% since 2009-10 (at annual growth rate of 3.6%) „„ Total community scale GHG emission in 2013 -14: 144,599 tonnes of CO2e „„ Largest GHG emitters: Transport Sector (38.3%); Commercial and Institutional Buildings/Facilities Sector (30.6%); Residential Buildings Sector (25.1%)

8 3.2.4. Snapshot of Energy Consumption and Resultant GHG Emissions by Energy Source

Energy Consumption by Energy Source

Fuel/Energy Source Energy Use (GJ) Diesel 322,370 Petrol 452,247 LPG 83,398 Kerosene 6,507 Electricity 330,496

GHG emissions by Energy Source

Fuel/Energy Source GHG emission (tonnes of CO2e) Diesel 23,961 Petrol 31,444 LPG 5,275 Kerosene 471 Electricity 75,535

„„ Total Community scale Energy use in 2013-14: 1,195,018 Giga Joules „„ Prominently used Energy sources: Petrol (37.8%); Electricity (27.7%); Diesel (27%) „„ Total community scale GHG emission in 2013 -14: 144,599 tonnes of CO2e „„ Largest GHG emitting Energy sources: Electricity (55.3%); Petrol (23%); Diesel (17.5%)

9 3.2.5. Sectoral Electricity Consumption and Resultant Indirect GHG Emissions

Annual Sector-wise Electricity Consumption

Sector Annual Electricity Consumption (Million kWh) Average Annual Growth Rate (%) 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 Residential 26.3 45.4 33.4 39.7 38.9 9.5 Commercial/ 33.3 53.9 46.7 54.4 52.1 11.3 Institutional Industrial 0.6 1.2 0.8 0.9 0.8 5.0 Agricultural 0.005 0.004 0.003 0.0003 0.006 4.1 Total 60.3 100.5 80.9 95.0 91.8 10.4

„„ Total Electricity consumption in 2013-14: 91.8 million kWh „„ Electricity consumption per capita: Panaji City: 2,231 kWh; India’s National average (2012-13): 917 kWh3 „„ Largest Electricity consumers: Commercial/Institutional Sector (57%); Residential Buildings Sector (42%)

3 Central Electricity Authority (2014): Executive Summary of Indian Power Sector- Feb 2014. Available online at http://www. cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/executive_rep/feb14.pdf

10 „„ Trend of Electricity consumption: Rise of 34% since 2009-10 (at an annual growth rate of 10.4%) „„ Total GHG emission from electricity consumption in 2013 -14: 77,498 tonnes of CO2e

3.2.6. Stationary Fuel Consumption and Resultant Direct GHG Emissions

Annual LPG and Kerosene Consumption in Panaji City

Fuel Unit 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 LPG (residential) Metric tonnes 2,179 2,228 1,995 1,363 LPG (commercial) Metric tonnes 472.1 558.0 645.6 474.4 Kerosene kiloliters 1,254 1,254 269 182 (residential)

„„ Share of Stationary Energy use: Residential Sector - LPG (90.6%); Kerosene (9.4%); Commercial Sector- LPG (100%) „„ Trend of fuel Consumption: Decline in residential LPG consumption at annual rate of -14.8%4; decline in residential Kerosene consumption at annual rate of -21.4%; rise in commercial LPG consumption at annual rate of 0.12% „„ Total GHG emission from Stationary fuel combustion in the Residential Sector in 2013 -14:

4,327 tonnes of CO2e „„ Total GHG emission from Stationary fuel combustion in the Commercial Sector in 2013 -14:

1,420 tonnes of CO2e 4 Consumption of LPG in the residential sector has reduced from 2012-13 onwards due to weeding out of multiple connections, dormant connections blocked, subsidised quota of 6 cylinders, government policies etc.

11 3.2.7. Fuel Consumption in Transport Sector and Resultant Direct GHG Emissions

Annual Fuel Consumption by On-Road Transportation at the Community Level

Fuel Unit 2009- 2010- 2011- 2012- 2013- Average 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 annual growth rate (%) Petrol kilolitres 12,480 13,231 13,646 13,372 13,692 1.9 Diesel kilolitres 6,776 7,704 8,511 8,602 8,406 4.8

„„ Share of Energy Use in On-Road Transportation: Petrol (58%); Diesel (42%) „„ Trend of Fuel Consumption: Rise in Petrol consumption at annual growth rate of 1.9;, rise in Diesel consumption at annual growth rate of 4.8% „„ Total GHG emission from Mobile Combustion in Transportation in 2013 -14: 55,406 tonnes

of CO2e

12 3.2.8. GHG Emissions from Solid Waste Treatment and Disposal

Waste Generation by Type of Waste

Waste Type Tonnes per day (TPD) Biodegradable 27 Non-biodegradable (metals, glass, paper, plastics) 12 Construction and Demolition Debris 25 Biodegradable park and yard waste 8 Total 72

„„ Total daily solid waste generation: 72 metric tonnes per day „„ Composition of waste generated: Non-biodegradable waste (17%); Biodegradable waste (37%); Construction and Demolition Debris (34%); Biodegradable tree waste (12%) „„ Treatment and Disposal by waste type: Biodegradable waste: composting; Recyclables: recycled products; RDF: Co-processing in cement kilns, Inert waste – open dumping „„ Total GHG emissions from waste treatment and disposal in 2013-14: 7,912 tonnes of

CO2e

3.2.9. Projected Energy Consumption and GHG Emission in 2019-20

13 „„ Projected Total Community scale Energy use in 2019-20: 1,615,649 Giga Joules „„ Projected Largest Energy consumers: Transport Sector (58.5%); Residential Buildings Sector (19%); Commercial and Institutional Buildings/Facilities Sector (17.6%) „„ Projected Trend of Energy use: Rise of 26% since 2013-14 (at annual growth rate of 3.7%) „„ Projected Total community scale GHG emission in 2019-20: 214,497 tonnes of CO2e „„ Projected Largest GHG emitters: Commercial/Institutional Buildings and Facilities Sector (32.4%); Transport Sector (31.6%); Residential Buildings Sector (27.1%)

Assumptions for Projections „„ Electricity consumption: based on average annual growth rate observed from 2009- 10 to 2013-14- Residential Buildings (9.5%); Commercial and Institutional Buildings/ Facilities (11.3%); Manufacturing Industry and Construction (5.0%); Agriculture, forestry and fishing activities (4.1%) „„ Stationary Fuel: based on expected average annual population growth rate of 1.4% as per the revised City Development Plan - Residential– LPG and Kerosene; Commercial/ Institutional- LPG „„ Transportation Fuel: based on average annual growth rate observed from 2009-10 to 2013-14- Petrol (1.9%); Diesel (4.8%) „„ Solid Waste: based on projected population and per capita generation of 699 grams; 25 TPD of Construction and demolition debris and 0.5 TPD of biomedical waste added over and above this

5 While trend of LPG consumption has reduced from 2012-13 onwards due to weeding out of multiple connections, dormant connections blocked, subsidized quota of 6 cylinders, government policies etc., this is not representative of the growth in demand for stationary fuels that is expected to occur as a result of growing population. Hence consumption has been projected based on population growth and not on the basis of fuel consumption trends,

14 4. Low-Emission Development Strategies for Panaji City

The measures and specific actions proposed under the low emission development strategy for Panaji city build upon the city’s priorities and sustainable initiatives already identified across sectors under various plans. Planning documents such as the Holistic Master Plan6 (2013), Solar City Master Plan (2010), City Sanitation Plan (2015), and revised City Development Plan (2015) have been referred to assess status and gaps, and identify projects and plans across sectors. Relevant information has been used from project specific documentation such as detailed project reports, feasibility assessments along with inputs sought from municipal officials.

Based on the assessments from the planning documents and the baseline emission inventory, low carbon measures and interventions have been identified for Panaji city. Measures have been identified at the Community level across Residential, Commercial/Institutional, Transportation and Solid Waste sectors and for the CCP across its services and facilities such as Water supply, Wastewater, Street Lighting and Municipal buildings/properties. The measures have been categorized into structural measures and soft non-structural measures such policy, regulatory and institutional interventions. The implementation timeline for the proposed actions under the LEDS action plan is five years, from 2015-16 until 2019-20.

The following sections present the sector wise measures and relevant actions with estimated investment required, potential energy saving and GHG emission reduction for Panaji city.

4.1. Community

4.1.1. Residential Sector

Residential Sector: includes occupied or unoccupied, owned or rented, single-family or multifamily housing units and low income housing No. of households: 10,548 (2014) No. of low-income households: 200 Share of Energy Use and GHG emission: 3rd largest energy consumer (17.4%); 3rd largest GHG emitter (25.1%) Energy Sources: Electricity, LPG, Kerosene, Diesel

(Source: Revised City Development Plan for Panaji, 2015; GHG Inventory for Panaji City prepared by ICLEI South Asia)

6 Final Master Plan - Holistic development of Panaji, Goa, December 2013

15 The recommended structural and non-structural measures for the Residential Sector are:

Structural Measures Non-structural Measures „„ Use of cool-roof technologies in „„ Mandate use of solar water heaters in residential buildings and low income residential buildings through building bye- housing schemes to reduce cooling laws demand „„ Notification for use of energy efficient design, „„ Replacement of conventional ceiling solar water heaters, energy efficient lighting fans and air conditioners with BEE and fans, decentralized wastewater treatment star rated fans and air conditioners system in low income housing schemes „„ Replace conventional CFL lights with „„ Generate awareness on energy and resource LED lamps conservation through energy parks, resource „„ Install solar water heaters in centers, exhibitions, campaigns, print media residential buildings, low income „„ Adopt green rating systems such as GRIHA housing schemes and design fiscal incentives such as property „„ Use of solar home lighting systems in tax rebates and additional floor space at no low income households cost subject to The Goa Land Development „„ Use of solar PV systems for home and Building Construction Regulations, 2010 inverters and to replace DG sets to promote uptake „„ Provide piped gas network supplying „„ Fast track clearances, levy appropriate clean natural gas to meet heating duties/taxes, provide fiscal incentives to demand in households across the city promote expansion of piped gas network

Table 1: Potential GHG emission reduction for Priority Actions in Residential Sector

Actions Baseline Scale7 Investment Annual Annual Required (Lakh Energy Saving GHG INR) Potential Emission (Million kWh) Reduction (tonnes of

CO2e) Renewable Energy Evacuated Solar 7,110 HHs (70% 500,000 LPD 721 6.3 5,142 Water Heater of total8) use SWHS in 5,000 System (SWHS) fossil fuel for HHs (100 LPD size) water heating Solar PV systems 7,110 HHs (70% 2,400 kWp in 1,200 3.6 2,962 for Home Inverters of total3) use 4,800 HHs (500 Wp) inverters during power cuts

7 Implementation scale till 2019-20, considering 11,437 total households in 2019-20 8 Based on estimates from the Draft Panaji City Solar Master Plan, 2010; assuming 10,548 households in CCP area

16 Actions Baseline Scale7 Investment Annual Annual Required (Lakh Energy Saving GHG INR) Potential Emission (Million kWh) Reduction (tonnes of

CO2e) Solar PV systems 1,015 HHs (10% 230 kWp in 230 276 0.35 478 for replacing DG of total3) use HHs sets (1 kWp) DG sets during power cuts

Evacuated Solar 200 BPL 20,000 LPD in 30 0.3 206 Water Heater households in 200 new low System (SWHS) Panaji9 income dwelling (100 LPD size) in units new Low Income/ Affordable Housing Solar Home Lighting 200 BPL SHLS in 200 low 32 0.3 247 System (74 Wp) in households4 in income HHs new Low Income/ Panaji Affordable Housing Energy Efficiency Replacement of 25 3,352 HHs (33% Replacements in 66 0.6 487 watt CFL with 15 of total3) use 2,000 HHs watt LED CFLs Replacement of 9,142 HHs (90% Replacements in 112.5 0.5 444 conventional ceiling of total3) use 5,000 HHs fans with BEE star conventional rated ceiling fans fans Replacement of 4,571 HHs Replacements in 487.5 1.3 1,074 conventional ACs use (45% of 2,500 HHs with BEE star rated total3) use ACs conventional ACs

(Source: ICLEI South Asia analysis; Draft Panaji City Solar Master Plan, 2010)

9 Revised City Development Plan for Panaji, 2015

17 Low Carbon Solutions for the Residential Sector

1. Cool-Roof Technologies

Urban areas have typically darker surfaces and less vegetation than their surroundings. Collectively, dark surfaces and reduced vegetation warm the air over urban areas, leading to the creation of urban “heat islands”. This results in additional air-conditioning use which is responsible for increased electricity demand.

A cool roof is one that has been designed to reflect more sunlight and absorb less heat than a standard roof. Cool roofs can be made of a highly reflective type of paint, a sheet covering, or highly reflective tiles or shingles. It is typically light in colour and absorbs less sunlight than a conventional dark-coloured roof. Thus, cool roofs reduce air-conditioning energy use and increase occupant comfort level.

The primary intent of cool roof technology is to reduce the amount of energy absorbed by a roof surface. New advanced coating materials allow for the selective absorption and reflection of various spectral wavelengths. Roofing materials with high reflectance, or high albedo, can reflect up to 85 percent of incident solar radiation, compared to normal surfaces which may reflect only 20 percent.

18 Difference between Conventional type of Roof and Cool Roof10

Thermal benefits of cool roof technology Conventional Roof Cool Roof Reflects 30 to 60% of incident solar Reflects 80% of incident solar Absorbs 40 to 70% of incident solar Absorbs nearly 20% Environmental benefits of cool roof technology Heats top roof adding to cooling load They can decrease the urban heat island effect and urban heat by reflecting some of the incident solar energy back into space as opposed to absorbing the heat and releasing it to the surroundings.

A study suggests that annual direct GHG emission reduction from white coating of the

flat roofs in the city of Hyderabad would be 11-12 kg CO2/sq.m. The cumulative emission

reduction in 10 years would be about 0.6-0.65 million tonnes of CO2/sq. m. With the price of electricity estimated at INR 7 per kWh, the annual electricity savings on air-conditioning would be approximately INR 93 – 101 per sq.m. of roof11.

A cool roof can benefit a building and its occupants by: „„ Reducing energy bills by decreasing air conditioning needs „„ Improving indoor comfort for spaces that are not air conditioned „„ Reduce roof maintenance and replacement expenses by extending roof life

Beyond the building itself, cool roofs can also benefit the environment, especially when implemented in many buildings in a city as follows: „„ Reduce the ‘’Heat Island Effect’’ in cities and suburbs „„ Lower peak electricity demand, which can help prevent power outages „„ Reduce GHG emissions by reducing cooling energy use in buildings.

2. BEE Star Rated Air Conditioner

Air conditioners (AC) are usually used to cool a room in the Indian conditions and usually consume the highest energy among all the home appliances. Window ACs and split ACs are most commonly used, with split ACs more popular due to their better performance and higher efficiency.

The energy consumption of an AC depends on its size. These are available in different sizes – 0.75 tonne, 1 tonne, 1.5 tonne and 2 tonnes. It is important to select an AC size suitable for the cooling requirements and area. A 1-tonne AC is appropriate for a 150 sq. ft. room, while a 2-tonne AC is sufficient for a room of 300 sq. ft. area .

10 USAID ECO-III Project (2007): An Introduction to Cool Roofs. 11 ClimateTechWiki, “Cool Roofs”. Available at http://www.climatetechwiki.org/technology/cool-roofs#Contribution of the technology to economic development (including energy market support)

19 The Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE), Ministry of Power introduced the standards and labelling programme with an objective to help standardize the energy efficiency ratings of appliances such as refrigerators, washing machines, air conditioners, ceiling fans under standard test conditions and provide the consumer an informed choice about energy saving and thereby the cost saving potential.

The appliances are labelled with a star rating based on their energy efficiency, starting from one star for the least energy-efficient, and going up to five stars, for the most energy-efficient. These labels indicate the energy efficiency levels through the number of Stars highlighted in colour on the label.

A BEE star labelled AC consumes less electricity compared to conventional ones, thus saving energy and reducing electricity bills. As shown in the table below, a BEE 5 star rated AC can be up to 30-35% or more efficient than a BEE 1 star AC and 15-20% more efficient than BEE 3 star AC. A 1.5-tonne 5 star AC costs about INR 30,000-32,000 while a 1 star variant costs about INR 20,000-22,000.

Energy and Cost savings for 1.5 ton Split Air Conditioner at different Star Ratings (Under standard test conditions and as per latest BEE regulations

Star Minimum Maximum Input Electricity Electricity Electricity Monetary Rating Energy Cooling Power Units Cost per Cost per Savings Efficiency Capacity (Watts) Consumed Day (INR) Month per Month Ratio (Watts) Day (kWh) (INR) (w.r.t. 1 (EER) star) (INR) 1* 2.7 5,200 1,926 15.4 61.6 1,844 - 2** 2.9 5,200 1,793 14.3 57.4 1,727 117 3*** 3.1 5,200 1,677 13.4 53.7 1,610 234 4**** 3.3 5,200 1,575 12.6 50.4 1,518 325 5***** 3.5 5,200 1,486 11.9 47.6 1,430 414

Note: Assuming eight-hour operation per day and power cost @ Rs 4.00 per unit. The actual operating cost will vary according to outside temperature and the temperature setting.

3. BEE Star Rated And Super-Efficient Fans

Energy consumption of ceiling fans can be often under estimated for households. A conventional ceiling fan consumes 75 watts as compared to a conventional tube light that consumes 55 watts13. Ceiling fans are also operated during the day and night and subsequently consume about two to three times more electricity than lights.

12 Consumer Voice (2014): Split Air Conditioners- Comparative Test. Available at http://consumeraffairs.nic.in/consumer/ writereaddata/SplitAC.pdf 13 Bijli Bachao, “Top Ten Ceiling Fans in India by electricity consumption and size in 2015 “. Available at https://www. bijlibachao.com/top-ten-appliances/best-ceiling-fan-khaitan-havells-usha-crompton-greaves-orient-in-india-electricity- consumption.html

20 Conventional ceiling fans operate with a single phase induction electric motor, using aluminium as compared to copper for the winding, thus making them cheaper but inefficient. Conventional fans consume about 70-80 watts of electricity, with air delivery of these fans ranging between 230 to 250 m3/min. The BEE star labelling programme initiated for ceiling fans of 1200mm sweep (regular sized ceiling fans), has pushed manufacturers to increase the copper content and improve blade designs to achieve more efficient fans. As a result, a BEE 5 star rated fan consumes about 45-50 Watts of electricity, with a slightly lower air delivery of about 210 to 225 m3/min.

The new super-efficient fans available in the market use an advanced electronic motor called the Brushless DC (BLDC) motor. This new technology combined with efficient blade designs makes these ceiling fans far more efficient and the fans consume 30-35 watts of electricity, which is about 50% less than conventional fans. Super-efficient ceiling fans have air delivery of 220-230 m3/min, with their performance on par with conventional ceiling fans.

Comparison between the conventional fan, BEE star rated fan and super-efficient fan14

Conventional BEE 5 Star Rated Super-Efficient Fan Fan Fan Wattage 75 W 50 W 35 W Annual Electricity 219 146 102 Consumption (kWh) Annual Electricity Cost 876 584 408 Cost (INR) 1,200 1,600 3,000

Note: Assuming eight-hour operation per day and power cost @ Rs 4.00 per unit.

Based on the above table, a BEE 5 star rated fan pays back for the additional cost as compared to a conventional fan in about 1 year while a Super-efficient fan will pay back for itself in about three and half years as compared to a regular fan.

4. Solar Water Heaters

Solar water heating systems are highly effective in utilizing solar energy to heat water and can replace electric geysers. „„ A solar water heater consists of a collector to collect solar energy and an insulated storage tank to store hot water. „„ The solar energy incident on the absorber panel coated with selected coating transfers the heat to the riser pipes below the absorber panel. The water passing through the risers gets heated up and is delivered to the storage tank.

14 Bijli Bachao, “Super Efficient Fans in India“. Available at https://www.bijlibachao.com/fans/super-efficient-fans-in-india-a- result-of-seep-super-efficient-equipment-programme.html

21 „„ The re-circulation of the same water through absorber panel in the collector raises the temperature to 80 degrees Celsius in a good sunny day. „„ To cater to the hot water requirement during periods of low sunshine, SWHS can also have a backup system in the form of electrical heater provided in the hot water tank.

A 100 liters per day (lpd) capacity solar water heating system is sufficient for a family of 3-4 members. Typically, about 3 sq. m. of shadow-free rooftop area is required per 100 liter capacity solar water heater having collector area 2 sq. m.

Solar water heaters are available in two different technologies known as Flat Plate Collector technology (FPC) and Evacuated Tube Collector technology (ETC). Both FPC and ETC products are available in India. ETC systems with heat pipes are also available but these are not being used commonly. Selection of the right technology depends on the specific hot water requirement and site conditions.

Flat-plate collectors typically consist of copper tubes fitted to flat absorber plates. The most common configuration is a series of parallel tubes connected at each end by two pipes, the inlet and outlet manifolds. The flat plate assembly is contained within an insulated box, and covered with a tough tempered glass.

An evacuated-tube collector contains several rows of glass tubes connected to a header pipe. Each tube has the air removed from it (evacuated) to eliminate heat loss through convection and conduction. Inside the glass tube, a flat or curved aluminium or copper fin is attached to a metal pipe. The fin is covered with a selective coating that transfers heat to the water that circulating through the pipe.

In a tropical country like India where seasonal variations are quite wide, solar water heater should be selected considering the winter climatic conditions. FPC systems perform better in hot climatic conditions whereas ETC perform better in cold climatic conditions. In moderate temperature conditions, both variants work equally well .

ETC based systems are cheaper than FPC based systems since FPC based systems are of metallic type and have longer life as compared to ETC based systems having glass tubes which are fragile in nature.

22 Comparison between ETC and FPC based solar water heating systems6

System ETC systems FPC systems Capacity (lpd) Cost (INR) Solar Collector Cost (INR) Solar Collector area (sq. m) area (sq. m) 100 15,000 1.5 22,000 2.0 200 28,000 3.0 42,000 4.0 250 34,000 3.75 50,000 5.0 300 40,000 4.50 58,000 6.0 500 62,000 7.50 85,000 10.0

Solar Water Heaters have several advantages over electric water heating systems: „„ Reduced electricity bills: 40% of an average household’s energy bill comes from water heating. A 100 liters capacity of solar water heater can replace an electric geyser of 2kW capacity for residential use and save around 1,200-1,500 units of electricity every year6. „„ Increased safety: Solar water heaters eliminate the risk of accidents in bathrooms due to electric water heating equipment. „„ Faster payback: On an average, a good quality solar water heater will have a payback period of 1½ – 2 years in Indian conditions.

5. Solar Home Lighting Systems

Solar home lighting system has become a popular solution in household since last few years. The solar home lighting system consists of solar panels, batteries, control units, lamps and external chargers. The systems have become popular due to its following main benefits „„ Use of abundantly available solar energy converting it to usable electrical energy. „„ The electrical energy from the solar panel generated during the day is stored and used at night „„ Modular design has helped the consumer to upgrade the system to their requirement „„ The system is easy to operate and install and needs minimum attention. „„ The system is not having any movable parts and is practically maintenance free „„ It generally uses LED lights as light source which have a very long life „„ The power saving systems actually mean that the energy bills can reduce up to 30% for a household.

A typical home lighting system with a 20 W solar panel and equivalent battery size can light up 3 LED tubes of 7 to 10 W for continuous 10 hours operation. The system generally costs about INR 7000 per unit.

23 4.1.2. Commercial/Institutional Sector

Commercial/Institutional Sector: includes non-manufacturing business establishments such as hotels, restaurants, wholesale businesses, retail stores, warehouses, banks, and healthcare, social facilities, educational institutions and public buildings

Economic activities: Tourism, trade & commerce, and hospitality

Energy Sources: Electricity, LPG

Share of Energy Use and GHG emission: 2nd largest energy consumer (17.6%); 2nd largest GHG emitter (30.6%)

(Source: Revised City Development Plan for Panaji, 2015; GHG Inventory for Panaji City prepared by ICLEI South Asia)

The recommended structural and non-structural measures for the Commercial/Institutional Sector are:

Structural Measures Non-structural Measures „„ Implement Smart Building Energy Management „„ Enforce guidelines such as Energy solutions with smart meters, occupancy and Conservation Building Code (ECBC) and motion sensors, and smart distribution panels adopt voluntary mandates for minimum to manage loads and efficient energy use in energy efficiency requirements for public large commercial and institutional buildings and large commercial buildings „„ Reduce external heat gains and cooling load „„ Mandate use of solar water heaters in through building level measures such as to hotels, hospitals, schools etc. through improved building design and orientation, building bye-laws double glazing, insulation, landscaping „„ Generate awareness on energy and „„ Implement efficient centralized cooling systems resource conservation through energy such as absorption cooling and chillers using parks, demonstration centres, exhibitions, CFC free refrigerants campaigns, print media „„ Replacement of conventional ceiling fans and „„ Adopt green rating systems such as air conditioners with BEE star rated fans and GRIHA and design fiscal incentives such air conditioners as property tax rebates and additional floor „„ Install solar water heaters in hotels, hospitals, space at no cost subject to The Goa Land nursing homes, residential schools, educational Development and Building Construction institutes, canteens Regulations, 2010 to promote uptake „„ Use of cool-roof technologies in commercial „„ Fast track clearances, levy appropriate and institutional buildings duties/taxes, provide fiscal incentives to „„ Use of solar PV systems for schools, community promote expansion of piped gas network halls, educational institutes, banks, hospitals, police stations, hotels „„ Provide piped gas network supplying clean natural gas to meet heating demand in hotels, restaurants and institutional buildings across the city

24 Table 2: Potential GHG emission reduction from Priority Actions for Commercial/Institutional Sector

Actions Baseline Scale Investment Annual Annual GHG Required Energy Emission (Lakh INR) Saving Reduction Potential (tonnes of

(Million CO2e) kWh) Renewable Energy Rooftop Solar PV in 91 schools and 727 kW of Solar 655 1.2 968 schools and higher institutions in total PV education institutions with connected load of 1,323 kW15 Rooftop Solar PV in 46 health care 2,771 kW of Solar 2,494 3.9 3,160 Hotels, Hospitals, facilities, 35 hotels, PV Health care centres 1 police station and police stations with connected load of 5,040 kW6 Rooftop Solar PV in 96 banks with 720 kW of Solar 648 1.0 819 Banks connected load of PV 900 kW6 Evacuated Tube 52 commercial 50,000 LPD 75 0.16 135 Solar Water Heater units (80% of SWHS in 25 System (SWHS) total)16 use electric commercial units (2000 LPD) geysers Energy Efficiency Replacement of 25 7,095 commercial Replacement of 415 0.9 767 watt CFL with 15 watt consumers use 31,930 CFLs for LED CFLs7 6,385 commercial units Replacement of 7,095 commercial Replacement 681 2.7 2,134 conventional ceiling consumers use of 45,411 fans with BEE star conventional fans7 conventional rated ceiling fans fans for 5,675 commercial units (75% of total) Replacement of 7,469 conventional 2,500 15.7 0.4 304 conventional ACs with ACs used in conventional ACs BEE star rated ACs commercial units7 replaced with BEE star rated ACs

Replacement of T12/ 4,481 T8/T12 3,585 T8/T12 tube 17.9 0.1 81 T8 tube light with T5 tube lights in lights replaced tube light commercial units7 with T5 tube lights

(Source: ICLEI South Asia analysis; Draft Panaji City Solar Master Plan, 2010)

15 Revised City Development Plan for Panaji, 2015; connected load based on estimates from the Draft Panaji City Solar Master Plan, 2010 16 Based on estimates from the Draft Panaji City Solar Master Plan, 2010

25 Low Carbon Solutions for the Commercial/Institutional Sector

1. Building Energy Management Systems

Building level energy management systems use different automation techniques as well as latest energy efficient appliances to enable real time monitoring and management of electrical loads. The control and management of loads is designed as per the requirement of end user.

With respect to commercial buildings, it is typically observed that not all the areas are utilized all the times and not all the equipment is used continuously. E.g. the lobbies of amphitheaters are occupied only during the starting and end of a show. It is advisable that the lighting load be reduced during the idle hours which can result in huge savings over a period of time.

Similarly, some areas like stair-case are only intermittently occupied during the short access period. Use of occupancy and motion sensors in such areas ensure lighting of the areas only during the access period.

Considering a holistic approach to a building, the whole load of the building can be managed with such sensors and smart distribution panels which help the consumer to schedule the load concentration in different areas as per the time of day as well as occupancy. The smart distribution panels offer programming flexibility and can be customized as per the local requirement which can be changed or upgraded as per increase in demand or revision in building loads.

26 Features of Smart Energy Management Systems

Smart distribution panels have become more user-friendly and interactive with provision for data logging, real-time online monitoring and cloud data storage to access from any corner of the world. Some systems even enable controlling the system via mobile phones and tablets.

Real time monitoring and data logging enables the user to identify and prevent power leakage and power theft. It also enables user to identify high power consuming areas and take suitable measures to reduce the loads.

Smart metering system gives user the flexibility of coupling energy efficiency with convenience of technology.

Though initial investment in the smart electrical system is a slightly higher, the resulting energy efficiency, reduced energy wastage and reliability of system justify this initial investment.

2. Building HVAC Load Reduction

Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) forms a major load of any building and hence provides maximum opportunities to demonstrate energy efficiency. Many a times, simple measures for HVAC can result in huge savings.

With reference to commercial buildings, following measures can be adopted. „„ Reducing cooling loads by controlling unwanted heat gains e.g. use of energy efficient lights, computers, monitors etc. „„ Optimize delivery systems by reducing losses in ducting and use of efficient fans

27 „„ Expand comfort envelope with reduced radiant heat load, increased air flow, less insulated furniture, more casual dress where appropriate „„ Allowing ventilation with cool air, night cooling „„ Improve controls with better use of sensors and control switches

While designing HVAC systems, following benchmark indices for commercial and institutional buildings can be followed

Energy Consumption Benchmarks for Commercial and Institutional Buildings17

Building Type Energy Benchmarking Indices Office Buildings kWh/sq. m/year One shift Building 149 Three shift Building 349 Public Sector Building 115 Private Sector Building 258 Green Buildings 141 Hospitals kWh/sq. m/year kWh/bed/year Multi-specialty hospitals 378 13,890 Secondary government hospitals 88 2,009 Hotels kWh/sq. m/year kWh/room/year Luxury hotels- 4 & 5 Stars 279 24,110

Whole Building Approach for Cooling Load Reduction18

17 ECBC, HVAC System Tip Sheet, USAID ECO-III Project, 2009 18 E Source Technology Atlas Series, Volume II Cooling

28 To effectively utilize HVAC system, following measures can be found useful17

„„ Reduced Cooling Load: - Appropriate envelope material including solar control glazing, ventilation and light- colored façade and roofs. - Landscaping and vegetation can effectively reduce heat gain an provide evapotranspiration cooling while enhancing aesthetics „„ System Sizing: Understand the exact cooling and heating load to determine the right size of HVAC system to match the requirement. In addition to reduce cost and energy consumption, it will - Reduce noise pollution, - Reduce equipment foot-print „„ Chillers: - Regular cleaning of chiller areas will help operate chillers at higher efficiencies. A control system can monitor heat exchanger approach temperatures and sound alarm when increasing temperatures indicate fouling - Select efficient chillers which minimize energy consumption throughout the year. - Opt for alternative chiller technologies using low global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants such as R-134a and R-123 or for refrigerant free vapour absorption based cooling systems „„ Air Handling Units: - Reducing flow requirement by minimizing internal and external heat gains - Matching air supply continuously to cooling and ventilation loads using a Variable Air Volume (VAV) system - Systematic arrangement of air zones to manage air circulation using VAV system - Providing exhaust air fans instead of return air fans as exhaust fans are more energy efficient „„ Duct Layout: - Planning duct layout in advance during the construction phase itself helps achieve air circulation with minimum power consumption - Duct systems to be installed with proper sizes and correct air flows - Proper sealing and insulation of ducting to prevent leakage and losses „„ Operation and Maintenance: - Maintain high temperature differential (∆T) of chilled water system to increase the overall efficiency of chilled water production and distribution - Use of variable speed drives to meet partial load requirement - Use of thermal energy storage where energy stored during off peak hours can be utilized during peak hours when peak hours energy consumption rates are high - Providing demand control ventilation for high occupancy spaces

3. LED Lighting

Lighting typically consumes about 20-40% of the power in commercial buildings. Commercial and institutional buildings have multiple lighting requirements and these differ according to type of building and the activities taking place therein.

29 The light-emitting diode (LED) is the latest and most energy-efficient lighting technologies and is a viable option to replace compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) and incandescent lamps in buildings. As seen in the table below, LED lights last longer, are more durable, and offer comparable or better light quality than other types of lighting.

LEDs are highly energy efficient and can reduce energy consumption by 50 to 70% as compared to other lighting products with an average life span of 25,000-50,000 hours19. These are also environmental friendly compared to CFLs which contain toxic mercury. LEDs are costlier compared to CFLs and incandescent lamps but owing to their longer lifespan and lower energy consumption LEDs have a payback period of about 2 years when replacing a CFL and about 6 months when replacing an incandescent lamp.

Comparison of performance, energy consumption and costs for LEDs, CFLs and Incandescent lamp in a typical commercial lighting

Parameter LEDs CFLs Incandescent Lamp Wattage 15 Watts 25 Watts 100 Watts Average Life Span (in operating 25,000-50,00020 8,000 1,200 hours) Lumens (i.e. light output) per 75 to 10021 45 to 60 14 to 16 watt Electricity consumption per year 43.8 73 292 (kWh) (8 hours of daily use) Annual Electricity cost (INR) (at 219 365 1,460 INR 5 per unit for commercial) Cost per lamp21 (INR) 1,300 275 18 No. of lamps requiring - 2 12 replacement in 5 years Total Cost of electricity and 1,095 2,375 7,516 lamps in 5 years (INR)

4. Energy Efficient T-5 Tube lights

There are three generations of linear tubular fluorescent tube lights: 1st generation T12, 2nd generation T8 and the 3rd generation T5 lamps.

T5 is the slimmest and most efficient variant available. T5 tube lights have a higher luminous efficacy i.e. a higher light output per watt as compared to T8 and T12

19 http://www.designrecycleinc.com/led%20comp%20chart.html 20 LED lights in India, “Top 11 Indian Branded LED Bulbs compared”. Available at http://www.ledlightsinindia.com/information/ indian-led-bulbs-comparison 21 Bijli Bachao, “CFL Bulbs and Fluorescent Tubes buying guide”. Available at https://www.bijlibachao.com/lights/cfl-bulbs- and-fluorescent-tubes-buying-guide.html

30 tube lights. T5 lights can save 15% and 30% energy as compared to T8 and T12 lights respectively. T5 tube lights have almost the life of T8 and T12 tube lights.

T5 tube light needs a different frame as compared to T8 and T12 tube lights. It is recommended to purchase a T5 light with aluminium frame rather than a plastic one since it enables replacing only the tube at the end of its life as compared to replacing the whole set (frame + tube) in case of plastic frames.

Comparison of T5, T8 and T12 tube lights22

Parameters T5 T8 T12 Wattage 28 Watt 32 Watt 40 Watt Lumen (ie. Light output) per Watt 85-90 65-75 45-60 Average Life Span (hours) 10,000-15,000 5,000-7,000 5,000 Cost per light (INR) 120 to 130 60 to 70 50 to 65

T-5 Ballast and bulbs are a better combination all around but one of the greatest benefits is the reduction in wattage required to light these up compared to a T12 fixture. Double the rated life equals 50% less replacements, which will save you additional money in materials and labour.

4.1.3. Transportation Sector

Transport modes: road, rail, air, ferry, bicycle and walk

Modal share: two-wheelers 34%, cars 27%, walk 16%, public bus 12%, three-wheelers 5%, private bus 2%, taxi 1%, light vehicles 1%, bicycles 1%, ferry 1%

Total road length: 77 km

City road width: 4 to 14 m

Energy Sources: Diesel, Petrol

Share of Energy Use and GHG emission: Largest energy consumer (64.8%); largest GHG emitter (38.3%)

(Source: Revised City Development Plan for Panaji, 2015; Comprehensive Mobility Plan for Panaji; GHG Inventory for Panaji City prepared by ICLEI South Asia)

22 Consumer Voice (2012): T-5 Fluorescent Lamps and Electronic Ballasts

31 The recommended structural and non-structural measures for the Transportation Sector are:

Structural Measures Non-structural Measures „„ Implement intelligent parking management „„ Develop pedestrian network around 18th system and provide multilevel parking spaces June Road, Swami Vivekanand Road, within the core city area with connection to Governador Pestana Road and pedestrian bus, railway or ferry lines (public transport) zones along DB Road and historic areas „„ Implement Intelligent Traffic Management like Panaji Church, Boca Da Vaca, MiraMar Systems using technology to optimize vehicle Beach10 movement, reduce congestion, improve „„ Enforcing motorized vehicle free zones in safety core city area „„ Implement a Public Bicycle Sharing (PBS) „„ Develop and implement parking strategies System for the entire city such as demarcation of paid parking zones, „„ Introduce geospatial-enabled services in the dynamic parking pricing based on time and city bus service for vehicle tracking, journey locations planning through mobile applications based „„ Restrict and regulate entry of heavy vehicles on real-time data to optimize operation and in the city by zones and time boost ridership „„ Encourage mixed-use development as a „„ Expand the city bus service network and combination of residential, commercial, integrate the city bus service with proposed cultural and institutional uses, where these pedestrian zones, cycle sharing points and functions are physically and functionally ferry routes to ensure last mile connectivity integrated, and that provides pedestrian and provide access to all parts of the city. connections, reducing the need for long Implement a light BRT from Karmali Station distance trips to Panaji „„ Introduce hop on and hop off bus service in the core city area and along tourist sites to reduce congestion „„ Shift to use of CNG fuel in the city bus service „„ Improve and increase frequency in existing ferry systems for Betim-Panaji, Riabander- Chorao, Riabander-Divar and develop new ferry routes along Old Goa-Divar-Ribandar- Panaji, Divar-Chorao-Ribandar-Panaji, Divar- Chorao-Brittona-Panaji, Riabandar-Panaji, Brittona-Panaji23

23 Revised City Development Plan for Panaji, 2015

32 Table 3: Potential GHG emission reduction from proposed Public Bicycle Share (PBS) System and improved pedestrian network

Number of Number of Number of Investment Annual fuel Annual GHG Cycles Docks Stations (Lakh INR) saving24 emission (liters) reduction (tonnes of

CO2e) 1,14425 1,560 66 1,600 39,967 95

(Source: ICLEI South Asia Analysis; DPR for Public Bicycle Share (PBS) System – Panaji)

Table 4: Potential GHG emission reduction from Intelligent Parking Management System

Car Parking Two-wheeler Investment Annual fuel Annual GHG demand26 parking (Lakh INR)27 saving for emission demand13 cars28 (liters) reduction (tonnes

of CO2e) 4,146 9,129 25,000-30,000 97,112 228 per smart car parking spot

Low Carbon Solutions for the Transportation Sector

1. Intelligent/Automated Parking Management Systems

With increasing number of private vehicles and growing size of the luxurious segment for cars, parking is a major issue in the confined parking spaces in urban cities.

Smart Parking systems typically obtain information about available parking spaces in a particular geographic area and the process occurs in real-time to place vehicles at available vacant spaces .It involves using low-cost sensors, real-time data collection, and mobile- phone-enabled automated payment systems that allow users to reserve parking in advance or very accurately predict where they will likely find a spot. When deployed as a system, smart parking reduces car emissions in urban centers by reducing the need for people to needlessly circle city streets searching for parking. It also permits cities to carefully manage

24 Estimated based on diversion rates as per Krykewycz, G.R., et al (2010). Defining a Primary Market and Estimating Demand for Major Bicycle-Sharing Program in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Transportation Research Record, 117-124. 25 1040 + 10% of recommended number of backup cycles which needs to be maintained by the operator 26 Final Master Plan - Holistic development of Panaji, Goa, December 2013 27 Estimated cost based on Feasibility Study for Smart parking in Bandra Kurla Complex, Mumbai carried out by Mumbai Metropolitan Regional Development Authority (MMRDA) 28 Estimated based on a 8.5% trip reduction for cars, achievable as per the Seattle City Mobility Plan if intelligent parking management system is implemented with matching service related mobility management such as ride matching (using ICT solutions)

33 their parking supply. Smart parking helps one of the biggest problems on driving in urban areas; finding empty parking spaces and controlling illegal parking.

Smart Parking System Working29

Benefits of Smart Parking system: „„ Accurately predict and sense vacant spot/vehicle occupancy in real-time „„ Guides residents and visitors to available parking „„ Simplifies the parking experience and adds value for parking stakeholders „„ Enables intelligent decisions using data, including real–time status applications and historical analytics reports „„ Improves urban environment and air quality by reducing emission of GHGs and other pollutants „„ Enables better and real time monitoring and managing of available parking space , resulting in significant revenue generation „„ Provides tools to optimize workforce management

2. Intelligent Traffic Management Systems

The increasing traffic density on city roads has led traffic planners to widen roads, construct flyovers, and build new roads; and, yet, there is no respite from congestion on the roads. Inefficient traffic management, lax enforcement, and reckless violation of traffic rules compounds the issue. Intelligent Transportation Systems can help traffic authorities tackle multiple issues.

29 Happiest Minds Technologies Pvt. Ltd (2014): Whitepaper on Smart Parking

34 Intelligent Transportation Systems refers to the use of technology (computing, communications, and sensors) to optimize the movement of private vehicles and public transit over transport networks. This optimization covers diverse functions such as traffic signal control, automatic number plate recognition (ANPR), and on-line real-time traffic messaging. This will decrease the demand of manpower for traffic management, saving government expenditure on traffic management and enabling smoother flow of traffic.

In many existing video surveillance implementations for traffic management, a control centre staffed with monitoring personnel manually scan the output from the surveillance cameras to spot violations and identify the vehicle. Automating this activity, using an Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) system, will result in efficient identification of traffic rule violations, within a shorter time-frame, and without having to increase the number of monitoring personnel.

Instead of depending on constant monitoring of video surveillance footage, to identify the bottlenecks and accident-prone spots in a city’s road network; installing a video processing system to carry out the analysis of traffic flow and arrive at useful information from the video data, is more efficient.

Intelligent Transportation Systems30

Functionality and Benefits: „„ Improved Safety: Typical functions of the system include tracking overall number of crashes, and changes in crash, injury, and fatality rates. Surrogate measures include vehicle speeds, speed variability or changes in the number of violations of traffic safety laws. „„ Enhanced Mobility: Typical capabilities include capturing the amount of delay (in units of time) and the variability of travel time. This will help the citizens receive real-time updates through mobile applications and enable them to change routes accordingly which will save the time and energy.

30 Chandrashekhar R., NASSCOM (2015): Smart Solutions for Cities

35 „„ Satisfaction: Functional capabilities related to satisfaction include amount of travel in various modes, mode choices and quality of service as well as compliments received. The data can be used to enhance public transport service and improve ridership. „„ Improved Productivity, Lower Energy Use and Cleaner Environment: Functions for tracking operational efficiencies, fuel consumption, expenditures and monetary savings. Reduced congestion will enhance productivity, improve air quality and realize fuel savings and reduce GHG emissions.

3. Geospatial Enabled Public Bus System

Urban public transit systems are either over or under used. During peak hours, overcrowding creates discomfort for users as the system copes with a temporary surge in demand. Low ridership makes many services financially unsustainable, particularly in suburban areas. Inspite of significant subsidies and cross-financing (e.g. tolls) most public transit systems cannot generate sufficient income to cover the operating and capital costs. It is crucial for transport authorities to ensure that the public transit service not only provides high quality urban mobility, but also generates positive revenues.

Geospatial-enabled services provide periodic traffic forecast, journey planning mobile applications based on real-time data. Advanced vehicle tracking solutions enhances operations and optimizes public transportation and ridership. These solutions offer real-time GPS tracking from mobile devices thus increasing the reliability of public transportation. It will help inform the local population and travellers about the actual real-time schedule and available suitable modes of public transportation and will help them to choose best transportation mode for them. This system can save the time of travellers, encouraging use of public transportation system over private vehicles, which will subsequently reduce fuel use and emissions from private vehicles.

4.1.4. Solid Waste

Solid Waste generation: 72 tonnes per day (TPD) Waste Composition: Non-biodegradable waste (17%), Biodegradable waste (37%), Construction and demolition debris (34%) and Biodegradable tree waste (11%) Sources of solid waste generation: Households (10%), Hotels and restaurants (19%), Markets (15%), Hospitals/Medical waste (1%), Construction (35%), Horticulture (11%), Street sweeping (7%) and compost from households (2%) Household coverage: 95% Collection efficiency: 80% Segregation of waste: 98% Composting units: 68 Share of GHG emission: 4th largest GHG emitter (5.5%)

(Source: Final City Sanitation Plan – Panaji, 2015; GHG Inventory for Panaji City prepared by ICLEI South Asia)

36 The recommended structural and non-structural measures for the Solid Waste are:

Structural Measures Non-structural Measures „„ Install small capacity litter bins (50-100 „„ Promote home composting rather liter) at locations with high footfalls than community composting through a „„ Construction of waste transfer stations targeted communication and training with compactors and recycling units campaign „„ Develop an integrated solid waste „„ Develop and enforce an integrated Zero management facility with a mass waste- Waste policy to-energy plant „„ Framing up of siting regulations for „„ Identify suitable site and develop a landfill sites, transfer/sorting centers regional sanitary landfill site for areas and compost stations with respect to falling within 50 km of CCP area31 vulnerability to climate change impacts „„ Optimize fleet utilization, implement such as sea-level rise32 GPS based systems and introduce CNG fuelled vehicles in the SWM fleet

Table 5: Potential GHG emission reduction from proposed Waste to Energy Plant

Waste to Energy Plant Specifications Plant capacity for bio-methanation (tonnes per day) 50 Biogas generation (cu. m per day) 2,414 Electricity generation using biogas (kWh per day) 6,025 Plant Load Factor 70% Potential annual electricity generation (kWh per year) 1,539,388

Annual GHG emission reduction (tonnes of CO2e) 1,267

(Source: DPR- Integrated Solid Waste Management in Panaji; ICLEI South Asia Analysis)

Note: Bio-degradable waste to be collected from sources such as households, hotels and restaurants, market place, slaughter house, mulched tree waste

Low Carbon Solutions for Solid Waste

1. Biomethanation for Waste To Energy

Biomethanation is one of the best processes to recover energy from organic wastes through production of biogas under controlled condition.

Biomethanation is the process in which the organic fraction of waste such as cooked food, garden waste is segregated and fed into a closed container (biogas digester) where, under anaerobic conditions, the organic wastes undergo bio-degradation producing methane-rich

31 The estimated land required is 17 hectares, including area for supporting infrastructure and buffer zone with 30% rejects estimated to be coming from the treatment facility with a capital cost of 3,891 Lakh INR as per CSP (2015) 32 Climate Change Resilient Development (CCRD) for Panaji, TERI, 2014

37 biogas and effluent/sludge. The biogas production ranges from 50-150m³/tonne of wastes, depending upon the composition and moisture in the waste.

Biomethanation is ideal for wet organic wastes – e.g. cooked food. Biomethanation plants require a consistent source of degradable organic matter, free from inert and toxic material. Slaughter house waste is highly suitable for biomethanation.

Anaerobic digestion technology can be adopted in both decentralized and large scale systems: „„ Decentralized systems: up to 5 TPD (much smaller quantities can be processed where O&M is not outsourced) „„ Centralized systems: in modules of up to 50 TPD digestors (for higher capacity in one digestor, the size may become unwieldy and difficult to maintain).

The design of the plant has to be done according to the substrate (feed material) for smooth functioning and digester should be leak-proof. Proper operation and maintenance is a critical factor for ensuring the success of the biogas plant which can be achieved through a well-defined Standard Operating Procedure (SOP).

Biogas Induced Mixing Arrangement (BIMA) Technology based Plant33

Odour problems are also considerably reduced by adopting biomethanation. If the proposed waste processing site is in close proximity to residential areas, biomethanation is a preferred treatment option. Economic viability of the plants is ensured when there is a sustainable and viable end use for the generated biogas in the vicinity of the plant and the sludge manure produced during the process.

The biogas can be utilized either for cooking/ heating applications, or through dual fuel or gas engines or gas / steam turbines for generating motive power or electricity. It can

also be used as gaseous automotive fuel (after stripping CO2, H2S and moisture) called

33 Website of Climate CoLab, http://climatecolab.org/plans/-/plans/contestId/1300206/planId/3202

38 compressed biogas (CBG). The sludge from anaerobic digestion, after stabilisation, can be used as a soil conditioner, or even sold as manure depending upon its composition, which is determined mainly by the composition of the input waste.

As per CPHEEO standards, for 300 TPD of segregated/ pre-sorted MSW: 2.5 acres of of land is required to establish a Biomethanation plant of capacity 200 TPD which cost approximately about INR 30 crores.

2. Home Composting

Home Composting is now being encouraged as it is a simple and low cost solution to manage household organic waste at source and reduce the waste being sent to landfills. Most urban households prefer bin composting system due to its convenience and as it has less impact on aestheticism with their very limited space.

There are different types of bins available for home composting varying in size from 200- 300L and made of cement/concrete, plastic, metal, etc. The bins allow higher stacking of composting materials and better use of floor space than free-standing piles. Bins can also eliminate weather problems and reduce problems of odours, and provide better temperature control34.

The effectiveness of the composting process is dependent upon the environmental conditions present within the composting system i.e. oxygen, temperature, moisture, material disturbance, substrate conditions.

3 tiered Kambha Composting Pot popular in Bangalore35

34 Practical Action, “Home Composting Bins”. Available at: http://practicalaction.org/media/preview/12742/lng:en. 35 Website of Daily Dump, http://dailydump.org/

39 It is to be noticed that malfunctions in the composting process are caused primarily when non-degradable materials are added to the composting bin which can lead to environmental issues in the surroundings.

Materials to be composted and excluded from Compost bins35

Materials to include Materials to exclude „„ Vegetables/kitchen refuses „„ Non-biodegradable waste: polythene, „„ Garden trimmings, grass clippings „„ Plastics, glass, metal etc. „„ Leaves, dry leaves (straw) „„ Human faeces, pet manure (e.g. dog, „„ Twigs and shredded branches cat) „„ Food refuses : bread, buns etc „„ Dairy Products „„ Egg shells „„ Diseased plants „„ Farm animal manure (e.g. Cow, „„ Fish, meat scraps and bones „„ Sheep, Goat , Poultry) „„ Slow degradable materials like coconut „„ Fruit refuses shells, coconut husk, komba etc. „„ Wood ash „„ Fats/cooking oils „„ Hazardous material like batteries, bulbs, electronic components, chemicals

Key points to be noted while using Home Composting bins35:

„„ Correct location of the bin: Bin should be located at a convenient distance from the kitchen (5-15m) on a good basement for steady installation and allow the drainage of excess water and permit entry of soil microorganisms, earthworms etc. The location should not be a water logged area during the rainy season.

It is important to ensure that rats or any other pests should not enter to the bin. It is best that the bin is placed in a sunny area to enable better composting in high temperatures.

„„ Adding the materials for composting & maintenance: ­- The bin should be filled with household organic waste as alternative layers of kitchen waste and dried garden waste. Inorganic or slow degradable materials like coconut husks, coconut shells, banana stalk should not be added. -­ Some twigs and branches can be shredded into smaller pieces to accelerate the composting process -­ Any materials that attract pests like meat scraps, fish, dairy products and oily products should not be added to the bin. -­ For activated composting, the compost bin must be at least3/4th full for the process to work well. -­ Composting cannot occur without moisture and therefore some water should be sprayed to moisten the dry materials in a bin. Too much moisture creates anaerobic conditions that can create unpleasant odours.

40 -­ Mixing different substrate which is rich in different components (e.g. dry garden waste with kitchen waste) enable optimum growth of microorganisms. ­- Mixing or ‘turning’ the composting material from time to time will aerate and help composting material break down faster (and also prevent unpleasant odour). The compost must be turned at least once a week. -­ Placing the compost bin in a sunny location will also help the compost inside to heat up and decompose faster as it helps to kill weed seeds, pathogens and to break down the materials -­ The lid of the composting bin has to be secured to prevent pests getting in. When pests such as ants and cockroaches enter the bin, this will also indicate that the material in the bin is too dry.

Compost collection can be commenced 2-3 months after starting the bin. The time taken for composting depends on the material added to the bin and maintenance practices that are followed. Removed compost must heap up outside (1-2 weeks) for maturation.

41 4.2. Municipal Services and Facilities

4.2.1. Water Supply

Water supply to CCP area: 15 Million liters per day (MLD) Gross per capita supply: 310 liters per capita per day (lpcd) Unaccounted for water: 35% Household level coverage: 79% Continuity of supply: 1-7 hours Extent of metering: 50%

(Source: Final City Sanitation Plan – Panaji, 2015; GHG Inventory for Panaji City prepared by ICLEI South Asia)

The recommended structural and non-structural measures for Water Supply are: Structural Measures Non-structural Measures „„ Regular leakage mapping, water and energy audits „„ Conduct awareness programs/ „„ SCADA systems at WTPs and distribution stations campaigns to optimize water usage „„ Replace/refurbish existing meters for household „„ Strict enforcement of the mandate for connections to maximize impact of existing rainwater harvesting facilities in public, volumetric tariffs institutional and private buildings „„ Promote use of water efficient devices such as low as per Goa Land Development and flush toilets, low flow shower heads and faucets Building Construction Regulations, in residential, public, institutional and commercial 2010 buildings „„ Undertake Integrated Urban Water „„ Installation of energy efficient pumping equipment, Resource Management36 variable frequency drives, capacitor banks, „„ Energy efficient equipment automatic power factor controller in water pumping procurement guidelines for water stations supply infrastructure

Table 6: Potential GHG emission reduction from NRW reduction and supply as per SLB norms

Scenario Business As Usual (BAU) Supply as per SLB (2019-20) norms (2019-20) Coverage (HH connections) 100% 100% Per Capita water supply (lpcd) 310 135 Water Consumption (MLD) 13.8 6.0 Total Supply (MLD) 18.7 7.2 Non-Revenue Water (NRW) 35% 20% Electricity consumption (Million kWh) 5.8 2.2 Expenditure on electricity (Lakh INR) 202.3 78.3 GHG Emission Reduction w.r.t. BAU - 2,915

(tonnes of CO2e) (Source: Revised City Development Plan for Panaji, 2015; ICLEI South Asia Analysis)

36 Integrated Urban Water Resource Management involves focusing on efficient and sustainable management of water resources with reduced losses, management of basins and natural drains to prevent development or encroachments and flash flood situations, and exploring alternative sources of water, like runoff through rainwater harvesting and reuse and recycling of wastewater.

42 Low Carbon Solutions for Water Supply

1. SCADA Systems

Water supply and waste water management is one of the important services provided by a city corporation. For effective management and reduced wastage, the corporation can adopt SCADA or PLC based control system.

SCADA stands for Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition which is a system adopted to monitor and supervise the entire system while sitting in front of a central work station.

Components of SCADA system37

The SCADA system consists of local control and feedback systems located at the water body, central control panel for signal generation and central work station.

The SCADA system is programmed to locally analyze the situation and automatically generate a control signal for appropriate action. In case of emergency or abrupt changes it can generate alarm and also shut down the system if required. SCADA systems have been successfully used in operation of power plants and water management systems.

At water pumping stations, typically during normal operation, SCADA system helps operator to understand the existing water level, the water flow levels, pressures and power consumption.

37 Efftronics Systems Private Limited, Pune

43 During the period when demand rises, the SCADA system can relay instruction for operation of additional pumps if programmed so.

At times when the water levels fall below desired level, it can signal the system to prevent pump from operating.

The continuous monitoring and operation data is logged in and accessible with a real-time schematic display to the operator who can over-ride the system controls if desired.

2. Variable Frequency Drives

Conventional pump systems use drives (electrical motors) that are conventionally operational at constant speed drives. Once the motor is started, it operated at 100 % of its rated speed irrespective of the load or desired flow rate.

During the condition when the discharge requirement is lower or higher than the rated, it is practically not possible to reduce or increase the speed of pump. The control of current or voltage for the same becomes complicated which may result in damage to the pumping system.

To better control the speed of the pump based on the variation in discharge, drives with new technology known as Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs) are effective. A VFD can be used to control both torque and speed of a standard induction motor for which it varies both frequency and current being delivered to motor thus saving electricity and money.

The major components of VFD which are attributed towards overall operation are „„ A converter bridge that converts incoming alternation current (AC) power into direct current (DC) power. „„ The DC bus forms the coupler between converter and inverter. „„ The inverter section is made up primarily of modules that are each made up of a transistor and diode in combination with each other which converts the DC energy back to AC.

VFDs help to limit the demand and electrical consumption of motor by reducing amount of energy they consume. It enables smart start of the pump and draws only as much energy as required. VFDs are generally used for better process control, power factor correction and protection from overload current. It is easy to retrofit VFDs in existing systems, easy to set-up and program

A typical VFD for driving a 100 HP 3 phase pump will cost about INR 3.5 lakh whereas a

38 www.industrybuying.com

44 typical VFD for driving a 500 HP 3 phase pump may cost about INR 25 lakh in the open market38.

3. Energy Efficient Pumping

Water pumping takes major share (up to 35 %) in energy consumption scenario of any municipal corporation. With respect to Panaji, the picture is no different.

Water is being supplied from pumping stations located at Ponda which is 30 km away from city. This large distance results into major friction losses and other losses which add extra load on the pumping system to deliver the desired quantity of water to city.

Design, sizing and pump efficiency are critical factors to help reduce pumping energy consumption: „„ Pump sets should be designed with methodical approach towards hydraulic and mechanical design for pump selection. It is critical to size the pumping system appropriate to the operational demand. „„ A common problem in water supply and wastewater treatment pumping systems is that pumps are oversized for the needs of the system. All pumps have a best efficiency point (BEP)—the flow rate at which the pump operates with the lowest energy intensity (volume moved per kWh)—and a pump operating at a flow rate significantly lower than its BEP is wasting a lot of energy and wearing out more quickly. Besides switching to a smaller pump other possible solutions are to trim the impeller39 (that is, to reduce the length of the blades that move the water), install a smaller impeller, reduce pump speed, and—for a multi-stage pump—remove one or more stages40. „„ Efficiency of the pumps also deteriorates due to the age and resulting excess wear and tear during continuous operations. Selecting the best energy efficient pumps from the market suitable for this particular application. Pumps with higher capacities are available in the market, which use better technology to achieve higher efficiency and better performance.

Following chart published by Nashik Municipal Corporation in Nashik, Maharashtra clearly demonstrate the energy and monetary savings achieved simply with the use of energy efficient pumps.

39 The impeller is basically a propeller inside the pump, powered by the shaft upon which it is mounted. The torque power of the engine is translated from the shaft to the blades of the impeller to move water 40 Alliance to Save Energy (2007): WATERGY: Energy and Water Efficiency in Municipal Water Supply and Wastewater Treatment

45 Energy and Monetary Savings from Energy Efficient Pumping, NMC41

Replacement of existing pumps of 320 KW - 4 nos having discharge0.9 ML/HR with new pumps of 750 KW with discharge of 2.2 ML/HR

SP. E.C. Old Pumps = 322 KW/ML SP. E.C. for New Pumps = 261 KW/ML Energy Savings = 61 KW/ML Pumping Required Per Day = 80 ML Per Day Energy Saving = 61 x 80 = 4880 kWh Annual Energy Saving = 4880 x 365 = 17,81,200 kWh Annual Savings Amount = Rs. 81.94 Lakhs

4. Automatic Power Factor Control Panels

For electrical loads like pump sets and motors which generally draw inductive loads, there are high chances that due to these loads, the power factor of the system gets affected and becomes less than 1. This change in power factor implies that only part of generated power is used as actual power to run the machinery while rest is apparent power. Running a machine on such power can lead to damage and reduced life of the machine.

To improve the power factor of a system, installation of Power Factor improvement panels is recommended. In case of lagging power factor (power factor less than 1), generally, capacitor bank is provided whereas for leading power factor (power factor less than 1), inductance load is added. The power factor improvement panel measures the power factor and accordingly adjusts the inductive and capacitive load to make the power factor close to unity.

Many electricity distribution companies offer incentives to customer for power factor improvement as a part of demand side management. Municipal corporations can avail this opportunity by improving power factors of their systems by installation of power factor improvement panels.

41 NMC MEDA presentation, 2012-13

46 4.2.2. Sewerage

Sewage generation in CCP area: 10 MLD Coverage of sewerage network: 75% Extent of sewage reuse and recycling: 2% Adequacy of sewage treatment: 90% Sewerage collection systems: Households connected to sewer line (61%); households connected to private septic tanks (39%) Coverage of toilets: 94% Number of community toilets: 11

(Source: Final City Sanitation Plan – Panaji, 2015; GHG Inventory for Panaji City prepared by ICLEI South Asia)

The recommended structural and non-structural measures for Sewerage are:

Structural Measures Non-structural Measures „„ Conduct energy audits for the sewage „„ Develop and enforce bye-laws to pumping and treatment stations; mandate double-stack plumbing system refurbish electrical system and cabling, for separation of grey and black water install variable frequency drives „„ Mandate for reuse of grey water in „„ Design upgradation and refurbishment residential and institutional buildings and of sewage pumping stations; replace commercial properties inefficient pumps and motors with energy „„ Energy efficient equipment procurement efficient ones42 guidelines for sewage pumping and „„ Provide decentralized wastewater treatment infrastructure treatment systems (DeWATS) for areas such as the low-income communities near St. Inez drain and Ourem creek and the Tourism Jetty area which are not connected to the sewer system „„ Reutilize effluent water of sewage treatment plants for non-potable purposes such as washing of CCP vehicles, watering of gardens and fire-fighting „„ Setup waterless public urinals with nitrogen resource recovery

42 As per the City Sanitation Plan- Panaji, 2015 the sewage pumping stations have old and inefficient machinery and are in urgent need of refurbishment

47 Table 7: Potential GHG emission reduction in Wastewater Treatment due to water supply as per SLB norms

Scenario Business as Usual Water Supply as per (BAU) Scenario SLB norms (2019-20) (2019-20) Parameters 100% sewerage coverage 100% sewerage coverage with 310 lpcd supply (as with 135 lpcd supply per 2013 performance) Total Water Consumption (MLD) 13.8 6.0 Sewage Generation (MLD) 11.1 4.8 Treatment capacity (MLD) 13.3 5.8 Electricity consumption 0.47 0.20 (Million kWh) Expenditure on electricity 16.5 7.2 (Lakh INR) GHG Emission Reduction w.r.t. - 209

BAU (tonnes of CO2e)

(Source: Revised City Development Plan for Panaji, 2015; ICLEI South Asia Analysis)

Potential GHG emission reduction from Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Systems (DeWATS) for unserved communities in ward 13 and ward 27

DeWATS for unserved communities Specifications No. of unserved HHs along St. Inez drain (ward 13) 80 No. of unserved HHs at Neugi Nagar Bandh area along Ourem Creek 45 (ward 27) Total capacity for 125 HHs (kLD) 120 Biogas generation for 200 HHs (liters/day) @ 25 liters per day per 18,750 person Biogas generation for 200 HHs (m3/year) 6,844 Equivalent LPG substitution (kg) 3,285 Investment required (Lakh INR) 50

GHG emission reduction (tonnes of CO2e) 10

(Source: City Sanitation Plan- Panaji, 2015; ICLEI South Asia Analysis)

48 Low Carbon Solutions for Sewerage

1. Double Stack Plumbing

Grey water is wastewater generated in households or office buildings from streams without fecal contamination, i.e. all streams except for the wastewater from toilets. Sources of grey water are sinks, showers, baths, clothes washing or dish washers. As grey water contains fewer pathogens than domestic wastewater, it is generally safer to handle and easier to treat and reuse it onsite for toilet flushing, landscape or crop irrigation, and other non- potable uses.

Double stack plumbing systems help in segregating waste water (segregation of black water and grey water) generated at source and provide efficient on-site waste water treatment. The application of grey water reuse in urban households provides substantial benefits by reducing the demand for fresh clean water as well as reducing the amount of wastewater required to be conveyed and treated in wastewater treatment plants. Grey water recycling can provide higher water supply reliability and reduce the energy demand for water supply and wastewater treatment.

Double Stack plumbing and reuse of grey water

Benefits of double stack plumbing system and reuse of grey water „„ Reduced freshwater extraction from rivers and aquifers as a result of reduced fresh water used for flushing purpose „„ Lower loads on septic tanks and wastewater treatment infrastructure „„ Reduced pumping energy to collect and convey wastewater to treatment plants and reduced chemical pollution from treatment „„ Reclamation of nutrients

49 „„ Better quality of surface and ground water when preserved by the natural purification in the top layers of soil than generated water treatment processes

2. Decentralized Wastewater Treatment System (DTS)

Connecting unserved peri-urban and low income areas to existing centralized sewer system is cost intensive and not feasible at times due to location and topography. Limited existing capacity of sewage treatment plants can also be an issue to manage this additional load. Decentralized wastewater treatment systems (DTS) offer an effective solution for such peri- urban areas or for communities dependent on septic tanks.

DTS water treatment solution is based on the principle of making effective use of natural processes like gravity, microbiological activity and temperature. This results in a system which can work without wasting scarce energy resources and needs only minimal maintenance. In fact the system produces energy in form of methane/biogas. DTS is economically viable compared to conventional wastewater management solutions. DTS enables maximum reuse of the contents of the wastewater (water, nutrients and energy) and can therefore be considered as a viable option for ecological/sustainable sanitation, capable of adhering to pollution control norms. The system is tolerant towards shock loads and inflow fluctuation and offers a simple operation and low maintenance. A 100 kiloliter per day (kLD) system costs about INR 40-45 lakh and can cater to around 100-120 households.

Decentralized wastewater treatment plant

The treated water (with BOD less than 20mg/l) from DTS can be used for irrigating landscapes and public parks around the local community. DTS system is required to de- sludged once every 24 months and the digested sludge can be utilized as manure. DTS can also generate biogas of up to 20-25 liter per person per day, which can be used for

50 thermal applications like cooking. No power is required for the operation of DTS and it can reduce pumping energy and costs for sewer pipeline infrastructure as well as operational and maintenance costs in centralized treatment systems.

3. Waterless Public Urinals

Waterless urinals look very much like conventional urinals in design and can be used in the same manner. Waterless urinals do not require water for flushing and thus result in saving between 56,800 litres to 170,000 litres of water per urinal per year.

Urine, which is usually sterile and contains mostly water, does not require additional water for flushing to make it flow into drainage lines. Therefore, installing waterless urinals can make large reduction in quantity of fresh water used for flushing and reduce the corresponding volume of sewage. Waterless urinals do not need water and expensive plumbing accessories usually required for flushing.

The dry operation of waterless urinals and touch free operations reduce spreading of communicable diseases. Odour trap mechanisms using sealant liquid, microbial control, membrane and curtain valve fitted to waterless urinals assist in preventing odour developed inside the drainage lines connected to urinals. Therefore, installing waterless urinals in institutions and public places can help save fresh water for flushing purpose. The average cost of a waterless urinal with sealant liquid trap ranges from INR 6,000 to 15,000.

51 4.2.3. Street Lighting

No. of street light fixtures: 5,800 Total connected load: 1,061 kW Break-up of fixtures by type: HPSV 250 W (44%), HPSV 150W (20%), Fluorescent tube light 40 W (19%), Metal Halide 70 W (10%), CFL 85 W (5%), T 2x24 W (2%), T5 2x24 W (1%), Metal Halide 400 W (0.3%), Metal Halide 1000 W (0.3%) Annual electricity consumption: 3.8 million kWh

(Source: Project Feasibility Report for Energy Efficient Street Lighting in Panaji, 2015)

The recommended structural and non-structural measures for Street Lighting are:

Structural Measures Non-structural Measures „„ Redesigning of street light infrastructure „„ Develop localized Street Lighting in Panaji city Guidelines for Panaji city for energy „„ Design and implementation of energy efficient design and O&M efficient LED street lights adhering to „„ PPP and private sector financing through the IS Standard: SP-72 National Lighting annuity based deferred payment model Code for street lighting efficiency improvements „„ Install intelligent street lighting control system for dimming, automatic on-off and voltage regulation „„ Install solar based traffic lights and advertisement hoardings

Table 8: Potential GHG emission reduction from retrofit of LED fixtures and smart feeder panels in Street Lighting

Replacement of existing street lights and feeder panels Specifications No. of 250 W HPSV fixtures to be replaced by 135 W LED fixtures 1,548 No. of 150 W HPSV fixtures to be replaced by 80 W LED fixtures 3,836 No. of 40 W tube lights to be replaced by 30 W LED fixtures 200 Total no. of LED lights (135, 80, 35 watt) 5,594 No. of smart feeder panels to be installed 113 Total Energy Saving (Million kwh/per year) 2.3 Total Investment Required (Lakh INR) 1,095.8 Total Annual Monetary Saving from reduced energy bills and 201 maintenance costs (Lakh INR)

Emission Reduction per year (tonnes of CO2e) 2,221

(Source: Project Feasibility Report for Energy Efficient Street Lighting in Panaji, 2015; ICLEI SouthAsia Analysis)

52 Low Carbon Solutions for Public Lighting

1. Intelligent Street lighting Control and Management System

Latest smart street light control systems have enabled service provider to remotely control street-lights which can be either manual control or automatic timer control or almanac based timer.

For better data acquisition and management, LED fittings with individual addressability are available in the market. Individual addressability essentially means ability of poles to communicate with each other as well as the smart feeder panel which further communicates with the central control room.

Operation of Smart Street Light Management System43

The smart feeder panels are installed at the location of existing feeder panel and astronomical parameters are fed to it. The astronomical data helps understand the time of sunrise and sunset for a given location and precisely turn ON and OFF the system accordingly. This precision in operation results in large scale saving of power.

The individual fittings communicate data related to street-light operation parameters to the fitting on adjacent pole which further communicates to its nearest fitting and so on; to eventually communicate the data to smart feeder panel to which these fittings are connected.

The poles communicate with each other via either RFID, GSM or Internet Protocol, RFID being most popular. Whereas, the smart feeder panels communicate with the central server through GSM/ GPRS data connection.

43 ST Microelectronics, “Smart Street Lighting Solutions”. Available at http://www.st.com/web/en/resource/sales_and_ marketing/presentation/product_presentation/Smart_street_lighting_marketing_pres.pdf

53 The smart feeder panel in turn communicates this data along with power input parameters to central control room. The entire system when adopted for entire city can be visualized on the central workstation and provide data related to faults, breakdowns and under- performance instantaneously.

Features of Smart Feeder Panel System „„ Data communication from pole to pole and pole to feeder wirelessly „„ Data communication between feeder to central server through GSM/ GPRS „„ Can command fitting for dimming during off-peak hours „„ Programmable control „„ On occasions when there is over current or faults, the controller sends signal to operator regarding the fault via SMS „„ Arrangement can also be provided to automatically dim the lights in the wee hours when the traffic is negligible „„ The controllers are capable of working stand-alone even in the event of communication failure „„ The controllers generally have a provision to save daily electrical and ON-OFF data for few years

The benefits are as follows: „„ Reduced down time due to immediate reporting „„ Increased reliability of service „„ Increased security „„ Additional energy saving up to 30 % due to dimming provision

54 „„ Lesser attention and lower manpower required

The installation of smart street-lighting system can result in better management of streetlight service with lesser manpower and lesser down-time.

A typical 80 W LED fitting with RFID technology will cost INR 21,500 against the fitting without RFID. To control these fittings a smart feeder panel with RFID communication and GSM communication module will cost INR 90,000 as against normal feeder panel which generally costs about INR 50,000.

2. Solar Advertisement Hoardings

Large advertising hoardings are generally illuminated all through the night. Such hoardings typically use 4 to 12 high intensity lamps and consume high energy. Solar powered hoardings can be used to replace conventional hoardings and save on consumption of grid electricity and diesel generated power.

Solar hoardings use solar photovoltaic panels to convert sunlight into the electrical energy powering LEDs for illumination purposes and are equipped with an automatic timer that switches the illumination on and off. The technology generates minimal heat as compared to halogen lamps, conventionally used to illuminate hoardings. It also has a battery back- up of four days, in case of low sunlight or cloudy conditions, sufficing for up to four to five hours each day.

The solar powered LED hoardings consume a mere 2 watt of electricity per sq. m as compared to 30 watt per sq. m. in conventional hoardings. With the solar panels having a lifetime of 25 years and the LED lights lasting for 100,000 hours, the solar LED hoardings have a much longer lifetime as compared to conventional hoardings. With regards to cost, solar hoardings generally start from INR 1 lakh and above.

3. Solar Traffic lights

LED traffic signals are an efficient alternative to traditional incandescent signals. They have two main advantages - very low power consumption (10 W to 22 W) and very long life (7 to 10 years). Savings resulting from the low energy usage of LED signals can be as high as 93%.

LED signals are also comparatively brighter than incandescent traffic signals, which enhances output and traffic safety. While the LED lamp costs more than a conventional incandescent bulb used for traffic signals, the low maintenance costs coupled with the long lifetime of LED signals makes them a viable investment.

55 4.2.4. Municipal Buildings and properties

CCP buildings and properties: CCP office building, municipal market building (which includes the vegetable market, fish market, fruit market and other commodities); four commercial properties, eight municipal plots and five petrol pumps Annual electricity consumption: CCP office building- 81,848 kWh, Panaji Vegetable Market- 440,000 kWh

(Source: Revised City Development Plan for Panaji, 2015; Project Feasibility Report for Energy Efficient Street Lighting in Panaji, 2015; GHG Inventory for Panaji City prepared by ICLEI South Asia)

The recommended structural and non-structural measures for Municipal buildings and properties are:

Structural Measures Non-structural Measures „„ Conduct energy audits in office building „„ Notifications for municipal/ government and commercial properties owned by CCP buildings to mandate: to identify measures to reduce energy - Use of solar water heaters and solar PV consumption systems „„ Use of solar water heaters and solar PV - Use of energy efficient LED lighting system in government hospital and the urban - Use of BEE star rated appliances such as health centre fans, air conditioners „„ Solar PV systems in CCP office building and - Promotion of energy efficient building commercial properties design „„ Improve electrical distribution network „„ Conduct training programs on energy infrastructure and replace existing lighting efficiency and renewable energy for the CCP fixtures with energy efficient LED fixtures in staff Panaji Vegetable market

Table 9: Potential GHG emission reduction from redesigning the electricity distribution network along with the implementation of energy efficient lighting at Panaji Municipal Market

Redesign of the lighting system with energy efficient lights and electrical Specifications distribution network improvements No. of new ceiling suspended Green Performa lights (36W) 887 No. of new wall mounted Surface type LED Tube Fitting (16W) 113 No. of new LED Solar Street Light (18W) 13 No. of new LED Solar Street Light (32W) 7 No. of new surface mounted spot lights (10 Watt) 16 No. of new ceiling suspended Hibay LED Fitting (90W) 38 No. of new wall/ceiling mounted LED Flood Light Fitting (90W) 10 No. of new wall/ceiling mounted LED Flood Light Fitting (50W) 46 Total Energy Saving (MU/per year) 0.2 Total Indicative Cost of Installation (Lakh INR) 65

Emission Reduction per year (tonnes of CO2e) 165 (Source: Project Feasibility Report for Energy Efficient Lighting for Municipal Market, 2015; ICLEI SouthAsia Analysis)

56 4.3. Cumulative GHG emission reduction from proposed priority actions

The cumulative potential GHG emission reduction from the actions proposed across the various sectors for Community and Municipal Services/Facilities stands at 27,331 tonnes of

CO2e, amounting to about 19% of Panaji city’s baseline annual GHG emissions in the year 2013-14. The total investment required for the proposed priority actions amounts to around INR 10,873 lakh.

57